THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN PROMOTION OF

EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING TO CHILDREN

A CASE STUDY OF KUSADA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

BY

AMINU BALA
19/HPKK/023

KATSINA STATE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGYKANKIA IRO SCHOOL OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY
KANKIA

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMERTAL HEALTH SCIENCE IN

DIPLOMA IN HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION BY WEST
AFRICAN EXAMINATION BOARD (WAHEB)

DECEMBER, 2020
 DECLARATION

I hereby declared that this project is original work undergo by me, under the

supervision of my talented supervision in person mal Abubakar Surajo

"Dodo" it has been prepared in coordinate with the regulation governing the

preparation and presentation of project in the Department of Health

Education And Promotion Unit, at Kankia Iro School of Health Technology

Kankia, Katsina State.

______________________ ______________
Aminu Bala Date
HPKK/18/023

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that this project titled” The Significance of Health

Education in Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding to Children” was written

by Aminu Bala, a student of Diploma in Health Education and Promotion ,

in the Department of Environmental Health Sciences,School of Health

Technology Kankia Iro.

Sign/Date:__________________________________________
Project supervisor
(Mal. Abubakar Surajo Dodo)

Sign/Date:__________________________________________
Head of Department
(Mal. Sanusi Umar Radda)

Sign/Date:__________________________________________
External Supervisor

iii
 DEDICATION

This research project is dedicated with deepest affection to my lovely

parents, Alhj Bala Muhammad and Hajiya for their support and prayer,may

Almighty Allah reward them abundantly, and also recompense them with

infinite kindness respectively.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah the beneficent, the most merciful gratitude to him, the

creator of the heaven and earth who guide throughout my course of study.

Nothing is done, nothing is complete without acknowledging my untiring

project supervision for his careful and supervision accessibility, friendliness,

suggestion, and moral support, he from time to time ignored the regular

disturbance I caused him and took his valuable time to read through the

manuscript and made necessary direction, his rapports and contribution

made the study what it is and therefore no word can quality my gratitude and

appreciation to him Mal. Abubakar Surajo "Dodo" Kankia.

My appreciation goes to my Head of Department Mal Sanusi Umar Radda

for his encouragement; also some appreciation goes director in person Dr.

Hafiz Mamman and other staff of department.

I cannot conclude without sincerely appreciation to my mom and dad Alhj

Bala Muhammad their moral, social, support throughout my academic for

constructive criticism m and guidance to ensure that quality prevalent

through my academic endeavors in S H T Kankia.

I also thanks to my family members for necessary assistances and prayer

received from Abdulhadi Bala, Yusuf Bala, Abubakar Bala, Murja, Hafsat,
v
Hauwa’u, Tahir,Adamu,Asma’u and Muktar (Dan Umma) Thanks for your

prayer to ensure success of my life.

Special thanks goes my friend academic struggle Sadiq Dan Musa, Ismail

Akilu, Kamilu Usman, Aliyu R, Mujahed Tuge, Yahaya, Maji Dadi, Khadija

Gachi, Halimatu S, Halimatu M Iro, Nazee Show Mujee andAliyu M (Iya

Awai Amana koh ba Makaranta).

Special appreciation goes to my friend in home Sambo Saladima,Adamu H,

Umar Alo, Yusif JJ, Umar K and others may Allah reward you abundantly .

my profound gratitude goes my love Fatima,Hafsat, Aesha and Zainab.

vi
 ABSTRACT

This project is based on the significance of health education in promotion of

exclusive breastfeeding to children, it was written in order to find out the

significance of health education in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to

children and various ways that exclusive breastfeeding could be promoted,

as well as various factors that affect health education with the objectives of

educating general public on the significance of health education in

promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children. All the views in this

document represent those of the author; the responsibility for the accuracy

of information (data) quoted is that of author along and not of the

institution.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgement iii

Approval sheet iv

Dedication v

Abstract vii

Table of Contents viii

CHAPTER ONE

Background of the Study 1

Historical Background of the Study Area 3

Statement of the Problem 8

Significance of the Study 8

Objectives of the Study 8

Research Question 9

Research Hypothesis 9

Scope of the Study 10

Limitation of the Study 10

CHAPTER TWO

Concept of Health Education 11

Strategies to Adopt in Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding 13

Objectives of Health Education 17

viii
Method of Health Education 18

Role of Health Educators in Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding 19

The vital role played by Exclusive Breastfeeding in Children Survival,

Growth, and Development 21

Factors that Affect Health Education in Promotion of Exclusive

Breastfeeding to Children 22

CHAPTER THREE

Research Design 24

Population and Universe of the Study 24

Sample and Sampling Techniques 24

Instrument for Data Collection 25

Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 25

Administration of the Instrument 25

Techniques for Data Analysis 26

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and Data Presentation 27

CHAPTER FIVE
Summary and Conclusion 38
Recommendations 40
List of Abbreviation 41
References 42
Appendix 43

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Health education builds people’s skills, knowledge and positive attitude about

Health. Health Education teaches about physical, mental, emotional and

social Health. It motivates peoples to improve and maintain their health,

prevent disease and reduce risk behaviors.

