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An empirical understanding on the
concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
(Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and a mini-
review of its research update
Website:
www.ijournalhs.org Govardhan Belaguli, H. P. Savitha
DOI:
10.4103/kleuhsj.
kleuhsj_175_18 Abstract:
Sattvavajaya Chikitsa  (SC) (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) is one among the brainchild concepts of
Acharya Charaka (father of Indian medicine). In Ayurveda, SC is considered to be having the
psychospiritual approach with a nonpharmacological treatment modality which solely deals on the
mind and its related attributes. SC has 5 methodology, 2 principles, 3 dimensions, 3 psychotherapeutic
domains, and 5 techniques. This psychotherapy helps in controlling Manas (mind) away from Ahita
Artha (distractible, unwholesome objects/thoughts/perceptions). Withdrawal of the bothered mind from
unwholesome objects is the prime focus of SC. Mainly focusing on the intelligence, consciousness,
memory, and spiritual aspects of the affected individuals, SC aims at stimulating consciousness,
altering, and discriminating the maladaptive thoughts/actions. Thus, it helps in managing psychiatric,
psychological, and psychosomatic ailments. The present review article throws light on the detailed
descriptions of basic doctrines of SC concept and also offers a brief note on its contemporary
relevance, recent insights, and applied clinical facets. The paper reports the researches, reviews,
and studies on SC encompassing nonpharmacological nootropic efficacy.
Keywords:
Ayurveda, Ayurveda psychotherapy, psycho‑behavioural therapy, Sattvavajaya Chikitsa, Trividha chikitsa

Introduction Tamas  (indolence)[4] which are considered

as illness‑causing mental humors.[5] SC is

Department of Manovigyan
S attvavajaya Chikitsa  (SC)  (Ayurveda
psychotherapy) has the psycho‑spiritual
approach and is exclusively meant for
defined as a therapy of various methods
which help in controlling Manas  (mind)
which is moving toward Ahita
Avum Manasaroga
(Ayurveda Psychology the mind and its related attributes. The artha  (distractible, unwholesome objects/
and Psychiatry), main intention is to replace negative thoughts/perceptions).[6] The goal of SC
Sri Dharmasthala thoughts into positivity with a focus on is to provide Mano nigraha (controlling
Manjunatheshwara
Pratipaksha bhavana (thinking thoughts of of mind) from Ahita artha (unwholesome
College of Ayurveda
and Hospital, Hassan, opposite quality).[1] Sattvavajaya comprises thoughts). [6] A recent comprehensive
Karnataka, India two words Sattva and Avajaya where, definition on psychotherapy by Wolberg
Sattva refers to intellect, consciousness or in 1967 states, [7] “Psychotherapy is the
Address for mind, while Avajaya is control over it.[2] treatment, by psychological means, of
correspondence:
Dr. Govardhan Belaguli, Chikitsa means treatment/management.[3] problem of an emotional nature in which
Department of Manovigyan SC potentiates Sattva with the intentions a trained person deliberately establishes
Avum Manasaroga of modifying maladaptive symptoms a professional relationship with the
(Ayurveda Psychology c a u s e d b y R a j a s   ( a r r o g a n c e ) [4] a n d patient with the object of removing,
and Psychiatry),
Sri Dharmasthala modifying, or retarding existing symptoms,
Manjunatheshwara mediating disturbed patterns of behavior,
This is an open access journal, and articles are
College of Ayurveda distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
and Hospital, Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which How to cite this article: Belaguli G, Savitha HP.
Hassan ‑ 573 201, allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work An empirical understanding on the concept of
Karnataka, India. non‑commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and
E‑mail: gbelaguli123@ the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. a mini-review of its research update. Indian J Health
gmail.com Sci Biomed Res 2019;12:15-20.
For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com

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Belaguli and Savitha: Concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda psychotherapy)

