MODULE 1A HOA HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE

FAMOUS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS:

ANTONIO, PABLO SEBRERO

 National artist in architecture 3. Ramon Roces Publications Building
 Far Eastern University, Philippine National Bank, Manila Railroad Company 4. White Cross Preventorium
 Major work: Ideal Theater in Rizal, Manila 5. Manila Polo Club
1. FEU Building in Quezon Boulevard 6. Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building on Rizal Avenue, Carriedo
2. Apartments in Roxas Boulevard 7. FEU Administration and Science Buildings
8. Galaxy Theater in Rizal Avenue
ARANETA, LUIS MARIA GONZAGA
1. Times Theater, Quezon Boulevard 4. Santa Catalina College, Legarda, Manila
2. Manila Doctors’ Hospital, UN Avenue 5. Botica Boie Building, Escolta, Manila
3. Makati Medical Center, Makati
ARELLANO, ARCADIO DE GUZMAN
1. Roman Ongpin’s Bazaar 4. Carmelo and Bauermann Building, Azcarraga
2. El 82, Plaza Calderon de la Barca 5. Gota de Leche Building, S.H. Loyola
3. Hotel de Francia 6. Casino Espanol, Taft Avenue

ARELLANO, JUAN DE GUZMAN

1. Legislative Building (senate and national museum) 5. Master plan of UP Diliman Campus
2. Post Office Building 6. Landscaping plans for Padre Burgos Avenue, Harrison Park, North and
3. Villamor Hall, UP Campus in Taft South Port Areas, Roxas Boulevard and Malacanang
4. Metropolitan Theater
ARELLANO, OTILIO A.
1. National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue
2. Sining Kayumanggi at Mehan Gardens
3. Palacio del Gobernador in Intramuros
4. Philippine School of Business Administration, Aurora Boulevard
5. Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Buendia, Makati
6. San Juan Municipal Center, N. Domingo Street, San Juan
ARGUELLES, TOMAS FERNANDEZ
1. Elizalde Building on Muelle de la Industria, Manila
2. Heacock’s Building, Escolta
ARGUELLES, CARLOS D.
1. Philamlife Building 5. Urdaneta Apartments
2. Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavillion), United Nations Avenue 6. Tuscany Apartments
3. Holiday Inn, Roxas Boulevard 7. Development Bank of the Philippines, Makati
4. Philippine National Bank, Escolta 8. Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studios, Quezon City
BELLOC, VICENTE B.
1. Cemetery of Nagcarlan
BERENGUER-TOPACIO, CHED
1. Interiors of hotels, restaurants, etc.
BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON
1. Proposed grand plan for Manila involving a gridiron street pattern.

CALMA, LOR
1. Interiors of DBP, Makati; PNB, Escolta; Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City; Silahis Hotel, Roxas Boulevard; Midtown Ramada
Hotel, Pedro Gil; Puerto Azul Hotel and Beach Resort, Ternate, Cavite; Benguet Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila.
CAUDAL, ALEJANDRO YELAB
1. Jacinto Residence, Bustos, Bulacan 4. Lerma House, New Manila, Quezon City
2. Luis Santos House, Malolos 5. Tiongco House, Pandacan, Bulacan
3. Lopa Residence, Pasay
CONCIO, CESAR HOMERO
1. Palma Hall and Melchor Hall, UP Diliman 6. Children’s Memorial Hospital, Quezon City
2. Protestant Chapel and Fellowship Center, UP Diliman 7. Mother of Perpetual Help, Baclaran
3. Buildings in Silliman University 8. Union Church of Manila
4. UP College of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna 9. Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila
5. Insular Life Building, Makati

COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM VARGAS

1. Robinson’s Commercial Complex, Pasig 2. Ayala Twin Towers, Makati
 3. Alexandra (11 buildings), Pasig 9. Alabang 400, Muntinlupa
4. One Beverly Place, Greenhills, San Juan 10. Quezon City Sports Club
5. Wackwack Twin Towers 11. Centro Escolar University complex, Malolos
6. Skyland Plaza Twin Towers, Makati 12. Magellan Hotel and Resort complex, Cebu
7. Atrium, Makati 13. Shoemart City, Cebu and Quezon City
8. Galeria de Magallanes, Makati
DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO CRUZ
1. Mindanao State University, Marawi City, Paseo de Roxas 4. National Science Development Board, Taguig
2. Church of Jesus Christ and the latter-day Saints projects 5. Atomic Research Center complex, Quezon City
3. Central Luzon State University buildings, Munoz, Nueva Ecija 6. Asian Development Bank (DFA), Roxas Boulevard
DE UGUCCIONI, JUAN
1. Proposed repairs for Colegio de Santa Potenciana
2. Overseer reconstruction of Manila Cathedral
FORMOSO. GABRIEL PAPA
1. Central Bank complex 7. Pacific Star Building, Makati
2. Metropolitan Museum 8. Anerica-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas
3. Valley Golf Club, Victoria Valley, Antipolo, Rizal 9. Bikko Manila Garden Hotel, Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
4. Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang 10. Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue
5. Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City 11. Asian Institute of Management, Paseo de Roxas
6. Club Filipino, Greenhills 12. Dona Narcisa de Leon Building
HERVAS, JUAN
1. Manila Railroad Station, Tutuban 4. Estrella del Norte, Escolta
2. Arranque and Herran Markets 5. Heacock Store Building
3. Assumption Convent, Herran Street 6. Paris-Manila Building
HUBILLA, JOHNNY
1. Philippine Trade House, Bangkok 4. Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Exposition in Leipzig Germany
2. Philippine Trade Center, Toronto, Canada 5. Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Fair in Spokane, Washington DC
3. Philippine House, Mainz, Germany

LOCSIN, LEANDRO V.
1. National Artist in Architecture 7. Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
2. Main Theater, CCP Complex 8. Makati Stock Exchange Building
3. Folk Arts Theater, CCP Complex 9. Ayala Museum, Makati Avenue
4. Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions (PHILCITE) 10. Manila Hotel renovation
5. Philippine Convention Center, CCP Complex 11. Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati
6. Philippine Plaza Hotel 12. National Arts Center, Laguna
 13. Manila International Airport (NAIA)
LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES
1. Legarda Elementary School
2. Alfonso Zobel house, Roxas Boulevard
3. San Vicente de Paul Chapel, San Marcelino Street
4. Rafael Fernandez House, Arglegui Street
5. Perez Samantillo Building, Escolta
6. Fernandez Martinez House, San Miguel, Manila
LUZ, ALFREDO J. DIMAYUGA
1. Ramon Magsaysay Building, Roxas Boulevard
2. Far East Bank and Trust Head Offices, Intramuros
3. WHO Regional Headquarters, Taft Avenue
4. IRRI, Los Banos
5. 666 T.M. Kalaw
6. 1414 Roxas Boulevard
14. Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei
7. St. Cecilia’s Hall, St. Scholastica’s College
8. Perkin House, Roxas Boulevard
9. Basa Residence, Lepanto Street, Manila
10. Evangelista Residence, Rizal Avenue Extension
11. Sy Cong Bieng Mausoleum, Manila North Cemetery
7. 1515 Roxas Boulevard
8. 1010 A. Mabini
9. Dole Philippines, Polomolok, South Cotabato
10. Standard Vacuum Refining Corporation, Limay, Bataan
11. General Milling Corporation, Mactan, Cebu
12. Republic Cement Corporation, Norzagaray, Bulacan

MANOSA BROTHERS
1. Sierra Lake Resorts, Laguna 6. Guadalupe restoration
2. Hidden Valley Springs Resort, Laguna 7. Soriano Memorial Hospital
3. Maya-maya Resort, Batangas 8. Bislig Bay Lumber Co. in Surigao del Sur
4. Makiling Conference Center, Laguna 9. Sulo Restaurant
5. Colegio de San Agustin, Makati 10. San Miguel Corporation Head Office, Mandaluyong Rizal

MANOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED

1. Tahanang Pilipino, CCP Complex 5. Stations of Light Rail Transit (LRT)
2. Shrine of our Lady Queen of Peace, Ortigas Avenue 6. Development of Quezon Memorial Circle
3. Mary Immaculate Parish Church, Moonwalk Subdivision, Las Pinas 7. Development, restoration and landscaping of Corregidor Island
4. Las Pinas Church restoration
MANOSA, JOSE TRONQUED
1. SMC Head Office, Mandaluyong
2. BPI Head Office, Makati
MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELO
1. Batasang Pambansa Buildings, Quezon City 2. Development Academy of the Philippines, Pasig
 3. RCBC, Buendia 6. Library and Science Center, Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro
4. Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank Building (Antonino 7. San Jose Seminary Building, Ateneo de Manila University
Building), Kalaw Street 8. Assumption School Buildings, Antipolo
5. FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street Manila 9. Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Quezon City
NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO
1. National Press Club Building, Magallanes Drive 4. Picache Building, Quiapo
2. PLDT Former Head Opffice, De la Rosa Street, Makati 5. Roche Building, Pasong Tamo
3. Lopez Museum Building, Pasay 6. Petrona Apartments,. Taft Avenue
NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS
1. Geronimo de los Reyes Building 7. Gen. Vicente Lim Residence, Vito Cruz
2. Capitan Pepe Building 8. Philippine Trust Building in Plaza Gotti
3. Quezon Institute Administration Building and Pavilions 9. Security Bank and Trust Building
4. Manila Jockery Club 10. Rizal House reconstruction., Calamba Laguna
5. Avenue Hotel and Theater 11. UP Administration and Library Buildings
6. Quiapo Church 12. Ever and State Theaters., Rizal Avenue
OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON
1. Designed the Manila Metropolitan Cathedral 6. Arguelles Building, Rizal Avenue
2. Paterno Building, Sta. Cruz, Manila 7. Sacred Heart Novitiate Building, Novaliches
3. Oriental Club 8. Admiral Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
4. Cu Un Jieng Building, Escolta 9. Cathedral of the Immaculate Concepcion restoration
5. Central Seminary Building, UST 10. Church of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary

