Knowledge of People On The Importance of Liquid Waste Disposal

KNOWLEDGE OF PEOPLE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF LIQUID
WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE RURAL COMMUNITIES OF FUNTUA
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA KATSINA STATE
BY
HABIBA MAGAJI
19/HPKK/040
A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF HEALTH
TECHNOLOGY, KANKIA IRO, SCHOOL OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY
KANKIA KATSINA STATE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN
HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION BY WEST AFRICA
HEALTH EXAMINATION BOARD (WAHEB)
DECEMBER, 2020
DECLARATION
I declared that this project has been written as my personal effort and the
research work has not been submitted anywhere, all information, literature
sources are acknowledged by references.
____________________ _______ ____________________

Habiba Magaji Date
(19/HPKK/040)
ii
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project titled “The Knowledge of People on the
Importance of Liquid Waste Disposal in the Rural Communities of Funtua
Local Government Area Katsina State” meets the regulations for the ward of
Diploma in Health Education and Promotion approved for contribution to
the knowledge and humanity.
_____________________________________
Mal. Nura Surajo Sign & Date
Project Supervisor
_____________________________________
Mal. Sanusi Umar Radda Sign & Date
Head of Department (HOD)
_____________________________________
External Supervisor Sign & Date
iii
DEDICATION
The project work is dedicated to my lovely parents Daddy MAGAJI BALA
CHIROMA, MUMMY NASARA MAGAJI and My sweet brothers Staffie
Haruna M. CHIROMA, YUSHA’U MAGAJI and all my family and friends.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank Almighty God who created me and give me the opportunity to
undertake this research work, May his name alone be lifted and be glorify
Amen.
My deep gratitude goes to my dear lovely parents Daddy Magaji Bala

Chiroma and Mummy Hadiza Magaji for their unending support advices and
prayers given to me during the course of my studies, may the Almighty God
reward them both abundantly Amen.
My sincere appreciation goes to my project supervisor Malam Nura Surajo
for spending his time going through the manuscript of this research work for
necessary corrections and contribution toward the success of completing my
project work, all thanks Sir, I will also love to extend my gratitude to
technical staff of Health Education and Promotion, notable among them are
Malam Abdulhadi Lawal, Malam Usman Usman Tsauri and Malam
Shamsuddeen Sale for their charismatic ability in teaching and concern to
students problem at all the time may God reward them of their genuine work
Amen.
Special thanks to my brothers who are always there for me and my friends. I
really appreciate their effort and encouragement throughout the period of my
studies may the Good Lord Almighty bless and reward them abundantly
Amen.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Approval Page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 General Introduction 1
1.2 Historical Background of the Study Area 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study 6
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study 6
1.5 Statement of the Problems 7
1.6 Significance of the Study 8
1.7 Research Questions 8
1.8 Research Hypothesis 9
1.9 Operational Definition of Terms 10
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Review 11
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Research Design 20
3.2 Population of the Study 20
3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques 20
3.4 Instrument for Data Collection 21
3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 21
3.6 Administration of the Instrument 21
3.7 Techniques for Data Analysis 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Data Analysis and Result Discussion 23
4.1 Test of Hypothesis 37
CHAPTER FIVE
5.2 Summary and Conclusion 45
5.1 Recommendations 46
5.2 References 49
5.3 Appendix 50
5.4 Questionnaire 60
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ABSTRACT
This piece of project research is based on the knowledge of people on the
importance of proper liquid waste disposal. It has written to find out the
knowledge of the community members about the importance of liquid waste
disposal, with the objectives of promoting the peoples knowledge toward
liquid waste disposal. All the views in this document represent those on thus
the responsibilities for the accuracy of information (data) quoted is that of
author alone not for the institution.
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Environment in the modern complex community projects itself on to more
and more factors in an increasing variety of threat to health and life. Water,
air, land, shelter and food represent what is regarded as in-animate
environment but, other people, individually, in the family, in groups and in
masses represent an important and formable aspect of the environment in
which one opponent from pearliest time. Man has been striving to control the
environment, but man himself makes the environment a greatest to his own
health and life. Hence, he has compounded the problem of environmental
control through proper disposal of all his waste, especially liquid waste.
Knowledge of people on the importance of proper liquid waste disposal has
had much impact on a time than any sanitation activities. Historically, liquid
waste disposal is a problem demanding greater and greater investment in
disposal it’s a price that must be aid for progress. The primary purpose of
people knowledge towards the importance of liquid waste disposal is to
prevent the spread of diseases among human beings, proper liquid disposal is
imperishable in any community particularly one with a high population
concentration like Funtua Local Government is to protest water suppliers,
protect food, people also believed that soil pollution, protect, livestock and
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renders water for human and industrial usage.
People appreciate the fact that the unsanitary condition of their environment is
due to poor liquid waste disposal, this importance of environment hygiene,
the progress of sanitation, through the world has long been appreciate as
milestone of announcement public health services. Where sewage is found in
and around non-functional latrine, where water supply is not readily available
for sanitation activities and human environment will found polluted, food
especially those that are ate raw, various disease associated with water
morbidity and mortality cases.
No matter the effort of government in the control of disease associated with
liquid waste, the channels of controlling those diseases solely defend on the
important of people knowledge towards liquid waste disposal, therefore, the
effort of SEPA and other non-governmental organization should mainly be
directed in educating people on the importance of liquid waste disposal,
provision of efficient drainage system in their premises instead of controlling
mosquitos, because prevention is better and cheaper than cure.
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1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA
Funtua Local Government is one of the Premier Local Governments in
Nigeria created after the local government reform in 1976. It is the
headquarters of the Katsina South Senatorial District which comprises eleven
(11) Local Governments namely: Bakori, Danja, Kafur, Musawa, Sabuwa,
Kankara, Malumfashi, Matazu, and Funtua.
The local government has district head known as Sarkin Maska Katsina
district head of Funtua Local Government Area under the leadership of Alhaji
Sambo Idris who is the head of all traditional title holders.
Funtua Local Government Area has a conducive weather condition as it
respectively on the latitude and longitude 1132N and 719E respectively. The
city has an average temperature of 32 o and humidity of 44%. It has an area of
448Km2 and a population of (225,571 at the 2006 census) and 570,110
according to 2016 estimate.
Agriculture
Funtua Local Government is blessed with a fertile soil and it has annual
average of rainfall of about 49.5mm, they produces both cash crops and crops
in large quantities, also the area produces sugarcane and engaged in livestock
productions in the local government of KTARDA in assisting farmers with
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modern farming techniques, also the people engaged in farming on producing
enough tomatoes, onions, pepper in large quantity.
Social Development
Being a city area, Funtua Local Government Area enjoyed an excellent
transportation system with recent construction of Katsina road and it has an
electricity supply under the construction of (KEDCO) and recently a pipe
borehole of water supply was commission in the town.
Education
In education sector, some number of public schools was provided primary and
nursery schools and annually enrolment of 14,300 pupils, post-secondary
school, government girls secondary school in Funtua town. In the area they
comprised some pre-tertiary or remedial schools such as (SBRS) along
Dandume road Jabiri Funtua. The area boosts the status of education.
Health Care Delivery
The attainment of health in the society is the most important steps toward the
achievement, in view of this, the local government has set up several health
institutions, there is one primary health care centre (PHC) along First Bank,
40 health clinics around the geographical boundary of the area, family support
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clinic and general hospital. The area its best in sponsoring professional into
high institution of learning centre.
Commerce and Industry
There are small scale industries within the area of study like, filling station,
bakery, poultry and block industries which include brickworks industry but is
not working presently and Jargaba Industry which produces product in large
amount, the products are as follows, rice, fertilizer, oil/palm etc. all these are
done in order to boost the economic status of the area of study and provided a
great opportunity to youth in order to hold their international value. Also the
area recently constructed market and shops inside, in order to improve the
financial productivity of the area.
Tourism Potentials
Funtua Local Government is blessed with tourism potentials, for example
Funtua market hills and recreational center, Mai-Ruwa Dam will keep
individual busy for a whole day. There are various hotels and motels in the
area of provide an accommodation for stranger not to be stranded.
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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To find out the various health problems associated with poor disposal of
liquid waste.
2. To find out the effect of people knowledge on the importance of liquid
waste disposal.
3. To find out ways that peoples’ knowledge towards the importance of
liquid waste disposal that could be improved.
4. To find out the rules of government and NGOs toward improving people
knowledge on the importance of proper liquid waste disposal.
5. To health educate the general public on the importance of proper liquid
waste disposal to human and environmental health.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This project research is focused on the knowledge of people on the
importance of proper liquid waste disposal. Its importance, its effect and
possible ways of improving people knowledge towards proper method of
liquid waste disposal. In the first place, research is supposed to cover a large
area beyond Funtua Local Government, but due to financial constrains which
affects transportation from one place to another to acquire all the necessary
data for successful implementation of the project, the research has to be
limited Funtua Local Government, which serves as the study.