Health Education is the profession of educating people about health Areas this

profession encompasses environmental health, social health, intellectual and

spiritual health.

Health education is therefore responsible for educating people for the purpose

of promoting, maintaining and improving individual, family and community

health.

The joint committee on health education and promotion terminology of

(2001) defined health education as any combination of planned learning

individuals, group and communities. The opportunity to acquire information

and the skills needed to make quality health.

1
However the world health organization defined Health education as

comprising of consciously constructed opportunities for learning, involving

some form of communication designed to improve health literacy, including

improving knowledge and developing life skills which are conducive to

individual and community health.

Furthermore (Abbas, 2001) defined health education as a persuading people

to accept measures which will improve their health and reject those which

will have adverse effect on them.

There has been a great deal of attention given by individuals, the media and

by the government to health education. There is no doubt that a population

which is significant for the sake of the public health as a whole consequently

for public finances.

Significance of health education in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to

children are but not limited to:

1. To educate mothers role played by exclusive breastfeeding in children

survival, growth and development.

2. To educate the mother optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding

3. To increase the effort of mothers

4. To educate mothers about the health benefit of exclusive breastfeeding.

2
 5. To educate the mother the importance of breastfeeding itself and breast

milk etc.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE AREA OF STUDY

Kusada Local Government is located in the northwest part of the state capital-

Katsina about 150kilometers, also located between the latitude 11.550N of the

equator and longitude 7.250E of the equator while Katsina is bordered to the

North by Niger republic, North Kano State, Kaduna State by the South and

Sokoto State by the West.

Kusada Local Government occupies an area of about 25 square kilometers. It

is also bordered with Ingawa Local Government by the South, Kankia Local

Government by the West, and Tsanyawa Local Government of Kano by the

East respectively. Kusada Local Government was created on 29 th October

1996 by the General Sani Abacha (Rtd) regime with the aim of enhancing

rural development. It has one District which was appointed since 1972 as

Bebejin Katsina-District head of Kusada. Therefore, Kusada Local

Government has one district with ten ward head namely: Kusada District (10

ward heads) Kusada, Kafarda, Boko, Dudunni, Mawashi, Kaikai, Bauranya,

Kofa, Yashe A, and Yashe B respectively. From 2006 census it has an

estimated population of about 1333, 458,000 people.

3
Moreover, Kusada Local Government Area is a major settlement in Katsina

State that occupies part of northern Nigeria. It lies between latitude 12 017140

120381N and longitude 78 70171e to 80f8E – it consist of 10 wards namely,

kusada, Bauranya, Kofa, Boko, Magama, Kaikari, Yashe A, Yashe B,

MAwashi, Dudunni and Juta .

Climatic Condition

Kusada Local Government like any other tropical zones has two main seasons

namely: dry and wet season respectively. Rainfall commence from April to

October, while dry season start from November to March. In addition,

extreme heat is being experienced in the area between the month of March

and April signing the commencement or rather showing the approaching of

rainy season.

Agricultural Development

Kusada Local Government is one of the major agricultural centers now in the

state. Therefore, people dwelling in the area predominantly engage in farming

due to its fertile land. The grow food and cash crops such as maize, guinea

corn, millet, cotton, beans, cocoyam and soya beans. During the dry season

they also engage themselves in dry farming along river banks and constructed

earth dam, in some different villages such as Kusada Dam, river Karadua.

4
Nevertheless, the people of Kusada engage themselves in petty trading during

dry season.

Commercial Development

Also mineral resources are found in the local government area such as kaolin,

coal and the likes, leading to the establishment of kaolin industry by the

General Abdussalam Abubakar. Also Dangote Group of Company established

Dangote Cannery at Sabon Gari Village in Kusada. May fertilizers molding

industries do exist, now providing avenue for employment. KUSADA central

market also serves as the center of commerce.

Ethnic Group

About 90% of the people of Kusada Local Government are Hausa and Fulani

and their culture is now replaced by Islamic tradition, though but only 1% is

Christian.

Educational Development

Kusada Local Government so far is known as the center of questing

knowledge in term of both modern and Islamic knowledge. The first primary

school was established in 1943 gradually two more primary schools were

built in Kusada and Gidan Mutun Daya in 1952 respectively. As Sir Abubakar

5
Tafawa Balewa said “gradual development is better than rapid development”

since the inception of the primary school mentioned earlier to date we have

seen seven (7) zones.