OLIVER, LUCIANO
1. Manila Cathedral reconstruction
OLIVEROS, EDITH L.
1. Interiors of Admiral Hotel, Cebu Plaza Hotel, Wackwack Golf and 2. Designed parks in Alaala Park, Pagsanjan
Country Club, Philippine House in Chicago, Illinois, Philippine House,
Houston, Texas
PARSONS, WILLIAM E.
1. Implementing Burnham’s plans for Baguio and Manila
2. Preparing City plans for Cebu and Zamboanga
PENASALES, SERGIO VILLAR
1. Museo Iloilo, Iloilo City 4. Landscaping of UI, University Mall, Iloilo Memorial Park, Amphitheater
2. Tinucuan Chapel, Passi Green, Oton
3. Barbaza Church, Barbaza Antique 5. Prepared master plans for development of town plazas of Molo, Jaro and
Lapaz.
RAMIREZ, EDGARDO P.
1. Interiors of Philippine Embassy and Palace Hotel in Beijing China
2. Interiors of the Defense Department, National Bank of Abu Dhabi, Arab Monetary Fund, Amini Court, etc.
ROXAS, FELIX ARROYO
1. Enlargement and reconstruction of the parish church in Bacoor, Cavite
2. Jesuit Church of Sa Ignacio, Intramuros
RUANO, ROQUE
1. Dominican House, Baguio 5. Hospital of the Sacred Heart
2. Dominican College, Lingayen 6. Santa Teresita Church, Yokohama Japan.
3. “Crucero” in the Church of our Lady of Manaoag 7. UST Main Building
4. Santa Catalina College, Pampanga
SANTOS, IDELFONSO PAEZ
1. Batulao Village Club, Batangas 5. Raintree Sports Club, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2. Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna 6. Artist’s Village, Garden for the Blind
3. Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, Manila 7. Teodora Valencia Circle
4. Imus Town Plaza, Imus, Cavite 8. Rehabilitation of the Japanese Garden

SANTOS-VIOLA, CARLOS ANTONIO

1. Iglesia ni Cristo structures (chief architect) 4. Franciscan churches of Singalong, Mandaluyong, Tagaytay and Lipa
2. Templo Central City.
3. Lady of Lourdes, Quezon City 5. Nustra Senora de Guia, Ermita Manila
SINDIONG, ANTONIO S.
1. Megamall, Mandaluyong 5. East Pakistan Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh
2. Harrison Plaza Shopping Center, Manila 6. Kebayoran Housing Project, Indonesia
3. Ali Mall II, Cubao 7. Arabian Villas, Dubai
4. New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center, Cubao
TOLEDO, ANTONIO MANALAC
1. UP Padre Faura campus 4. Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Tourism)
2. College of Medicine Annex and UP Library, Manila 5. Department of Finance
3. Leyte Capitol 6. Manila City Hall
VILLAROSA, ROGELIO GARCIA
1. Edsa Shangri-la Hotel 3. Tektite Towers, Pasig
2. Edsa Plaza, Mandaluyong 4. Alexandra (11 building complex)
 5. King’s Court II, Pasong Tamo 8. Puerto Azul clubhouse
6. Silahis International Hotel, Roxas Boulevard 9. Makati Sports Club
7. National Bookstore Super Branch, Araneta Center Cubao 10. Philippine Colombian Clubhouse, Paco
ZARAGOSA, JOSE MARIA
1. Meralco Building, Pasig 4. Philippine Banking Corporation Building, Port Area, Manila
2. Santo Domingo Church and Convent, Quezon City 5. St. John Bosco Parish Church, Pasay Road
3. Philippine Airlines building, Ayala 6. Union Church, Makati
Avenue 7. Pius XII Catholic Center, UN Avenue

FAMOUS FOREIGN ARCHITECTS

VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLIO) (46 – 30 B.C.), ROME

DICTUM:
 Architecture must meet 3 requirements : Strength, Beauty, Utility.
INFORMATION:
 He was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st century BC.
 Author of the oldest research on architecture ―The 10 Books of Architecture‖ or ―De Architectura Libri Decem.
 Mainly known for his writings, Vitruvius was himself an architect. In Roman times architecture was a broader subject than at present including the modern
fields of architecture, construction management, construction engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, materials
engineering, mechanical engineering, military engineering and urban planning
 Vitruvius believed that an architect should focus on three central themes when preparing a design
for a building: firmitas (strength), utilitas (functionality), and venustas (beauty).

NOTABLE WORK: De architectura

 Vitruvius is the author of De architectura, libri decem, known today as The Ten Books on Architecture, a treatise written in Latin on architecture, dedicated to the
emperor Augustus. In the preface of Book I, Vitruvius dedicates his writings so as to give personal knowledge of the quality of buildings to the emperor. Likely
Vitruvius is referring to Marcus Agrippa's campaign of public repairs and improvements. 
 Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis – that is, stability,
utility, beauty.
Leon Battista Alberti (1404 – 1472) Italy
STYLE: Humanist, Renaissance
INFORMATION:
 author of first architecture book after invention of printing ―De re Aedificatoria ―On Building:
 Person in charge of constructions commanded by Pope
 More emphasis on decoration of building Exteriors.
 He was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist
polymath: though he is often characterized as "architect" James Beck observes.
FAMOUS WORK:
 S. Francesco
 Façade of Palazzo Rucellai
 Completion of the facade of Santa Maria Novella
 San Sebastiano
 Pienza
 Sepolcro Rucellai
 Tribune for Santissima Annunziata
 Sant'Andrea, Mantua

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507 – 1573) Italy

STYLE: Mannerism,Renaissance
INFORMATION:
 He was one of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism.
 His two great masterpieces are the Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits' Church of the Gesù in Rome.
 The three architects who spread the Italian Renaissance style throughout Western Europe are Vignola, Serlio and Palladio.
 The earliest, Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura "Canon of the five orders of architecture" (first published in 1562, probably in
Rome), presented Vignola's practical system for constructing columns in the five classical orders (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and
Composite) utilizing proportions which Vignola derived from his own measurements of classical Roman monuments.
 The clarity and ease of use of Vignola's treatise caused it to become in succeeding centuries the most published book in architectural
history.
 Vignola's second treatise, the posthumously-published Due regole della prospettiva pratica "Two rules of practical perspective" (Bologna
1583), favours one-point perspective rather than two point methods such as the bifocal construction.
 Vignola presented— without theoretical obscurities— practical applications which could be understood by a prospective patron.

FAMOUS WORK:
THE FIVE ORDERS, ENGRAVING FROM VIGNOLA'S REGOLA DELLE CINQUE ORDINI D'ARCHITETTURA.
Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) Italy

STYLE: Renaissance
INFORMATION:
 He was an Italian Renaissance architect active in the Republic of Venice.
 Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered the most influential individual
in the history of Western architecture.
 All of his buildings are located in northern Italy, but his teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise I Quattro Libri
dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture), gained him wide recognition.
 The father of modern picture books of architecture
 He was born as Andrea di Pietro della Gondola in Padua, then part of the Republic of Venice.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Palazzo Chiericati  San Giorgio Maggiore
 Palazzo Thiene  Teatro Olimpico
 Redentore Church,

Michael Angelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Italy

STYLE: Renaissance

INFORMATION:
 Presented a Greek Cross Plan & strengthened the piers of the dome.
 Redesigned the surroundings of St. Peter Basilica.
 Commenced the construction of the Greek Dome.

FAMOUS WORK:
 Laurentian Library
 Piazza del Campidoglio
 Sforza Chapel

Donato Bramante (1444-1514) Italy

STYLE: Early and High Renaissance style
INFORMATION:
 First Roman Architect of Renaissance time.
 First Architect in St.Peters Basilica in greek cross plan.
 Who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St. Peter's Basilica.
 Bramante was born in Monte Asdrualdo (now Fermignano), under name Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio, near Urbino.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Santa Maria presso San Satiro, Milan, ca. 1482–1486  San Pietro in Montorio (also called the Tempietto); Rome, 1502
 Santa Maria delle Grazie (cloister and apse); Milan, 1492–1498  Santa Maria della Pace (cloister); Rome, 1504
 Palazzo Caprini (also known as Raphael's House), Rome, started around 1510  St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, design 1503, ground breaking, 1506
(demolished in the 17t century)  Cortile del Belvedere, Vatican City, Rome, 1506

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Florence, Italy

STYLE: Renaissance
INFORMATION:
 He was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance.
 He is perhaps most famous for inventing linear perspective and designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also included bronze
artwork, architecture (churches and chapels, fortifications, a hospital, etc), mathematics, engineering (hydraulic machinery, clockwork mechanisms, theatrical
machinery, etc) and even ship design. His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Church of San Spirito  S. Maria degli Angeli,
 Ospedale Degli Innocenti  San Lorenzo, Florence
 Pazzi Chapel
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italy
STYLE:
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 commonly known as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played a major role in the
Scientific Revolution.
 Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy".
 The "father of modern physics".
 The "father of science"
 The ―father of Modern Science
 Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science."
 Galileo defended heliocentrism, and claimed it was not contrary to those Scripture passages.

Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814 – 1879), France

STYLE: Gothic Revival architect and Personal Style

DICTUM:
 "restorations" of medieval buildings.
INFORMATION:
 He was a French architect and theorist.
 The first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms independent of antiquity.
 Viollet-le-Duc's "restorations" frequently combined historical fact with creative modification.
 Viollet-le-Duc's restorations at Notre Dame de Paris gave him national attention.
 His other main works include Mont St-Michel, Carcassonne, Roquetaillade castle and Pierrefonds.
 Le Corbusier (Charles Edouard Jeanneret) (1887 – 1916), Switzerland
STYLE: Art Nouveau, Monumentalism, Neo-Plasticism
DICTUM:
 The house is a Machine to live in.
 Architecture is masterly, correct & magnificent play of masses brought together into light.
 Modular System– also known as ―Divine Proportion.
 it is a grid base on the stature of man, 89 in length & 112 cu.in. of space are standard of a 6 foot man. Also ―Cubism.
 Architecture must create building which are conceived as total artistic expression.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Le Pavillion de L‟Esprit Nouveau (1925) – his first famous structure w/c was an exhibition bldg. He called this a ― Cube w/ in a
Cube, a charming arrangement of solids & voids ).
 Villa Savoye, Poissy
 Swiss Pavillion, Cite Universities, Paris ( First major bldg. )
 U.N. Secretariat
 Unite de Habitation, Marseilles ( most impt. reinforced concrete bldg. of the last 2 decades.
 Notre dam Du Haut , Ronchamp Chapel ( example of Brutalism )
 Dominican Monastery of La Tourette
 Visual Arts Center, Harvard University ( his first U.S. Bldg. )

Joseph Paxton (1803- 1865) England

STYLE: Modern
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 He was an English gardener and architect, best known for designing The Crystal Palace.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Crystal Palace
Daniel Burnham (1846- 1912) New York, USA
STYLE: Classical
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 He was an American architect and urban planner.  Initiated in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and his co-author Edward
 He was the Director of Works for the World's H. Bennett prepared "The Plan of Chicago", which laid out plans for the
Columbian Exposition in Chicago. future of the city.
 He also designed several famous buildings,  Burnham contributed to plans for cities such as Cleveland (the Group Plan),
including the Flatiron Building in New York City San Francisco, and Manila and Baguio, Philippines, details of which appear
and Union Station in Washington D.C. in "The Chicago Plan" publication of 1909.
FAMOUS WORK :
 Flatiron Building  Manila
 Reliance Building  Baguio City
 Burnham Park  Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol Building Bacolod City

Louis Sullivan (1856 – 1924), U.S.A.

STYLE: International or Modern

DICTUM:
 Form Follows Function.
 It is the very essence of every problem that it contains and suggest its own solution, thus ―form follow function.
INFORMATION:
 Known as the “ Father of Modern Architecture”, in U.S.A
 He was the 1st to give logic & form to the steel skyscraper, the structure that announced the beginning of
modern architecture.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Carson Pirie and Scott Store – (his major bldg) .  Guaranty Bldg., Buffalo, N.Y.
 Wainwright Bldg., St. Louis  Auditoruim Bldg., Chicago
Otto Wagner (1841 – 1918), Vienna Austria
STYLE: historicist style to Architectural Realism.
DICTUM:
 Nothing that is not practical can be  Our starting point for artistic creation is to be found only in
beautiful. Modern Life.
 The essential basis of all natural forms is geometries.
INFORMATION:
 Futuristic Architectural Projects.
 By the mid-1890s, he had already designed several Jugendstil buildings. Wagner was very interested in urban
planning — in 1890 he designed a new city plan for Vienna, but only his urban rail network, the Stadtbahn, was
built. In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he expressed his ideas about the role
of the architect; it was based on the text of his 1894 inaugural lecture to the Academy.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Post Office Savings Bank Vienna
 Church of the Steinhof Asylum

Adolf Loos (1870 – 1933), Austria

STYLE: Monumentalism
DICTUM:
 Ornament Equals Crime – he was against the idea of fanciful designs.
INFORMATION:
 Who invented a system of well-high universal
application based on hyperboloids in building also his
famous axiom ―Ornament is a Crime.
 He was an anti- ornamentalist, a believer of Engineering
& Plumbing.
 He was an adherent of Monumentalism, thus, when he
joined a competition for the design of the Chicago
Tribune Tower, he designed
it in the form of a ― Huge Doric Column.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Steiner House, Vienna – characterized by unrelieved cubic shapes, total  Moller House 3. Ruffer House
absence of ornament & a love of fine materials, it express separateness bet.
man & nature.

Frank Lloyd Wright (1869 – 1959), U.S.A.

STYLE: Organic Architecture
DICTUM:
 Nature is the determinant in the conceptualization of human environment.
 The bldg. must not only be on the ground but off the ground.
 Space in Motion.
INFORMATION:
 He was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more
than 500 completed works.
 Wright promoted organic architecture (exemplified by Fallingwater), was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture
(exemplified by the Robie House, the Westcott House, and the Darwin D. Martin House), and developed the concept of the Usonian
home (exemplified by the Rosenbaum House)
 Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as "the greatest American architect of all
time"

FAMOUS WORK:
 Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan
 Johnson Wax Company Bldg. , Racine,
Wisconsin, U.S.
 Kaufman House or ― Falling Water, Bear
Run, Pennsylvania
 Larkin Admistration Bldg. Buffalo, N.Y.
 Robie House or ― Prairie House‖ , Chicago, Illinois
 Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y.
 Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois
 Ward Willits House, Highland Park, Illinois
 Price Tower , Oklahoma ( First known skycrapper
 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886 – 1969), Germany
STYLE: Monumentalism
DICTUM:
 Reason is the first principles of all human  Pure form
work.  he believed that truth is beauty, expressed by the clarity of straight lines
 Less is more & God is in the details. reflecting surfaces.
INFORMATION:
 He rejects Form follows function.  More on skyscraper designs.
FAMOUS WORK:
 German Pavillion –for 1925 Barcelona  llinois Institute of Technology – he has designed 18 bldgs.in this school
Exposition (considered to be the masterpiece  Cullinan Hall – addition to the Houston Museum of Fine Arts
of modern arch.)  Chicago Convention Hall
 Tugendhat House – Brno,  Farnsworth House, Illinois 7. Seagram Bldg (w/Philip Johnson) Most famous
Czechoslovakia skyscraper & the finest steel bldg.of the mid–20th cent.

Walter Gropius (1883 – 1969), Germany

STYLE:: Expressionism, Modern or International, Functionalist

DICTUM:
 Art & Architecture, the New Unity.
 Beauty is based on the perfect mastery of all scientific, technological and formal pre-requisites of the task.
INFORMATION:
 He founded the Bauhaus.
 He assembled ―The Architect Collaborate (TAC) w/c was made-up of young architects, to put into effect his cherished concept of group practice.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Fagus Werk ( w/ Adolph Meyer ) Shoe factory  Deutscher Werkbund, Exhibition factory
  Bauhaus Bldg. At Dessau, Germany (1925 –1926)  Harvard Graduate Center
 New Civic Center, Boston (w/ Pietro Belluschi  Baghdad University
 U S Embassy, Athens  Harvard Graduate Center
 Pan American Bldg. New York (59 storey bldg.)

Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. (born June 25, 1925) Philadelphia U.S.A.
STYLE: Postmodern
DICTUM:
 Less is a bore
 Form accomodates function
INFORMATION:
 Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991.
 Founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major figures in the
architecture of the twentieth century.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C.
 Chapel at the Episcopal Academy, Newtown Square, PA. (2010)

Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983), USA

STYLE: Modern or International
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 Invented the ― Geodesic Dome based in principle ; space frame in many
different materials like timber plywood, aluminum, paper board , prestressed concrete and even bamboo.
 He was an American engineer, systems theorist, author, designer, inventor, and futurist.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Geodesic Dome ,US Pavillion , Montreal Exposition 1967
 Union Tank Car Repair Shop , Louisiana
 Aalto Alvar ( Hugo Alvar Henrik ) 1898 – 1976, Finland

DICTUM:
 Functionalism is correct only if enlarged to cover even the psychophysical. That is the only way to humanize architecture.
 Architecture must create bldgs. w/c are conceived as a total artistic expression. His bldgs. has always a touch of emotion beyond
sentimentality & human beyond whimsy.
INFORMATION:
 His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware. Aalto's early career runs in parallel with the rapid economic
growth and industrialization of Finland during the first half of the twentieth century and many of his clients were industrialists
FAMOUS WORK:
 Paimio Sanatorium, Finland
 Town Hall of Saynatsalo
 Pension Bank
 Convalescent Home @ Paimio
 Finlandia Concert Hall, Helsinki
 Library at Vipuri
 Riola Parish Church

Peter Behrens (1868 – 1940), Germany

STYLE: Monumentalist
DICTUM:
 When a time comes for a change, the outsider is needed because it has preserved the freshness of vision required to see what changes are
necessary, whereas the specialist may prove to be too inflexible.
INFORMATION:
 He influenced the works of Groplus & Mies van der Rohe.
FAMOUS WORK:
 AEG Turbine Factory ( Industrial Bldg.)

Marcel Breuer (1902), Hungary

STYLE: Modern or International

 DICTUM:
 A Bldg. has straight geometrical lines. Even when these lines are free, it must always be evident that they have been studied & that they did not
spring up simultaneously.
 Nature & Architecture are two different things. Architecture is a social art.
INFORMATION:
 the Father of furniture Architecture.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Tubular steel cantilever chair, Bauhaus Bldg.
 New Parish Headquarters Bldg. for UNESCO
 Harneshmasher House
 Whitney Museum of American Art, New York 1966 (most notable bldg. designed in 1966)

Felix Candela (1910-1997), Mexico

STYLE: Neo-Plasticism
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 Famous for thin – shell structures.
 He is one of the most concrete Engineer of the age
FAMOUS WORK:
 Church of our Lady of Miracles
 Radiation Institute, Mexico
 Chapel of the Missionaries of the Holy Spirit, Coyoacan Mexico
 Los Manatiales Restaurant, Mexico

Wells Wintemute Coates (1895 – 1958), England

STYLE: Modern or International
DICTUM:
  Simplicity & functionality is the essence of design
INFORMATION:
 He was an architect, designer and writer. He was, for most of his life, an ex-patriate
Canadian architect who is best known for his work in England. His most notable work is the
Isokon building in Hampstead, London.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Lawn Road Flats, Hampstead, London

Antonio Gaudi (1852 – 1926 ), Spain

STYLE: Modern or International
DICTUM:
 Form does not necessary to follow function  When you limit architecture to aesthetic experiment, you’re making technology an end
 Function has today an increasing variety of forms to choose instead of means.
from.
INFORMATION:
 He is the Father of Fantastic Architecture.
 He loves to use hyperboloids & paraboloids because he asserted that the straight line belongs to man & the
curved line belongs to God.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Sagrada Famillia  Casa Mila
 Casa Batallo Sagrada Familia
 Casa Vicens

Cass Gilbert (1859 – 1954), U.S.A

STYLE: Beaux Arts
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 He followed Beaux Arts mode w/c refers to historical & eclectic design on a monumental decade.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Woolsworth Bldg.,N.Y.( Highest Bldg. Until 1930) It has a Gothic detail w/c belongs to Historicism.

