APPRAISING THE ATTITUDE OF PEOPLE TOWARDS THE USE

OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES IN MASKA WARD OF

FUNTUA LOCAL GOVERNMENT

A CASE STUDY OF MASKA WARD OF FUNTUA LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA

BY

SHAMSU UMAR
CSU/PBH/18/1794

CONSULTANCY SERVICE UNIT

KATSINA STATE COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

IN COLLABORATION WITH

LIBERAL BILINGUAL UNIVERSITY OF TOGO, TOGO REPUBLIC

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF (B.SC)

DEGREE IN PUBLIC HEALTH

SUPERVISOR:

DR. MU’AZU BICHI

AUGUST, 2021
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby declare that this research project has been written by me and it is a
product of my own effort. It has not been presented in part or full for any
higher national diploma, diploma or certificate in this or any other
institution.

Shamsu Umar [CSU/PBH/18/1794]

Sign/Date:……….……………..…..……………

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that this project titled “APPRAISING THE ATTITUDE OF

PEOPLE TOWARDS THE USE OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES IN
MASKA WARD OF FUNTUA LOCAL GOVERNMENT” was written by
Shamsu Umar of the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Kankia
Iro School of Health Technology Kankia, Katsina State.

Project Supervisor

Name: ……………………………………………

Sign/Date:……….……………..…..……………

Head of Department

Name: ……………………………………………

Sign/Date:……….……………..…..……………

External Supervisor

Name: ……………………………………………

Sign/Date:……….……………..…..……………

iii
 DEDICATION

This research work is wholeheartedly dedicated to my lovely parents Alhaji

Umar Sani and his wife Hajiya Wasila Yakubu for their support, advice and
encouragement given to me throughout my studies May Allah grant them
with Jannatul Firdausi Ameen.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

In the name of Allah the beneficent, the merciful. All the praises be to Allah
who granted me the time, courage and ability to bear with all the hurdles that
were associated with this study.
Though the research and the writing of this work was solely my
responsibility, the work would not have been completed without the
contribution of the various people who assisted me in the course of writing
the work among these, I am greatly indebted are first and foremost my
parent for their proper upbringing, care and support they rendered to me,
making me what I am today, and I always thanks Almighty Allah for given
me such kind of good parents.
Secondly, I must also express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Dr. Mu’azu
Bichi who supervised this research work to the utmost of his ability and his
criticisms, suggestion, kindness and patient in supervising this work to
ensure possible errors are avoided. I therefore found it duly bound to express
my sincere gratitude and thanks to him.
I must not forget to express my thanks to all academic and non-academic
staff of our beloved department who are always treating us like their
biological children and also contributed a lot through the completion of this
work. Thanks you all for your kindness.
Also I cannot forget to thank the dear ones around me who showed much
concern and wishes me success in the completion of this work.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page - - - - - - - - - i

Certification - - - - - - - - ii

Approval sheet - - - - - - - - iii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - v

Table of content - - - - - - - vi

Abstract - - - - - - - - - - viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of the study - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the problem - - - - - - - 3

1.3 Significance of the study - - - - - 11

1.4 Objectives of the study - - - - - - 13

1.5 Research hypothesis - - - - - - - 13

1.6 Limitation of the study - - - - - - 14

1.7 Definition of terms - - - - - - - 14

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Review of literature - - - - - - - 18

2.2 Types of family planning method - - - - - 19

2.3 Method of family planning (According to Malawi research) - 51

2.4 Benefits of family planning (Federal ministry of health) - 52

2.5 Reasons to support family planning - - - - 54

2.6 Reference - - -- - - - - 56

vi
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Research design - - - - - - - 57

3.2 Population and universe of the study - - - - 59

3.3 Historical Background - - - - - - 4

3.4 Sample and sampling techniques - - - - - 59

3.5 Tools or instrument used - - - - - - 60

3.6 Validity of the instrument - - - - - - 61

3.7 Reliability of instrument - - - - - - 61

3.8 Method of data collection - - - - - - 62

CHAPTER FOUR (Data Analysis and Interpretation)

4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 63

4.2 Finding, result, presentation, discussion and data analysis - 64

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - 88

5.2 Re-statement of the problem - - - - - 88

5.3 Major findings - - - - - - - - 89

5.4 Implication of the study - - - - - - 90

5.5 Summary - - - - - - - - 91

5.6 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 93

5.7 Recommendation - - - - - - - 94

5.8 Limitation - - - - - - - - 96

5.9 Suggestion for further research - - - - - 96

5.10 Bibliography - - - - - - - - 96

vii
 ABSTRACT

The research work “ Appraising the attitude of people toward use of family
planning services in Maska ward of Funtua local government” is quite a
sensitive issue that has not yet gained wide acceptance by the people not
only of Maska ward but for the entire nation.

It is however, my wish in the write up to have made effort intensively and

extensively to make an analysis of the major relevant issues that are
associated with family planning with the hope that it will gain wider
acceptance even if not now in the next years to come. As stated already
people have strong fear in issues relating to family planning for either
religion reason or other reasons. If we should weight the strengthen and
weakened of family planning we will come up with a strong reason that
adopting family planning is far better in our community than not adopting it.
When we consider the alarming rate at which population is growing without
the correspondents increase in food production and the alarming rate at
which indiscipline is proliferating (Tolerance parents are now unable to
take care of their children) resulting to increase of criminals, nuisance and
communal clashes in the society, one can wholeheartedly accept the fact that
it is far better to reduce birth rate than to continue engulf into serious
problems that cannot be easily attended to.

Of the different family planning methods and instruments available, the

great fear of the majority of people lies on their side effects, some of these
side effects are severe while some are mild with concentration on those with
mild problems more encouragements could be given to those that will accept

viii
family planning and the intensity of its hatred and non acceptance will
become very low.

The government at all level should be ready to adopt strategies at all levels
that could ensure the number of children an individual should posses, unless
this is adopted there will continue to be more social and economic problems
agitating in the minds of the people without any solution to them. This will
further cripple the economy and demoralize the life of many people.

Unless great emphasis are made on the issue of family planning by the
government, it will continue to be rejected by majority of Nigerians despite
its good aspects, because is becoming apparently clear that people are not
ready to plan their birth rate particularly in the villages where birth has
become a competition to many women. There is no concern, there is no care
on whatever will befall their children.

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Family planning as defined by (WHO) in 2012 is deciding to start and

continue having baby with advice from a doctor using contraception until the

time right. Family planning refers to use of modern contraceptives or natural

techniques limits or space pregnancies. Modern method of contraception

include the pills, female and male sterilization, LUDS, injectables, implants,

male and female condom, diaphragm and emergency contraception.

Tradition methods include periodic abstinence withdrawal and folk method.

Family planning can be seen as a practice of controlling the number of

children in family to a specified or limited number. The issue of family

planning in northern Nigeria at large and Maska ward in particular has for

long not receive wide acceptance from many people

(study.com/academy/lesson/family-palnning-defination-programseffecacy.

html).

There are many reasons for this write-up will attempt to elaborate the

strategic approaches to family planning which in the long run will become

highly acceptable to many people.

1
Many people wish to limit the number of their family in as much it will not

result to abortion or direct killing of the baby or other forms of abnormalities

that could result afterwards. However, the method and strategy to apply is

either lacking or too exposed to apply.

Hence this type of people requires a more reasonable and simple way to

adopt (https://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/familyplanning). Even the religion of

Islam as people think did not categorically made family planning a complete

illegal affair because there are some instances where it is allowed

particularly when it is fully established by a doctor that the incoming baby

will be a threat to the existence of another on this regard “The woman can go

to any length to abort it in order to rescue the life of the feeding baby

(https://en.m.wikipedia.org./wikifamily). All these are not being explained to

many women that is why they see it as an abomination. But this write up

will attempt to clearly define the limitation of the religion so that whosoever

wishes to embark upon family planning will not feel that his action is

contradicting his religion and can pursue this ambition whole heartedly

without any fear of offending God.

This write up will attempt to provide suggested ways through which married

women could be enlightened on the approach and procedures of family

planning. Among these ways is enlightenment campaign to be held in houses

2
by some responsible and respectful women. There is also need of organizing

lectures particularly at the Comprehensive Hospital and Health Centres to

women attending hospitals for ante-natal care (ANC). Group discussions and

distribution of posters may also help in this approach possibly mosque

leaders (Imam) could also be of help in their preaching`s particularly on

Fridays so that the information disseminated to husbands can be imported to

their wives.

In some situations the women may agree to embark on family planning but

some men will reject. Situation like this could result to marriage disputes

which is not hoped in this regard the government is supposed to interfere to

save their marriage, by educating the men on the importance attached to

family planning. The matter requires a strategy which will be discussed in

due course.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A sensitive topic like this cannot be without any problem no matter the

extent of the research made. One of the problems associated with this write-

up is the issue of illiteracy. Majority of the women are either illiterate or

semi-illiterates. All they require is direct contact to be informed of the

importance of family planning. Unless they are met in their houses or

gathered at hospitals and health centers whatever pamphlets you give them

3
they cannot read because majority have not acquired even basic primary

education.

Associated with illiteracy is that the degree of understanding of the issue is

very low. This result to conflicts between couples to responds to the

strategies of the family planning when someone agreed on the ground that

their counter parts in the same house have more children than they have.

This contributes a lot of problems to the degrees of the research work in

many parts of the local government.

There is also problem of poverty that is affecting many women in the area.

Though most of the drugs on family planning are given free of charge, many

women found it difficult to frequent hospitals and the health facilities for

proper counseling suggestion and advice. Many think of the taken amount

they will spend which they do not even have and can supplement other

needs. This problem thus widened the communication gap between the

health officials and house wives particularly those in remote villages.

Another problem lies in the issue of having sufficient data from family

planning in most of the hospitals and health facilities such data if available

could give and guide on:

 Number of people who visited clinic to receive family planning

drugs, injection or any form of contraception.

4
  Number of women who administered the drugs/injection.

 Responses or reaction obtained after administering

drugs/injection.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this study is enormous because it will focus itself on the

relevance of the study for academic pursuits as well as assist both men and

women in understanding the benefits and reality associated with family

planning so that a responsible and manageable family can be established in

different houses instead of having nuisance that are undesirable to the family

and community at large with the data to be generated.

It will help people to be more fully versed and acquainted with family

techniques, its benefits and possible shortfalls if any unlike before when it is

wrongly and ignorantly applied. This will in turn improve the qualities of

family planning in our general hospitals and health facilities where in turn

will be accepted by the majority of the peoples.