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Secondly, is the unavailability of time, which make impossible for the
researcher to expand this study beyond Funtua Local Government. However,,
despite the above stated problems and others, the research was successfully
derived in this process concerning the topic of discussion was clearly put into
writing and coming up with this project.
1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In order to improve the level of peoples’ knowledge on the importance of
proper liquid waste disposal, the following problems need to be talked:
One major problem is ignorance of people on the importance of liquid waste
disposal within the area of study people are motivated to understand the
importance of liquid waste disposal, because most of the health problems
associated with liquid waste disposal are due to lack of awareness on the
importance of liquid waste disposal.
Another problem worth noticing is lack of provision of liquid waste collection
and disposal facilities due to the laxity of government in providing those
facilities within the area of study, this contribute greatly towards insect and
vermin’s infestation within the area of study. Likewise, in the case of
professional health personnel, they neglect their duties in the public on the
importance of liquid waste disposal within the area of study.
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1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The most important issue in designing any project is to serve as an identifier
of a particular problem therefore this project after successfully compiled it
would help government, NGOs and public at large interesting in the
importance of peoples’ knowledge towards liquid waste disposal.
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Do you believe that poor liquid waste disposal has any significant
impact to health?
2. Do you believe peoples’ knowledge towards liquid waste disposal can
promote environmental sanitation?
3. Can the incidence of insects borne diseases attributed to poor waste
disposal?
4. Does ignorance of people toward the importance of liquid waste
disposal contribute to faeco-oral transmitted diseases?
5. Do you believe that poor health education by health personnel in
educating the public can contribute to poor liquid waste management?
6. Can inadequate liquid waste disposal facilities promote poor
environmental sanitation within the area of study?
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1.8 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1. Proper liquid waste disposal has more significant impact than any
public utility in human population.
2. Peoples’ knowledge towards liquid waste disposal can promote proper
environmental sanitation.
3. The incidence of inset borne diseases is due to poor liquid waste
disposal.
4. Ignorance of people towards the importance of liquid waste disposal
contributes to faeco-oral transmitted diseases.
5. Poor health education by health personnel in educating people on the
importance of liquid waste disposal can contribute to poor liquid waste
management.
6. Lack of liquid waste disposal facilities can also promote poor
environmental sanitation within the area of study.
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1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
 Environment: Man’s total surrounding e.g. air, rock etc.
 House: Physical structure that human being used a shelter.
 Hygiene: Act of keeping good health and preventing the spread of
diseases.
 Pollution: Make something dirty, destroy purity or sanity.
 Sewage: Water carrying waste or used in any community.
 Sanitation: Arrangement to protect public health e.g. efficient waste
disposal.
 Vermin: Small animals that do damage or harm, or insect that lived on the
body of dirty animals or people.
 Vector: Agent of transmitting diseases e.g. insect or rodents.
 Diseases: Simply means defaulting from health.
 Parasite: An organism that lived on one to survive.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter is mainly concern with the wiring and saying of some specific
textbooks, authors, experts extracted in line of the topic under discussion.
Therefore, they are aware of the factors necessary to maintain health, this
means undertaking hygiene as application to liquid waste disposal, it will
enable them to prevent themselves against diseases associated with it, because
such knowledge will be an important aspect to maintain health both in human
and their environment and to help people must have a wider education than a
mere knowledge on the health.
2.2 According to Timo, M.B and Sebina DB (1978:14) they emphasized that
in the past some of the most dramatic improvement in health have brought
about through environmental sanitation including proper liquid waste
disposal, which is classic example in the control of London in the first half of
the 19th century. Dr. John Snow observed that the people affected all had
drunk water from Broad Street Pump, without any understanding of the living
between water diseases. He proceeded to remove the handle from the pump
thereby preventing the spread of disease in the later part some of the major
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concerns which people have regarding their health waste disposal. Therefore,
from the above statement it present as a clear evidence that people start to
acknowledge the importance of liquid waste disposal, it’s no wonder that
services of liquid waste disposal, range from home to community in which
people are found there in, it is important to mentioned that people of Funtua
Local Government appreciate the importance of liquid waste disposal in their
premises by providing it with efficient drainage and latrine system.
2.3 Krelse, W. et-al (1984:40) he pointed out that “most people nowadays
need not to be told that human faeces are health risk, if not disposed safely,
because germs in faeces can be passed to water, when such water is drunk,
swallowed spreading diseases and resultant is death and eruption of epidemic
diseases. Most of European Communities appreciate the facts that proper
liquid waste disposal including excreta disposal is the most essential way of
promoting their health, must acknowledged the importance of liquid waste
disposal. In other words, people learned that proper liquid waste disposal
involved cleanliness in all part of liquid waste disposal facilities, because of a
poor liquid waste disposal in a community is a source of danger, because it
may attract insect which may carry diseases and infect man with it therefore,
proper disposal of liquid waste not only involved keeping our environment
clean alone, but what matter is the fact that people must be involved.
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Provision of drainage system in a community is another major area where
people appreciate the importance of liquid waste disposal. Jordan, C.S. et-al
(1980:17) they pointed that “water stand on the surface of the soil, the
problem is poor drainage. Poor drainage is a threat to both urban and rural
development. In rural area poor surface drainage can reduce the agricultural
potential on the area, where as the urban area poor surface drainage can make
a place unsuitable. Poor drainage can lead to flood hazard, which can destroy
lives and properties. That is why people appreciate to consider techniques for
the disposal of liquid waste”. From this statement, it’s clear evidence that
many people in Funtua Local Government area appreciate fact that good
health of individual, families and community in general requires a healthy
environment build on solid foundation for the proper liquid waste disposal.
People believed that the provision of liquid waste disposal facilities in a
community required community understanding and belief toward the
importance of these facilities which the invasion of early of grate important
toward the knowledge of people of Funtua Local Government on the
importance of liquid waste disposal. People believed that indiscriminate
disposal of liquid waste disposal. Malaria, cholera, diarrhea etc. are all disease
associate with poor liquid waste disposal.
Macnold, J.C (1980:174) shed more light that “recently, people appreciate
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that system for disposing of liquid waste and the main aims are always to
prevent possible contamination of water suppliers and food, and it provide a
convenient and in offensive environment, without insect that contribute to all
health problems”.
From the above statement, this is clear evidence that people appreciate
importance of liquid waste disposal could affect their water, source of food
meant for human consumption, which at the end diseases like cholera,
dysentery could affect them. In other words, people of Funtua Local
Government are acquired accept and practiced, that liquid waste disposal
must be handled and disposed properly, this is due to the fact that
indiscriminate disposal of liquid waste is of great risk and it increases the
chance of diseases associated with liquid waste to invade them.
Funtua Local Government teeming populations appreciated the fact and other
liquid waste collection facilities can be a means of propagating epidemic
diseases to become natural and inevitable.
2.4 Samuel, P.S. et-al (1978:189) “urine more easy disposed than faeces,
urinals nowadays are built in houses and drained into drainage soak away pits.
People acknowledge that urine and faeces should not be carelessly disposed
because in case disease germs infection may be spread, from 1977 during
cholera outbreak, many people in this country appreciate the importance of