Victor Horta (1861 – 1947), BELGIAN Art Noveau Examples

STYLE: Modernist, Art Nouveau INFORMATION:
DICTUM:
  His career reflects the movement of art nouveau
FAMOUS WORK:
 Maison Du Peuple ( House of the people )
Brussels , Belgium ( 1897 )
 Tassel House , Rue de Turin , Brussels ( 1893) Tassel House at Rue De turin ,Belgium Sezession House,Austria

Philip Cortelyou Johnson (1906), U.S.A

STYLE: International or Modern
DICTUM:
 You cannot know history
INFORMATION:
 He invented the term international Style.  His works were influenced by Mies Van Der Rohe
 He was responsible for the 1932 exhibition of
modern architecture.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut  Art of Gallery of the University of Nebraska
 Seagram Bldg. , New York ( w/ Mies van der  Amon Carter Museum, Forth Worth , Texas
Rohe)  AT& T Bldg. N.Y. (First Major Monument )w/ these he became the father figure of
 William Proctor‟s Museum , N.Y. Post modernism.
 Theater of the Dance – Lincoln Center

Louis Khan (1901 – 1974), U.S.A

STYLE: monumental and monolithic, International
DICTUM:
 A house is a house  Man lives to express.
 Cube within a cube  The artist is only a vehicle for what always been.
 The effect of exterior is the result of interior  Man’s first sense must have been beauty, a sense of total harmony
 What the bldg. wanted to be.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Yale Art Gallery  Unitarian Church, Ronchester , N.Y.
 Alfred Newton Richard‟s Medical Center  Salk Institute Laboratories, California
 University of Pennysylvania ( original version  Indian Institute of Management, Ahme, Dabad
of Brutalism  Kimbell Art Museum, Texas
Architecture)  Paul Mellon Center for British studies at Yale

Kisho Korukawa (1960-2007) Japan

STYLE: Founder of Metabolist Movement
DICTUM:
 Architecture should have the element of growth and change.
  Architecture should not be a world to be thought of as an end to itself .It should be considered as a theater stage setting where the leading actors were the people
opened to the technique of designing.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Capsule House at the Celestial Theme Pavillion , Expo  Sony Tower , Osaka , Japan
‟70 Osaka ,Japan  Ishikawa , Cultural Center
 Nagakin Capsule Tower , Bldg. , Tokyo , Japan  Peace Memorial Gamagori , Japan
 Takara Group , Pavillion , Expo „70  Toshiba , Pavillion , Expo „70

Benjamin H. Latrobe (1764 – 1820), U.S.A

STYLE: Neo Classical
DICTUM:
 A bldg. is the combination of different geometric figures.
 Architecture form proceed from the character of the institution it was intended to house rather from books of design.
 Forms & space were conceived as being situated in a landscape & most instances in a specific landscape.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Capitol Richmond, Virginia ( He design the  Sedgeley House ( earliest of the Gothic Revival in the U.S )
exterior of this bldg,as commissioned by Jefferson)  Baltimore Cathedral ( His most notable bldg. )
 Bank of Pennysylvania ( one of the first ex. Of the  Baltimore Exchange
Greek Revival in the U.S.)  Louisiana State Bank, New Orleans

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868 – 1929), Scotland

STYLE: British Art Nouveau
DICTUM:
 He believed in absence of external decoration & subtlety of proportion in structures.
INFORMATION:
 He was the principal exponent of ―British Art Nouveau.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Glasgow School of Art ( he won the competition for the design of this structure in Scotland (1898 –1907 )

Robert Maillart (1872 – 1940), Switzerland

DICTUM:
 A bridge is like a house. Each bridge & each house is a special case; each must be constructed & shaped accdg. to the environment w/ w/c it must cope & the function
it is to have.
INFORMATION:
 He developed the Concrete Mushroom Construction – ( the technique involves a post & a mushroom top spreading from it that are one inseparable concrete unit).
FAMOUS WORK:
  Tavenasa Bridge  Warehouse at Zurich
 Salzinatobell Bridge

Erich Mendelsohn (1887 – 1953), Jewish German

STYLE: Expressionist, Functionalism
DICTUM:
 Architecture is the only tangible expression of space, of w/c the human mind is capable.  Architecture depends on the sensous seizure by means of touch & sight.
 Architecture seizes upon space, encompasses space & is space itself.  Fluid Mass Theory means plasticity of concrete
INFORMATION:
 (21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953) was a German architect, known for his developing a dynamic functionalism in his projects for department stores and cinemas.
expressionist architecture in the 1920s, as well as for  Born: 21 March 1887
FAMOUS WORK:
 Einstein Tower, Potsdom German  De la Warr Pavillion, Rexhill
 Metal Worker‟s Union  No. 64 Old Church St. Chelsea
 Columbushaus
Pier Luigi Nervi ( 1891 – 1979 ) , Italy
STYLE: Roman and Renaissance Architecture
DICTUM:
 Structural correctness, w/c is identical w/ functional, technical & economic is a necessary & sufficient condition of satisfactory aesthetic result.
INFORMATION:
 Architect who intoduce the ―Ferro-cement’’ (closely spaced wire mesh made watertight by plastering of concrete) construction.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome – designed for the 1960 Olympics  Italian Embassy , Brasilia
 UNESCO Secretariat, Paris ( w/ Breuer & Zherfuss )  Australian Embassy , Paris
 Municipal Stadium , Florence  International Labor Organization Office ,Geneva
 Oscar Niemeyer , Brazil
STYLE: International Modern Architecture
DICTUM:
 Rio de Janeiro ― Architecture is not merely a matter of engineering but an expression of the spirit of the imagination of the poetry.
 To avoid repetition of already known forms and solutions an arch’l. work must contain basically a minimum of creative ability and must convey a
personal contribution of the architecture.
INFORMATION:
Born: December 15, 1907 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Died: December 5, 2012 (aged 104) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
FAMOUS WORK:
 Brazilian Pavillion , 1939 ,N.Y. World Fair with  The Miniatry of Education , Rio de Janeiro w/ Le Corbusier
Lucio Costa  St. francis Church , Pampulha
 Modern Art Museum , Caracas  National Congress Bldg. Of Brazilia
 Presidents Palace

Leoh Ming Pei-I.M. Pei (born April 26, 1917), Chinese American architect
STYLE: Modern or international
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 Notable for Urban Renewal.
FAMOUS WORK:
 John Hancock , Tower  National Gallery , Washington D.C.
 Park Hotel , Shanghai  Collins Place Dev‟t. , Melbourne Australia
 Gulf Oil Bldg. , Atlanta  Hongkong and Shanghai Bank , Hongkong
 Mile High Center , Denver , Colorado
 Auguste Perret (1874 – 1954), France
STYLE: Monumentalist
DICTUM:
 Any project is bad if it is more difficult/ complicated to construct than necessary.
 Truth is indespensable to Architecture & architectural lie concepts.
INFORMATION:
 was a French and Belgian architect, who spent most of his life and career in France. He is recognized as a
pioneer in the use of reinforced concrete, not only as a structural system but also as a malleable architectonic
material.
Born: February 12, 1874, Ixelles
Died: February 25, 1954, Paris
FAMOUS WORK:
 Church of the Notre Dame, Le Rainey  French Atomic Research Center, Sarclay
 Hotel de Ville, Le Havre  House in the Rule, Franklin, Paris

Henry H. Richardson (1838 – 1886), U.S.A.

STYLE: Richardsonian Romanesque
DICTUM:
 He believes in monumentability because this gave 3 things; ― Continuity, permanence & power of a bldg. to embody
a heroic attitude.
INFORMATION:
 He was the first exponent of the 2nd Eclectic period in the U.S.A.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Marshall Wholesale Store, Chicago

Paul Rudolph (1918-1997), U.S.A.

