HORMONES IN HUMAN REPRODUCTION

group 1
 CONTENT

Introduction
Human sexual Reproduction
Reproduction mechanism in males
The roles of hormones in male Reproductive system
Reproduction mechanism in females
The roles of hormones in female Reproductive system
Feedback Mechanism
Fertilization
 Introduction

• Why are humans called organism? Because its the

organization and intergrated activity of all organs in our
bodies that make us alive.
• Continuity of life is assured by human reproduction. The
body of an individual of reproductive age undergoes
physical changes, manifested through the hormones of
the body.
• You have read that the body has organizational levels,
starting from cells to tissues, then organs and organ
systems, this is also true with the Reproduction system.
 Human sexual Reproduction

• The male and female Reproductive system are regulated

by hormones and hormonal interaction. In order to
reproduce, hormonal changes happen in the body. This
hormones pass through the endocrine glands, into blood
circulation and target the organ involved in the
Reproductive system.
Vitruvian Man

• Leonardo da Vinci
did many drawing’s
and studies of the
human body in the
1400s, such as this
one.
 Reproductive Mechanism in Males

• In human males, the Reproductive system is mostly

outside. The part outside include the penis, scrotum and
testicles.
• The penis is the male organ used for sexual
reproduction and urination. It reaches its full size during
puberty. Its root is attached to the wall of the abdomen,
while its tube-shaped body or shaft are comprised of
Erictile tissues.
• The electile tissues fill with blood during sexual arousal.
This causes the penis to become erect and rigid, and
prepare for coitus.
 Reproduction Mechanism in Males

The penis is made up of several parts:

• The glad penis- which is uncircumcised males is partially
covered by the foreskin or prepuse, is at the head of the
penis.
• The urethra- is the tip of the glans penis. when the penis
is erect, urine will not he able to come out if the urethra
as only semen will be ejaculated from the body.
• The scrotum- is located behind the penis. it is loose and
pouch-like, and it holds the testicles/testes inside it.
 Reproduction Mechanism in males

• The scrotum is located outside the body in order to

provide a cooler temperature for the testes, which has
seminiferous tubules inside it and produce sperm.
• Epididymis- where the sperm cells mature, are carried
and stored during sexual arousal. The sperm pass into
the vas deferens to the urethra.
• The testes is also where testosterone, the primary male
sex hormone is produced
External Genitals
Parts of the Testis
 Internal sex Organ

• The vas deferens, as mentioned earlier, transport mature

sperm to the urethra. It is part of the internal organ in the
reproductive system.
• Seminal vesicles- small pouches that make seminal fluid
which nourishes and helps sperm travel.
• Additional fluid from the prostate gland, which is located
under the urinary bladder is added to the sperm cell and
seminal fluid combination, known as semen.
• Semen is ejaculated from the penis at the time of the
male organ.
 Internal sex Organ

• The bulbourethral glands, located on each side of the

urethra and just below the prostate gland, produce clear
fluid that helps lubricate and neutralizes the activity of
urine that are left in the urethra.
How many sperm is in 3.5 ml of semen expelled during
ejaculation? is around 400 million. But the sperm count
may vary in different circumstances when a sperm cell
then encounter an egg cell through comes fertilization
can happen.
Internal sex Organ
 The roles of Hormones in the Male Reproductive
system

• Hormones in both males and females are controlled by

feedback mechanism.
• Feedback mechanism or feedback loops enable the
body to maintain hemeostasis or a normal, steady state.
These bring the body toward or away from hemeostasis.
• In males, a negative feedback system controls sperm
production.
 The roles of Hormones in the Male Reproductive
system

Why does this hormones need to be controlled?

• When males enter pubirty. The hypothalamus in the
brain starts secreting GnHR (gonadotropin releasing
hormone) which makes the pituitary gland start releasing
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing
hormone) for the first time.
• FSH goes to testes to stimulate Sertoli cells. Special
cells that nourish the sperm cells that the testes produce.
• Thus spermatogenesis is started. LH also goes to the
testes to stimulate another group of cells called Leydig
cells.
 The roles of Hormones in the Male Reproductive
system

• Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone. It helps

in sperm production, it is also responsible for
development of male secondary sex characteristics.
• The negative feedback mechanism is in place to ensure
that there is no excess in hormones.
• The Sertoli cells produce a hormone called inhibin,
which inhibits the release of GnHR and FSH
The roles of hormones in the Male Reproductive
system
 Reproduction mechanism in Female

External Genitals
• The external genital organs of the female are known
collectively as the vulva.
• Vulva includes two skin folds covered in hair called the
labia majora.
• The labia majora extend backward to the mons pubis, a
fatty prominence underlying the pubic hair.
• The labia manora are two small folds lying just inside the
labia majora. They extend forward from the vaginal
opening to encircle and form a foreskin for the glans
clitoris.
Reproduction mechanism in Female

• The glans clitoris is the

most sensitive part of the
female genitalia and like
the penis, contains a
sharft of erectile tissue
that becomes engorged
with blood during sexual
stimulation.
 Reproduction mechanism in Female

• At birth, the opening of the vagina is partially blocked by

a membrance called the hymen. It is a thin piece of
tissue a part of the vulva and can be disrupted by
physical activities and coitus.
• females have two orifices, the urethra and the vagina.
• The Urethra, located above the vagina is connected to
the urinary bladder and is responsible for the removal of
urine from the body.
• The Vagina on the other hand allows for menstrual flow,
reproduction and birth.
 Reproduction mechanism in Female