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proper sanitation especially with regard to liquid waste disposal.
This indicate the fact that from the period of epidemic in this country, many
people including those living within Funtua Local , practiced the importance
of proper liquid waste disposal, because people believe that diseases
associated with improper liquid waste including excreta disposal is a potential
danger to their health because it may provide a breeding ground of many
insects which are capable of transmitting diseases. From the earliest times,
man has been striving to control the environment a greater threat to his own
health and life. Man has realized that the problem of environmental health
depend solely on his hand. Greater congregation of people especially in
Funtua Local Government makes due to mobility of modern life and job
opportunity makes the control of liquid waste disposal impossible.
Catherine, M. et-al (1980:30) “the disappearance of enteric fever, cholera, and
diarrhea are the major killer diseases of the early 19 th century of many
developed communities was brought about by improved liquid waste disposal
many people in these communities appreciate the importance of liquid waste
disposal, in the same vein, many people in developed community expect
considerable more form their environment in the way of comfort, pollution
free safe community water supply. While in developing communities, most of
their health problems are in one way or the other related to ignorance about
15
the importance of liquid waste disposal. Therefore, the need of people in the
area of study to understand the importance of proper liquid waste disposal
cannot be over emphasized, because most of the diseases are due to the fact
that poverty and ignorance of people about the importance of proper liquid
waste disposal. Public health officials should find a means of educating
people about the major cause of specific diseases. This will greatly contribute
towards the importance of liquid waste disposal. It is obvious that improper
liquid waste disposal may not only cause local offence and nuisance, but may
result in contamination of water supplies and consequently spread of diseases.
It is often common to find a sewage been discharged indiscriminately in
human environment, this can lead to wide spread of diseases.
2.5 Jellifee, D.B (1980:157) stated that “diseases associated with poor liquid
waste disposal can result due to poor knowledge of people about the
importance of liquid waste disposal. These are important because they can
affect a large number of people at once.
Excreta, urine from a single person may carry infection via water supply to
cause a widespread epidemic of serious intestinal disease, infection present in
liquid waste e.g. poliomyelitis, typhoid fever and sector malaria. This state
present a challenge to the teeming population of Funtua Local Government
Area to understand that improper sewage disposal may cause a widespread
16
epidemic to become inevitable to them, while government and public health
officials paid from taxes should seriously engaged themselves in educating
people about the importance of liquid waste disposal. Not just to eradicate a
disease millions of Naira is spent in controlling of poliomyelitis, but still we
are being challenge with that diseases, I think it’s against the rule of medicine
to treat a disaster and at the same time to send the same person back into the
environment that caused the disease, this is what we have been doing for a
long period of time, but still we are in square one. Poor knowledge of people
towards the importance of liquid waste disposal affects many factors, but its
effect on domestics purpose is is the most important. This holds priority over
all consideration.
2.6 Maixi C.P et-al (1987:209) shed more light that “generally poor waste
disposal is a threat to human health, in a situation where people don’t
appreciate the proper method of liquid waste disposal environmental pollution
is obvious; water may not be safe, which in turn economy would be affected
significantly”.
Therefore, health promotion is not dysgenic clear up disease and people can
take care of themselves, at the termination of world war. It is in every 10
people living in Greece has disease associated with improper liquid waste
disposal but with improvement of people awareness on the importance of
17
sanitation especially liquid waste disposal many diseases are now a history,
during the period agricultural production increase with about 33% as against
15% social approval is obvious.
This statement challenge the people of Funtua Local Government to have
personal responsibility in knowing the importance of liquid waste disposal,
because Funtua has a high population concentration so it is through a
community effort or approach that proper knowledge of people could
improve, this will mean they have to make all the necessary investment for
the protection of their health and that of environment.
2.7 Holder, L. et-al (1970:136) stated that promotion of health has a beneficial
impact on the economy of a community, which in turn will affect the
community cultural and social advancement. Between 1953 – 1970 most of
the common diseases associated with United States of America, an intensive
program was instituted to educate people about the importance of sanitation
must especially liquid waste with treatment of existing cases a miracle was
achieved, not only in term of human health but including that of
environmental health people are fully acquitted with that knowledge that will
pass from generation to generation.
As society becomes increasing complex, the need of people of Funtua Local
Government to understand the responsibility for a healthful environment and