 STYLE: Brutalist
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 Former Dean of Architecture in Yale University
FAMOUS WORK:
 Cocoon House , Siesta Key , Florida
 Wellesly College Art Center
 The Greely Forest Laboratory , Yale University
 College of Architecture Bldg. Yale University
Wisma Dharmala Sakti Lippo
 Endo Laboratories , garden City , New York CentreOrange County
 Lippo Bldg. Hongkong Government Center

Eero Saarinen (1910 – 1961), Finland

STYLE: Rationalist design Miesian Style
DICTUM:
 Function influence but does not dictate form.
 Spiritual function is inseparable from practical function.
INFORMATION:
 He is the son of Eliel Saarinen
 He invented the ― Reflective Glass.
FAMOUS WORK:
 TWA ― The World Airlines‖, Terminal @ the Kennedy Terminal, N.Y. – most expressive structure since Mendelson‟s ― Einstein
Tower‖.
 St. Louis Jefferson National Expansion Memorial – he won in the competition for the design of this bldg., w/c was stainless steel arch
in the form of a reverse catonary curve.
 U.S. Embassies, London & Oslo
 Chapel & Kresge Auditoruim, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Dulles International Airport
 General Motors Technical Center – a 100 million dollar complex.
 TJ Watson Research Center, Yorktown, N.Y.
 Chapel of Concordia Senior College

Eliel Saarinen ( 1873 – 1950 ), Finland

STYLE: Classical
 DICTUM:
 Beauty grows from necessity not from repitition of formulas
INFORMATION:
 He built many railway stations in Europe.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Chicago Tribune Tower – he placed 2nd from the  Cranbrook School, Michigan
competition of this design w/c  Christ Church, Minneapolis
 resulted in his immigration to the U.S.  Helsinki Railroad Station, Finland
 National Museum, Finland

Skidmore, Owings, Merill ( 1950 ), U.S.A

STYLE: International or Modern
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) is an American architectural and engineering firm that was formed
in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings; in 1939 they were joined by John O. Merrill.
 They opened their first branch in New York City, New York in 1937.
 SOM is one of the largest architectural firms in the world.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Lever House, N.Y. ( w/ Gordon Bunshaft as designer)–this is a pace-setter for office bldg.of the 1950‟s. First
bldg. to provide a pedestrian plaza since Rockefeller Center & it has no grnd. flr.
 Connecticut General Life Insurance Bldg. ( w/ Bunshaft & William Brown as Designers )
 Chosen as one of the 10 bldgs. in American‟s Future at the AIA‟s 100th Anniversary.
 Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs
 SEAR‟s Tower
 John Hancock Western Home Office Bldg., San Francisco
 Banque Pambert, Brussels
 Yale Rare Book Library ( w/ G. Bunshaft as designer )
 Burj Khalifa or Burj Dubai, Worlds Tallest Skycraper as of 2011. Height- 828m, 162 floors Completed 2010

William Van Allen (1883 –1954), U.S.A.

STYLE: Neo-Art Deco/Streamline Moderne
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
  He was an American architect, best known as the architect in charge of designing New York City's Chrysler Building (1929-30).
 Founded in 1894 as the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects, the Institute was renamed in 1996 in honor of Van Alen, its largest benefactor; at this time the
organization was reorganized to focus on the public realm.
FAMOUS WORK:
 New York City's Chrysler Building (1929-30).

Kenzo Tange (1913), Japan

STYLE: Metabolist
DICTUM:
 Modern Architecture need not be Western.
 City must be subject to growth, decay & renewal.
INFORMATION:
 He won International Competition for replanning Skopje in Yugoslavia,
 Also master planner of the International exhibition of 1970 at Osaka.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Hiroshima Peace Center
 Tokyo City Hall
 Kagawa Prefecture Office
 National Gymnasium for 1964 Olympic Games, Tokyo Japan
 St. Mary‟s Cathedral, Tokyo Japan
 Tokyo Plan 1960 – he extended the City over the bay.

Wallace Kirkman Harrison (1895–1981) U.S.A.

STYLE: International or Modern
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 He introduced ―Thermal Glass at UN Secretariat Bldg.
 Famous for his ―Tylon & Perisphere for The 1939 New York’s Trade fair.
FAMOUS WORK:
 The Metropolitan Opera House at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.
 UN headquarters in New York City Metropolitan Opera House UN headquarters

Sir Christopher Wren (1632 – 1723), England

STYLE:
DICTUM:
 He favored competition by addition rather than by subdivision.
INFORMATION:
 After the Great Fire in London, he designed its 51 City Churches. Including his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.
 Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics at the University of Oxford, Wren was a notable astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist, as well as an architect. He was a
founder of the Royal Society (president 1680–82), and his scientific work was highly regarded by Sir Isaac Newton and Blaise Pascal.
FAMOUS WORK:
 St. Paul Cathedral, London  Winchester Palace
 Greenwich Hospital  Hampton Court
 Whitehall Palace
Minoru Yamasaki (1912-1986), U.S.A
STYLE: Modern and Postmodern Architecture
DICTUM:
 Humanism
 His concept of architecture is one of ―serenity & delight
INFORMATION:
 A second-generation Japanese American.
FAMOUS WORK:
 American Concrete Institute Bldg., U.S.  Century Plaza Towers & Garage, Century City, L.A., California
 Bank of Oklahoma Office Bldg., Williams Center, Oklahoma  World Trade Center
 Renzo Piano-1937 Italy
STYLE: Modern or International
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 Knight Grand Cross (born 14 September 1937) is a world renowned Italian architect and recipient of the Pritzker
Architecture Prize, AIA Gold Medal, Kyoto Prize and the Sonning Prize. One admirer said the "serenity of his best
buildings can almost make you believe that we live in a civilized world‖.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Centre Pompidou  IRCAM Extension
 Schlumberger  Rue de Meaux Housing
Renovation  Kansai Airport Terminal
 Menil Collection  Nasher Sculpture Center

Tadao Ando-1941 Japan

STYLE: Critical Regionalism
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 He is a Japanese architect whose approach to architecture was once categorized by Francesco Dal Co as critical regionalism.
 Ando has led a storied life, working as a truck driver and boxer prior to settling on the profession of architecture, despite never having
taken formal training in the field.
 He visited buildings designed by renowned architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Kahn before returning to Osaka in 1968 and
established his own design studio, Tadao Ando Architect and Associates.
 In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Architecture Prize, considered the highest distinction in the field of architecture. He donated the $100,000 prize money to the orphans of the 1995
Kob earthquake victims
FAMOUS WORK:
 Azuma House  Festival
  Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum  Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
 Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts

Robert Charles Venturi, Jr. (born June 25, 1925) Philadelphia U.S.A.
STYLE: Postmodern
DICTUM:
 Less is a bore
 Form accomodates function
INFORMATION:
 Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991.
 Founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major figures in the architecture of the twentieth century.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Freedom Plaza in Washington, D.C.
 Chapel at the Episcopal Academy, Newtown Square, PA. (2010)

Jørn Oberg Utzon (1918 – 2008) was a Danish architect

STYLE: Modern
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 Won the competition for the design of a performing arts complex in Sydney, Australia in 1957.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 1956–1973

Richard Kissling (April 15, 1848 - July 19, 1919) Switzerland

STYLE:
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 He was a Swiss sculptor.
 Kissling became one of the most widely employed Swiss sculptors for monuments and memorials, although his heroic classical style was increasingly regarded as outdated towards
the end of his career.
FAMOUS WORK:
 the 1892 William Tell Monument in Altdorf, the result of a national competition and probably Kissling's best-known work
 statue of Joachim Vadian in St. Gallen, 1904
 Rizal Monument in Rizal Park, Manila, 1912. Erected on the park where the Philippine national hero was executed

Isidore of Miletus
INFORMATION:
 He was one of the two main Byzantine architects (Anthemius of Tralles was the other) that Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the church of Hagia Sophia in
Constantinople from 532-537A.D.
 Isidore of Miletus was a renowned scientist and mathematician before Emperor Justinian I hired him, ―Isidorus taught stereometry and physics at the universities, first of Alexandria
then of Constantinople, and wrote a commentary on an older treatise on vaulting
 Emperor Justinian I appointed his architects to rebuild the Hagia Sophia following his victory over protesters within the capital
city of his Roman Empire, Constantinople. The first basilica was completed in 360A.D. and remodeled from 404A.D. to
415A.D., but had been damaged in 532A.D. in the course of the Nika Riot

Anthemius of Tralles (c.474 – before 558), Greek

INFORMATION:
 a Greek professor of Geometry in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul in Turkey) and architect, who collaborated with Isidore
of Miletus to build the church of Hagia Sophia by the order of Justinian
CONCLUSION:
 The Hagia Sophia architects innovatively combined the longitudinal structure of a Roman basilica and the central plan of a drum-
supported dome, in order to withstand the high magnitude earthquakes of the Marmara Region, ―However, in May 558, little
more than 20 years after the Church’s dedication, following the earthquakes of August 553 and December 557, parts of the
central dome and its supporting structure system collapsed.‖[7]
 The Hagia Sophia was repeatedly cracked by earthquakes and was quickly repaired. Isidore of Miletus’ nephew, Isidore the Younger, introduced the new dome design that can be
viewed in the Hagia Sophia in present day Istanbul, Turkey.
 After a great earthquake in 989 ruined the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials summoned Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by 994.
Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
STYLE:
 Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Islamic and Indian architectural styles.
DICTUM:
INFORMATION:
 He was an architect and the most likely candidate as the chief architect of the Taj Mahal.
 He has been described as an architect in the court of Shah Jahan from Lahore
 Shah Jahan's court histories emphasise his personal involvement in the construction and it is true that, more than any other Mughal emperor, he
showed the greatest interest in building, holding daily meetings with his architects and supervisors.
 In 1631, Shah Jahan, emperor during the Mughal empire's period of greatest prosperity, was grief-stricken when his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal,
died during the birth of their 14th child, Gauhara Begum.
 The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial supervision, including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan,
Makramat Khan, and Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.
 Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer.
FAMOUS WORK:
 Taj Mahal

Fazlur Rahman Khan

Fazlur Rahman Khan - "is regarded as the Father of tubular design for high-rises.Khan, "more than any other individual, ushered in a renaissance in
skyscraper construction during the second half of the twentieth century.
He has been called the Einstein of structural engineering and the Greatest Structural Engineer of the 20th Century for his innovative use of structural systems that remain fundamental to
modern skyscraper construction.His most famous buildings are the John Hancock Center and the Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower), which was the world's tallest building for several
decades."