1. Kusada Central zone 4 primary schools

2. Kaikai zone 5 primary schools

3. Boko zone 4 primary schools

4. Dudunni zone 4 primary schools

5. Bauranya zone 5 primary schools

6. Yashe “A” zone primary schools

7. Yashe “B” zone primary schools

Total of 33 primary schools

Before the creation of the local government there have been a considerable

number of three government day secondary schools which are Kusada, Kaikai

and Gidan Mutun Daya respectively, but nowadays we have six (6)

government day secondary schools at Kusada, Dudunni, Kaikain, Boko,

Yashe A and Yashe B respectively.

Health Development

There are many changes in the development of health sector during the

creation of Kusada Local Government. Now the local government

6
headquarter is blessed with one comprehensive health center well equip by

the state government, two Primary Health Care’s (PHCs) at Kusada, Yashe

“A” and Dudunni, eight Maternal and Child Health Centers (MCHCs) at

Kusada Local Government Kafarda, Bauranya, Gidan Mutun Daya, Gunsawa,

Agantar Fulani, Mawashi, Boko and Kofa, Two MDGs at Kusada Local

Government, Kaikai and Gidan Mutun Daya in order to meet the aim of

primary health care delivery to the rural communities.

Social Amenities

There are also abundant of social amenities encircling the local government

area more especially at headquarter and it surrounding areas.

Such as electricity, water board and good road for transportation.

Power of the Local Government

Kusada Local Government is among the Daura Senatorial Zone, and also the

three Local Governments which were been represented at Federal

Constituency House of Representatives (House of Representatives Abuja).

Nevertheless, it has representative at house of assembly. Kusada LGA has one

executive chairman with ten legislatures as councilors of the local

government for making laws to their people.

7
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Health workers are sometimes upset and can feel frustrated when they find

out that people do not immediately accept their advice, especially in matters

affecting personal behaviors and emotional issues like pregnancy and child

care, people are reluctant to have their ideas changed or even challenged.

Also people are unlikely to listen to those things which are not their interest.

Therefore Health education should relate to the interest of the people. Health

workers should therefore explore strategies that have work well.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research is designed on the significance of health education in the

promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children there by providing the

strategies to be adopted in promotion of exclusive breast feeding, as well as

educating mother about the major factors contributing in promotion of

exclusive Breastfeeding in the Area of the study.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To find out the importance of Health education toward improving

exclusive breastfeeding.

8
 2. To determine the role of Health educators toward promoting exclusive

breastfeeding at the area of the study.

3. To find out the strategies to adopt in promoting exclusive

breastfeeding.
4. To find out the vital role played by, exclusive breastfeeding in child
survival growth and development.
5. To explore the factors that affect Health education toward promoting
exclusive breastfeeding.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do you believe that health education has significance?

2. Does community has awareness about health education?

3. The community did not have knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding.

4. Do you believe lack of establishing good rapport between health

workers and mothers can affect health education?

5. Do health educators tell mothers about exclusive breastfeeding?

RESEARCH HYPOTESIS

1. Health education has more significance, because they play role about

community to aware them about how to prevent themselves and their

children from diseases?

9
 2. Community has awareness about health education, because sometimes

health workers use to gather them to enlighten them about issues

related to health?

3. Community have knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding because,

when they have delivered health educators and nursing used to educate

them how to breastfeed their child (infant).

4. Yes, this is because lack of good rapport between health workers and

mothers can affect health education respectively.

5. Health educators tell mothers about exclusive breastfeeding when they

have delivered.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1. The study covers only one local government in Katsina state which is
Kusada Local Government
2. The study will only covers the significance of Health education in
promotion exclusive Breastfeeding to children.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is limited only at Kusada Local Government. Financial problem

limitation or restrain on movement for generation of data during the study.

10
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CONCEPT OF HEALTH EDUCATION

Although there is no single acceptable definition of health education, a variety

of definition exists. Concept of health education as process or an activity for

inducing behavioral changes are emphasized in the following definitions:

Green and Kreuter (2005) defined health education as any combination of

learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions conducive to

health.

Health education is the process by which people learn about their health and

more specifically, how to improve their health. Health education attempts to

increase knowledge on the subject that leads to change attitudes about healthy

and unhealthy behaviors. This change in attitude ideally leads to a change in

behaviors from unhealthy to healthy, leading to an improvement in health,

which is the ultimate goal of health education. (By Jacqueline Matazu, an

Eltow contributing writing)

However, Admin (2013) defined health education as process of getting people

to increase control and improve the health of individuals, planned

opportunities for individuals, groups, or communities to learn about health

11
amendment and make changes voluntarily in the behavior of individual. Also

is a rewarding experience that influences habits, attitudes, and knowledge that

has to do with health of individuals, society and the nation. All of the

prepared in order to facilitate voluntary behavior of receipt will improve and

maintain health. (Blood quoted Effendi).

Also (Notoatmodji’o, 2003) Defined health education as an activity to provide

or improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community in

maintaining and improving their own health.

Abbas (2001) defined health education as a process of persuading people to

accept measure which will improve their health and to reject those which will

have adverse effect on them.