More important of this study may struggle to fight self family planning by

bringing out clearly. It`s evil and building a more beneficent way of

contacting health personnel wherever there`s need for family planning. For

example many women ignorantly take overdose (Lethal dose) of certain

drugs without any medical advice under the name of family planning. Some

5
drink salt, herbals of different composition which at the end may result to

the destruction of some of their visceral organs like liver, kidney etc. this

clearly portray the extent of their ignorance on family planning which this

write up will attempts to eradicate. The study will also attempt to find out

and set procedures of safe and acceptable ways of family planning that will

be clear direct acceptable and at the same time improve over the benefits for

a more acceptable.

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To identify the family planning services.

2. To determine the attitudes of people toward family planning

services.

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

This research work will be based on the following hypothesis;

Majority of women have already developed fear of adopting family planning

for one reason or the other.

Access to family planning pills and other methods are very limited to rural

area where the issue of birth rate has become rampant to the extent that

majority of people cannot accept it as a reason to limit the number of their

children.

6
Even in Maska ward, where majority of the women are literate, the issue of

some men having more than one wife has curtailed the effort of some

women to accept family planning, this is because there are sort of

competition among the women on having children more than their

counterparts for reasons best known to them. This result to a lot of crisis

among the women and their husband resulting to limitation of acceptance of

family planning in some homes.

The religion of Islam has played a greater role in reducing the wider

acceptances of family planning were many consider it as offending God. As

a result of western idea and some dangers of family planning prevalent in

some women it becomes clear that one has a threat in making some women

accept family planning. So the activity has to be pursued with great care.

Some of the dangers that appeared prevalent includes constant bleeding,

giving birth to children with congenital abnormalities, frequent illness of one

form or the other seizure of pregnancy (Eclapsia).

1. There is no significant service in family planning.

2. There is no significant attitude among people for family planning

services.

1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

7
The study is confined in some selected areas of Maska ward. It could have

been more useful and relevant to expand my study to at least the Thirty Four

(34) local government of Katsina State, but the study had to be limited to

Maska ward of Funtua local government due to financial problems and time

constraints.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Amenorrhea:- is the absence or stopping of the menstrual

period.
 Anemia:- a condition in which the number of red blood cells or
the amount of heamoglobin is low average.
 Benign breast disease:- a group of conditions marked by
changes in breast tissue that are benign (not cancer).
 Blood pressure:- Is a force or pressure which the blood
exertion the walls of blood vessels in which its in contain. The normal
blood pressure is about 120/80mmhg.
 Breast tenderness:- is the growing breast (by the second)
during pregnancy is also called Ultrasensitive and is one of the most
common symptoms of pregnancy. Usually starting from 4 – 7 weeks.
 Contraceptive:- Any method, such as pills, IUD, form or
condom that a man uses to prevent pregnancy. Also called birth
control.
 Diastolic blood pressure:- Is when the heart is resting
following the ejection of blood the normal rate in adult is 80mmhg or
Hk.p.a (kilopascale).

8
 Ectopic pregnancy:- knows as Tubal pregnancy is a
complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the
uterus.
 ECPS (Emergency Contraceptive Pills):- Is any method that
acts after intercourse to prevent pregnancy.
 Effectiveness:- How well an attended result is produced.
 Epilepsy:- A disorder of the brain with short attack of brain
malfunction and seizure.
 Endometriosis:- Is a condition in which tissue that normally
grow inside the uterus (endometrium) grow outside it. It may occur in
the other part of the body.
 FSH (Follicle Stimulation Hormone):- Is a gonadotropin, a
glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted
by the gonadotrophic cell of the anterio pituitary gland and regulates
the development, growth, puberty, maturation and reproductive
process of the body.
 Hormone:- Are special chemical messengers in the body that
are created in the endocrine glands.
 Nausea:- Upset stomach, sometimes followed by vomiting.
 IUDC (Intra Uterine Device):- Is a small often T-shaped birth
control device that is inserted into a women`s uterus to prevent
pregnancy.
 LH (Lutenizine Hormone):- Is a hormone produced by
gonadotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
 POPs (Progestin-Only Pills):- Are oral contraceptive that
contain synthetic female hormone in the family of progesterone.

9
 PIS (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease):- An infection of the
uterus, fallopian tube or ovaries that often causes infertility.
 Spotting:- Irregular menstrual bleeding or bleeding between
menstrual periods.
 STI`s (Sexual Transmitted Infections):- Any disease acquired
through sexual intercourse also called venereal disease e.g Chamydia,
Gonorrhea, Syphilis and HIV/AIDs.
 Systolic blood pressure:- Is when the left ventricle contract
and push blodd into the Aorta, in adult is found to be about 120mmhg.
 Uterine fibroid:- Are benign lumps that grow on the uterus,
symptoms may include heavy periods, cramping, painful sex and urge
to urinate.
 USAID (United State Agency for International
Development):- Is the united state government agency which is
primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid created by
President John F. Kennedy.
 Varicose:- Are veins under the skin of the legs, which have
become widened, bulging and twisted.
 Depo-Provera:- A particular brand name for the injectable
contraceptive.
 Nulliparous women:- Is the medical term for a women who
has never given either by choice or for any other reason or women
given birth to a stillborne baby.
 Dizzeness:- A feeling of loss balance often accompanied by
nausea.

10
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter consist of review of the literature under the following sub –

heading.

1. Definition of family planning

2. Types of family planning services

3. Attitudes on family planning services

4. Reasons to support family planning

5. Conclusion

6. References

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

According to Melinda (2000) “Family planning is one of the most costs

effective public health intervention which can significantly improve the

health of women and their families. However, the availability of family

planning services allows individuals to achieve desired birth spacing and

11
 family size and contributes to improved health outcomes for infants,

children, women and families.

Family planning is the practice of controlling the number of children in a

family and the intervals between their birth particularly by means of

artificial contraception or voluntary sterilization (www.usccb.org/issues-and-

action/marriage-and family/what-is-nfp).

Family planning is the way of deciding the number of spacing of your

children through the use of contraception such as abstinences natural

planning or hormonal birth control by (family planning method and practice,

2000 edition page 29).

The (WHO) world health organization defined family planning as a way of

thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily upon the basis knowledge,

attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples in order to

promote health welfare of the family, group and thus contribute effectively

to the social development of the country (2005).

2.2 TYPES OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

i. Traditional method

ii. Modern method

TRADITIONAL METHOD OF FAMILY PLANNING

12
Before the advent of scientific methods, our forefathers were aware of the

need for child spacing. Traditional medicine men have prescribed and

operated some methods of family planning. Examples of traditional methods

include;

1. Abstinence
2. Prolonged lactation
3. Withdrawal method
4. Charms/armlets
5. Herbs.
Advantages of traditional methods

a. It is method used even when modern were not available

b. The methods are accessible to the grassroots
c. Supports the belief system already held by men
d. Does not require change in behavior
e. Some methods such as breast feeding and abstinence are
effective and beneficial to mother and baby.4
Disadvantage of Traditional Methods

a. The mechanism of action are not clearly defined

b. Effectiveness cannot be measured
c. Some of the particles are injurious to the body e.g. potassium
powder and blue powder
d. Some of the methods are irreversible, especially when there is a
mistake from the operator
e. Some of the articles are difficult to get e.g leopards skin

13
 f. Some methods can only be operated by traditional medicine
men.
g. The women’s that uses the methods may be at the mercy of the
traditional medicine men.
h. Some methods are executed in unhygienic ways.
MODERN METHOD OF FAMILY PLANNING

This is the more effective method of family planning and is safer than most

traditional methods because many traditional methods may be in effective;

others are harmful example of tradition methods include:

i. Pills
ii. Iud
iii. Male condom
iv. Female condom
v. Implant
vi. Injectables.
Methods of family planning according to federal ministry of health

1. Barrier Methods

a. Mechanical barriers methods

i. The diaphragm
ii. Female condom
iii. Male condom
2. Hormonal Contraceptives

i. Oral contraceptive pills

ii. Injectables

14
iii. Contraceptive implants
iv. Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
3. Voluntary Surgical Contraception (VSC)

a. Vasectomy
b. Tubal ligation
4. Natural Family Planning

Modern method of family planning according to institute for reproductive

health (Georgetown University) books of USAID.

1. Methods for spacing pregnancies or delaying first pregnancy.

i. Condom
ii. Pills
iii. LAM
iv. SDM (also called mala chakra)
v. Injectables
vi. IUD (Copper – T) (Long acting method)
2. Limiting Method
a. Female sterilization or tuberectomy
b. Male sterilization or vasectomy
1. The pill (oral contraceptive)

The pill oral contraceptive is a temporary contraceptive for women. It

contains hormones (estrogen and progesterone) that stops the women’s

ovaries from releasing eggs so she cannot become pregnant, the pill comes

15
in different hormonal combinations and different strength. It is available in

28-day pill packs and 21-day pill packs.

Types of Pills

i. Combined estrogen and progestin contraceptive pills (COCs)

combined pills are available in standard and low dose forms.

ii. Progestin Only Pills (minipills pops).

iii. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPS).

COMBINED PILLS

Effectiveness

 Perfect (theoretical) use failure rate in first year =0.3%

 Typically use (actual) failure rate in first year = 8%

Mechanisms

Suppresses ovulation (90 - 95% of time). Also causes thickening of cervical

mucus, which block sperm penetration and entry into the upper reproductive

tract. Thin, a synchronous endometrial inhibits implantation. Tubal and

endometrial motility slowed.

Advantages

a. Highly effective if used correctly

b. Client can discontinue independently
c. Suitable for all reproductive age group and parity
d. Use is not related to sexual intercourse

16
e. Reduces menstrual pain and mid-cycle ovulation pain, where present
f. Can prevent or decrease iron deficiency anaemia
g. Regularize irregular period
h. Offers some protection against cancers of the womb, ovary and
benign breast disease.
i. Can be used to manipulate timing and frequency of menses.
j. Reduces the risk of ectopic pregnancy and symptomatic pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID).
Disadvantages of COCS

a. Has to be taken daily

b. May cause some minor but temporary side effects such as:-

- Mild headache
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Spotting
- Weight gain
- Breast tenderness
- Mood changes
c. Does not protect against STIS and HIV/AIDS

d. Compliance is difficult for some people.

e. Not recommended for breast feeding women.

Women who can use COCS without restriction

 Adolescents.
 Nalliparous women.

