General

Chemistry 11
1
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Types of Intermolecular Forces
First Edition, 2020

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General
Chemistry 1
11
Quarter 3
Module 1

Types of Intermolecular
Forces
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Quarter 3 Module 1 on the Types of

Intermolecular Forces!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

from Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools
Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with
the Local Government of Pasig through their mayor, Honorable Vico Sotto.
The writer utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Quarter 3 Module 1 on the Types of

Intermolecular Forces!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be able to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. 

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed and designed for Senior High School STEM
students. This lesson is about the types of intermolecular forces. Specifically, you
are expected to:

1. describe the types of intermolecular forces;

2. differentiate the types of intermolecular forces; and,

3. recognize the importance of types of intermolecular forces in daily life.

PRE–TEST

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the intermolecular forces exist between molecules of I 2?

A. Dipole-dipole
B. Hydrogen bonding
C. Ion-ion interaction
D. London dispersion

2.Which of the following choices would mean interaction between molecules?

A. Coulomb`s Law
B. Electrostatic force
C. Intermolecular force
D. Intramolecular forces
3. For which of the following molecules will dipole-dipole interactions is important?
A. CH4 C. CCl4
B. C6H6 D. CH2Cl2

4.From the choices, which will NOT form a hydrogen bonds with water?
A. HF C. NH3
B. CH4 D. HCOOH

5. Which of the following types of intermolecular forces is the weakest?

A. Dipole-dipole
B. Hydrogen bonding
C. Ion-ion interaction
D. London dispersion
 RECAP
You may find out that some of the questions are not familiar, don’t get
disappointed because this module is designed for you to make the topic easier to
understand.

Let us have a recap first!

Direction: Complete the table below.Refer from the previous dicussion on the
preparation of organic compounds.

Name of Organic Molecular Formula What keeps the

Compounds atoms of molecules
together?
1.

2.

3.

So,how about the forces that keep between molecules? Ok, let us have a
walkthrough on these forces that keep them together.

L E S S ON

“How does coronavirus spread?”

There are many factors that lead to the acing spread of coronavirus. It could
be transmitted from person to person via droplets, contact, and fomites. When one
sneezes, or coughs droplets of saliva containing the COVID-19 virus are then
inhaled by another person. It just so sad to note that COVID-19 transmission
usually occurs among close contacts which affects our family members. Therefore,
it is important to maintain a distance of more than 1 meter away from any person
who has respiratory symptoms. The closer we are with this virus the greater the
chance we get infected leading to a worst effect in our health.
 In chemistry, if a molecule is exposed or placed near to another molecule
tendency is that they get attracted and build up a force that will hold them
together. The force between this molecules will greatly affect some of their physical
properties such as melting point and boiling points. What do you think are these
forces that hold together one molecule to another molecule? Yes, we call these
forces as intermolecular forces. Ok, let us have a walkthrough on these
intermolecular forces.

Types of Intermolecular Forces (IMF)

The interaction between molecules ( substances that are made of atoms /
ions that bond through sharing of electrons to form covalent bonds) are governed
by physical forces called intermolecular forces. These are forces that arise from the
way on how electrons are shared within the covalent bonds of different molecules.
These types of forces also affect the physical properties of compounds which will be
further explain in this module.The following are the different types intermolecular
forces:

A. Ion Ion Interaction

What are ions?How does it built an attraction with the other ions? Ions are
charged particles or have permanent whole number charges. Remember that like
charges repel each other and opposite charges attract, as shown in figure 1. The
attraction between these ions are pulled together by a force called an electrostatic
force. Remember that electrostatic force as stated in Coulomb`s Law is directly
proportional to the charge of the ions and inversely related to the distance between
them. The equation is also shown in figure 1.

Figure 1

How do we determine the strength of the built forces between ions? As shown in
the equation, the strength of electrostatic force that is built depends on the
product of the charges (Z1Z2) divided by the square of the distance of separation
(d2).Meaning that as the particles (ions) get attracted the force between these ions
becomes stronger as they get closer. The attraction between these ions is called ion-
ion interaction.

Let us have examples by compariong the molecules below. Which from these
ions will have a stronger ion-ion interaction?

Correct! According to the equation given in figure above, the higher the magnitude
of the charges the higher is the electrostatic force, so the interaction between Ca +2
and O-2 ions is stronger than the Na+ and Cl- ions. Why? Because the charges in
calcium and oxygen are higher than the sodium and chloride ions. In the case of
ions with the same charges, this time you have to take note of the size of the ions
because as size of the ion increases the electrostatic force decreases.