18
motivate assume responsibility for the quality of the environment.
It is a daily scheme that due to poor knowledge of people on the importance
of proper liquid waste disposal many people are falling a victim of various
disease, they are there within Funtua Local Government, that due to their
ignorance many diseases invade them, most especially children. The answer
is in health education and the Local Government should ensure that the
message about hygiene and sanitation are discriminative to people, because
liquid waste possess a health risk to others.
2.8 According to W.H.O. new letter (1994:3) stated that Africa is currently
received less sanitation investment than any other region. It is estimated that
between the years 1980 – 1990 only 10 percent of the global sanitation were
in the African countries.
From the above statement, it is clear evidence that, this is a gigantic task to
the local government of Funtua, because we live in a world that has made
dramatic advances in services and technologies, yet it is a matter of daily
shame that the people still lack a safe environment, if health is human right,
then easy access to sanitation is automatically a paramount human right. The
need to mobilize the resources called for those concerned in providing
sanitation and education is of great importance.
Conclusively, it is important to educate people about the importance of liquid
waste disposal that provide them with a hospital bed, which after all they fell
sick will make them sick, therefore government should provide an avenue of
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educating these people about the importance of proper liquid waste disposal
and to ensure health care as so conceived.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
This research project was carried out in order to find out the importance of
peoples’ knowledge on the importance of proper liquid waste disposal within
Funtua Local Government, so as to emphasized the importance of liquid
waste disposal to human health as well as to find out the effects of people
knowledge towards liquid waste disposal to human health as to find out the
possible control and preventing measures within the area of study for the
purpose of promoting and preventing human health.
3.2 POPULATION AND UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY
The target population of the area of study is about 280,760 living in Funtua
Local Government, so as to assess the level of their knowledge on the
importance of liquid waste disposal, and to ensure that they participate
actively towards promoting liquid waste disposal.
3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
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Ten communities were selected to be the sample size of this research work
among the communities living in Funtua, Gamji, Maska, Dan-duste, Sabon
Gari, Nasarawa, Makera, Unguwar Musa, Unguwar Ibrahim and Mairuwa
respectively. The sampling method used was simple random sampling
method, so as to compile the work successfully.
3.4 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
The instrument used in obtaining the relevant data on this project was
questionnaire in which questions related to the topic of the project were
asked, so that the respondents can choose from the alternative answers of their
choice by ticking the appropriate answer of their choice. Likewise, various
textbooks, journals were also used, as to emphasize the project work.
3.5 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
For the instrument to be valid and reliable, a questionnaire was designed and
prepared was thoroughly read and screen by project supervisor who
authorized the distribution of the questionnaires were distributed as pre-
sampling method, so as to see how the message is going to responds to 100
questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and all the 100
questionnaires were returned to me successfully.
3.6 ADMINISTRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
21
The manner through which the instrument was administered to the
appropriate people is through direct hand to hand message, so as to ensure
that the message was not disrupted as a result all the 100 questionnaires
administered were returned to me in order.
3.7 TECHNIQUES FOR DATA ANALYSIS
The technique applied in analyzing the data was statistical analysis, so as to
prove hypotheses or basic assumption.
2
X =¿
KLMN
The formula was derived from 2 x 2 contingency table which is shown below:
Gender Responses Total
Yes No
Male A B K
Female C D L
Total M N M
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 DATA ANALYSIS, FINDING AND RESULT DISCUSSION
Below is the result of data collected from the questionnaire; 100

questionnaires were printed and distributed and all the 100 questionnaires
were filled correctly and returned to me in order.
TABLE 1:
Sex No of Respondents Percentage
Male 36 36%
Female 64 64%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the sex distribution of the respondents, 36 respondents
that represent 36% of the total respondents are male, while 64 respondents
that represent 64% of the total respondents are female, this shows that most of
the respondents are females.
TABLE 2:
Age No of Respondents Percentage

18-22 years 62 62%
23
23-27 years 28 28%
28-32 years 8 8%
33 and above 2 2%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the age distribution of the respondents, those at the
age between 18-22 years are 62 respondents and they represent 62% of the
total respondents, while those at the age of 23-27 years of age are 28
respondents and they represent 28% of the total respondents, and those at the
age 28-32 years of age are 8 respondents, while those at the age of 33 and
above have the total of 2 respondents and they represent 2% of the
respondents.
TABLE 3:
Marital Status No of Respondents Percentage

Single 74 74%
Married 26 26%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the marital status of the respondents, 74 respondents
that represent 74% of the total respondents are single, while 26 respondents
that represent 26% of the total respondents are married, this shows that most
of the respondents are females.
TABLE 4:
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Occupation No of Respondents Percentage
Farmers 48 48%
Business 52 52%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the occupation of the respondents, 48 respondents that
represent 48% of the total respondents are farmers, while 52 respondents that
represent 52% of the total respondents are business people, this shows that
most of the respondents are business people.
TABLE 5:
Educational Background No of Respondents Percentage
Formal 87 87%
Informal 13 13%
Total 100 100%
From the above table, it discussed the educational background of the
respondents, 87 respondents that represent 87% of the total respondents have
formal education, while 13 respondents that represent 13% of the total
respondents have informal education, and this shows that most of the
respondents have formal education.
TABLE 6:
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Religion No of Respondents Percentage
Muslims 50 50%
Christians 50 50%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the religion of the respondents, 50 respondents that
represent 50% of the total respondents are Muslims, while 50 respondents that
represent 50% of the total respondents are Christians, this shows that the
respondents are equal.
TABLE 7: Do you know anything about liquid waste disposal?
Answer No of Respondents Percentage

Yes 94 94%
No 6 6%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the view of the respondents if they know anything
about liquid waste disposal, 94 respondents that represent 94% of the total
respondents indicated that, they know something about liquid waste disposal,
while 6 respondents that represent 6% of the total respondents indicate that
they don’t know anything about liquid waste disposal, this shows that most of
the respondents know something about liquid waste disposal.
TABLE 8: If yes, through which of the following ways?

26
Through personal research 36 36%
Through personal experience 40 40%
Through media 24 24%
TOTAL 100 100%
From the above table, the respondents are asked to specify the way they know
something about public liquid waste disposal, 36 people representing 36% of
the total respondents have the idea through personal research, while 40
respondents know something on the question asked through personal
experience and they are also representing 40% of the total respondents and 24
respondents that are representing 24% of the total respondents know
something about liquid waste disposal through media.
TABLE 9: To your own understanding which of the following ways
contribute to poor liquid waste disposal in your community?