17
 Postpartum (3 weeks if not feeding).
 Immediate post abortion.
 Women without varicose veins.
Women who should not use COCS

 Are pregnant.
 Have history of raised blood pressure (systolic above 140mm Hg and
diastolic above 90mmHg).
 Have cerebro – vascular disease (stroke).
 Have coronary artery disease (heart attack).
 Have pre – existing tumours of the breast or genital organs).
 Have thrombophbitis (constant and sever pains at the back of the
legs).
 Are above 35 years and smoke heavily.
 Are breast feeding (less than 6 weeks post partum).
 Have migraines with focal neurologic symptoms.
 Have undiagnosed abnormal uterine bleeding.
Women with this condition can cause “low dose” COCS

 Diabetes mellitus (without kidney, eye or valvular disease).

 Asthma.
 Headaches (migraine).
 Epilepsy.
 Varicose veins.
 Benign breast disease.
 Uterine fibroids.
 Endometriosis.
ii. Progestin only pills (minipills)

18
Progestin only pills are oral contraceptives that contain synthetic female

hormone in the family of progesterone.10

Types of Pills

 Exluton – microlut – norgeal.

 Femulen 0.5 – micronovum – norgestron.
 Nor Q.D – Ovrette.
Effectiveness
 Perfect (theoretical) use failure rate in first year = 3%
 Typical (actual) use failure rate in first year =8%
Mechanism

Thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry in to upper reproductive

tract. Other mechanisms include ovulation suppression (in about 50% of

cycles) atrophic endometrial which inhibits implantation; and slowed tubal

mobility.

Advantages of POPS

a. Decreases menstrual cramps

b. Does not disturb breast milk production
c. Chances of pelvic inflammatory disease are probably reduced
d. Less likely to cause headache or raised blood pressure
e. No increased risk of cardiovascular complications
f. No estrogen side effect
g. Can be used for emergency contraception
Disadvantages of POP

19
a. Must take the pill every day
b. Slightly less effective than combined pills
c. May cause changes in menstrual periods
d. More likely to cause irregular bleeding, prolonged or heavy bleeding
or amenorrhea.
e. Does not protect against ectopic pregnancy
f. Does not protect against STIs and HIV/AIDS10
Women who can use pop
Pop is suitable for women:
 Of all reproductive age and parity (Adolescent and nulliparous)
 Who are breast feeding
 With raised blood pressure, varicose veins or sickle cell anaemia
 With oestrogen – related side effects
 Who are fat or thin
 Who have just had abortion
 Who smoke cigarette.
Women with these conditions can also use pop
 Benign breast disease
 Headache
 Iron deficiency anaemia
 Varicose veins
 Vascular heart disease
 Sickle cell
 PID
 STI
 Heavy painful menstrual period
20
 Uterine fibroid
 Epilepsy.
iii. Emergency contraception

Emergency contraception’s includes any method that acts after intercourse to

prevent pregnancy. There are currently 3 methods in widespread use

worldwide.

 High dose progestin – only contraceptive pills (pops)

 Yuzpe method with combined oral contraceptive pills (cocs).
 Copper luD insertion
Types of Postcoital Methods

1 Emergency contraception with emergency contraceptive pills pops:

 Two doses of progestin (0.75mg of levonorgestrel or 1.5mg of

norgestrel in each dose).Take dose ASAP within 72 hours after inadequately

protected sex; take second dose 12hours later

 Curette s(20 yellow pills each dose; she needs 2 packs of overate)4

2 Yutzpe method using levonorgestrel containing cocs

 Two large doses of COCS with at least 100ug of ethinyl estradiol and

either 100mg of norgestrel or 50mg of levonorgestrel, take first dose ASAP

within 72 hours after inadequately protected sex; take second dose 12 hours

later (second dose may be more than 72 hours after unprotected sex). Try to

provide ECPS to women in advance.

21
 The prevent – emergency contraceptive kit facilities utilizing

combined OCS with instructions for and pills for each dose.5

Effectiveness

 In WHO study effectiveness was greater the sooner ECPs were taken.

Only a pregnancies for 100 unprotected acts of sexual intercourse if ECPS

taken within the first 24 hours.

 Soon to be published study demonstrates that ECPS remain effective

for 5 days after unprotected sex.

 Taking more than number of pills specified is not beneficial and may

increase risk of vomiting.

Mechanisms of action

ECPS act by preventing pregnancy and never by disrupting and implanted

pregnancy i.e. not as an abortificient.

 If taken before ovulation, ECPS disrupt normal follicular development

and maturation, block LH surge and inhibit ovulation, they may also create

deficient luteal phase and may have a contraceptive effective effect by

thickening mucus.

 If taken after ovulation, ECPS have little effect on ovarian hormonal

production and limited effect on endometrial maturation.

 ECPS may affect tubal transport of sperm or ova.6

22
Advantages

 Offers an opportunity to prevent pregnancy after rape mistake or

barrier method failure (condom breaks or slips, diaphragm dislodges etc).
 Reduces anxiety about unintended pregnancy prior to next menses
 Process of getting EC may lead women to initiate ongoing
contraception.
 It is not dangerous to use ECPS several times pregnant woman.
Disadvantages

Next menses may be early (especially if taken before ovulation, in time, or

late).

 Notable changes in menstrual flow seen in 10 – 15% of women

 Women who are uncomfortable with pos-fertilization methods might

need reassurance that use of EC with COCS or POPs is consistent with their

beliefs if taken during the follicular phase. They also may need to ne warned

that it is taken after ovulation, ECPS may work as interceptive (i.e. prevent

implantation of fertilized egg).

 Less than regular contraceptive

 Breast tenderness, fatigue, headache abdominal pain and dizziness

 No protection against STIS/HIV/AIDS, consider treatment for

possible STIS following exposure.

 Possibility of ectopic pregnancy if treatment fails, combined

23
 emergency contraceptive pills (CECPs) prevent some but not all ectopics.2

Women whom can use EC

All women who have had or who may be at risk of unprotected sex use,

women with strong contradictions to estrogen should use POPs.

There are many situations which have un intended sperm exposure:-

- Failed contraceptive methods, broken condom, dislodged diaphragm,

or cervical cap forgotten pills, late for contraceptive re-injection, NFP

miscalculation, failed withdrawal, expelled LUD.

- Failure to use methods i.e. clouded judgments passion, and sexual

assault.

Women whom cannot use ECPs

- Pregnancy
- Hypersensitivity to any component of product
- Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding.
2. Injectables

These are long acting contraceptives containing combined estrogens and

progestin or progestrogen only and are given by intramuscular injection.

Types of Injectables

i. Norethisterone enanthate (Noristerata NET-EN)

ii. Depot medroxy – progesterone Acetate (DMPA: Depo-Provera)

iii. Combined injectable contraceptive e.g. cyclofem, mesigyna e.t.c4

24
Effectiveness

Typical use failure rate in first year = 3%6

Mechanism

Suppresses ovulation by inhibiting LH and FSH surge, thickens cervical

mucus blocking sperm entry into female upper reproductive tract, slow tubal

and endometrial mobility and causes thinning of the endometrium.9

Advantages of Injectables

1 Highly effective
2 Long acting
3 Minimal client dependence
4 Not related to sexual intercourse
5 Decreases menstrual cramps
6 Has less slowing effect on blood circulation than combined pills
7 Makes sickle cell crisis less frequent and less painful
8 May increase blood haemoglobin level
9 May protect against PID, overian and endometrial
10 Does not decrease breast milk production
11 May protect against ectopic pregnancy
12 Offers privacy
13 Reduces frequency of seizures in epileptic women
14 No drug interaction
Disadvantages

1 Requires frequent visit to the clinic (2-3 months interval)

2 May cause irregular bleeding

25
3 Menses may cease for several months
4 Return of fertility may be delayed
5 May cause weight gain
6 Does not protect against STI/HIV/AID
7 May cause headache, breast – tenderness, moodiness, nausea, hair loss
and reduce libido.
Women whom can use injectables

Suitable for women;

- Of all reproductive ages and particularly adolescent and the

nulliparous

- Who are breast feeding

- Describing hormonal contraception

- Who want to us a contraceptive method confidentially

- In whom combined pills are contraindicated

- With sickle cell disease

- With estrogens related complications6

Women who cannot use injectables

- Who had child birth within 6 weeks and immediately after abortion or

miscarriage

- Existing malignancy of the breast or genital organs

- Abnormal uterine bleeding

- Pregnancy
26
- Depression

- History of stroke, heart attack or blood clot problem

- Hypertension (diastolic over 90mmHg)

- History of liver disease or active liver disease6

3. Contraceptive Implants

Implants are progestin – only contraceptive inserted under the skin of

women’s upper arm by a minor surgical procedure.

Types of Implants

NORPLANT (6 soft plastic rods each containing 36mg levonorgestrel)

(2 silicon rods, contains 75mg levonorgetrel) it is an improved version of

Norplant.

UNIPLANT (1 rod, contain normegestrel acetate)

IMPLANON (1 rod, contains progestin 3 – Ketodesogestrel)6

Effectiveness of implants

Typical use failure rate in first year = 0.05%

Mechanism

 Inhibits ovulation

 Thins the endoemetrium leading to inadequate development of

secretary endometrium

 Thickens the cervical mucus.

27
Advantages of implants

1 Has long lasting effect for example no plant and jadelle – 5 years

2 Uniplant – 1 year, Implanon – 3 years

3 Fertility returns to previous level or removal of implant rods.

4 No repeated visits to the clinic are required.

5 Effective within 24hours of insertion

6 May help prevent iron deficiency anemia, ectopic pregnancy, and

endometrial cancer.

7 May make sickle crisis less frequent and less painful.

8 Other advantages are as progesterone – only pills (pop).

Disadvantages of implants

1 Spotting and irregular vaginal bleeding (60 – 70% of users)

2 Amenorrhoea may occur (10% of users)
3 Effectiveness may be lowered when taking certain drugs e.g. anti T.B
drugs rifampicin.
4 Insertion and removal involve minor surgical procedures and therefore
may be associated with bruising (discoloration of the arm) infection or
bleeding
5 Client cannot discontinue the method on her own
6 The outline of the rods may be visible under the skin of the some
women, especially when the skin is stretched
7 Do not protect women from ST/HIV/AIDs.
Women who can use

28
Suitable for women who:

 Want long term contraception

 Want lightly effective reversible contraception that does not require

daily action.