The joint committee in health education and promotion terminology of (2001)

Defined health education as any combination of planned learning experiences

based on sound theories that provide individuals, groups, and communities

the opportunity to acquire information and the skills needed to make quality

health.

The world health organization defined health education as ‘’comprising of

consciously constructed opportunities for learning involving some form of

communication designed to improve health literacy. Including; improving

12
knowledge and developing life skills which are conducive to individual and

community health.

The health education pioneer defined health education as an attempt to close

the gap between what is known about optimum health practice and that which

is actually practice.(Modeste, Naomi, Teri TamayoseItelen H. Marshak.

2004).

STRATEGIES TO ADOPT IN PROMOTION OF EXCLUSIVE

BREASTFEEDING

The strategies are as follows:-

1. EFFECTIVE HEALTH EDUCATION: Grass root development is

seen by many as the means by which underserved communities can

‘’have a voice invested, and ownership in the development of their land,

economy, education, rights, and values. Some times as seen in the

following case study even those involved in development work on the

ground can be in effective if the right questions are not asked. Before a

strong stance on HIV education was adopted by governmental leadership

in Thailand in the early 2001. HIV/AID severely stability. Even after the

implementation of a pervasive public information campaign and condom

distribution plan, the country still battles to keep its prevalence rate low.

13
 It was in this environment Peace Corps volunteers tried try to

demonstrate to the villages how to use condom in an effort to contribute

to the national goals of HIV-transmission reduction (Declaration of

commitment on HIV/AID 2001).

SOCIAL MEDIA AS AN EDUCATIONAL TOOL TO IMPROVE

EXCLUSIVE BREAST

1. FEEDING: mass media campaigns are used to expose high proportions

of a population to health promotion messages. Using the media as an

educational tool mass media campaigns are favorable because they are

capable of communicating information, increasing awareness among a

large number of people. Mass media intervention can provide positive

health behaviors among individual. Social media campaigns take a

variety of forms in their efforts to communicate health messages, these

method include print media, television, and radio broadcast.

In addition to digital and print media, there are a number of other

creative avenues for disseminating health information, like theater

dramas and puppetry for instance, are gaining popularity as ways to

deliver health-care messages to specific target audience. Each medium

offers advantages and draw backs that must be considered in the contact

of programme goals for improving health education when designing an

14
 effective mass media campaign, its importance to consider how

information will be interpreted by a particular audience (Nwaerondu N.

Thompson G.)

2. TEACHING MOTHERS ABOUT HEALTH EDUCATION:

Researchevidencesindicate that an individual’s own schooling is the

most important correlation with his or her health, and parents schooling,

especially the mothers education, is the most important correlation with

child health. The positive correlation between mothers schooling and

child health in numerous studies was a driving factor behind world banks

campaigns in the 1990s to encourage increased maternal education in

developing countries. In the late 1970s, a study is conducted to Kenyan

family in which the mother had no formal schooling. The study found

that educated mothers maintain better domestic hygiene, provide better

food, have higher rates of immunization, and wiser use of medical

services. Educated mothers can apply the information to educate their

children as well. (Shinyichou, Tanhu, MichadGross man and Theodore j.

Yoyce, 2007).

3. PEER EDUCATION: Is an effective means of disseminating health

information throughout the community, individuals act as a messenger

spreading acquired information and practice to children, friends, and

15
 other community members. Several key programs have been developed

to address issues about HIV, including peer education, medley et’al

conducted a systematic review of peer education intervention in

developing countries over a period of 17years. Peer to peer intervention

selected individuals who share demographic characteristics, and the

major programs train them to increase awareness, impart knowledge, and

encourage behavior change among members of that same group. Peer

education programs are based on the idea that peers have a strong

influence on each other’s behavior (Campbell, 2009)

4. AVOIDING PITFALLS IN EDUCATION: in resource limited settings

where there is high demand of for health education programs, the

designers play important role in delivery, guidance, and information to

the people. However, it’s imperative that those providing the information

are knowledgeable, and it is essential that they are trained sufficiently to

deliver care. Pitfalls in education delivery can regularly arise if

volunteers or educators are informally recruited, insufficiently trained, or

if a minimal focus is placed on effective educational strategies. (Siuige

and Uhyte, S.R_Uganda, Health Education Research, 2006).

5. MICROFINANCE AND EDUCATION: Microfinance intervention

provide low interest loan to people living in poverty, in order to

16
 encourage entrepreneurship and promote economic growth. The

microfinance institutions have extensive network of community

members who can both disseminate and receive health care information.

Education and training are crucial components in the success of

microfinance borrowers. Microfinance schemes can provide households

with steady incomes, enabling them to afford health care and medicine,

and consequently increasing food security the additional financial

resources. (Gray, Sebstad, Cohen and Stack K, 2009) (Reinseh, M.

