REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Important questions with answers

1. Define reproductive health

“A total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioral and social.
2. Expand the abbreviation RCH.
Reproductive and Child Health Care programmes
3. What is ART
Assisted reproductive technologies used to correct the infertility problems 4. What is amniocentesis?
Amniocentesis is a foetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid
surrounding the developing embryo.
5. Expand the abbreviation CDRI.
Central Drug Research Institute
6. Name the new oral contraceptive of female developed by CDRI.
Saheli
7. Mention the principle involved in natural method of contraception.
Avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting
8. Mention the natural methods of birth control.
Periodic abstinence / Withdrawal or coitus interruptus / Lactational amenorrhea
9. Expand the abbreviation PID.
Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases.
10. Name the brand name of condom distributed by Indian government.
Nirodh
11. What are IUDs?
Intra uterine devices are only used by female for avoid pregnancy. Inserted by doctor or by expert nurses in
the uterus through vagina.
12. Write the side effects of anti-natural contraceptives methods.
Nausea, abdominal pain, breakthrough bleeding, irregular menstrual bleeding, breast cancer.
13. List any four sexually transmitted diseases.
Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Genital herpes, Chlamydiasis, Genital warts, Trichomoniasis, Hepatitis-B and HIV
14. Mention the reasons for population explosion.
A rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infantmortality rate (IMR). Increase in
number of people in reproducible age.
15. What is infertility? Give reasons for infertility in humans.
Infertility is the inability to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual habitation / sexual intercourse.
Reasons for infertility: Physical / Congenital / Disease / Drugs /Immunological / Psychological.
16. What is medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)? Mention the safe Period for MTP.
Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of
pregnancy (MTP). MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester, i.e., up to 12 weeks
of
pregnancy.
17. List any three reasons for population explosion
1) A rapid decline in death rate, Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
2) Decline in Infant mortality rate (IMR).
3) Increase in number of people in reproductive age groups.
18. Write the simple principles to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
(i) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple
partners. (ii) Always use condoms during coitus.
(iii) In case of doubt, go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get complete treatment if diagnosed
with disease.
Page 1
 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Important questions with answers
19. What are contraceptives? Mention any four characteristics of ideal contraceptives.
Contraceptives are the devices or methods or pills to prevent conception.
Characteristics of ideal contraceptive: User friendly, Easily available, Effective, Reversible, No
side effects and no way interferes with sexualdesire and sexual act.
20. Condoms are very popular contraceptive method. Give reason.
 It protects the user from STDs and AIDS.
 Easily available and disposable.
 It can be self-inserted and thereby give privacy to user.
21. Write the types of intra uterine devices with working principle and examples.
1) Non-medicated IUDs e.g. Lippies loop. - Increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus.
2) Copper releasing IUDs – e.g. CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375-Cu ion released suppresses sperm motility and
fertilizing capacity of sperm.
3) Hormone releasing IUDs – e.g. Progestasert, LNG-20- Hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus
unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperm.
22. Mention the symptoms of STDs.
 Primary symptoms: Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swelling in the genital region.
 Secondary symptoms: In the later stage it may lead to Pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortion,
still births, ectopicpregnancy, infertility or even cancer in reproductive tract.
23. How saheli is better than other contraceptive pills.
1) It contains a non-steroidal preparation. 2) Very few side effects
3 ) It is a‘once a week’ pill 4) High contraceptive value.
24. Explain the surgical methods of contraceptive methods.
Vasectomy: It is the sterilization procedure in males. In this, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or
tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
Tubectomy: It is the sterilization procedure in females. In this, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed
or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina.
25. What are contraceptives? Explain four different non-surgical contraceptive methods.
Contraceptives are methods or devices which help prevent unwanted pregnancies. Non-surgical
contraceptive methods:
1) Natural methods: work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting. Example
Periodic abstinence: Avoiding of coitus from days 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle for prevent pregnancy.
Coitus interruptus: Withdrawal of penis from the vagina just before ejaculation, so as to avoid insemination
Lactational amenorrhea: It involves the prevention of conception by breastfeeding period, this effective up
to 6 months after parturition.
2) Barrier methods: These act as mechanical obstructers and prevent the entry of semen in to the fallopian
tube. Example: Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical caps, Vaults
3) Intra-uterine devices (IUDs): Intra uterine device is a small flexible plastic or rubber of copper object
which is inserted into uterus. These Intra Uterine Devices are presently available as the non-
medicated IUDs (e.g., Lippes loop), copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and the
hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20) They bring about contraception by different ways.
4) Oral contraception (Hormonal methods): This is a contraceptive method in which ‘Pills” are taken
orally by females. These pills contain progestogen or progestogen-estrogen combinations that inhibit
the secretion of FSH and LH and thus prevent the maturation of graafian follicle and ovulation.
5) Implants and Injectables: These are progestogen or progestogenestrogen combinations that are
used under the skin by females. Their function is similar to that of Oral contraceptives.
26. Explain briefly any five assisted reproductive technologies to overcome from infertility problems.
The technologies used to correct the infertility problems known as assisted conception or assisted

Page 2
 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH Important questions with answers
reproductive technologies (ART). The couples couldbe assisted to have children through some special
techniques like IVF and ET, GIFT, ZIFT, IUT, ICSI. IVFand ET
1. In-vitro fertilization and Embryo transfer: In this method, ova from the wife/donor and sperms from
the husband/donor are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the
laboratory. This is followed by Embryo transfer (ET). It is of two types:
(a) Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT): It involves transfer of zygote or early embryos (with up to 8
blastomeres) into fallopian tube.
(b) Intra uterine transfer (IUT): It involves transfer of embryos with more than 8 blastomeres into the
uterus.
2. GIFT- Gamete intra-fallopian transfer technique: the healthy ova and potent sperms are introduced
into the upper part of the fallopian tube, where fertilization takes place.
3. ICSI (Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection): It is another specialized procedure to form an embryo in the
laboratory in which a sperm is directly injected into the ovum.
4. Artificial insemination (AI) technique: It is the method of transferring semen (sperm) collected from
the husband or a healthy donor into the vagina or the uterus (IUI – intra-uterine insemination) of
the recipient female.

Page 3