 Are delaying the start of their family, have completed their family or

do not want children

 Require user independent method

 Have completed their family sizes but are not yet

 Cannot use estrogen

Women who can use with caution

Women with the following can use under close monitoring:

- Benign breast disease

- Diabetes mellitus without kidney disease
- Blood clotting problem
- Raised blood pressure (dialostic of more than 90mmHg or systolic
above 140mmHg).
- Epilepsy
- Gall bladder disease
- Mental depression
- Headaches
- Iron deficiency anaemia
- Varicose veins
- Benign ovarian tumours and fibroids

29
- Sickle cell disease
- Thyroid disease
Women cannot use

Women with:

- Liver disease (jaundice, painful, or enlarged liver, viral, hepatitis,

tumour

- Un explained vaginal bleeding

- History of blood clot in the legs or lungs

- Cancer of the breast

- Little tolerance for menstrual bleeding irregularities

4. Intra Uterine Devices (IUDS)

Intra uterine device (IUD), also known as intra uterine contraceptive device

(IUCD) in a small plastic object inserted in the womb to prevent pregnancy.

TYPES OF IUCDs

There are two types of IUDs

1 Non – medicated

2 Medicated

- Non-medicated IUDs are mad of insert plastic material (e.g uppers

loop, no longer used for contraceptive purposes but used in case of intra

uterine adhesions – Assherman syndrome)

- Non – medicated IUDs: are made of plastic with copper wounds

30
round the sleeve of impregnated with hormone, which are released in small

amount overtime these includes:

 Copper T (CU – T380A)

 Multiload (CU-T250 and CU-375) copper impregnated.
 Progestastsert – contains progesterone
 Norgestel – T – contains levonorgestrel progesterone impregnated
Effectiveness

- Approved for ten years use, effective for at least 12 years

- Perfect (theoretical) use effectiveness rate in first year

- 0.6%

Typical (Actual) use effectiveness rate in the first year

CU – T = 0.8%

Multiload = 0.8%

Progestasert = 2.0%

Nogestral = 0.1%

Cumulative ten year failure rate = 2.1% - 2.8%

Mechanism of action

Cause inflammatory reaction in the endometrium leading to phagocytosis of

sperms thus preventing fertilization. Copper ions are also spermicidal.

Inhibiting sperm motility and acrosomalenzyme activation so that sperms

rarely reach the tube and are unable to fertilize the ovum.

31
 Progestogen impregnated IUD causes thickening of the cervical mucus,

changes the uterotubal fluid that hinders sperm migration and some

anovulatory effects (5-15%) of treatment cycles.

Advantages of IUDs

i. Highly effective (94-99%)

ii. Reversible
iii. Independent of intercourse
iv. No day to day action required
v. Can be used through climacteric phase
vi. Long lasting (CU – T – 380A last at least for 10 years).6
Disadvantages of IUDs

1 Increased risk of infections

2 A slightly increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
3 Expulsion may lead to pregnancy
4 Abdominal menstruation may occur (e.g intra – menstrual), prolong
bleeding and spotting.
5 Does not protect against STI/HIV/AIDS
6 Associated with mild cram
7 Uterine perforation may occur.
Women who can use IUD

Those who:

 Desire child spacing

 Prefer it and have no contraindication
 Have completed child bearing but do not wish to have tubal ligation

32
 Have menorrhagia of functional nature (use progestin bearing IUD
where available)
Women who cannot use

The IUDs must never be used in the following circumstances

 Pregnancy (known or suspected)

 Malignancy of the genital organs or breast
 Abnormal vaginal bleeding of undetermined origin
 Acute virginities
 Acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
 Migraine (LGN)
 History of ischemic heart (LNG)
 TB pelvis
Women who can use IUD with caution

 IUDS may be used when there is no alternative, but with caution and
regular monitoring
 History of ectopic pregnancy
 History of acute PID (within the last three months)
 Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.
 Severe dysmenorrheal
 Recurrent heavy periods
 Cervicitis or cervical erosion
 Anemia (PCV less than 30%)
 Congenital abnormalities uterus such as cervical stenosis, infantile
uterus, biconuate uterus.
 Uterine fibroids (mainly sub mucous ones)
 Age less than 16years excepts in special circumstances
33
 Nulligravida
 Multiple sexual partners – risk of STIs
 Sickle cell disease
 Heart disease clotting disorder
 Cortiscoteroid therapy
 Allergy to copper (for copper IUDs)
5. Voluntary Surgical Contraception (VSC)

Voluntary Surgical Contraception is a permanent method of contraception

which involves a minor surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy.

TYPES OF VSC

1 Vasectomy

2 Tubal ligation

1. VASECTOMY

This is the tying and cutting of the males tubes (called vas deferens) to

prevent passages of spermatozoa into the seminal fluids.

Methods of tying or blocking the vas deferens

 Ligation – removal of segment of vas and simple ligation

 Coagulation- electro coagulation of the mucosa at both ends

 Fascia barrier – removal of a segment of ves deferen’s and closing of

fascia over. One end of the vas

2. TUBAL LIGATION

34
This is the blocking or tying and cutting of the fallopian tubes to prevent the

passage of ovum through the fallopian tubes to the womb.

Methods of tying/obliteration

 Pomeroy (commonly used)

 Park land
 Uchida
 Irving
 Bipola cautery
 Silastic band
 Clips e.g. filschie clip
 Joon/fallope rings6
Effectiveness

 Female- less than 1% (0.0-0.8%). This does not include women who

concerned at the time of sterilization. Overall failure rates 0.2 – 4% for first

year, less failure generally occur in subsequent years.

 Male sterilization – is the procedure that blocks the vas deferens to

prevent passage of sperm vas deferens can be occluded by needle electrode

or hot wire cautery at the cut ends or by simple ligature.

6. Male Condom

The condom is a rubber sheath worn over an erect penis like second skin. It

holds the semen released during ejaculation to prevent spilling into the

vagina during sexual intercourse. Must rubber condoms are coated with

35
lubricant while some have sperm killing chemicals in the lubricant when

used correctly and combined with foaming tablets, condoms can be highly

effective. There is no contact between the man’s sperm and woman’s e.g

condom is the only method of contraception that also protect against sexual

transmitted infection (STIs) including HIV/AIDS.

Advantages of Condom

 Inexpensive and easily available

 No serious side effect
 Protect against STIs and HIV/AIDs.
Disadvantages

 Must be used every time sexual intercourse takes place

 Some feel that it reduces sensation, interferes with pleasure

 Some people may be allergic to the latex in the condom

 Poor storage can affect quality and effectiveness.

7. Female Condom

It is a woman controlled method to protect against STDs and HIV/AIDs and

against pregnancy. It is a sheath made of thin transparent and soft plastic.

Before sex, the woman places the sheath in her vagina. During sexual

intercourse, the man’s penis goes inside the female condom.

Advantages of Female Condom

 Controlled by the woman

36
  Designed to prevent both STIS and pregnancy
 No medical conditions appear to limit use
 No apparent side effects, no allergic reactions
Disadvantages of Female Condom

1 Use may interrupt love making unless women places it in the vagina

before hand in anticipation of intercourse

2 Requires careful sexual practices during intercourse which may make

intercourse awkward and less spontaneous

3 May be difficult for woman to ask her partner to follow instruction for

use.

8. Spermicide

These are products that contain sperm – killing ingredients (spermicide) they

are inserted into the vagina before a woman have sex. They are very

effective when used in combination with condom/diaphragms.

Types of Spermicide

i. Aerosol foams
ii. Vaginal tablets
iii. Jellies, cream
Advantages of Spermicide

i. Easy to use
ii. May provide some protective against STIs
iii. Combined with the condom, can be very effective

37
iv. Serves as lubricant or moistener for easy penetration of the penis into
vagina
Disadvantages of Spermicide

a. Must be used every time sexual intercourse takes place

b. Some women find them difficult or messy to use

c. May not be that effective when used alone

d. May cause irritation to women with sensitive skin

e. Causes more wetness of the vagina for several hours after intercourse.

9. Natural Family Planning Method

Natural family planning methods (NFP) or fertility awareness methods

which use to body’s natural physiological changes and symptoms to identify

the fertile and infertile phases of menstrual cycle.

The effective use of these methods depends on the clients ability to use

calendars, write on charts and read thermometers. Therefore these methods

may not be truly available to a population with low resources and a low rate

of literacy. However, it is important that health professionals be prepared to

offer this method.

Types of NFP

i. The rhythm or calendar method

ii. The basal body temperature (BBT)
iii. The symptom-thermal method (combination or BBT and billing

38
method).
Advantages of NFP

Contraceptive:-

a. Can be used to avoid or achieve pregnancy

b. No method related health risks

c. No systematic side effects

d. Inexpensive

Non contraceptive:

a. Promotes male involvement in family planning

b. Improves knowledge of reproductive system

c. Possible closer relationship for couple.

2.3 METHOD OF FAMILY PLANNING (ACCORDING TO MALAWI

RESEARCH)

The contraceptive methods available can be divided into several categories:

1 Permanent methods

a. Female sterilization (tubal ligation)

b. Male sterilization (vasectomy)

2. Long term methods:

a. Contraceptive implants (such as jadella) containing the hormone

progestin.

39
b. Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs).

3 Other hormonal methods:

a. Injectable contraceptives (such as DMPA/Depo provera) containing

hormone progestin.

b. Oral contraceptive (pills): can be either combined estrogen/progestin

oral contraceptives COCS) or progestin only pills (Pops)

c. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPS) can be either combined

estrogen/progestin oral contraceptives (COCS) or progestin only pills

(POPS).

4 Other non hormonal methods

a. Barrier methods such as male and female condoms

b. Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) for breast feeding women

c. Fertility awareness methods (FAM) such as the standard day method,

and the two days methods.

d. Withdrawal

Disadvantages of NFP

a. Moderately effective as a contraceptive (9-20 pregnancies per 100

women during the first year of use
b. Not recommended for women with irregular cycles
c. Effectiveness depends on willingness to follow instructions
d. Considerable training required to use the most effective type of NFP

40
correctly
e. Requires trained provider (non-medical)
f. Requires abstinence during fertile phase
g. Requires daily record keeping
h. Vaginal infections make cervical mucus difficult to interpret
i. Basal thermometers needed for some methods
j. Does not protect against STDs e.g. (HBV, HIV/AIDs.
2.5 REASONS TO SUPPORT FAMILY PLANNING

1. Family planning helps families be self sufficient: Family planning is a

tool for families to be healthy each child needs time with the parents to

be health, emotionally, spiritually and economically.