Geoffrey manning Bawa - 1919-2003

1919 : born in Colombo, 2nd son of Benjamin and Bertha Bawa 1983 : Ruhunu University Campus, Matara
1930- : studied at Royal College, Colombo 1986 : exhibition at the Royal Institute of Architects, London publication of
37
1938- : studied English at Cambridge Geoffrey Bawa‖, Brian Brace Taylor Concept Media, Singapore
41
1942- : studied Law in London 1990 : opened a new office in 33rd Lane
44
1946 : 1990- :
worked briefly as a lawyer with Noel Gratien 97 partner in Geoffrey Bawa Associates (after 1995 with Channa Daswatte)
1946- : traveled across USA and Europe 1991 :
48 publication of ―Lunuganga‖, Geoffrey Bawa with Christoph Bon & Dominic
1948 : returned to Ceylon and bought an abandoned rubber at Lunuganga Sansoni, Times Editions, Singapore
1951 : worked as an assistant architect with HH Reid at Edwards Reid and 1991 : Kandalama Hotel, Dambulla
Begg in Prince Street, Colombo 1993 : designated ―Deshamaniya‖ by the President of Sri Lanka
1950- : worked sporadically as a lawyer in Colombo 1996 : Blue Water Hotel, Wadduwa
53
1954- : studied at the Architectural Association in London 1997 : Jayawardene House, Mirissa
57
1957 : joined Edwards Reid and Begg as a junior partner 1998 : suffered a major stroke
1958- : worked in close association with Ulrik Plesner 2001 : received the Aga Khan Special Chairman’s Award
65
1959 : Ena de Silva House, Colombo 2002 : publication of ―Bawa the complete works‖, David Robson Thames and
1962 : moved office to Alfred House Road Hudson, London
1967- : partner with Dr. K. Poologasundram in Edwards Reid Begg 2003 : died in Colombo after a long illness cremated on the Cinnamon Hill at
69
1969 : Bentota Beach Hotel Lunuganga
1971 : Staff Club for Madurai Coates, Madurai 2004 : retrospective exhibition ―Bawa – Architect of Sri Lanka‖ Deutches
1972 : Batujimbar Estate, Bali Architektur Museum, Frankfurt
1977 : Mahaweli Building, Colombo 2007 : publication of ―Beyond Bawa‖, David Robson Thames and Hudson,
1979 : new Sri Lanka Parliament, Kotte London
Joseph Aspdin

Joseph Aspdin (December? 1778 – 20 March 1855) was a British cement manufacturer who obtained the patent for Portland cement on 21 October 1824.

Joseph Aspdin (or Aspden) was the eldest of the six children of Thomas Aspdin, a bricklayer living in the Hunslet district of Leeds, Yorkshire. He was baptized on Christmas Day, 1778. He
entered his father's trade, and married Mary Fotherby at Leeds Parish Church (the Parish Church of St Peter at Leeds) [1] on 21 May 1811.

FAMOUS WORKS/PROJECTS IN THE PHILIPPINES AND THEIR ARCHITECTS

GOLDEN EMPIRE TOWER (Manila) – G.F. & Partners (local firm), Architecture International (foreign firm)
 tallest building in Manila (along Roxas Blvd.) with 57 floors
 completed in 2002
ROBINSONS PLACE RESIDENCES I & II (Manila) – Robinsons Land Corporation, R.S. Caparros & Associates, 2101 Real Properties
 38 floors, 137m high
LANDBANK PLAZA (Manila) – Klages, Carter, Vail & Partners (architect), Megaworld Properties & Holdings, Inc., Lalesse Gevelliften BV
 tallest office building in Manila with 37 floors
 completed in 1999
SHERATON MARINA SQUARE HOTEL (Manila) - Klages, Carter, Vail & Partners (architect), Megaworld Properties & Holdings, Inc.
 36 floors
MARINA SQUARE RESIDENTIAL SUITES (Manila) - Klages, Carter, Vail & Partners (architect), Megaworld Properties & Holdings, Inc.
 32 floors
ONE BEVERLY PLACE APARTMENTS (Manila)– W.V. Coscoluella and Associates, Megaworld Properties & Holdings, Inc.
 32 floors
ASIA WEALTH TOWERS (Manila) – Albert C. Lim & Associates
 25 floors
PBCOM TOWER (Makati City) - G.F. & Partners (local firm), Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (foreign firm)
 tallest building in the Philippines with 55 floors (259m. in height)
 completed in 2000
G.T. INTERNATIONAL TOWER (Makati City) – Recio+Casas Architects, G.F. & Partners (local firm), Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC (foreign
firm)
 43 floors (217m. in height)
  The "G. T." in G.T. International Tower stands for George Ty, one of the wealthiest men in the Philippines, owner of this building, and the chairman of MetroBank. MetroBank is
the anchor tenant.
 A 10-story vertical fin marks the tower’s presence on the Makati skyline and provides a visual signature at the tower’s crown.
 completed in 2002

PETRON MEGAPLAZA (Makati City) - Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

 tallest building in the Philippines before the construction of PBCom Tower with 45 floors (210m. in height)
 completed in 1998
LKG TOWER (Makati City)- Recio+Casas Architects (local firm), Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC (foreign firm)
 Within the office tower there are 3 dining levels, a banking hall, parking for 500 cars, an owner’s penthouse and a helipad for VIP access on the roof.
 39 floors (180m. in height)
 completed in 2000

PACIFIC PLAZA TOWER I & II (Fort Bonifacio, Makati City) - Recio+Casas Architects (local firm), Arquitectonica (foreign firm)
 52 floors (179m. in height)
 completed in 1999
ROXAS TRIANGLE TOWER I (Makati City) – Pimentel Rodriguez Simbulan & Partners (local firm), Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (foreign firm)
 51 floors (174m. in height)
 completed in 2000
ROBINSONS SUMMIT CENTER (Makati City) - W.V. Coscoluella and Associates (local firm), Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum (foreign firm)
 38 floors (174m. in height)
 completed in 2001
RCBC PLAZA (Makati City) - W.V. Coscoluella and Associates (local firm), Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (foreign firm)
 41 floor
 construction ended in 2001
THE WORLD CENTRE (Makati City) - W.V. Coscoluella and Associates (local firm), Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (foreign firm)
 30 floors (152m. in height)
 completed in 1995
ONE LEGAZPI PARK (Makati City) - G.F. & Partners (local firm), Architecture International (foreign firm)
 45 floors (150m. in height)
 completed in 2006
COMERON & LAWSON TOWER (Essensa East Forbes, Makati City) – Pei Cobb Freed & Partners
 30 floors (125m. in height)
 completed in 2001
THE RESIDENCES AT GREENBELT (Makati City) – G.F. & Partners (architect of record), Architecture International (architect design consultants)
 Skillfully designed for the demands of urban living, the typical floor plan at The Residences at Greenbelt is generously divided into six spacious units, with floor areas ranging from
118 to 190 square meters.  Each floor hosts four (4) 2-bedroom units and two (2) 3-bedroom units.
SERENDRA (Taguig City) – Tower 1: G.F. & Partners; Tower 2: L.V. Locsin & Partners
 project manager: Design Coordinates, Inc.
SOUTH OF MARKET 1 & 2 (Taguig City) – R. Villarosa Architects
 35 floors each
 still under-construction to be completed by 2007
BSA TOWER 1 & 2 (Mandaluyong City) – R. Villarosa Architects
 51 floors (197m in height)
 completed in 2000
PARAGON PLAZA (Mandaluyong City) – Pimentel Rodriguez Simbulan & Partners
 43 floors

8 WACK WACK ROAD (Mandaluyong City) – Recio+Casas Architects

 40 floors
 finished in 2000
EDSA PLAZA HOTEL (Mandaluyong City) – R.Villarosa Architects
 18 floors
ONE SAN MIGUEL AVENUE (Pasig City) – Philip H. Recto Architects
 54 floors (184m in height)
 completed in 2001
 the executive offices of the Manila Broadcasting Company occupy the top four floors.
ROBINSON’S EQUITABLE TOWER (Pasig City) - Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum
 other firm: R.S. Caparros & Associates
 45 floors (175m in height)
 finished in 1997
 The building's site was originally intended for a 40 story condominium following the original model of the Robinson's Galleria complex.
UNION BANK PLAZA (Pasig City) – RTKL Associates, Inc. and D. Del Rosario Architects
 49 floors
 finished in 2003
 The Union Bank Plaza is located in one of the highest points of the Ortigas Centre.
 The building will feature an executive skylounge at the 47th floor.
 Other amenities of the building include function rooms, a health club, restaurants, a spacious food court and a rooftop helipad.
 The Union Bank Plaza was originally known as the World Finance Plaza. The original developer was Megaworld Properties, but in 1998 or 1999 the entire project was taken over by
Union Properties Inc., the real estate arm of Union Bank.
ORIENT SQUARE (Pasig City) - R.Villarosa Architects
 35 floors
WYNSUM CORPORATE PLAZA (Pasig City) - Pimentel Rodriguez Simbulan & Partners
 other firm: Interior Exterior Design Consultants, Inc.
 35 floors
GALLERIA REGENCY (Pasig City) - Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum
 33 floors
SM MALL OF ASIA (Parañaque City) – Robert Carag Ong and Associates (architect of record) Arquitectonica (foreign firm)
 381,075 sqm. in area built in 19.5 hectares of reclaimed land
NORTH TRIANGLE MALL (TRINOMA) (Quezon City)
 over 500 stores; 7 cinemas
 195,000 sqm. in gross leasable area
 Landmark is the anchor tenant of the mall

CLUB ULTIMA (Cebu) – T.I. Vasquez Architects & Partners

 24 floors
 completed in 2006
CEBU PARK LANE HOTEL (Cebu) – Manuel Guanzon
 18 floors
 completed in 2006
CEBU INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION CENTER (Cebu) – Manuel Guanzon
 where the 12th ASEAN Summit was held
 finished in 2006
PAG-IBIG FUND WT TOWER (Cebu) – Manual Guanzon
 12 floors
 finished in 2001

ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN ERA

 The Industrial Revolution (1768’s)
- directed toward the relevant and applied use of structures
 The Arts and Crafts Movement (early 19th Century)
- movement for aesthetic and moral crusade
- escape from the Industrial World
- John Ruskin(1819-1900) and William Morris(1834-1896) were the key figures
 Eclecticism
- architecture of the borrowing and of free selection
 Joseph Paxton (1851) designed the Crystal Palace
 Elisha Graves Otis (1870, New York) developed the first safe passenger elevator. In addition to this, was the development of techniques for manufacturing rolled steel.
 The Great Chicago Fire (1870)
- Montauk Building by Daniel Burnham (1881)
- Home Insurance Company Building by William Le Baron Jenney (1883) (first skyscraper free of the limitations of masonry)
- Auditorium Building by Adler and Sullivan (1889)
- Wainwright Building by Adler and Sullivan (1890)
- Guarranty Building by Adler and Sullivan (1894)
- Reliance Building by Burnham and Root (1894)

 The Chicago School (1880’s)

- concentration on high structures were built in Chicago
- William Le Baron Jenney
- Louis Sullivan
 born in Boston, 1856
 studied at Institute of Technology in Massachusetts
 Worked in the Chicago office of Jenney
 Studied 6 months at the Ecole des Beaux Arts
 Returned to Chicago after the great fire
 “Form Follows Function”
- Daniel Burnham
 Born in New York, 1846
 Educated at Chicago and also had his apprentiship at Loring and Jenney office
 “Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’s blood.”
 The World Columbian Exposition (1890)
- Jackson Park, Chicago
- Burnham was the chief of construction
- John W. Root was the consulting architect
- Frederick Law Olmsted was the landscape architect
- Birth of the Modern American City Planning
- Reversal of the direction in Sullivan’s vision. He had hardly any commissions and died in 1924 a lonely and neglected figure.
 European Developments (1900’s)
- Otto Wagner
 Viennese architect
 Began eliminating Renaissance trappings from his buildings and pursued the “more essential” architecture
- Adolf Loos
 Reacted against the excesses of Art Nuveau
 Published “Ornament and Verbrechen”
 “Ornament is a Crime”
- H.P. Berlage
 Dutch Architect
 Publicized the works of Frank Lloyd Wright in Europe
 “And thus in architecture, decoration and ornament are quite essential while space-creation and the relationships of masses are its true essentials.”
 Wright vs. Sullivan
- Frank Lloyd Wright began his architect’s career as an apprentice at Louis Sullivan’s office
- Sullivan’s architecture was urban, restrained in character, and classic in organization
- Sullivan wrote, “It is the very essence of every problem that it contains and suggests its own solutions.” Thus Form follows Function.
- Wright’s architecture developed into the expression of asymmetrically composed masses and subtly interpenetrating spaces more suited to stand alone, preferably in a natural rather
than an urban context.
- Wright wrote, “….as a physical raw materialism instead of the spiritual thing it really is: the idea of Life itself, bodily and spiritually, intrinsic organism. Form and Function as
one.”
 The Office of Peter Behrens(1910’s)
- office at Berlin was the center of search and expression for new principles
- Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
 (1908) Spent 3 years in this office
 “Less is More”
 Formulated “Cubism and Futurism
- Walter Gropius
 Behren’s chief designer
 The Creation of Space
- Lao Tze, a Chinese Philosopher, said, “The reality of the building does not consist in the roof and walls, but in the space within to be lived in.”
- Space has 3 Stages:
 Outer space - interplay and visual tension created in the relationship of static volumes
 Inner Space - emphasis on the hollowed interior volume and the continuity of interior space, where the exterior form was the result of the defined space within
 Interpenetration of Space - the to former phases were intermingled when a new period was initiated by the discovery that sight is an organic process, one in which motion
initiates a way of seeing and recording phenomena that is more than a passive transfer of images.
- By motion, time (the 4th dimension) was introduced
 The BAUHAUS (1920’s)
- Germany was the center of development and study
- “Art and Technology, the New Unity”
- Established by Walter Gropius
- “Functionalism”
 The International Style (1930’s)
- Frank Lloyd Wright (America)
- Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe (Germany)
- Walter Gropius (Germany)
- Le Corbusier (France)
- Functional, Nontraditional, Nonregional

 Reassessment
- Universalism
 Mies Van Der Rohe’s work is more classical formal architectural expression
 Functions are resolved within a minimum of larger elements
 Function is subject to an external order or discipline.
- Personalism
 Wright used the functional complexities of a building as the integral means of form and expression.
- Brutalism
 Derived from “beton brut” (naked concrete)
 Postmodernism
- A trend away from the functional aesthetic of the International Style and the severity of Brutalism.
- Favored the return to the historical references
- Robert Venturi
 “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture”
 “Less is Bore”

HOA past board questions (selected from Jan 1990 to Jan 1999)
January 1990

1. In Egyptian architecture, tomb of pharaohs was the: 5. Greek architecture was essentially
a. ziggurat a. arch and vaulted
b. mastaba b. buttressed and domed
c. pyramid c. columnar and trabeated
2. Great pyramid at Gizeh was built in the 4th dynasty by: 6. Imposing entrance to acropolis and erected by Archt. Mnesicles
a. Rameses I a. Propylaea
b. Cheops b. Erechtheion
c. Chepren c. Poseidon
3. Beginner of great hypostyle hall at Karnak and founder of 19 th dynasty was 7. Building in acropolis generally considered as being the most nearly perfect building ever
a. Rameses I erected is
b. Seti I a. Erechtheion
c. Darius b. Parthenon
4. Mineral of greatest importance to Greek Architecture of w/c Greece and her domains had c. Porch of the Maidens
ample supplies 8. With use of concrete made possible by pozzolona, a native natural cement, romans to
a. pozzolana achieve huge interiors used
b. marble a. post and beam
c. clay b. arch & vault
c. pendentive
9. Which of the order was added by romans to the orders used by the Greeks 10. During Macedonian dynasty, favorite type of church plan is
a. Ionic a. Greek cross
b. Composite b. Roman cross
c. Corinthian c. Circular
11. From 5th cen. To the present, character of Byzantine arch. is 16. Thru Gothic centuries, English lancet arch style is closest to the
a. timber trusses a. Spanish style
b. ribbed arches b. French style
c. domical roof construction c. Italian style
12. Finest and remaining example of Byzantine Architecture is 17. Splendid example of early gothic is
b. s. Sophia, Constantinople a. St Paul’s Cathedral
a. s. Irene, Constantinople b. Westminster abbey
c. s. mark. Venice c. Cathedral of Notre Dame
13. Architectural character of Romanesque style is 18. Renaissance of 15th Century In italy had its birth in
a. sober & dignified a. Venice
b. grotesque & bizarre b. Florence
c. flamboyant & decorative c. Rome
14. Romanesque Architecture in italy is distinguished from that of the rest of Europe by the 19. Supreme figure of 2nd phase of Stuart Period who came under French influence during
use of ___for facing walls? the late British Renaissance is
a. bricks a. Sir Christopher Wren
b. marble b. Inigo Jones
c. mosaic c. John Webb
15. Most important distinctive characteristic of mature Spanish Romanesque arch was the 20. Most important and fruitful expansion of baroque arch was towards
a. horseshoe arch a. France
b. lancet arch b. England
c. parabolic arch c. Austria