Poor knowledge 41 41%
Ignorance 244 24%
Poverty 6 6%
Lack of sanitary facilities 14 14%
Negligence of health personnel 15 15%
Others specify - -
TOTAL 100 100%
27
The table above discussed the views of the respondents on the factors
responsible for poor liquid waste disposal in their communities where 41
respondents that represent 41% of the total respondents stated that poor
knowledge of people towards liquid waste disposal, while 24 respondents
representing 24% of the total respondents indicated that it’s due to ignorance
of people about the importance of liquid waste disposal, while 6 people that
represents 6% of the total respondents believes that the main factor
responsible for poor liquid waste disposal in their communities is poverty of
people, also 14 people who are representing 14% of the total respondents are
on the view that lack of sanitary facilities within the communities is the major
factor responsible for poor liquid waste disposal, and 15 people who are
representing 15% of the total respondents are on the view that negligence of
duty by health personnel in performing their duties effectively is factor
responsible for poor liquid waste disposal. This indicate the fact that most of
the respondents believed that lack of sanitary facilities is the main responsible
factor for poor liquid waste disposal.
TABLE 10: Do you believe liquid waste disposal has any significant
impact to health?

Yes 96 96%
No 4 4%
28
Total 100 100%
From the above table, it discus the views of the respondents on whether they
believe proper liquid waste disposal has any significant impact to human
health, 96 respondents that represent 96% of the total respondents believed
that proper liquid waste disposal has significant impact on human health,
while 4 respondents that represent 4% of the total respondents are against the
statement. This shows that most of the respondents believed that proper liquid
waste disposal has significant impact on human health.
TABLE 11: Do you know anything about liquid waste disposal?

Yes 41 41%
No 59 59%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the view of the respondents if they know anything
about liquid waste disposal, 41 respondents that represent 41% of the total
respondents indicated that, they know something about liquid waste disposal,
while 59 respondents that represent 59% of the total respondents indicate that
they don’t know anything about liquid waste disposal, this shows that most of
the respondents know something about liquid waste disposal.
29
TABLE 12: Does your community know anything about liquid waste disposal?

Yes 70 70%
No 30 30%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the view of the respondents if their community know
anything about liquid waste disposal, 70 respondents that represent 70% of
the total respondents indicated that, their community know something about
liquid waste disposal, while 30 respondents that represent 30% of the total
respondents indicated that their community don’t know anything about liquid
waste disposal, this shows that most of the community members know
something about liquid waste disposal.
TABLE 13: Does government assist your community towards the
provision of liquid waste facilities?
Yes 32 32%
No 68 68%
Total 100 100%
The above table discus the view of the respondents on the effort of
30
government toward assisting the community in the provision of liquid waste
disposal facilities, 32 respondents representing 32% of the total respondents
indicated that the government is assisting their communities, while 68
respondents that represent 68% of the total respondents emphasized that there
is no such provision.
TABLE 14: Who are mostly affected with the problem of improper liquid
waste disposal?

Children 50 50%
Adults 10 10%
Old age 40 40%
TOTAL 100 100%
The table discuss the views of the respondents on those category of people
who are mostly affected with the problem of improper liquid waste disposal,
50 respondents representing 50% of the total respondents emphasized that
children are mostly affected while 10 respondents that represent 10% of the
total respondents emphasized that adult are mostly affected with the problem
of improper liquid waste disposal and 40 representing 40% of the total
respondents emphasized that old age people are mostly affected with those
problems of improper liquid waste disposal.
TABLE 15: Do you normally patronize medical services in case you and
31
your family are affected with those problems?