2. Improving maternal health and child survival: Helping women avoid

becoming pregnant too early, too late or too often benefits them and their

children, meeting the unmet need for contraceptives would further reduce

global rates of maternal mortality and (3) three year interval between

births in developing countries would further lower rates of infant

mortality and child mortality

3. Reducing the number of abortion overall, especially unsafe abortion.

4. Preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDs.

5. Empowering women: women who can control the number and timing of

their children can take better advantage of educational and economic

opportunities, improving their own future and that of their families.

41
6. Promoting social and economic development and security.

7. Protecting the environment: since many women worldwide wand fewer

children than their mothers did, increasing their access to voluntary

family planning services will further slow population growth rates.

Rapidly growing population exacerbates environmental degradation and

strains the world resources.

Conclusively, this chapter has attempted to define family planning from the

managerial point of view like benefits and reasons of family planning which

make the study of family planning complete. Various methods of family

planning also forwarded and discussed in relation to what is obtainable from

different publishers. The essence is to assist women to adopt family

planning. The chapter also attempted to clearly enumerate the advantages

and disadvantages of various method of family planning.

42
2.6 REFERENCE

Ethiopia public health training

The science of improving lives by USAID

UNESCO – EOLSS SAMPLE CHAPTERS (Vol.I family planning and

reproductive health by Igbal H. Shah).

The African Union Commission 2006 plan of action on sexual and

reproduction health and rights (The Maputo plan of action of the

operationalisation of the sexual and reproductive health and rights

continental policy frame work).

The African Union Commission

(http//www.unfpa.org/Africa/newdocs/maputoeng.pdf (accessed

March 22 2010).

Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria (Physicians and Nurses/midwives 2005).

National statistical office (NSO) (Malawi) and ORC macro, 2005 Malawi

demographical and health survey 2004.

Solo, J.R Jacobstein and O. Malema 2005 repositioning family planning.

43
Family planning methods and practice: Africa (2000 – edition – special

section on AIDS

Service providers guide to family planning

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Conducting accurate and meaningful survey is one of the most important

facts of family planning research. The survey research design is very

valuable tool for assessing planning issue.

In gathering the information during this research questionnaires were

distributed to different respondents and sampling techniques also be made in

which only group of mothers (female) were chosen to answer the survey

question.

Survey research: Is a commonly used method of collecting information

about a population of interest. There are many different types of surveys,

several ways to administer them; those are two features of survey research.

Questionnaires: A predefined series of question used to collect information

from individuals.

44
Sampling: A technique in which a subgroup of the population is selected to

answer the survey questions: the information collected can be generalized to

the entire population on interest.

Types of survey question

The two most common types of survey questions are;
 Closed – ended questions and
 Open – ended questions.
The survey administration to this work is face – to – face and the advantages

of it are highest response rates, better suited to collecting complex

information.

The rational of choosing survey as my research design

1) Family planning issue need a response from various people and only

survey and distribution of questionnaires will be the most effective research

design to my topic.

2) Flexible: Surveys can be administered in many modes, including:

online surveys, email surveys, social media surveys, paper survey, mobile

survey and facet – to – face interview survey. For remote or hand to reach

respondents, using a mixed mode of survey research may be necessary.

3) Dependability: The anonymity of surveys allows respondents to

answer with more candid and valid answer. To get the most accurate data,

you need respondents to be as open and honest and unambiguous especially

45
if it is clearly stated that survey answer will remain completely confidential.

4) Extensive: Survey is useful in describing the characteristics of a large

population.

3.2 POPULATION AND UNIVERSE OF STUDY

The target population of study is about Twenty One Thousand, Five

Hundred and Thirty Four (21,534) people. So as to educate and enlighten the

general public on the significance of using family planning services in the

area.

3.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY

Maska area lies between latitude 110 06’ 45” N and longitude 0070 08’

7.23’E. Maska area boarded to the south-west by Dandume local

government area, and to the south by Kaduna state.

It is thus, situated at the extreme end of Katsina state of Nigeria. Maska

town which has been the capital of the area (known as Kasar Maska) up to

1927 is strategically located in the heart of Hausa land in Funtua local

government area of Katsina state Nigeria. Maska town is about 53

kilometers north of Zaria and 20 kilometers south of Funtua, and also about

126 kilometers south of Kankia. It`s territorial extent varied overtime and

known differently as Maska region, Maska area, district, etc. as time changes

and circumstances warranted. It was known for instance, as Maska region in

46
the middle ages, as Maska area in caliphal epoch, Maska district in the

colonial period and Maska village unit in the post-colonial period.

The area is an open, rolling Savannah plain 1,500 feet about sea level broken

occasionally by thickly wooden water-courses with a number of Inselbergs

coming out prominently above the plains. The soil of the area is dark clay-

loamy type generally known as Laka. The average annual rainfall of the area

is between 40 – 50 inches. Series of watersheds of the river exist flowing in

all directions. Some of which form broad marshes which gives excellent

pasturage for cattle all the year round and rich soils for farming. A

prominent feature of the area is the existence of several food and economic

trees such as locust bean (Dorawa), Sheanut (Kadanya), Boabab (Kuka),

Tamarind (Tsamiya), Ebony (Kanya), Mahogany (Madachi), to mention but

a few.

3.3.2 MASKA IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD

The defeat of Sultan Attahiru at Burmi in 1903 by the British colonial forces

bought to an end the Sokoto caliphate in line with British colonial policy of

individual rule, however, all the existing traditional rulers were to be left

unless when they refused to compromise with British colonial wishes and

aspirations. Maximization of tax return, was the top most priority of colonial

administration then. Therefore, when an emir or a district head could not

47
bring the allotted tax in his domain such as a ruler would be accused of gross

irregularities and instantly deposed. This was what happened to Sarkin

Maska Halilu who together with the district heads of Kaura and Fauwa were

deposed in December, 1910. Consequently Abdullahi Dan Galadima, the son

the then Galadima Katsina was appointed the district head of Maska in the

same year to succeed the deposed Sarkin Maska. But in 1915, Abdullahi

Dan Galadima was also accused of defalcation of taxes and therefore

deposed in June the same year. Shehu, a brother to Sarkinn Maska Halilu

was appointed Sakin Maska in the same year.

3.3.3 TRANSFER OF CAPITAL TOWN OF THE AREA TO FUNTUA

Before 1915, the settlement that came to be known as Funtua was composed

of only some few homesteads. However, with the establishment of a cotton

market in January, 1912; the construction of road criss-crossing the site

from about the same time particularly the Katsina-Kankara-Maska and the

Mahuta-Bakori roads both in 1915; coming of the railway from Zaria

passing through the site to Gusau in the same year and the establishment of

several European firms all led to the massive exodus of people to settle and

exploit the opportunities offered there. Consequently, the settlement began

to overshadow Maska town and all the other town and village in the area.

Earlier in 1915, a village head was appointed to the settlement. The British

48
colonial administration also made Funtua its capital of the district or area

and asked Sarkin Maska to do the same. The event leading to this

development in actual fact began in 1925. In that year governor of northern

region suggested to the emir of Katsina Muhammadu Dikko to build a house

in Funtua the work on the building commenced in September 1926 and by

February, 1927 it had been completed.

With the ascension of Sambo to the throne as Sarkin Maska in 1927, the

British colonial government through the emir of Katsnia suggested him to

move his palace to Funtua. Prior to this time Sarkin Maska Shehu I (1915 -

1927), used to stay with one Malam Garba whenever there was an important

visitor or special occasion in Funtua for which he was expected to be

present. In 1927, therefore, Sarkin Maska Sambo (1927 - 1963) built his

palace near the cross road (i.e the now central roundabout) with a new

Friday mosque and prison adjacent to it. Hence the Sarki together with his

family, clients including courtiers and all occupational chiefs moved out of

their ancient traditional town objected to the abandonment of their old

traditional town. However, from there on Maska town ceased to be the

capital of the area with Funtua taking its place. The town with the numerous

satellite towns, villages and homesteads became a village unit among several

49
such units with the creation of division in the 1960s and the local

government reforms in the 1970s and 1980s in the country.

It is pertinent at this juncture, however, to emphasize that the people of

Maska area embark on many community projects through history. Their

rulers in particular, right from beginning up to the colonial period played

important role in this respect. Through their works superintendents

(Sarakunan Ayyuka). They mobilized the people in public work such as

roads construction and clearance, construction of market stalls, statehouses

and other public buildings, religious houses (i.e Mosque) etc. all these were

done for their societal development, progress and their general welfare.

The following people ruled Maska right from pre-Jihad period up to date

NAME DATE YEAR

Sarkin Maska Bako 1484 – 1494 9years
Sarkin Maska Jatau 1494 – 1522 28years
Sarkin Maska Alfaida 1522 – 1575 53years
Sarkin Maska Danmaje 1575 – 1594 19years
Sarkin Maska Dankyaka 1594 – 1624 30years
Sarkin Maska Dankyaka 1624 – 1642 18years
Sarkin Maska Mai Rabo 1642 – 1677 35years
Sarkin Maska Ahamed 1677 – 1705 20years
Sarkin Maska Idris 1705 – 1734 29years
Sarkin Maska Balarabe 1734 – 1779 45years
Sarkin Maska Birgije 1779 – 1810 31years
Sarkin Maska Gudindi 1810 – 1817 7years
Sarkin Maska Danbawo 1817 – 1820 3years
Sarkin Maska Mohammad Jaji 1821 – 1832 11years
Sarkin Maska mohammad Sani 1832 – 1865 33years
50
Sarkin Maska Abubakar 1865 – 1873 8years
Sarkin Maska Nuhu 1873 – 1876 3years
Sarkin Maska Umaru 1876 – 1884 8years
Sarkin Maska Halilu 1884 – 1910 19years
Sarkin Maska Abdullahi Dan Magajiya 1910 – 1915 5years
Sarkin Maska Shehu I 1915 – 1927 12years
Sarkin Maska Mohammad Sambo 1927 – 1963 36years
Sarkin Maska Shehu II 1963 – 1968 5years
Sarkin Maska Idris Sambo 1968 – 1995 5years
Sarkin Maska Sambo Idris Sambo 1996 – To date 28years

3.3.4 POPULATION OF THE MASKA WARD

The total population of Maska was 15,000 among which there were 2,700
children less than 5years, 1,200 boys and 2,000 were girls and there were
three health facilities and 4,100 houses in the community (National
Population Census, 2006).
1.3.5 EHTNIC COMPOSITION
The majority and most popular ethnic group of the area are Fulani and Hausa
(Maska District Head`s Office)
3.3.6 RELIGION
All the indigenes of the area are Muslims, and there are Christian settlers
3.3.7 TRANSPORTATION
The transportation means of the area are; motor cars, motorcycle and
bicycles.
3.3.8 OCCUPATION
The people of Maska ward are mostly farmers; others include Businessmen,
civil servants and driving especially among youth.
3.3.9 AGRICULTURE

51
Maska ward that has a conducive land for farming agricultural products like,

maize, guinea corn, beans, soya beans and fresh vegetables especially during

dry season.