June 1990
1. In Egyptian Architecture, tomb of nobility was the 5. Citizens who lived for the state, its concern, welfare, buildings, and sculpture absorbing
a. Ziggurat their energies and lives were
b. Mastaba a. Egyptians
c. Pyramid b. Greeks
2. Monumental Arch of Egypt is essentially a ____ style c. Mesopotamians
a. buttress & dome 6. Who undertook most remarkable building campaign in history to make Athens the
b. arch & vault cultural & artistic leader of Greece
c. columnar & trabeated a. Perseus
b. Lysicartes
3. King Zoser’s Archt. who was revered and deified in the 26 th dynasty
c. Pericles
a. Imhotep
b. Senad 7. Architect of Temple of Apollo Epicurius
c. Seneferm a. Ictinus
b. Callicrates
4. In Mesopotamian Architecture, religion called for temples made of sun dried bricks is
c. Callimachus
a. megarons
b. thakamus 8. Temple whose most remarkable feature is use of all 3 Greek orders, Doric outside, Ionic
c. ziggurats & Corinthian within is
a. Artemus
b. Parthenon c. Durham cathedral
c. Apollo Epicurius 15. Greatest patron of Romanesque Architecture is
9. atrium type of house, characteristic of roman times is believed to have originated w/ the a. Christian church
a. Etruscans b. private business
b. aegeans c. Civil Government
c. Corsicans
16. Romanesque was the great age of the monasteries in
10. Temple with circular plan supporting a dome of about 140 ft in diameter & described a. Italy
by Thomas Jefferson as model of spherical arch is b. Spain
a. St. Peter Basilica c. England
b. S. Sophia
17. Oldest French Gothic Cathedrals which was begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully, plan of
c. Pantheon
w/c is on a bent axial line
11. Colosseum, Rome was commenced by Vespacian and completed by
a. Notre Dame
a. Domitian
b. Charters Cathedral
b. Titus
c. Reims Cathedral
c. Trajan
12. Character of Early Christian Architecture is determined by the novel development of 18. Thru Gothic Centuries the English style that is closest to French style is
a. stone vaults a. flamboyant
b. timber trusses b. decorated
c. arched vaults c. lancet
13. Emperor of Byzantine Empire who codified Roman Laws and responsible for 19. “Hall” churches are a special characteristic of
rebuilding of S. Sophia was a. German gothic
a. Diocletian b. Spanish gothic
b. Theodosius c. Italian gothic
c. Justinian 20. Largest Medieval Cathedral in Europe, with exception of S. Peter's Rome. The largest
14. One of world’s supreme masterpieces of Romanesque Architecture w/c was the 1 st church in the world is
building in Europe to have ribbed vaults a. Westminster abbey
a. Winchester cathedral b. Seville cathedral
b. Norwich cathedral c. Notre Dame
January 1994
1. Area reserved for entertaining guests in Bahay Kubo is the b. Lamin
a. Dulang c. Torogan
d. Bulwagan d. Dama
b. Caida 4. The Ifugao House (southern strain) is known as
c. Sala a. Fayu
2. Decorative clerestory found above the windows of a Bahay Na Bato is b. Bale
a. Colado c. Chalanan
b. Ventanilla d. Batalag
c. Gilir 5. Egyptian architecture was principally designed for
d. Rakuh a. external adoration
3. Traditional Maranaw house for the ordinary members of the community is the b. light and color
a. Walay c. internal effect
d. shade & shadow b. Byzantine
6. The shaft of the Greek Order terminates in the c. Romanesque
a. Trachelion d. Gothic
b. Hypotrachelion 14. Development of dome to cover polygonal & square plans for churches, tombs and
c. Abacus baptisteries is the character of arch of
d. Echinus a. Gothic
7. Roman rectangular temples stood on a
a. Crepidoma b. Early Christian
b. Stylobate c. Byzantine
c. Podium d. Romanesque
d. Pedestal 15. During the late British Renaissance, the dominating personality who became an ardent
disciple of the Italian Renaissance Style was
8. The plan for the Colosseum, Rome, is shaped in the form of a
a. Sir Christopher Wren
a. Circle
b. John Webb
b. Half-circle
c. Iñigo Jones
c. Ellipse
d. Steven Vennecool
d. Trapezoid
16. 3rd President of the U.S.A. who designed state capitol in Richmond, Virginia, which
9. Church plan of Early Christian churches is a may be regarded as the 1st truly neo-classical monument in the U.S.A. was
a. Basilica a. George Washington
b. Latin Cross b. Thomas Jefferson
c. Greek Cross c. John Adams
d. Calvary Cross d. James Madison
10. Upper portion of a pinnacle, bench-end, or other architectural feature is 17. Architect/City Planner who authored the “ekistics” - the science of human settlements
a. Crocket a. Gropius
b. Finial b. Doxiadis
c. Turret c. Niemeyer
d. Spire d. Chambers
11. Moorish influence of Muslim features such as horseshoe ach, pierced stone tracery and 18. Architect who advocated the “organic arch.” and envisioned the “broadacre city” for
excessive ornament in Spanish gothic was due to the future was
a. Climate a. Eero saarinen
b. Geography b. Wallace Harrison
c. Building materials c. Richard Neutra
d. Religion d. Frank Lloyd Wright
12. Important feature of palaces in Venice during the early renaissance period is the 19. Architect who designed and advocated the geodesic dome for cities of tomorrow was
a. open court a. Mies Van Der Rohe
b. balcony b. Le corbusier
c. azotea c. Buckminster Fuller
d. facade d. Louis Kahn
20. “Form Follows Function” is the dictum generally accredited to
13. An ornate architectural style which developed during the latter part of the renaissance a. Marcel Breuer
period is called b. Mies Van der Rohe
a. Baroque c. Frank Lloyd Wright
d. Louis Sullivan

June 1995
1. What study of Architecture do we learn the possible origins of arch ,its diff forms, and 6. Which of the following buildings/ structures is NOT of Italian Romanesque
structures w/c are unique to each civilization? Architecture?
a. Theory of Architecture a. Pisa Cathedral
b. Architectural Design b. St Michele, Pavia
c. Structural Design c. Winchester Cathedral
d. History of Architecture
2. Written record of man’s efforts to build beautifully is _________? d. Monreale Cathedral
a. Pre-Historic Architecture 7. Who created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for living”?
b. Elements of Architecture a. Buckminster Fuller
c. History of Architecture b. Eero Saarinen
d. Style of Architecture c. Louis Kahn
3._____ is a mass of masonry wall built against a wall to resist pressure of an arch or vault? d. Frank Lloyd Wright
a. camber
8. “Design As If You Were A Child” - famous axiom by
b. canopy
a. Renzo Piano
c. cable
b. Michael Graves
d. buttress
c. Louis Kahn
4. Who is the Architect of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo who played a decisive role in the d. Alvar Aalto
renewal of Japanese Architecture? 9. “Let The Facade Be A Free Composition” - famous axiom by
a. Walter Gropius a. Pier Luigi Nervi
b. Kenzo Tange b. Philip Johnson
c. Frank Lloyd Wright c. Kenzo Tange
d. Le Corbusier d. Louis Kahn
5. American Architect who introduced Modern Architecture to the Philippines.
a. William Parsons 10. Who invented a system of well-high universal applications based on hyperboloids and
b. Le Corbusier paraboloids in buildings?
c. Oscar Niemeyer a. Robert Venturi
d. Daniel Burnham b. Victor Gruen
c. Philip Johnson
d. Antoni Gaudi
June 1996
1. Between pyramid and ziggurat, which is TRUE? a. Baroque
a. pyramids are square, ziggurat are hexagonal in plan b. Moorish
b. pyramids have sloping faces, ziggurat have diminishing faces c. Neo-Hispanic
c. four faces of ziggurats point to cardinal points d. Greco-Roman
d. both used stone as building material 3. In Greek Architecture, the wrestling school interchangeably used as gymnasium or
2. According to Rodrigo Perez III, due to certain characteristics implying richness, various kinds of physical exercises?
profusion of ornament and structure, delightfully grotesque, theatreticality, extravagance, & a. Propylae
passion, Filipino Architecture in the past may be summed up in one style. What is this? b. Agora
c. Palastra d. Antoni Gaudi
d. Bouleterion 9. Architect of Istana Nurul Iman (palace of Sultan of Brunei)?
4. What important event changed Architecture to what is termed as ‘modern’ a. Pier Luigi Nervi
a. Renaissance b. Felipe Mendoza
b. Discovery of Concrete c. Leandro Locsin
c. Metallurgy d. Louis Kahn
d. Industrial Revolution 10. To whom is the famous palladian motif attributed as a contribution to architecture?
5. Who is the Architect of the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok? a. Pietro Lombardo
a. Juan Arellano b. Jacopo Palladus
b. Graciano Mariano c. Raphael Palladio
c. Leandro Locsin d. Andrea Palladio
d. Federico Ilustre 11. Who is the Architect who introduced “ferro-cement” construction
6. “Form Is What, Design Is How” - famous axiom by a. Pier Luigi Nervi
a. Louis Kahn b. Norman Foster
b. Michael Graves c. Louis Kahn
c. Paul Rudolph d. Peter Behrens
d. Philip Johnson 12. Architect of the US Pavilion in the 1967 Montreal Exposition
7. What invention brought about modern high rise buildings? a. Minoru Yamasaki
a. elevator b. I.M. Pei
b. curtain wall c. Buckminster Fuller
c. steel beam d. Edward Durell Stone
d. thin shell construction
13. “Ornament is a crime and all ornamentation must be rejected” - famous philosophy by
8. Who invented a system of well-high universal application based on hyperboloids and
a. Philip Johnson
paraboloids in buildings?
b. Le Corbusier
a. Adolf Loos
c. Adolf Loos
b. Peter Behrens
d. Antoni Gaudi
c. Philip Johnson

January 1997 c. priest's house

1. Toranas or gateways are characteristic of _____ Architecture? d. altar
a. Japanese 4. what is the difference between chinese and japanese pagodas?
b. Indian a. chinese pagodas are polygonal, japanese square
c. Filipino b. chinese pagodas are mostly 5 storeyed, japanese 3 to 15
d. Chinese c. japanese pagoda plans are polygonal, chinese square
2. From what style of architecture were Chinese pagodas derived? d. japanese pagodas are mostly 4 storeyed, chinese are 3 to 7
a. muslim 5. which historic style of architecture first introduced the clerestory?
b. Indian a. Egyptian
c. Japanese b. Greek
d. European c. roman
3. What do you call the enclosed space at the top of a ziggurat in Mesopotamia d. West Asiatic
a. god's house 6. ______is the colonnaded bldg used around public places and as shelters at religious
b. observatory shrines in Greek Architecture?
 a. Propylae d. World Trade Exchange bldg
b. Stoa 14. “let the facade be a free composition” - famous axiom by
c. Pestle a. Louis Kahn
d. Agora b. Pier Luigi Nervi
7. medieval arch., w/c is characterized by the pointed style, was prevalent in west Europe c. Kenzo Tange
from 13th Century. d. Walter Gropius
a. Romanesque 15. What is the first planned park in the U.S.?
b. Arabesque a. Golden Gate Park, SF
c. Doric b. Central Park, NYC
d. Gothic c. Yosemite Park, CA
8. Buddhist Architecture shown in rock-cut temples w/ lavishly carved interiors is a d. Washington Park, CHI
characteristic feature of ______style?
a. Japanese
b. Filipino
c. Indian
d. Chinese
9. Egyptian pyramid and Babylonian Ziggurat have some architectural similarities and
differences. Which is TRUE?
a. four angles of pyramid face cardinal points
b. Four sides of ziggurat face cardinal points
c. both are square in plan
d. Ziggurats used stone, pyramid used sundried bricks
10. Who is considered the “traditional modernist” architect?
a. Philip Johnson
b. Louis Sullivan
c. Le Corbusier
d. Marcel Breuer
11. Who is the architect of Central Bank of the Philippines in Harrison?
a. Ruperto Gaite
b. Gabriel Formoso
c. Crecenciano de Castro
d. Felipe Mendoza
12. Who is the architect of the College of Engineering and College of Liberal Arts at the
University of the Philippines?
a. Victor Tiotuyco
b. Gabriel Formoso
c. Aurelio Juguilon
d. Cesar H. Concio
13. What is the first project of Michael Graves designed in the Philippines?
a. World Health Organization bldg
b. Philippine Trade Center
c. World trade organization bldg