Dunford, C. and Metcalfe, M. 2011)

OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH EDUCATION

The ultimate aim of health education is positive behavioral modification .The

aims and objectives of health education are, but not limited to;

1. TO PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT HEALTH AND

HYGIENE: It aims at acquainting the pupils and teachers with the

functioning of the body, the roles of health and hygiene and

precautionary measures forwarding off diseases. It’s to be noticed by the

pupils how bad habits, unhygienic, ways of living, addiction to

smoking, and liquor and such unhealthy practices, result in evil

consequences.

17
 2. TO MAINTAIN NORMS OF GOOD HEALTH: It helps school

authorities to keep certain norms of health in school. A number of

programs of good health develop in the pupil sufficient habits of

hygienic living, hygienic surroundings such as cleanliness etc.

3. TO TAKE PRECAUTION AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Its

aims are to take adequate precaution against contamination and spread

of diseases. So good sanitary arrangements were made. Urinals and

toilets are kept clean, sweeping is done daily and rooms.

4. TO TAKE CURATIVE MEASURES: Remedial action against

diseases is also taken. A physio-medical checkup is made so that the

deformities, disabilities, and diseases are detected and remedial

measures suggested.

5. TO DEVELOP AND PROMOTE MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL

HEALTH: mental and emotional health is also equally. Necessary

school health programs while physical health makes a pupil physically

fit; mental and happy disposition. (Sinuiju, 2010)

METHOD OF HEALTH EDUCATION

There are several methods available in delivering health messages. But it

should be noted that they are not in themselves learning opportunities but

their effective use in health education. A health educator must make careful
18
selection of the method, bearing in mind the topic and characteristics of the

target audience. These are some methods used:

 Lecture method

 Drama and role play

 Group discussion

 Demonstration

 Printed materials

 Audio and Audio visual materials

 Health learning material (Asimet al)

ROLE OF HEALTH EDUCATORS IN PROMOTION OF EXCLUSIVE

BREASTFEEDING TO CHILDREN

Health educators work to promote better overall health on individual,

community and policy levels. So, the health educators play a vital role in

promoting exclusive breastfeeding some of the roles are, but not limited to;

1. MOTIVATION

Education for health begins with people, it hopes to motivate them with

whatever interest they may have in improving their living conditions, its aim

19
is to develop in them a sense of responsibility for health conditions for

themselves as individual, as members of families, and communities.(Mark J)

2. TEACHING

A comprehensive health education curriculum consists of plan learning

experiences which will help students achieve desirable attitudes and practices

related to critical health issues.

Some of these are emotional health and positive self-image, appreciation,

respect, and care of the human body, physical fitness, health issues of drug

abuse, others include health misconceptions and myths, effect of exercise on

the body system, and on general wellbeing, nutrition and weight control,

sexual relationship etc. (DaudaD.Dyek)

3. PLAN HEALTH/PROMOTION

Once you have identified the health need of your community and how best to

communicate health knowledge you have to put together a plan. You will

have to consider budgets, the attitude of stake holders, timelines, government

regulations, overall feasibility. Your goal is to overcome existing obstacles to

reach as many people in your community as possible.

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THE VITAL ROLE PLAYED BY EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING IN

CHILDREN SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT

Breastfeeding has many medical benefits for both the mother and infant.

Breast milk contains all the nutrients an infant needs in the first six month of

life. Breastfeeding protects against diarrhea and common childhood illness

such as pneumonia, and may also have longer-term health benefits to the

mother and the child, such as reducing the risk of overweight and obesity in

childhood and adolescence.

Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk no

other liquids or solid are given not even water with exception of oral

rehydration solution, drops/syrups of vitamins, minerals, or medicine.

 Babies who are exclusively breastfed recover quicker from colds and

infection.

 Breast milk also prevents babies from becoming sick.

 If you are exclusively breastfeeding , you won’t need to buy expensive

supplements or bottles.( Cottrell et al 2009 )

21
FACTORS THAT AFFECT HEALTH EDUCATION IN PROMOTION

OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING TO CHILDREN

As you plan and carry out your health education sessions you should be aware

of the factors that affect learning process. These may be classified into four

categories:

1. Physiological factors

2. Psychological factors

3. Environmental factors

4. Teaching methodology

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS: The physiological factor include how

people feel, Their physical health, and their level of fatigue at the time of

learning, the quality of food and drink they have consumed, their age etc.

Think if some physiological factors that is important when you try to study

or learn something new for yourself.

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: You will know from your own study

that if you are anxious or worried you will not be able to learn very
efficiently. Psychological factors such as mental ill health or mental
tension and conflict all hamper learning. A related psychological factor is
motivation no learning can take place in absence of motivation.
Purposeless learning is not learning at all. Motivation can energize, select,
and direct positive behavior.