3.3.10 SCHOOL COMPOSITION

Different schools are located in Maska ward, the schools comprises both

Islamic and Modern types.

 14 Islamic schools
 7 Primary schools
 3 Junior secondary schools
 2 Senior secondary schools
 1 Almajiri boarding school which is newly introduced by the
federal government
3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Though different sampling method exists, random sampling was used in the

research for so many reasons. In the first place, it is a means of ensuring that

every member of the populations stands equal chance of being chosen. It is

also a means of ensuring that of the populations stands equal chance of being

chosen. It also a means of ensuring a more reliable research facts compared

to other procedures like cluster, stratified and guitar sampling procedure

which have their own shortcomings.

52
For example under the stratified sampling procedure, the population to be

studied has variation in its characteristics like, sex, age. While in cluster

system a lot of sampling errors exist. This is due to the fact that numbers of

objects have to be chosen randomly from a list of issues and then members

in the sample have to be included. Under the Quata sampling only a quota of

the population is used. And since the researcher wants be as accurate as

possible in his work, the quota sampling will not give a wider view of the

issue.

3.5 INSTRUMENT USED

In order to have a satisfactory research, finding two different forms of

instruments or method were adopted. They were as follows:

 Administering of questionnaires
 Interviews (face to face)
Under the administering of questionnaires the close-ended and open-ended

approached were adopted. The former was done to facilitate easy means by

which while the later was to enable respondents to freely say their views on

the issues asked. The questioned was issued to different category of women

age of (18years to above) and some men, the form of responses received

were all discussed.

The personal interview was adopted to provide me with the opportunity to

discuss those issues that have not been included in the questionnaires for one
53
reason or the others. It also assisted in providing full understanding of

information through having direct contact with the respondent. So his

expressions and emotional display provides visual and auditory clues to

different issues and problems which might be lacking in the questionnaires.

3.6 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT

In obtaining information for this research work as in all others two forms

method are applied namely.

 Primary data- This refers to the first hand information obtained

from the people interviewed and the information obtained from

questionnaires distributed.

 Secondary source:- This refers to the information obtained from

existing literature that dealt with the issue like text books, pamphlets,

lectures, e. t c.

To establish a satisfactory research work devoid of error and adulteration of

facts the following instruments or method are used.

3.7 RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT

Research to ensure this reliability is the fact that the information obtained in

the research work is firsthand information. It came directly from the people

involved and has not been influenced or tampered by any other person.

54
Secondly the respondents and interviewers were given full time and

opportunity to really say out their view on what they have been asked. The

fear of getting wrong or false information is completely eliminated.

Thirdly some have experimented family planning methods at one time or the

other and thus have an idea of what is it how it can be done and some of its

negative impacts’ so this made their narration based on experience and thus

assist in providing, a more reliable and acceptable judgment.

Another reason to further mystify the reliability of the instruments used is

the nature and composition of the interviewers and respondents. Majority of

them are educated matured and responsible. This greatly assisted me in

getting more reliable information that is free from falsifications and more of

reliability.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The various data gathered through issuing of questionnaire and interview

will have to be fully analyzed if only they have to become relevant. How this

analysis is done needs to be explained. These various data will have to be

arranged in a tabular form so that they become meaningful. This data

tabulation formed basis for reducing and simplifying the details given into

such a form that the main features were brought out to make the assemble

55
data easily understood. Thus tabulation of data facilitates easy comparison of

information at different instance in Maska Ward.

56
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

To make this work a reality, different categories of people were interviewed;

questionnaires were administered and different information were gathered

from the different sources, this provided me with different views of the

respondents which could only be relevant and useful if properly analyzed

and tabulated were necessary. It is also through the data presentation and

analysis that the various hypotheses could be tested and a conclusion of their

effectiveness or otherwise be drawn.

Different questionnaires were designed and distributed. Questionnaires was

directed to people in the area in order to help in identifying the ways and

views of suggesting means by which those identified problems could be

solved.

For the purpose of clarity each items in each of the questionnaires is

analyzed taking into consideration the number and different views of the

respondents and at the same time drawing conclusion on each of the issues

required doing so on. Two hundred (200) questionnaires were distributed to

different categories of women from age of (18years to above) and some

men.

57
4.2 AGE, SEX, MARITAL STATUS AND OCCUPATION

This is very crucial in identifying and determining what individuals people

were respondents in terms of nature of their thinking and maturity. Nature of

responsibilities as well as extent to which these responsibilities are

shouldered out of 200 respondents 130 were females and 70 males, while 10

are between 18-20years, 25 between 21 – 30 years, 15 between 31 – 40 and

10 are 40 years to above and 15 males and 25 females were married, 10

males and 15 females were single while 20 females were divorced and 6

males and 9 females were separated. Among them 45 are farmers, 35 were

civil servant, 75 house wives, 40 business men and women 25 on other

business.

4.3 Educational Qualification

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Primary 20 10%
Secondary 90 45%
Tertiary 75 37.5%
Islamic/Qur’anic 5 2.5
Others 10 5
Total 200 100%

Most of the respondents had acquired secondary certificate they amounted to

about 45% and 20 are primary certificate holders and constitute 10%, 5

amounted 2.5% who were Qur’anic certificate holders, 75 were tertiary

58
certificate holders they amounted 37.5%, the remaining 10 are 5% who are

others.

4.4 Religion
Option Number of respondents Percentage %
Islam 179 89.5%
Christianity 15 3%
Traditional 6 3
Others - -
Total 200 100%

Majority of the respondents were Muslim and constitute 89.5% followed by

Christian; 7.5%, traditions are 3% and others non.
4.5 Have you heard about family planning?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Yes 120 60%
No 80 40%
Total 200 100%

This table shows the number of respondents that have knowledge of family

planning and their response (Yes) amounted 60% and 40% said (No).

4.6 What does it mean to you?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Delivering small children 20 10%
Child spacing 75 37.5%
Using contraceptives 90 45%
Others 15 7.5%
Total 200 100%

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The highest number of respondent was those using contraceptive amounting

45%. They were followed by those with child spacing 37.5, delivery with

10% and than others.

4.7 What do you thinks is a reason of family planning?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

To have children as I wish 40 20%
To stop bearing children 50 25%
Decrease unwanted pregnancy 70 35%
Others 10 5%
Total 200 100%

The above table is showing the opinion of respondents on the reason of

family planning where majority said it is to decrease un – wanted pregnancy

and occupied about 35% then followed by those with to stop hearing

children and amounted 35% followed by, to have children as I wish 20% and

also to decrease maternal mortality 10% than 5% to others.

4.8 What are the sources of information on family planning?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Television 10 5%
Friends 60 30%
Health facilities 80 40%
Radio 40 20%
Others 10 5%
Total 200 100%

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Majority of respondents heard about family planning in health facility they

were occupied 40%, followed by friends 30%, other 5%, television 5%,

radio 20%.

4.9 Did you know any family planning method?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Yes 130 65%
No 70 35%
Total 200 100%

This table shows the response on awareness of respondents on family

planning methods where (Yes) occupied large number of response they were

65% and 35% (No) responses.

4.10 If yes which of the methods are you likely to use?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Condom 45 22.5%
Oral pills 15 7.5%
Injectables 20 10%
Natural methods 25 12.5%
Total 200 100%

This table is representing the types of methods that respondents are likely to

use where condom occupied highest amount of response which amounted to

47.5%, followed by use of condom with 22.5%, natural method 12.5%,

injectables 10% and then oral pills 7.5%.

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4.11 Are male parents really involved and accept family planning in

your community?

Almost all the respondents have remarked that the male parents are not

involving and accepting family planning and they accounted about 70% and

30% of the responded were of the opinion on that they are accepting and

involving.

4.12 If No why?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Cultural attitude 55 27.5%
Social development 45 22.5%
Religion 70 35%
Others 30 15
Total 200 100%

Most of the respondents are with religious reasons, who amounted 35%

followed by cultural attitudes 27.5%, social development 22.5%, other 15%.

4.13 Dow you think parent that accept family planning have their

genuine reason for accepting it?

Majority of the respondents remarked (Yes) and others (No) they amounted

to the following percentage.

Yes – 70%

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No – 30%

Total responses 100%

4.14. If yes for what reason?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Child spacing 70 35%
Health condition 35 17.5%
Economic development 15 7.5%
Others 80 40
Total 200 100%

This is shows the reasons of parents that are accepting family planning

where the majority are with others who amounted to 40% than child spacing

35%, health condition 17.5% and also 7.5% to economic development.

4.15 Do you wish to keep more than four (4) children?

In this regard the respondents particularly those directly interviewed had the

wish to have more than four (4) children they amounted to 70% and 30% to

those with (No) response.

4.16 If yes why?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Just like that 20 10%
Children are a pride 40 20%
To help meloten I grow older 135 67.5%
To occupy the house 5 2.5%
Total 200 100%

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This shows the response of those that wish to keep more than (4) children in

their life where they stated their reason in which majority of the response

comes on to help me when I grow older and they occupy 67.5% followed by

those with, just like that and amounted about 10% children are pride 20%

and to occupy the house amounted 2.5% respectively.

4.17 Do you believe that too many children in one family is a burden?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Yes 150 75%
No 50 25%
Total 200 100%

This table shows the responses on the view of the people about too many

children in one house in which Yes response occupied 75% and No.

amounted 25%.

4.18 If yes what are the problems?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Infertility 80 40%
Weight gain 25 12.5%
Sexual dis-satisfaction 30 15%
Loss of libido 20 10%
Others 45 22.5%
Total 200 100%

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Majority of the respondents occupied 40% on infertility, others 22.5%,

sexual dissatisfaction 15%, weight gain 12.5%, Loss of Libido 10%.

4.19 Is there any significant difference between males that accept or

reject family planning?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Yes 113 56.5%
No 87 43.5%
Total 200 100%

Majority of the respondents agreed (Yes) occupying 56.5% and (No)

amounted 43.5%.