The physical property such as melting point of a compound is greatly

affected with the magnitude of the lattice energy or the electrostatic energy built
between the ions. Meaning that the higher the electrostatic force between molecules
will have a higher melting point. To illustrate this, let us compare Alluminum
nitride and Magnesium oxide, wherein alluminum nitride will have a higher
magnitude of charge which is + 3 for alluminum and and -3 for nitrogen, while
magnesium oxide is lower having +2 for magnesium and -2 charge for oxygen.
Therefore, the molecule that has higher melting point is alluminum nitride.

B. Ion Diplole Interaction

Ion dipole interaction is very evident when pouring water molecules around a
sodium ions which is the case when dissolving sodium chloride in water.

Figure 3
Water is a permanent dipole molecule because it has a positive and a
negative poles as a result of the uneven distribution of electrons within it. So when
a molecule has two opposite partial charges they are dipole and polar. Once water
molecules surround the sodium ions, the oxygen that is partially negative in the
water molecule will be attracted to the sodium ion which is positively charge.
Eventually, the positively charge hydrogen in the water molecule will be attracted to
the chloride ion.

C. Dipole-dipole Interaction

From the given compounds above, which do you think is a dipole molecule
and why?
Yes, all of the given compounds are all dipole molecules. What makes them
dipole is because of the the partial opposite charges present in the molecule. When
we say dipole – dipole interaction, we are referring to the interaction of the two
dipole molecules such as between molecules of carbon monoxide, hydrochloric
acid and nitrogen trifluoride. Wherein the two poles of each molecule is either
partially positive or partially negative. So let us have an example to illustrate this
type of interaction.
 Figure 4
Figure 4 shows the molecules of nitrogen trifluoride where fluorine is more
electronegative than nitrogen. And once a molecule of nitrogen trifluoride reacts
with another molecule of nitrogen triflourife, the partially negative fluoride ions will
get attracted to the partially positively charge nitrogen of another nitrogen
trifluoride molecule. The attraction between the opposite charges is called dipole-
dipole interaction.And if we put in another nitrogen trifluoride, this molecule will
rearrange itself in such a way that the partial positive of the nitrogen in this
molecule is attracted to the partially positive on the flourines of the othe nitrogen
trifluoride molecule. The same thing will happen to the molecules of hydrochloric
acid and carbon monoxide which are shown below in figure 5 and figure 6.

Figure 5 Figure 6

D. Hydrogen Bond Interaction

What do you think is the most obvious similarities among the molecules
below?

The given above molecules exhibit a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction

that occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded to either an oxygen,
nitrogen, or fluorine atom. Meaning that the hydrogen is partially positive and is
attracted to the nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine which are partially negative. The
strength of hydrogen bonding is relatively strong that required energy to break it.
No wonder why water molecules have high boiling points and melting
points.Hydrogen bonding also plays a vital role in holding the nucleotide bases
together in our DNA and RNA.
Take note that you might be claiming the bond between hydrogen and
fluorine atoms is a hydrogen bond. It is definitely not, because if we say
intermolecular type of interaction, we are considering the attraction between
molecules not within the molecule. Figure 7 and figure 8 shows the hydrogen
bonding for the ammonia and hyrdoflouric acid.
 Figure 7 Figure 8
The strength of the hydrogen bonding depends on the extensiveness or
number of formed hydrogen bonds and the polarity of the bond. The
arrangengemnt of the strength of hydrogen bond is H-O< H-N <H-F because H-F is
highly polar molecule.

E. Lodon dispersion Interaction / Van der Waals Intermolecular Forces

This type of interaction happen to be present in all type of molecule whether

ionic or covalent-polar or nonpolar.However this type of intermolecular force is
significant in a nonpolar molecules and the force is developed due to uneven
distribution of electrons and create a temporary dipole.This type of force is a very
weak type of dipole interaction. The force between these molecules increases with
the polarizability (squishiness of a molecule), molecular size (more electrons) and pi
bonding (overlapping of orbitals).

Figure 9

The above figure 9 shows the increasing size of the molecules from halogen
group.So from the molecules above iodine molecule would have a stronger London
dispersion force.
London dispersion force (LDF) is responsible for the the liquid phase of
noble gases.Figure 9 shows how helium gets into liquid phase.From the figure it
shows that originally we have two atoms of Helium. But once these two atoms get
closer, the electrons outside the nucleus of helium will migrate in such a way that
the electrons of the other helium atom will get attracted to the proton of the other
helium. This attraction between opposite charges is the Coulombs`s Law, thus
creating a temporary dipole.The London dispersion force is simply the connection
between this two atom.
 Figure 10

Arrangement on the strength of force present among the types of intermolecular

forces is shown in figure 11.

