Magma G & E

Magma Genesis
• Classification
& Evolution –Many igneous rocks types
–Why?
Why aren t all igneous • Melting
rocks the same? • Evolution

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Magma Genesis Magma Genesis

• No evolution (for the moment)
• What causes melting?
– Add Heat • Primitive Magmas
• e.g., magmas from mantle into crust – No change since generated
– Decrease P – Primitive mantle basalts recognized by
• e.g., upwelling in mantle • High Mg/Fe ratios
– Change composition • Isotopic or trace element characteristics
• e.g., add H2O • Primary (vs. primitive)
– Subduction zones

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Magma Genesis Primitive Magmas

• Melt different rock types
• Are all primitive magmas – crust vs. mantle
the same? – within crust
• Why or Why not? – within mantle

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 Primitive Magmas Genesis - Primitive Magmas
• Partial Melting
• If the two rock that undergo
– Composition of the liquid generated by
melting generally not the same as the melting, and they are identical
composition of the rock that is melted (composition), will the melt that
• Different rock compositions is generate always have the
– will produce different magma same composition?
compositions – Why or why not?

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Degree of Melting
Generate Primitive Magmas

• Same starting rock

–Degree of melting
–Conditions of melting
• Pressure

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The Effect of Pressure

Bottom Line
P2
• Degree of Partial Melting affects melt
Pressure

composition Solid
– Therefore, igneous rock type Liquid
• Low degree of melting P1
– More felsic or more mafic (as compared to higher
degrees)

• Can estimate degree of partial melting

with trace elements
T1 T2
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 Pressure and Melting Pressure and Melting
Increased pressure moves the
ternary eutectic (first melt) from
Ne
silica-saturated to highly undersat.
Volatile-free alkaline basalts
3GPa
2GPa
1GPa
Highly undesaturated Ab
(nepheline-bearing)
alkali olivine 1atm
basalts

d Oversaturated
a te s
tu r a lt (quartz-bearing)
rs a a s
n d e itic b tholeiitic basalts
U le i
th o

Fo En SiO2
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Pressure and Melting

Different Phases Stable
Magma Genesis & Evolution
• Produce different primitive magmas
3 Gpa – Summary
30 kbar • Melt different rocks
• Different degrees of partial melting
• Different conditions of partial melting
– e.g., P - T

• Can these processes account for the

generation of all igneous rocks?

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Magmatic Differentiation Magmatic Differentiation (Evolution)

• Various Processes
• Any process by which a magma is able
– Fractional Crystallization
to diversify and produce a magma or
rock of different composition – Magma Mixing
– Assimilation
– Liquid Immiscibility
• Discuss each…

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 Crystal Fractionation Gravity settling
–The differential motion of
• Dominant mechanism by crystals and liquid
which most magmas, once
• under the influence of gravity
formed, differentiate?
• differences in density

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Gravity settling
Crystal
– Cool point a ® olivine layer at base of
pluton if first olivine sinks
Fractionation
– Next get ol+cpx layer

– finally get ol+cpx+plag

Cumulate texture:
Mutually touching
phenocrysts with
interstitial crystallized
residual melt
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Layered Another mechanisms that facilitate the

separation of crystals and liquid
Mafic
Flow segregation

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 Models of Magmatic Evolution Harker diagram
– Smooth trends
Table 8-5. Chemical analyses (wt. %) of a – Model with 3 assumptions:
hypothetical set of related volcanics.
1 Rocks are related by FX
Oxide B BA A D RD R 2 Trends = liquid line of
SiO 2 50.2 54.3 60.1 64.9 66.2 71.5
descent
TiO 2 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3
Al2O3 14.9 15.7 16.1 16.4 15.3 14.1 3 The basalt is the parent
Fe2O3* 10.4 9.2 6.9 5.1 5.1 2.8 magma from which the
MgO 7.4 3.7 2.8 1.7 0.9 0.5 others are derived
CaO 10.0 8.2 5.9 3.6 3.5 1.1
Na 2O 2.6 3.2 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.4
K 2O 1.0 2.1 2.5 2.5 3.1 4.1
LOI 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.4
Total 99.5 99.2 100.6 100.0 99.7 99.2
B = basalt, BA = basaltic andesite, A = andesite, D = dacite,
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RD = rhyo-dacite, R = rhyolite. Data from Ragland (1989)

• Extrapolate BA ® B and Extrapolate the other curves

further to low SiO2 back BA ® B ® blue line and
read off X of mineral extract
• K2O is first element to ®
0 (at SiO2 = 46.5) Results:
Remove plagioclase, olivine,
46.5% SiO2 is interpreted pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide
to be the concentration in
the bulk solid extract and
the blue line ® the Oxide Wt% Cation Norm

concentration of all other SiO2 46.5 ab 18.3

oxides TiO2 1.4 an 30.1
Al2 O3 14.2 di 23.2
Fe2 O3 * 11.5 hy 4.7
MgO 10.8 ol 19.3
CaO 11.5 mt 1.7
Na2 O 2.1 il 2.7
K2 O 0
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Total8/25/1998.1 100
Then repeat for each increment BA ® A etc.

Assimilation
• Incorporation of
wall rocks
Assimilation
• diffusion • Incorporation of wall rocks
• Xenoliths
• Increase
(diffusion, xenoliths)
surface area • Assimilation by melting is limited by
• Reaction the heat available in the magma
• Magma comp
trends toward
wall-rock comp. Isotopic
• Wall-rock (xeno) Evidence for
comp. trends
toward xeno Assimilation
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 Magma Mixing Magma Mixing - Evidence
• Mixing of magmas with different
compositions • Variation on Harker-type diagrams
should lie on a straight line between the
– Mix two magmas get various rock
two most extreme compositions
types that lie between these end-
members

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Mingling of magmas produces

marble cake appearance
Magma Mixing - Evidence
• Reverse zoning in crystals

Comingled basalt-Rhyolite
Mt. McLoughlin, Oregon

Basalt pillows
accumulating at the bottom
of a in granitic magma
chamber, Vinalhaven
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Liquid Immiscibility • Roedder (1951) discovered a second immiscibility

• Liquid immiscibility in the Fo-SiO2 system gap in the iron-rich Fa-Lc-SiO2 system

Two immiscibility gaps

in the system fayalite-
Isobaric T-X leucite-silica (after
Roedder, 1979).
phase diagram Projected into the
of the system simplified system are
the compositions of
Fo-Silica at 0.1 natural immiscible
silicate pair droplets
MPa. from interstitial Fe-rich
tholeiitic glasses.

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 Some Examples
• Late silica-rich immiscible droplets in Fe-
rich tholeiitic basalts (as in Roedder)
• Sulfide-silicate immiscibility (massive
sulfide deposits)
• Carbonatite-nephelinite systems
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Mixed Processes
• Two processes may operate in
conjunction (cooperation?)
–AFC: Crystallization supplies the
necessary heat for assimilation
• Fractional crystallization +
recharge of more primitive
magma
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Tests for immiscible origin of
associated rock pairs
• Must be immiscible when heated
experimentally, or must plot on the
boundaries of a known immiscibility gap
• Immiscible liquids are in equilibrium with
each other, and thus they must be in
equilibrium with the same minerals
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Summary - Genesis & Evolution
• Genesis - Partial Metling
– Melt Different Rocks
– Degree of Melting
– Conditions of Melting (pressure)
• Evolution
– Fractional Crystallization
– Liquid Immiscibility
– Magma Mixing
– Assimilation
• Combine FC, Assimilation, and Mixing
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