4.20 If yes what is there relationship?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

To reduce the population growth 120 60%
To increase the population growth 50 25%
Others 30 15%
Total 200 100%

Response made on the relationship of those who accept and those who reject

family planning reads as follows. The respondents to reduce the population

growth amounted 60%, followed by to increase the population growth which

amounted to 25%, others were 15%.

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4.21 Have you ever attempted family planning in your husband’s

house?

The respondents particularly females have remarked on (Yes) and other

were made (No) respond, they all amounted to the following percentages.

Yes – 51%

No – 49%

Total – 100%

4.22 Did you wish to initiate if from now?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Yes 130 65%
No 70% 35
Total 200 100%

Yes response occupied 65% of the respondent while 35% of the respondent

response (No).

4.23 What did you think will be the response of your husband towards

adopting family planning?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

He will like it 42 21%
He does not want it at all 53 26.5%
He has no choice 35 17.5%
Others 70 45%
Total 200 100%

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This table shows the views of the respondents on the response of their

husbands about adopting family planning were majority of them are others

with 45%, followed by those that does not want it at all, they amounted to

26.5%, then he likes it 21% and 17.5% he does not want it at all.

4.24 What did you think is the advantages of family planning?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

It makes mothers to become 67 33.5%
more healthier
It destroys the womb 28 14
It stops women from getting 57 28.5%
pregnant
It assists in child spacing 48 24%
resulting in having a more
reasonable and responsible
children
Total 200 100%

Majority of respondents made responses on to make mother to become more

healthier which occupied 33.5%, followed by to stop women from getting

pregnant which amounted to 28.5% to assist in child spacing amounted to

24% then to destroy the womb amounted 14%.

4.25 What did you think is the possible effects of self family planning?

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Option Number of respondents Percentage %
It can lead to death 83 41.5%
Increases well being 25 12.5%
To prevent STDs 50 25%
Others 40 21%
Total 200 100%

This table shows the response on effect that self family planning can cause

in which majority were on the view that, it can lead to death and amounted

to 41.5%, followed by to prevent sexually transmitted disease occupied 25%,

others amounted 21%, to increase well being amounted to 12.5%.

4.26 As a woman can you still practice family planning if your husband

rejects it?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Yes 79 39.5%
No 121 60.5%
Total 200 100%

60.5% of the respondents chose on (No) and 39.5% chose (Yes).

4.27 If yes why?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Because it will help my health 67 33.5%
condition
To reduce unwanted pregnancy 38 19%
Because it has many advantages 83 41.5%
Others 12 6%
Total 200 100%

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Because it has many advantages amounted to 41.4%, followed by, because it

will help me and amounted 33.5%, to reduce unwanted pregnancy 19%,

others occupied 6%.

4.28 If I should tell you the reasons of family planning will you agree to

start?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Yes 123 61.5%
No 77 38.5%
Total 200 100%

Majority of the respondents among 200 respondents remarked (Yes) and

occupied 61.5% and 38.5 where (No), this shows that family planning

acceptability will be increased up to 70% if the people of the community

were organized and health educated.

4.29 Is there any importance of contacting health personnel in the issue

of family planning?

Option Number of respondents Percentage %

Yes 120 60%
No 80 40%
Total 200 100%

Majority of the respondents remarked on Yes and amounted 60%, No

amounted 40%.

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4.30 What did you thinks will increase family planning acceptability?
Most of the respondents have a view that the most important way of
increasing family planning acceptability in Maska is through creating
awareness on the importance and advantages of family planning amounted
6% and others respondents by organizing the members of community and
give the health education on the advantages of family planning through
contacting district heads and those were about 40%.
4.31 Does rapid population increase has any impact on socio – economic

status of the community and the nation?

From what obtained from the respondents 70% has made response that

increase of population has impact on socio-economy while 30% responded

No.

4.32 Does family planning has any implication on human life?

According to the response made by different respondents family planning

has implication on human life those implications include decrease in

population growth.

4.33 Is family planning against your religion and culture?

Majority of the respondents remarked on Yes that the family planning is

against their religions and culture especially Muslim who were saying that

the prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him) said “Muslim should get

married and have children so that he can appreciated with his ummah on the

day of judgment” and those amounted 80% while others does not have any

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culture or religious that are against family planning and they occupied 20%,

these shows that majority of them makes use of this Hadith to reject family

planning forgetting that the messenger of Allah said “You should make sure

that you can take care of all your wife and children before getting married”

if you got married and you cannot take care of their needs, the need of

family planning is accepted to prevent juvenile group in the society.

Findings/Discussion

This research work was based on six (6) different hypotheses or assumptions

which were tested in order to arrive at a conclusion as to whether these

stated assumption were correct or wrong based on the information obtained

from the respondents on the questionnaire issued as well as the different

interviews and personal observation gathered.

Hypotheses 1, This hypothesis states that majority of women have already

develop fear of adopting family planning for one reason or the other. Based

on the available information gathered from the respondents it has been

discovered that the fear of not accepting of fearing family planning methods

rest mostly on two reasons – (1) religious and - (2) Health. The religious

reasons is based on the fear that whosever on the availability of family

planning methods between Maska ward metropolis and for example

Nasarawa “A” which is a village falls within Maska ward. In the metropolis

71
there existed a lot of chemists and health facilities. There is also issue of

neighborhood with Community Comprehensive Health Centre Maska where

exist a unit of family planning with qualified and dedicated staff that are

always ready to perform their activities on the people effectively unlike in

these facilities are lacking greatly. So it has been establish in the research

that majority of women in the rural areas compared with what is obtainable

inside the main town of Maska ward in particular.

Hypothesis 2: This hypothesis states that accessibility to family planning

pills and other methods are very limited in rural areas where the issue of

birth rate has become so much pronounced and fully accepted. The

hypothesis can stand when you make a point of comparison of the

availability of family planning methods between Maska ward metropolis and

Nasarawa “A” village which falls within the Maska ward. In the metropolis

there exist many chemist and health facilities while in the village they are

lacking.

Hypotheses 3 – Issues of poverty, inability to educate children, inability to

carter for their welfare and health in rural area has become rampant to the

extent that majority of people cannot accept it as a reason to limit the

number of their children.

72
The available information gathered in the questionnaires distributed has not

shown any fear of limiting children from the side of most men and women

base on economic hardship. The already established fact that “Allah

provides” has already dominated the minds of many people to the extent that

they are not seeing any ill in keeping large number of family, with this

article ration it is vividly clear that the hypotheses sand. But as a matter of

fact people should change their attitudes on limits the number of their

children based on so many reasons. The worst situation is that people are

keeping number of children they cannot fully carter for. The end result

therefore is that majority of people are becoming nuisance to the society,

their family and the country at large.

Hypotheses 4 – This states that even in Maska metropolis where there is

high number of literate women, the issue of some men having more than one

wife has curtailed the effect of some women to accept family planning. This

is because women on having children more than their counterparts for

reasons best known to them. This resulted of crisis among the women and

their acceptance of family planning in some homes.

The research has revealed that the reasons why majority of men and women

do not accept family planning are the feeling that when they grow old the

children will assist them and take care of them. This hypotheses stands

73
though with must women the reasons that are in most cases not pronounced

but in reality they exist, for example there is issue of inheritance in situation

where the man dies and left the women. There is also the issue of

domination because in a polygamous house a lot of women wish to dominate

the house and this is only possible when the woman has more children than

her colleagues.

Hypotheses 5 – This hypothesis states that religion of Islam has played a

great role in reducing under the acceptance of family planning. They believe

that one is offending God is so much playing role in the minds of people to

the extent that they do not mind to keep any number of children irrespective

of their deplorable condition.

When this hypotheses is tested it reveals that majority of people are with the

opinion that children are gifts of God and should be welcomed at any

moment. The fear of accepting family planning is further aggravate by the

saying of the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) that “Marry and generate

far, I will be proud of you in the hereafter”.

Despite the above there is need for people to ready understand that it is their

responsibility to take care of their children fully. And in situation where they

fail to they should be ready to bear the consequences in the hereafter.

74
Hypotheses 6 – This hypothesis states that dislike of western culture and

ideas and the dangers associated with family planning is making a lot of

people entertain fear in it. Some of these dangers includes constants

bleeding, birth of children with congenital abnormalities, frequent illness,

seizure of pregnancy and above all problems of cancer.

This hypothesis has appeared to be true because based on what has been

obtained from the respondents associated with family planning it was

revealed that fear of infertility and problems associated with diseases are the

most prevalent.

Summary

Conclusively, this chapter deals with data presentation and its analysis. It is

a very sensitive area of the whole project because it deals directly with the

information obtained from the respondents on the various aspects of the

family planning. The questionnaires has been distributed and answered by

the respondents such a way that the respondents are given free hand to say

their views on the issue of family planning. All efforts have also been

employed to see that no questionnaire is lost or its information fabricated.

All the data’s collected have been tabulated and analyzed where necessary

based on the research topic. And the various assumptive made in chapter

positions clearly ascertained.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The last chapter of this research work that consist of re-statement of the

problem, summary of the finding, implication, recommendation, conclusion

limitation, and suggestion for further research in it various findings were

summarized, conclusion was made and recommendation to guide for future

study and effect changes in the present study where necessary are made. As

part of conclusion it was discovered that the issue of family planning is

facing a lot of challenges in terms of not accepting it from the different part

of the community particularly in Maska ward.

5.2 MAJOR FINDING

The finding of this research work shows that family planning is not getting

much attention due to the fact that religion and some of cultures does not

support family planning and child spacing. According to good religions

people who understand Islam very much practice family planning which is

not an illegal practice, majority of the respondent of the people of Maska

ward of Funtua local government area are not practicing family planning

unless recommended by doctors based on health issues. This is due to

ignorance and illiteracy.

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The finding also discovered that family planning has implication to human

life i.e. both the husband and wife (women of child bearing age) and also

have implication on population growth of the community, and among the

respondents majority of the women are now ready to accept family planning

even if their husband reject it because they believe that too many children in

one family cause a lot of burden.

5.3 IMPLICATION OF THE STUDY

One of the implications of this study is related to the respondents some are

not co-operating well to give a correct answer when interviewing them due

to one reason or the other but some of them in the issue of questionnaire

contributed but not hundred percent (100%) this took me very long to

complete the research work.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

The issue of family planning in Nigeria has up till now not gained wider

acceptance from the generality of the populace for many reason, this write

up has attempted to make a survey on the issue of family planning in Funtua

Local government taking into consideration of Maska ward the write up is

on the strategies approach of family, planning which is hoped that by the

time this study is completed a lot of changes and progress in terms of

acceptance of family planning methods will gain wider acceptance.