Yes 54 54%
No 46 56%
Total 100 100%
From the above table, it discuss the views of the respondents on whether they
patronize medical services in case they are affected with those problems of
improper liquid waste disposal, 54 respondents representing 54% of the total
respondents stated that they patronize medical services in case they are
affected with those problems, while 46 respondents representing 46% of the
total respondents indicated that, they don’t patronize medicals services.
TABLE 16: Beside the effort of government, is there any assistance from non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) toward improving liquid waste disposal?
Yes 20 20%
No 80 80%
Total 100 100%
The above table discussed the view of the respondents on the effort of non-
government organization toward improving liquid waste disposal, 20
respondents representing 20% of the total respondents indicated that non-
32
government is assisting their communities towards improving liquid waste
disposal while 80 respondents that represent 80% of the total respondents
emphasized that there is no such assistance from non-governmental
organizations.
TABLE 17: Can incidence of insect borne diseases attributed to poor
liquid waste disposal?
Yes 60 60%
No 40 40%
Total 100 100%
From the above table, it discus the views of the respondents on whether the
incidence of insects borne diseases be attributed to poor liquid waste disposal,
60 respondents representing 60% of the total respondents indicated that the
incident of borne disease can be attributed to poor waste disposal, while 40
respondents that represent 40% of the total respondents emphasized that the
incidence of insect borne diseases cannot be attributed to poor waste disposal.
TABLE 18: Can inadequate liquid waste disposal facilities promote poor
environmental sanitation within the area of study?
33
Yes 88 88%
No 12 12%
Total 100 100%
The above table discussed the views of the respondents on whether
inadequate disposal facilities promote environmental sanitation within the
area of study, 88 respondents representing 88% of the total respondents stated
that inadequate liquid waste disposal facilities can promote poor
environmental sanitation within the area of study, while 12 respondents that
represent 12% of the total respondents stated that inadequate waste disposal
facilities cannot promote poor environmental sanitation, therefore, this shows
that inadequate liquid waste disposal facilities cannot promote environmental
sanitation within the area of study..
TABLE 19: Do you believe poor health education by health personnel in
educating the public can contribute to poor liquid waste disposal?
Yes 62 62%
No 38 38%
Total 100 100%
34
From table above it discusses the views of the respondents that, poor health
education by health personnel in education public can contribute to poor
liquid waste disposal, 62 respondents representing 62% of the total
respondents emphasized that poor health education among the public can
contribute to poor waste disposal, while 38 respondents that represent 38% of
the total respondents emphasized are against this statement. This shows that
poor health education by health personnel in educating the public contribute
to poor liquid waste disposal.
TABLE 20: Do you believe peoples’ knowledge towards liquid waste
disposal can promote environmental sanitation?
Yes 70 70%
No 30 30%
Total 100 100%
From the above table it discuss the views of the respondents on whether they
believe peoples knowledge towards liquid waste disposal can promote proper
environmental sanitations, 70 respondents representing 70% of the total
respondents stated that they believe peoples’ knowledge towards liquid waste
disposal can promote proper environmental sanitation, while 30 respondents
that represent 30% of the total respondents are against this statement, this
35
shows that peoples’ knowledge towards liquid waste disposal promote proper
TABLE 21: What is your suggestion to government, non-governmental
organizations and public at large in controlling the situation, finally?
Public health education 5 5%
Proper sanitation of facilities 10 10%
Involved NGOs 80 80%
Strong legislation 5 5%
Others specify - -
TOTAL 100 100%
The table above discussed the views of the respondents on the respondents
suggestion to government, non-governmental organizations and public in
controlling the situation where 5 respondents that represent 5% of the total
respondents stated that the only way out of this problem is through public
health education, while 10 respondents representing 10% of the total
respondents indicated that only through the proper provision of sanitation
facilities that the problem could be solved, while 80 people that represents
80% of the total respondents emphasized that the problem could be solved
36
when non-governmental organizations were fully involved in the disposal of
proper liquid waste disposal, and 5 people who are representing 5% of the
total respondents emphasized that the only way out to this problem of liquid
waste disposal could be solved once and for all.
4.2 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF RESULT
Nwanna (1990) defined analysis of data as those techniques whereby a
researcher extract information that was not apparently there before and which
will enable a summary description of the subject under discussion.
In the following analysis the test statistic used is chi-square method (x 2)
dichotomous in nature of inferential statistic, we reject null hypothesis (Ho)
and assumed the null hypothesis (Ho) is not reliable with regard to this
research caution need to be taken when drawing conclusion on the test of
hypothesis because the pairs of value are greater or less.
4.2.1 TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Ho: Proper liquid waste disposal has more significant impact than any public
utility in human population.
Ha: The above statement is not true
37
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0
Table 4.2.1
Do you believe that proper liquid waste disposal has any significant
impact to human health?
Yes No
Male 33 17 50
Female 35 15 50
Total 68 32 100
(P<0.05)
From appendix BI, since x2 calculated 0.49 < x2 tab 0.05 at Idf = 3.841, we
therefore concluded and accepted null hypothesis (Ho) the result (P < 0.05) it
clearly shows that out of one hundred (100) respondents representing both
sexes, 68 respondents representing both sexes agreed with the hypothesis
(Ho) as such they are majority, and 32 respondents representing both sexes
also disagreed with the hypothesis (Ho) as such they are minority, we
therefore, concluded and accept null hypothesis (Ho) that proper liquid waste
disposal has more significant impact than any public utility in human
population.
Ho: Incidence of insect borne diseases is due to poor liquid waste disposal.
38
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 1
Table 4.2.2:
Can incidence of insect borne diseases attributed to poor liquid waste
disposal?
Yes No
Male 35 15 50
Female 45 5 50
Total 80 20 100
(P<0.05)
From appendix BII, since x2 calculated 6.25 < x2 tab 0.05 at Idf = 3.841, we
therefore, concluded and accept null hypothesis (Ho) that incidence of insect
borne diseases can attributed to poor liquid waste disposal.
39
Ho: Ignorance towards the importance of liquid waste disposal contributes to
faeco-oral transmitted diseases.
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0
Table 4.2.3:
Do you believe that ignorance towards the importance of liquid waste
disposal can contributes to faeco-oral transmitted diseases?
Yes No
Male 50 15 65
Female 5 30 35
Total 55 45 100
(P<0.05)
From appendix BIII, since x2 calculated 32.818 < x2 tab 0.05 at Idf = 3.841,
we therefore concluded and accepted null hypothesis (Ho) the result (P <
0.05) it clearly shows that out of one hundred (100) respondents representing
both sexes, 55 respondents representing both sexes agreed with the hypothesis
40
therefore, concluded and accept null hypothesis (Ho) that ignorance towards
the importance of liquid waste disposal can contributes to faeco-oral
transmitted diseases.
Ho: Poor health education by health personnel in educating public contribute
to poor liquid waste disposal.
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0
Table 4.2.4
Can poor health education by health personnel in educating public
contribute to poor liquid waste disposal?
Yes No
Male 25 20 45
Female 30 25 55
Total 55 45 100
41
(P<0.05)
From appendix BIV, since x2 calculated 0.010 < x2 tab 0.05 at Idf = 3.841, we
therefore, concluded and accept null hypothesis (Ho) that poor health
education by health personnel in educating public can contribute to poor
liquid waste disposal.
Ho: Peoples’ knowledge toward liquid waste disposal can promote proper
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0
Table 4.2.5:
42
Do you believe that peoples’ knowledge toward liquid waste disposal can
promote proper environment sanitation?
Yes No
Male 50 40 90
Female 8 2 10
Total 58 42 100
(P<0.05)
From appendix BV, since x2 calculated 8.604 < x2 tab 0.05 at Idf = 3.841, we
therefore, concluded and accept null hypothesis (Ho) that peoples’ knowledge
towards liquid waste disposal can promote environmental sanitation.
Ho: Lack of liquid waste disposal facilities promotes poor environmental
sanitation within the area of study.
43
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0
Table 4.2.6:
Can inadequate liquid waste disposal promote poor environment
sanitation within area of study?
Yes No
Male 60 5 65
Female 30 5 35
Total 90 10 100
(P<0.05)
From appendix BVI, since x2 calculated 200 < x2 tab 0.05 at Idf = 3.841, we
44
therefore, concluded and accept null hypothesis (Ho) that inadequate liquid
waste disposal facilities promote poor environmental sanitation within the
area of study.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The entire project research was aimed at in depth analysis of the knowledge
of the people on the importance of proper liquid waste disposal, a case study
of Funtua Local Government Area. The purpose of the study is to find out
various health problems associated with poor disposal of liquid waste and the
ways liquid waste disposal could be improved.
As we know Funtua Local Government Area is highly laid in Sub-Saharan
region, and dry season, with inadequate liquid waste disposal facilities within
the area of study, these can lead to the hundred environments where even
45
water source can be polluted and result to various diseases associated with
liquid waste to invade people.
People appreciate the fact that unsanitary condition of their environment due
to poor liquid waste disposal. This is mainly due to the ignorance of people
towards the importance of environmental hygiene; the progress of sanitation
throughout the world has long been appreciated as milestone of public health
services.
Based on hypotheses formulated, proper liquid waste disposal has more
significant impact than any public utility in human population that ignorance
of people towards the importance of liquid waste disposal contribute to faeco-
oral transmitted diseases from information collected and analyzed, using
various methods some recommendations were made to the government and
public at large within the area of study, that government should provide
sufficient and efficient liquid waste disposal facilities, and that the people
should participate actively towards promoting liquid waste disposal.
The reader will easily appreciate the fact that, the promotion of both human
and environmental health has a beneficial impact on the economy of an area.
Which in turn will affect the spread of many diseases associated with poor
liquid waste disposal was given and government and non-governmental
should give this problem attention it deserved by educating the people within
46
the area of study, if not the problem of poor liquid waste disposal will
continue to exist and spread even beyond.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
In order to effectively improve the knowledge of people on the importance of
proper liquid waste disposal the following recommendation were made to the
government and public at large in the area of study.
Government
1. Provision of liquid waste collection and disposal facilities should be
provided within the area of study.
2. Adequate provision and construction of efficient drainage system should
be made to all street of the community.
3. Proper town planning should be enforced and agency that is responsible
should observe it.
4. Provision of adequate water supply should be made available to the people
within the area of study.
5. Mass health education should be done most often so as to educate people
about the importance of proper liquid waste disposal.
6. Non-government organizations should be involved in improving liquid
waste disposal.
47
7. Provision of monitoring liquid waste disposal should be provided within
the area of study.
8. Environmental health personnel like EHO/EHT and EHA should
developed ways of inspecting premises with regards to their liquid waste
disposal and defaulters should be punished.
9. Government should make fund available for NGOs in order to boast liquid
waste disposal.
10.Environmental sanitation activities especially with regards to their liquid
waste disposal should be accorded serious attention.
Public
1. The public should participate actively in promoting liquid waste disposal.
2. Each household should have its own personal liquid waste disposal
facilities.
3. Each household should have its own efficient drainage system up to public
sewers.
4. Environmental and personal hygiene should be practiced regularly in order
to improve liquid waste disposal.
5. Every house under construction must be provided with sufficient liquid
waste disposal facilities.
6. People should participate actively in all health related matter meant for
48
their own benefit.
REFERENCES
1. CATHERINE, M.B. et-al (1980) Municipal and Rural Sanitation MC,
Cyraw Hill Book Company Page 330.
2. HOLDER L. et-al (1999) Man and His Environment Williams and
Willkims Company Pg. 136.
3. JELLIFFEE, D.B. (1980) Waste Water Management Control National
Academy Books New York Pg. 157.
4. JORDAN, C.S. et-al (1989) Waste Management Tukks Books Washington
DC Pg. 17.
5. KREISEL, et-al (1984) Sewage Treatment in Hot Climate John Wiley and
Sons Pg. 40.
6. MARKS, C.P et-al (1987) Disposal of Sewage and Other Water Borne
Wastes, Annabor Books Canada Pg. 209.
49
7. MACNOLD, J.C (1980) Applied Simple Sanitation for Developing
Communities. CES Books Pg. 174.
8. SAMUEL, P.S. et-al (1979) A New Tropical Health Sciences Macmillan
Publishers Pg. 189.
9. TIMO M.B. and Sebina D.B (1994) Politics of Pollution, Pagasus
Publishers Page 14.
10.WHO News Letter, (1994) Sanitation in Africa Vol.11 No. 3:744:14 Pg. 3.
APPENDIX BI
1st Step = Formulate hypothesis
Ho: Proper liquid waste disposal has more significant impact than public
utility in human population.
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0
2nd Step = Select the Level of Significance
i.e. alpha (ϖ) and degree of freedom (df)