• Vagina received the penis during coitus between a man

and a woman.
• The Clitoris, vagina, and other external genital parts
actively participate in the sexual response of the female
as these areas contain many nerves and are very
sensitive.
• During coitus, the Bartholin giands, which ate two small
alveolar glands on the left and right of the opening of the
vaginal secrete liquid for lubrication.
 Internal Sex Organ

• The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs

and contain egg cells. The ovaries are important as they
contain and protect the egg cells.
• A mature ovum or egg cell is alternately released by
each ovary each month for possible fertilization by a
sperm cell.
• The ovaries also secrete the hormones estogen and
progesterone, both hormones help regulate the
menstrual cycle, and are important during pregnancy.
 Internal Sex Organ

• Attached to the ovaries are Fallopian tubes, also known

as oviducts, these tubes connect the ovaries to the
uterus.
• After reproductive act, sperm can reach the mature egg
cell in the fallopian tubes to unite and become a zygote
that will reside in the uterus.
• The two fallopian tubes are connected on the upper left
and right of the uterus. Which is hallow pearl shape
organ. In case the fertilization happens, the zygote will
devide rapidly and become an embryo after.
 Internal Sex Organ

• The embryo then goes and implants itself on the lining of

the uterus. This lining is called the Endometrium. It
thickins in preparation for the possibility of a vertilized
ovum.
• If fertilization does not take place, the endometrium is
shed and becomes part of the menstrual period blood
every month.
• In case pregnancy occurs, the uterus stretches in size to
accomodate the growing fetus.
 Internal Sex Organ

• The uterus narrows down, into a sectuon called the

cervix. The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina.
During childbirth, the uterus will constract and the cervix
will dilate in order for the baby to exit through the vagina.
• The vagina is the canal leading from the external
genitals to the cervix of the uterus. It connects the uterus
to the outside world, allowing for menstruation,
reproduction, and childbirth.
Internal Sex Organ for Male
Internal Sex Organ for Female
 The roles of Hormones involved in the Female
Reproductive system

During childhood Follicies. or small fluid-filled sacs found

in the ovaries, begin to develop.
• When a girl reaches the age of puberty, her pirtuitary
gland secretes hormones. Her ovaries begin to produce
the female sex hormone-estrogen. Which causes the
uterine lining to grow, her body undergo physical
changes, it controls the menstrual cycle and helps during
pregnancy.
 The roles of Hormones involved in the Female
Reproductive system

• Enough estrogen in the blood induces one Follicle to

absorb liquid rapidly, expand, rapture and release an
ovum or (mature egg cell). This process called ovulation.
• After ovulation, the Follicle shrinks and the layers that
sorround the ovum now form the Corpus luteum.
• The corpus luteum produces the other female sex
hormone-progesterone, which together with estrogen
causes the uterine lining to become a soft, blood-rich
bed to recieve a fertilized ovum.
 Feedback Mechanism

• GnHR from the hypothalamus causes the pituitary gland

to release FSH and LH. Follicles in the ovaries also
release estogen and progesterone.
• FSH stimulation egg cell production. When egg cell
production needs to be controlled, the follicles produce
inhibin to inhibit FSH. LH on the other hand helps in egg
cell development, ovulation and stimulation estradiol and
progesterone production in the ovaries.
• Estradiol is one form of estrogen. Estrogen helps in
Endometrium or uterine lining growth, the menstrual
cycle and pregnancy.
 Feedback Mechanism

• This hormones need to be controlled by Feedback

mechanism. During the ovarian cycle, or the preparation
of the release of egg cells, FSH and LH levels rise in
order to grow follicles for egg ovulation.
• As follicles grow, estrogen and progesterone are
released.
• If egg cell fertilization does not occur, estrogen and
progesterone levels will decrease, and the whole
process will start agail with the release of GnHR, FSH,
and LH for another cycle.
 Fertilization

• The first sperm cell to reach the ovum’s cell membrane

goes inside. Only one sperm is needed to unite with the
ovum. But in special cases like multiple births, multiple
sperm can fertilized egg cell.
• In case of twins for example, the two egg cells were
fertilized by two sperm cells independently causing
Fraternal twins. or a single sperm that fertilized a single
egg cell could have split at a later stage, causing
identical twins.
Fertilization

• The first sperm cell and

the ovum unite, with the
other sperm cells unable
to enter anymore.
 Fertilization

• The male reproductive system, billions of sperm cells are

produced in the seminiferous tubules, coiled tubes that
constitute a large part of the testes and considered the
site of spermatogenisis (the process of production and
development of sperm cells)
• If no sperm fertilized the ovum, the ovum shrinks and is
swept away out of the body in a cycle called
Menstruation.
 END OF THE PRESENTATION
• Members
1. Alsaga , Janice
2. Anoya, Rechelle
3. Batohanon, Jee Ann
4. Cabunoc, Lovely
5. Cagol, Apple
6. Abao, Yell chen
7. Aragon, Jay-ar
8. Beltran, Crisaldy
9. Beltran, Crisalito
10. Cabunoc, Jamer
11. Cagol, Mark James