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5.4 SUMMARY

The research work tried to involve every aspect of family planning in it

because it is hoped that some changes will come up from the people of

Maska ward in Funtua local government after having access to this research

work.

The whole work was divided into five different section named as chapters,

one consist of the objectives which formed the back born of the whole study

are clearly identified and discussed. The objective includes making the

people know what family planning is, the various reasons for adopting it and

the different forms of approaches to enable the people be conversant with

family planning and relevance. This chapter also consists of the summary of

the research questions that directed the minds of the people on the entire

study. The chapter also indentified and discusses the statement of problems.

The objective of study importance of study, research hypothesis limitation of

study, these are served as a guide in the write – up and provided a basis for a

comprehensive and constructive study of the research work.

The second chapter which is mainly literature review that is analysis,

expansive and elaboration of what has so far existed on the issue as other

writers’ views has been discussed. This includes textbooks, magazines,

journals etc. the definition of family planning, types of family planning,

78
 advantages and disadvantages of family planning methods and its benefit as

well as the different reasons to support family planning in Funtua Local

Government and Maska ward in particular. The chapter also provided a basis

for future research work on related and similar work.

Chapter three focuses on the procedure or pattern followed in the research

work. This simply refers to what is called research methodology. In this

research work two methods have been adopted and were found very much

suitable and reliable, these methods are:

i. Administering of questionnaire

ii. Interviews

How each of the methods was applied and adopted has been fully explained

in the chapter.

The next chapter which is chapter four (4) dealt with what is called data

presentation and data analysis. In this chapter, the various information

obtained from the respective respondents of the questionnaires issued were

arranged in table form and each information well analyzed in this regards the

different oral sources have become fully documented this chapter also

provided an opportunity of testing the earlier established hypothesis with

the position of each hypothesis well ascertained.

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The fifth (5) chapter which is the last contains three important aspects which

are summary, conclusion and recommendation. In it, the different

information or ideas obtained were summarized, conclusion made and

various recommendations to serve as a guide for future study as clearly

stated.

5.5 CONCLUSION

The issue of family planning in Nigeria as a whole and in Maska ward in

particular will contrive to receive a lot of challenges particularly the Ulamas

and those wishing to keep too many family that are beyond their ability to

cater for their welfare in the respective chapters earlier discussed family

planning simply means the act of limiting the number of one children and

the intervals between their birth particularly by means of contraceptives or

voluntary sterilization. The different types of family planning methods were

discussed, their reliability or otherwise as well as their advantages and dis-

advantages have also been analyzed and discussed. Attempt have also been

made to state out clearly to those women the dangers associated with self

family planning. This refers to some category of women particularly the

illiterates habit they drink herbs, salt and other unrecognized items that are

destructive to their health in the name of attempting to plan their family.

80
In the end they exposed themselves to different dangers that usually result to

their death or making them incapacitated. Advisedly women should shun

from this act and always consult a family planning expert anytime they wish

to undergo it.

As part of the conclusion women and their husbands should be ready to

adopt family planning in their houses and should also be tolerant of

whatever will be fall them favorable or unfavorable in as much as they want

to succeed whatever form of problem one encounters in the process it is a

matter of time and the problem will sooner or later be over.

5.6 RECOMMENDATION

The issue of family planning is a very sensitive one, since its introduction to

the present time. However, in our present life situation there is great need to

adopt it nationwide to overcome a lot of social and economic problems that

are everyday affecting our daily life and we cannot provide solutions on

them.

The following are therefore the different recommendations.

In the first instance I recommended that the issue of family planning in

Nigeria in general should receive a serious legal backing. Parent should be

made to limit the number of their children instead of allowing them to

81
deliver rampantly and produce the number of children that they cannot

shoulder their responsibilities.

 It is recommended that religious leaders should stop being one sided in

their preaching. They should touch the “both sides of the coin” majority

of them will preach that prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said “Marry and

generate for I will be proud of you in the hereafter” instead of keeping

quite from here they should further preach that the responsibilities

(eating, feeding, clothing, education, shelter, moral upbringing), of all

these children are yours and if you fail to do it you will face the wrath of

God.

 Strong and effective family planning clinics should be established

possibly in different wards. The health personnel should be responsible

for advising and monitoring those on family planning whether

injectables, pills or on other methods. Their frequent supervision,

suggestion and advice will increase the number of people wishing to

embark on family planning.

 Any parent who has children and failed to take proper care of him should

be summarily dealt with. This will greatly reduce the number of beggars

and other dependants whose parents have failed to take their

responsibility as expected by god.

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5.7 LIMITATIONS

The study is only confined to one of the selected area in Funtua Local

Government this is due to time constrain, and is also confined to married

men and women and few people among the area.

5.8 SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

It could have been more useful and relevant to expand my study to at least

the 34 Local Government of Katsina State but due to some other problems

the research work is limited to only Maska village under Funtua Local

Government Area but if the researchers can conduct similar research on

other remaining areas and Local Government using a large sample, the study

is expected to come up with the research work that will meet the

requirement.

83
5.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous vaginal spermicides by med letther 1986 p13-16

Centers for disease control (CDC) center for health promotion and education

division method and practice by Allanta Georgia 1983.

Community development through self-help effort. A case study of Maska

Area Development Association (MADA), 1989, p. 38-44.

Family planning training for physicians and nurses/midwives by Federal

ministry of health April, 2005

Male and female sterilization: Long term health consequences by Pollack

AE 1993, p1-8

NAK Kat proof, 1286 Maska District Notes, p. 11 and Nak Kat proof 1/1/4,

Maska District Notebook, p.3

Services providers guides to family planning by John Hopkins 1996.

Sexual and reproductive health and right by African Union commission,

2006.

UNESCO – EOLSS sample chapters Vol.I family planning and reproductive

health by Igbai H. Shah 2005.

Wharton C. and Blackburn R. lower dose pills population, series A No. 7

John Hopkins University population information program Baltimore

Maryland. USA, November 1988. p32.

84
 QUESTIONNAIRE

Katsina State College of

Health Sciences, School
of Health Technology
Kankia, Department of
Environmental Health.
Dear respondent,

I am a Public Health Student of the aforementioned institution currently

undertaking research work on Appraising the Attitude of People Toward the

Use of Family Planning Services at Maska Ward, Funtua Local Government

Katsina State. The information supplied here are strictly confidential

therefore I need your maximum cooperation and please tick ( ) as

appropriate.

SECTION A (BIO-DATA)

Age: 18 – 25 ( ), b. 34-49 ( ), c. 26-33 ( ), d. 50 and above ( )

Sex: a. Male ( ), b. Female ( )

Marital Status: a. Married ( ), b. Divorced ( ), c. Single ( ), d. Separated ( )

Occupation: a. Farming ( ), b. Petty trading ( ), c. Civil Servant ( ), d.

Business ( ) e. House wife ( ), f. Others specify ( )

Educational Qualification: a. primary ( ). b. tertiary education ( ) c.

secondary ( ). d. Islamic or Qur’anic ( ) e. others specify ( )

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Religion: a. Islam ( ). b. Traditional ( ) d. Christianity ( ). d. Other

specify

SECTION ‘B’ KNOWLEDG OF FAMILY PLANNING

1. Have you heard about family planning?
a. Yes ( ). b. No ( )
2. If yes what does it mean to you?
a. Child spacing ( ), b. Using contraceptives ( ) b. Delivering small number
of children ( ) d. Others specify…………………………………
3. What did you think is a reason of family planning?
a. To have children as I wish ( ) b. To stop bearing children ( ) c.
Decrease maternal mortality ( ) d. To decrease unwanted pregnancy ( ) e.
Others specify …………………………..
4. What are the sources of information on family planning?
a. Radio ( ) b. Friends ( ) c. Television d. Health facilities d. others
specify ………………………….
5. Do you know any family planning method? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
6. If yes which of the methods are you likely to use?
a. Use of condom ( ) b. Use oral pills ( ) c. Injectables ( ) d. Natural
method ( ) e. Others specify ( )
7. Are male parents really involved and accept family planning in your
community? a. Yes ( ). b. No ( )
8. If no why?
a. Cultural ( ) b. Social development ( ) c. Religious ( ) d. Others specify
9. Do you think parents that accept family planning have their genuine
reasons for accepting it? a. Yes ( ), b. No ( )
10.If yes, for what reasons?

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a. Child spacing ( ) b. Health condition ( ) c. Economic development ( )
d. Others specify ( )
11.Do you wish to keep more than (4) four children? a. Yes ( ), b. No ( )
12.If yes why?
a. Just like that ( ) b. Children are a pride ( ) c. To help me when I grow
older ( ) d. To occupy the house
13.Do you believe that too many children in one family are a burden?
a. Yes ( ), b. No ( )
14.If yes what are the problem?
a. Infertility ( ) b. Weight gain ( ) c. Sexual dissatisfaction ( ) d. Loss of
libido ( ) e. Others specify………………………………………….
15.Is there any significant difference between males that accept or reject
family planning? a. Yes ( ), b. No ( )
16.If yes, what is there relationship?
a. To reduce the population growth ( ) b. To increase the population growth ( )
c. Others specify ……………………………
17.Have you ever attempted family planning in your husband’s house?
a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
18.Do you wish to initiate it from now? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
19.What do you think will be the response of your husband toward adopting
family planning?
a. He will like it ( ) b. He doesn’t want it at all ( ) c. He has no choice ( )
d. Other specify …………………………………….
20.What did you think is the advantages of family planning?
a. It makes mothers become healthier. ( ) b. It destroys the womb ( ) c. It
stops women from having pregnancy longer ( ) d. It assist in child spacing
resulting to having a more reasonable and responsible children ( )
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21.What did you think is the possible effect of self family planning?
a. Can lead to death ( ) b. Increase well being ( ) c. May prevent sexual
transmitted infection ( ) d. Others specify…………………………………
22.You as women can you still practice family planning, if your husband
rejects it? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )
23.If yes why?
a. Because it will help me ( ) b. To reduce unwanted pregnancy ( ) c.
Because it has many advantages ( ) d. Others specify ……………………
24.If I should tell you the importance of family planning will you agree to
start? a. Yes ( ) b. ( )
25.Is there any importance of contacting health personnel on the issue of
family planning? a. Yes ( ) b. No ( )

88