ϖ = 0.05/3.841
df = (r – 1) (c – 1)
= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)
=1ϖ1
3rd Step = State Test Statistic
50
Let the test statistic be
( ad−bc ) 2m
X2 =
Klmn
4th Step = State Decision Rule
i. Reject null hypothesis (Ho) if X2 calculated > X2 tab which is equal

to 0.05 at degree of freedom (df) = 3.841
ii. Accept null hypothesis (Ha) if X2 calculated < X2 tab 0.05 at degree
of freedom (df) 1 = 3.841.
5th Step = Compute test statistic in table 4:2:1
[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
Klmn
[ ( 33 X 15 )−(17 X 35) ] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 68 X 32
[ ( 495 )−(595)] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 68 X 32
[ ( 140 ) ] 2−X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 68 X 32
544000000
X2 = 5440000
X2 = 100
6th Step = Apply Decision Rule
51
Since X2 calculated 100 < X2 tab 0.05 at df = 3.841, we therefore concluded
and accepted that null hypothesis (Ho) that proper liquid waste disposal has
more significant impact than public utility in human population.
APPENDIX BII
Ho: Incidence of insect borne diseases is due to poor liquid waste disposal.
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0

ϖ = 0.05/3.841
df = (r – 1) (c – 1)
= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)
=1ϖ1
( ad−bc ) 2m
X2 = Klmn
52
[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
Klmn
[ ( 35 X 5 )−(45 X 15) ] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 68 X 32
[ ( 175 )−(675) ] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 80 X 20
[ ( 140 ) ] 2−X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 80 X 20
25000000
X2 = 4000000
X2 = 6.25
Since X2 calculated 6.25 < X2 tab 0.05 at df = 3.841, we therefore concluded
and accepted that null hypothesis (Ho) that incidence of insect borne diseases
is due to poor liquid waste disposal.
APPENDIX BIII
53
Ho: Ignorance of people toward the importance of liquid waste disposal
contributes to faeco-oral transmitted diseases.
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0

ϖ = 0.05/3.841
df = (r – 1) (c – 1)
= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)
=1ϖ1
( ad−bc ) 2m
X2 = Klmn

54
[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
Klmn
[ ( 50 X 2 ) −(40 X 8)] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 58 X 52
[ (−220 ) ] 2 X 100
X2 =
50 X 50 X 58 X 52
4840000
X2 = 50 X 50 X 48 X 52
4840000
X2 = 562500
X2 = 8.604
and accepted that null hypothesis (Ho) that proper liquid waste disposal has
more significant impact than public utility in human population.
APPENDIX BIV
Ho: Poor health education by health personnel in educating people on the
importance of liquid waste disposal can contribute to poor liquid waste
management.
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0

55

ϖ = 0.05/3.841
df = (r – 1) (c – 1)
= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)
=1ϖ1
( ad−bc ) 2m
X2 = Klmn

to 0.05 ate degree of freedom (df) = 3.841
[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
Klmn
[ ( 25 X 23 )−(20 X 30)] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 55 X 45
[ ( 633 )−(600) ] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 55 X 45
625 X 100
X2 = 50 X 50 X 55 X 452
56
625000
X2 = 61807500
X2 = 0.010
and accepted that null hypothesis (Ho) that poor health education by health
personnel in educating people on the importance of liquid waste disposal can
contribute to poor liquid waste management.
APPENDIX BV
Ho: Knowledge of people toward liquid waste disposal can promote proper
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0

ϖ = 0.05/3.841
df = (r – 1) (c – 1)
= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)
=1ϖ1
57
( ad−bc ) 2m
X2 =
Klmn