22
 Can you think of a time when you had a lot of motivation to study?
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: The key environmental factors when
delivering your health education messages are the conditions where the
learners have to sit to do their learning. Learning is hampered by
environmental conditions such as distraction, noise, poor illumination, bad
ventilation, overcrowding, and inconvenient seating arrangements.
Can you think of a time when you had to endure poor conditions to do
learning?
4. TEACHING METHODOLOGY: Your health education materials

should be properly planned and organized. They should suit the mental

level of the audience. For example if you are planning to educate a rural

family about personal hygiene, a poster or picture could be good health

learning material if it’s supported by talk. But leaflet with lot of text would

not be a good teaching aid because a large number of rural people are

unable to read.

All your teaching should be presented a meaning full and interesting

manner. It’s also important to encourage learning by doing is one very

good of active learning. Learning can be reinforcing by simple testing,

which is informal, but include feedback. In this way, the audience would

know how well they are doing and they will also be encouraged to learn

new skills. (Mc Kenzie 2009)

23
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

This research project was carried out in order to find out the significance of

health education in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children and

various ways that exclusive breastfeeding could promote children health as

well as various methods that will promote exclusive breastfeeding among

children and to educate general public about the significance of exclusive

breastfeeding to their children.

POPULATION AND UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY

The target population of the area under study 15 above people situated both in

Kusadaand other town within Kusada Local Government Area, so as to

ensure they participated actively.

SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Three communities were selected to be the sample size of my research work

among the communities within Kusada. The sampling technique adopted in

sample selection is random sampling method so as to compile the work

successfully.

24
INSTRUMENTS FOR DATA COLLECTION

The instrument used for data collection in this project work is questionnaire,

in which questions related to the topic of the project were asked, so that the

respondent will respond to the questions by ticking on the appropriate answer

of their choice.

VALIDITY AND RIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

The instrument to be valid and reliable, the questionnaires design and

prepared was thoroughly read and screened by the project supervisor who

authorized the distribution of the questionnaire appropriately at the time 90

questionnaires were prepared and distributed to the public, and 20

questionnaires were used as pretest and 70 questionnaires were fill correctly

and return to me successfully.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

The manner through which the instrument was administered to the

appropriate people is through direct hand to hand message, so as to ensure

that the message was not disrupted as a result all the seventy questionnaires

were return to me in order.

25
TECHNIQUES FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The techniques applied in analyzing the data obtained is statistical analysis, so

as to prove the hypothesis or basic assumption

GENDER RESPONSES TOTAL

YES NO
Male A B K
Female C D L
Total M N M

CHAPTER FOUR

26
DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

Below is a result of data collected from the questionnaires, ninety

questionnaires were printed, twenty questionnaires were used as pretest, while

seventy questionnaires were filled correctly and return to in order, therefore

the analysis is based on seventy questionnaires.

TABLE 4:1

AGE NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

15_25 Years 25 30 %
26_36 Years 30 50 %
37_ Above 15 20 %
Total 70 100 %

The table above discussed the age of respondents, 25 respondents

representing 30% are between the age of 15 25years, those that at age 26 36

years are 30 respondents representing 50%, and those at age of 37 above are

15 respondents representing 20% this shows the majority of respondents are

adult.

TABLE 4:2

SEX NO.OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Male 2O 31%
Female 50 69%
Total 70 100%

27
The above table discussed the sex distribution of respondents, 20 respondents

representing31% are males, while 50 respondents representing 69% are

females.This shows the majority of respondents are females.

TABLE 4:3

MARITAL STATUS NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Single 9 13%
Married 61 87%
Total 70 100%

The above table discussed the marital status of the respondents, 9 respondents

representing 13% are single, and 61 respondents representing 87% are

married & are majority.

TABLE4:4

EDUCATIONAL NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

BACKGROUND
Formal 63 90%
Informal 7 10%
Total 70 100%

The above table discuss the educational background of the respondents, 63

respondents representing 90% has formal education, 7 respondents

28
representing 10% has informal education. This shows the majority of the

respondents have formal education.

TABLE 4:5

OCCUPATION NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Civil servant 17 24%
Student 21 30%
Business 20 29%
Others 12 17%
Total 70 100%

This table clearly discussed the occupation of the respondents, 17 respondents

representing 24% are civil servant, and 21 respondents representing 30% are

students, 20 respondents representing are business men/women, 12

respondents representing 17% have different occupations.

TABLE 4:6

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 40 60%
No 30 40%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed the view of respondents on, if they know anything about

health education, 40 respondents representing 60% know something about

health education, while 30 respondents representing 40% they don’t know

anything about health education. This shows majority of the respondents

know something about health education.

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TABLE 4:7

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 48 80%
No 12 20%
Total 70 100%
This table clearly discussed the view of respondents if they attend ante natal

care, 48 respondents representing 80% are attending ante natal care, 12

respondents representing 20% don’t attend ante natal care.

TABLE4:8

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 40 60%
No 30 40%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed on does health personnel tells about the significance of

health education 40 respondents representing 60% of the total respondent say

yes ,while 30respondents representing 40% say no. The majority of

respondents their health personnel tells them the significance of health

education

TABLE 4:9

ANSWER NO OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 64 91%
No 6 9%
Total 70 100%

30
The table above discussed, Does health educating mothers about the

significance of exclusive promote the practice of exclusive breast feeding? 64

respondents representing 91% believe health educating mothers can promote

the practice of exclusive breastfeeding, 6 respondents representing 9% does

not agree.