Figure 11

Among the types the strongest type of intermolecular forces is Ion-ion dipole
because of the permanent charge while london dispersion forces is the weakest
because of the presence of temporary dipole and they are usually in gas forms.
A strong intermolecular forces icreases the physical behavior of the
molecules such as melting points, boiling points, viscosity and surface area.

Use these facts on the types of intermolecular forces in answering the

following activities.

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Direction: Analyze each of the following statements whether it describes the types
of intermolecular forces. Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it’s false,
change the underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. London dispersion is evident in nonpolar molecules.

2. Hydrogen bonding refers to a hydrogen from one molecule boded to N, F, and Br
to the other molecule.
3.Ion-dipole interaction leads to the building of force between nonpolar molecules.
4. According to ion-ion interaction, the electrostatic force increases as the size of
the magnitude of charges decreases.
5. Dipole-dipole interaction is significant between an ion and a dipole molecule.

Now, use these facts on types of intermolecular forces in answering Activity 2.

Activity 2
Direction: Complete the table below by writing all types of intermolecular forces
(IMF)which would exhibit between the pairs of molecules.
Pairs of molecules Type(s) IMF
 1. O=C=O and O=C=O
2.

3.

4.

5.

Let us have a try out on how well is your understanding in analyzing the important
application of these types of intermolecular forces in our daily life. Do activity 3.

Activity 3

Direction: Rank the following molecules according to the stated physical property.

1. Rank the following in terms of increasing boiling point:

CaBr2 C2H5OH C4H10
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. Rank these substances from lowest to highest intermolecular forces:

HF F2 PCl3
__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Rank the following in terms of increasing melting point:

MgCl2 NaCl AlCl3
__________________________________________________________________________________

WRAP–UP

Direction: Analyze the effect of a strong intermolecular forces to the following

physical properties.

STRONG Physical property High or low

INTERMOLECUALR Melting Point
 FORCES Boiling Point
Surface area
Molecular size

VALUING

Just like molecules, humans are also attracted with one another. As a teenager,
you have experienced being attracted to someone. How did you deal your
attractions to others? Do you listen to your parents for advices on this matter?

Finally, you made it! Take your last step and good luck!

POST TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

For items 1 to 3, refer to the following choices:

A. Hydrogen bonding
B. Dipole-dipole only
C. London dispersion only
D. Dipole-dipole and london dispesion

What type(s) of intermolecular forces can exist between the following pairs of
molecules?
1. HF and H2S

2. I2 and CBr4

3. C2H6 and BF3

4. Which of the following will form a hydrogen bond with NH3?

A. H2O
B. CH4
C. Cl2
D. CO2

5. For which of the following shows the increasing boiling points of halogens?
A. F2 < I2 < Br2 < Cl2
B. I2 < Cl2 < Br2 < F2
C. Cl2 < Br2 < I2 < F2
D. F2 < Cl2 < Br2 < I2
 KEY TO CORRECTION
Pretest Activities
1. C Activity 1 Activity 3
2. C 1. TRUE 1. C4H10 < C2H5OH <
3. D 2. Oxygen CaBr2
4. B 3. Polar
5. D 4. Increases 2. F2 < PCl3 < HF
5. Dipole molecules
3. NaCl < MgCl2 < AlCl3
Recap Activity 2
1. Ethanol 1. LDF only Wrap Up
C2H5OH 2. LDF and Ion-dipole
2. Acetic Acid 3. LDF and dipole-dipole
Posttest
CH3COOH 4. LDF only (H2 has no H-
bond acceptor) 1. A
3. Ethyl Acetate
5. LDF and ion-dipole 2. C
C4H8O2
3. C
Intramolecualr forces
4. A
keeps the atoms
5. D
together in a molecule.

REFERENCES
Andersen. 2013. London dispersion force. August 13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1iYKajMsYPY.
Mindtouch. 2020.
Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Io. May 18.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_M
aps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_
Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Specific_Interactions/Io.

N, Truong-Son. 2018. why-are-intermolecular-forces-important. July 5.

https://socratic.org/questions/why-are-intermolecular-forces-important.

specialist, Khanacdemy. 2020. intramolecular-and-intermolecular-forces.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/class-11-chemistry-india/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-
states-of-matter/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-intermolecular-forces/a/intramolecular-and-
intermolecular-forces.

Winegrad, Jake. 2017. Ion-Ion(Intermolecular Forces). March 6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=1zhyHv2NJ04.