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
Klmn
[ ( 50 X 2 ) −(40 X 8)] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 58 X 52
[ (−220 ) ] 2 X 100
X2 =
50 X 50 X 58 X 52
4840000
X2 = 50 X 50 X 48 X 52
4840000
X2 = 562500
X2 = 8.604
58
and accepted that null hypothesis (Ho) that knowledge of people toward
liquid waste disposal can promote proper environmental sanitation.
APPENDIX VI
Ho: Lack of liquid waste disposal facilities promotes poor environmental
sanitation within the area of study.
i.e. Ho: P # 0 Vs Ha: P – 0

ϖ = 0.05/3.841
df = (r – 1) (c – 1)
= (2 – 1) (2 – 1)
=1ϖ1
( ad−bc ) 2m
X2 = Klmn
59

[ ( ad−bc ) ] 2 m
X2 =
Klmn
[ ( 60 X 5 )−(5 X 30) ] 2 X 100

X2 =
50 X 50 X 95 X 5
[ ( 150 ) ] 2 X 100
X2 =
50 X 50 X 68 X 32
225000 X 100
X2 = 11245000
225000000
X2 = 11245000
X2 = 2.00
and accepted that null hypothesis (Ho) that lack of liquid waste disposal
facilities can promotes poor environmental sanitation within the area of study.
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
Katsina State College of Health

60
Sciences, Kankiya Iro School of
Health Technology, Kankia
Department of Environmental
Health, Health Education and
Promotion Unit
Dear respondent;
I am a final year student of the above named institution pursuing a National

Diploma in Health Education and Promotion and also undertaking a research
project titled “Knowledge of people on the Importance of Liquid Waste
Disposal” a case study of Funtua Local Government.
SECTION ‘A’
BIO-DATA OF THE RESPONDENT
1. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )

2. Age: 18-22years ( ) 23-27years ( ) 33years and above ( )
3. Marital Status: Single ( ) Married ( )
4. Occupation: Farmer ( ) Business ( )
5. Educational Background: Formal ( ) Informal( )
6. Religion: Muslim ( ) Christian ( )
SECTION ‘B’
7. Do you know anything about liquid waste disposal? Yes ( ) No ( )
8. If yes, through which of the following ways?
a. Through personal research ( )
b. Through personal experience ( )
c. Through the media ( )
61
9. Do you believe that proper liquid waste disposal has any significant
impact to health? Yes ( ) No ( )
10.To your own understanding which among the following ways contribute to
poor liquid waste disposal in your community?
a. Poor knowledge ( )
b. Ignorance ( )
c. Lack of sanitary facilities in the community ( )
d. Negligence of health personnel ( )
e. Poverty ( )
11.Do you know anything about liquid waste disposal? Yes ( ) No ( )
12.Does ignorance of people towards importance of liquid waste disposal
contribute to faeco-oral transmitted diseases? Yes ( ) No ( )
13.Does government assist your community towards the provision of liquid
waste disposal facilities? Yes ( ) No ( )
14.Who are mostly affected with the problem of improper liquid waste
disposal?
a. Children ( ) b. Adult ( ) d. Old Age ( )
15.Do you patronize medical services in case you and your family are
affected with those diseases? Yes ( ) No ( )
16.Beside the effort of government, is there any assistance from NGOs
towards improving liquid waste disposal? Yes ( ) No ( )

62
17.Can incidence of insect borne diseases attributed to liquid waste disposal?
Yes ( ) No ( )
18.Can inadequate liquid waste disposal facilities promote poor
environmental sanitation within the area of study? Yes ( ) No ( )
19.Do you believe that poor health education by health personnel in educating
the general public can contribute to poor liquid waste disposal?
Yes ( ) No ( )
20.Do you believe peoples’ knowledge towards liquid waste disposal can
promote environmental sanitation? Yes ( ) No ( )
21.What is your suggestion to government, non-governmental organizations
and public at large in controlling the situation, finally?
a. Public health education ( )
b. Proper sanitation of facilities ( )
c. Involved NGOs ( )
d. Strong legislation ( )
e. Other specify ( )
63

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KNOWLEDGE OF PEOPLE ON THE IMPORTANCE OF LIQUID

WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE RURAL COMMUNITIES OF FUNTUA

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA KATSINA STATE

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF HEALTH

TECHNOLOGY, KANKIA IRO, SCHOOL OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY

KANKIA KATSINA STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN

HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION BY WEST AFRICA

HEALTH EXAMINATION BOARD (WAHEB)

sources are acknowledged by references.

____________________ _______ ____________________

Importance of Liquid Waste Disposal in the Rural Communities of Funtua

Diploma in Health Education and Promotion approved for contribution to

the knowledge and humanity.

The project work is dedicated to my lovely parents Daddy MAGAJI BALA

CHIROMA, MUMMY NASARA MAGAJI and My sweet brothers Staffie

Haruna M. CHIROMA, YUSHA’U MAGAJI and all my family and friends.

I thank Almighty God who created me and give me the opportunity to

My deep gratitude goes to my dear lovely parents Daddy Magaji Bala

necessary corrections and contribution toward the success of completing my

Malam Abdulhadi Lawal, Malam Usman Usman Tsauri and Malam

Shamsuddeen Sale for their charismatic ability in teaching and concern to

really appreciate their effort and encouragement throughout the period of my

Approval Page iii

Table of Contents vii

1.1 General Introduction 1

1.2 Historical Background of the Study Area 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study 6

1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study 6

1.5 Statement of the Problems 7

1.6 Significance of the Study 8

1.7 Research Questions 8

1.8 Research Hypothesis 9

1.9 Operational Definition of Terms 10

2.1 Literature Review 11

3.1 Research Design 20

3.2 Population of the Study 20

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques 20

3.4 Instrument for Data Collection 21

3.5 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 21

3.6 Administration of the Instrument 21

3.7 Techniques for Data Analysis 22

4.1 Data Analysis and Result Discussion 23

4.1 Test of Hypothesis 37

5.2 Summary and Conclusion 45

This piece of project research is based on the knowledge of people on the

knowledge of the community members about the importance of liquid waste

disposal, with the objectives of promoting the peoples knowledge toward

the responsibilities for the accuracy of information (data) quoted is that of

author alone not for the institution.

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Environment in the modern complex community projects itself on to more

air, land, shelter and food represent what is regarded as in-animate

environment but, other people, individually, in the family, in groups and in

masses represent an important and formable aspect of the environment in

health and life. Hence, he has compounded the problem of environmental

Knowledge of people on the importance of proper liquid waste disposal has

waste disposal is a problem demanding greater and greater investment in

people knowledge towards the importance of liquid waste disposal is to

imperishable in any community particularly one with a high population

concentration like Funtua Local Government is to protest water suppliers,

due to poor liquid waste disposal, this importance of environment hygiene,

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