TABLE 4:10

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 61 90%
No 9 10%
Total 70 100%

From the above table discussed the view of respondent on do you think

effective health education can promote exclusive breast feeding in your

community? 61 respondent representing 90% which indicate effective health

education can promote exclusive breastfeeding while 9 respondent

representing 10% does not believe effective health education can promote

exclusive breastfeeding in their community.

TABLE 4:11

What factor do you think plays an important role toward poor practice

of exclusive breast feeding in your community?

ANSWER NO RESPONDENT PERCENTEAGE

a- Ignorance 61 87%
31
b- Advertisement 3 4%
c- Poor health education 6 9%
Total 70 100%

This table clearly show that factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding in

which 61respondent representing 87% believe ignorance is the factor that

affect exclusive breastfeeding, 3 respondents representing 4% believe

Advertisements of baby formula is the factor that affect exclusive

breastfeeding and 6 respondent breast feeding in their community.

TABLE 4:12

ANSWER NO. OF RESPOSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 66 96%
No 4 4%
Total 70 100%
The above discussed the view of respondents on, does social media serve as

an educational tool for promotion of exclusive breastfeeding? 66 respondents

representing 96% believe social media can serve an educational tool for

promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, 4 respondents representing 4%does not

believe social media can serve as an educational tool for promotion of

exclusive breastfeeding.

TABLE 4:13

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

32
Lecture method 16 20%
Drama &role play 50 70%
Printed materials 4 10%
Total 70 100%

The above table discussed on the view of respondents on which method

should be adopted in health education, 16 respondents 20% chooses lecture

methods, 50 respondents representing 70% selected drama & role play as the

best method, 4 respondents representing 10% select printed materials as the

method to be adopted. The majority of respondents chooses drama & role

play as the method to adopt in health education.

TABLE 4:14

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Through health education 61 87%
Through media 3 4%
Through ANC services 6 9%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed the view of respondents, in which way exclusive

breastfeeding can be promoted in the study area. 61 respondents representing

87% believe health education can be promoted through health education, 3

respondents representing 4% through media, exclusive breastfeeding can be

promoted while 6 respondents representing 9% believe through and services

exclusive breastfeeding can be promoted.

TABLE 4:15

33
 ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Yes 23 33%
No 47 67%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed the view of respondents on, does health educators

motivate People about exclusive breastfeeding, 23 respondents representing

33% indicate health educators motivate people, while 47 respondents

representing 67% indicate, health educators does not motivate people about

exclusive breast feeding and are the majority.

TABLE 4:16

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 11 16%
No 59 84%
Total 70 100%

This table discussed the view of respondents; does health educators provide

new Techniques or ideas and practice that promote exclusive breastfeeding in

your community? 11 respondents representing 16% indicate that health

educators provide new techniques and ideas that promote exclusive

breastfeeding, while 59 respondents representing 84% indicate health

educators does not provide new techniques and ideas that promote exclusive

breastfeeding and they are the majority.

TABLE 4:17

34
 ANSWER NO.OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE
Yes 23 33%
No 47 67%
Total 70 100%
The above table discussed the view of respondents on, as a result of health

education you heard, do you practice exclusive? 23 respondents representing

33% practiced exclusive breastfeeding, while 47 respondents representing

67% does not practiced and they are the majority.

TABLE 4:18

Do you believe the following factors can affect health education?

1. Physiological factors 2. Psychological factors

3. Environmental factors 4. Teaching methodology

ANSWER NO. OF RESPONSES PERCENTAGE

Yes 59 85 %
No 11 15%
Total 70 100%

The above table discussed the view of respondents on factors that affect

health education, 59 respondents representing 85% believe the above factors

can affect health education, 11 respondents representing 15% does not believe

those factors can affect health education.

35
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The entire project research was aim at in depth analysis of significance of

health education in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children, a case

study of Kusada Local Government. The purpose of the study is to found out

the importance of health education in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to

children and various effects associated with poor practice of exclusive

breastfeeding. Various issues were discussed at different portion of this

project.

In chapter one, background of the study, objectives of the study, statement of

problem, significance of the study, historical background of the study area,

was clearly pointed out in order to call the attention of readers to focus and

understand were the project is leading to various questions and hypotheses

that were formulated to enable the researcher to identify factors responsible

for the problem.

Chapter two contain literature review, various information concerning the

topic of research which include concept of health education, strategies to

adopt in health education, method of health education, role of health

36
educators in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children and factors that

affect health education were discussed. Likewise in chapter three consist of

study design, sample and sampling techniques, instrument design for data

collection, method of data collection. In chapter four, presentation and

analysis of data were discussed.

Finally in chapter five, summary and conclusion, recommendations and

references were discussed.

Conclusively, the research concluded that health education has significance

role in promotion of exclusive breastfeeding to children and also there are

strategies to adopt in promoting exclusive breastfeeding to children in the

study area.

37
RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of the research the following recommendations are

made:

 Government can make use of this data and information gathered through

the effort of health educators to know the strategies to adopt in promoting

exclusive breastfeeding.

 The international agencies together with Non-Governmental Organization

(NGOs) should put hands together in organizing seminars, workshops and

extra training to the health educators on the techniques of health education,

and the strategies to adopt in promoting exclusive breastfeeding.

 Public health education especially during ante natal care on the importance

of exclusive breastfeeding should be carrying out effectively in our clinics.

 Non-governmental organization interesting in exclusive breastfeeding

should involve.

 Public health officials should educate the public especially husbands and

relatives on the possible ways to assist mothers on the importance of

proper exclusive breastfeeding.

 Parents especially mothers should not accept free baby sample formula.

38
 The people should give their maximum support and corporation in all

program meant for their own support.

 The public should appreciate the facts on the importance of exclusive

breastfeeding to their children.

 Proper personal and environmental hygiene be given priority in all houses.

 All pregnant mothers should be advised to attend ante natal care.

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

These are abbreviation used in the project given in full to guide the readers

and satisfy casual academic needs.

e.g. Example

HOD Head of Department

i.e. that is

LGA Local Government Area

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

CHT College of Health Technology

% Percentage

39
REFERENCES

 Admin (2013) Health education and health promotion. Planning,

implementing and evaluating health promotion programs. (Pp.3_4) 5th

edition.

 Cottrell et-al(2009)e- library of evidence for nutrition action ( Elena)

retrieved march 14, 2018.

 Mc Kenzie (2009). Health education .Advocacy. Ol create: HEAT –

HEACM-ET-1.0 from open.edu retrieved march14,2018

 Nwaerundu N. et al (2000, march 7).Health education code of ethics, 3,

Article 001 a retrieved march 14, 2018. From

http//journals.apa.org./prevention/volume 3/pre 001 AHTML.

 Joint committee on terminology (2001)’’Report of 2000 joint committee

on health education and promotion terminology’’ American journal of

health education 32(2): 89-103

 World Health Organization (1998). List of basic terms, health promotion

Glossary. (pp.4). Retrieved March 14, 2018. Progymoyohttp: www.who.

int/hpr/NPHj/ddoocs/hp-glossary-en. Pdf.

40
 APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

Department of Environmental Health,

Kankia Iro School of health

Technology Kankia.

Dear Respondent,

I am a student of the above named institution, studying Diploma in Health

Education and Promotion conducting a research project on “The Significance

of Health Education in Promotion of Exclusive Breastfeeding to Children” A

case study of Kusada Local Government

Section A

1. Age
a. 15-25years ( ) b. 26-36 years ( ) c. 37-above ( )
2. Sex
a. Male ( ) b. Female ( )
3. Marital Status
a. Single ( ) b. Married ( )
4. Educational Background
a. Formal ( ) b. Informal ( )
5. Occupation
a. Civil Servant ( ) b. Student ( ) c. Business ( ) d. Others ( )

41
Section B

Please select the answer by ticking in the box provided

1. Do you know anything about health education?

Yes ( ) No ( )

2. Does your health personnel educate you about exclusive breastfeeding?

Yes ( ) No ( )

3. Does health educating mothers about the significance of exclusive

breastfeeding promote the practice of exclusive breastfeeding in your

community?

Yes ( ) No ( )

4. Do you think effective health education can promote exclusive

breastfeeding in your community?

Yes ( ) No ( )

5. What factor do you think plays an important role toward poor practice of

exclusive breastfeeding in your community?

a. Ignorance ( ) b. Advertisement of baby formula ( ) c. Poor health

education

6. Does social media serve as educational tool for promotion of exclusive

breastfeeding?

Yes ( ) No ( )

42
7. Which method do you think should be adopted in health educating

mothers?

a. Lecture Method ( ) b. Drama and role play ( ) c. Printed Materials

( )

8. In your understanding in which among the following ways that exclusive

breastfeeding could be promoted in your community?

a. Through health education ( ) b. Through media ( ) c. Through ANC

services
9. Does health educators motivate people about exclusive breastfeeding?
Yes ( ) No ( )
10.Does health educators provide new techniques or ideas and practice that
promote exclusive breastfeeding in your community?
Yes ( ) No ( )
11.As a result of health education you heard do you practice exclusive
breastfeeding?
Yes ( ) No ( )
12.If yes, to the above question, do you experience any significance of health
to your children
Yes ( ) No ( )
13.Do you believe the following can affect health education in your
community?
1. Physiological factor 2. Psychological factor 3. Environmental factor 4.
Teaching methodology

Yes ( ) No ( )

43