and promoting positive personality growth and prosperity] and Kama [desire]). A person should strive
development”. This recent explanation on contemporary to discard the harmful and unwholesome regimens
psychotherapy honestly fits into the thousand years and adopt the wholesome regimens in regard to the
old Ayurveda description on SC.[8,9] In this introductory above objectives of life
section, SC is described under the following areas: 2. Tadvidya Seva – To render service by those who are
a. Methodology well versed in nature and managing any type of
b. Principle mental or psychological diseases
c. Dimensions 3. Atmadinam Vijnanam – To obtain all round basic
d. Psycho therapeutical domains knowledge of Atma (self), Desa (region), Kula (family),
e. Techniques. Kala  (season), Bala  (physic and psychic strength), and
Shakti (capacity) of an individual.
Methodology of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
The SC permits the physician’s interference with Psychotherapeutic domains of Sattvavajaya
patient’s mind control. This can be achieved by various Chikitsa
ways. These ways are termed as “methodology” of SC. There are three psychotherapeutic domains[6] mentioned
By following these methodologies,[6] SC not only negates as an applied feature of SC. These domains [Table 2] have
the negative thoughts but also endeavors to replace them three different mode of approach. The therapeutic utility
with positivity.[10] Each methodology has the focus on the of the techniques of SC [Table 3], has its base from these
basic functions of SC [Table 1]. psychotherapeutic domains of SC.
1. Dhee chikitsa or uplifting intelligence. [13] This
Principle of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa domain brings about uplifting or understanding
SC has two main principles.[10] Almost all techniques their intellectual mind/thoughts. The overall
derived from SC have its base in these following two
mode of action of this domain is the judgment and
principles. Both these principles undertake to diffuse the
discrimination of the negative thoughts
emotional imbalance by changing the attitude toward
2. Dhairya chikitsa or boosting confidence and
the whole situation.
determination.[14] The aim here is to bring firmness/
1. Assurance to the patient of the return of lost objects
strength to the disturbed mind and also preserving
or persons – Empathically, emotional support is
the mental stability. The support here is to give
given to the patients who are in grief or sudden loss.
maximum empathy and create a matured level of
It declares that when a person is stressed by the loss
awareness and judgment
of some desired subject, he should be treated by
3. Atma vijnana chikitsa or stimulating the consciousness
supplementing the same, if not at least through a
or to set self‑realization‑This domain brings mental
minimal empathy or consolation
2. Inducement of emotions opposite to those associated
with patient’s distress ‑ Substitution or replacement Table 1: Methodology of Ayurveda psychotherapy
of emotions with opposite ones is another novel Methodology Focus
a) Chintya Regulating the thought process
method induced by SC. It is advised that if the
b) Vicharya Replacing the ideas
patient has developed psychosis due to emotional
c) Uhya Channelling the presumptions
disorders such as excessive Kama (lust or affection
d) Dhyeya Polishing the objectives
or desire), Bhaya  (fear), Krodha  (anger or aversion),
e) Sankalpa Proper guidance or advices for taking right decisions
Harsha (happiness), Irshya (jealousy), and Lobha (greed),
he/she should be treated by inducing the opposite
nature of the respective attained emotions. For Table 2: Domains of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
example, “Kama” (affection) toward alcohol may be Domains Probable mode of approach
alleviated by inducing “Krodha”  (aversion) toward a) Dhee Uplifting intelligence
that affection and vice versa.[11] b) Dhairya Boosting confidence and determination
c) Atma Vijnana Stimulating the consciousness or setting
self‑realization
Dimensions of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
Dimensions here refer to “direction.” There are three
dimensions explained in the Ayurveda context for SC.[12] Table 3: Techniques of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
The following three dimensions[6] are the areas which Method Probable mode of approach
are to be considered in a patient before commencing a) Jnana Insight oriented approach
any technique of SC. b) Vijnana Educative approach
1. Trivarga Anvekshana – To repeatedly recollect c) Dhairya Supportive approach
and attend to the course of conduct related to the d) Smriti Cognitive approach
objectives of life (Dharma [virtue], Artha  [wealth/ e) Samadhi Psycho‑philosophical approach

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Belaguli and Savitha: Concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda psychotherapy)

tranquillity through understanding the hidden
conflicts which are the source of the emotional illness.
Techniques of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
By adopting above‑mentioned psychotherapeutic
domains, five techniques [Table 3] of SC are witnessed
in Ayurveda[10] for any mental disorder. Each of these
techniques, their characteristic features has an empirical
approach. Each of them provides goal and achievement
to be accomplished and based on these, a treatment plan
can be set [Table 4].
Supplementary insights into the concepts of
Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
JS Tripathi resembles the body‑like a chariot. The five
senses are like horses, the mind is like the reins and
only by holding the reins firmly, one can keep control on
the senses. If we do not control these five senses, mind
will drag us away. SC directs the traditions to control
this reins and thus enables us to have control over
unwholesome objects/thoughts/perceptions.[9]
Indrani et  al. conclude SC acts by promoting
Jnana (Knowledge) and Vijnana (knowledge of scriptural
and texts) in the affected individuals. SC in one
hand diminishes the impaired Rajas and Tamas of a
pathological mind and in other hand increases the
Sattva  (balanced consciousness), Dhairya  (fortitude),
Smriti (consider the real, genuine nature of an object or
subject), and Samadhi (a state of complete cessation of all
types of Dukha/Vikara‑misery). These are considered as
the goals achieved by SC.[16]
Dhimdhime et al. believe SC is physio‑pharmacological
method/therapy and is designed to effect mind
control. The various techniques in designing this
method/therapy include Manonigraha (mind control
methods), Ashwasanadhyaha  (reconciliatory methods),
Pratidvandvabhava  (replacement of emotions),
Manokshobhanam  (psychophysical shock), and
Sadacharah  (moral behavioral code). If these designed
techniques of SC is followed with Abhyasa (constant practice),
Vairagya (active renunciation), Sadhusangati (associated
with pious), Pranayama  (regulation of elan vital), and
Adhyatmavidya  (abstract meditation) complete control
over mind can be attained.[4]
Bagali et  al. stated that Ayurveda and its SC provide
better treatment modality in controlling/managing the
growing stress and strain of mental life when compared
with other than existing sciences. SC prevents the
impairment of Dhee  (intellect), Dhriti  (determination/
patience), and Smriti (memory). It also brings them back
into the normal state if impaired.[17]
Satyapal Singh relates SC as psycho– behavioral therapy
and it is mainly applied for mental or emotional stress
and disturbances.[18]
Vinayak et al. conclude SC acts as spiritual therapy which
helps in controlling mind with Vichara (right thinking).
Thus, a sound and positive mental health is achieved
by SC.[19]
ARV Murthy and RH Singh, the pioneers of Ayurveda
think SC as a combo therapy of assurance, replacement
of opposite emotions, and psycho shock therapy. SC
helps in restraining the mind from its harmful objects/
thoughts/perception of impaired intellect, patience, and
memory. They give a variety of applied aspect of SC in
the areas of assurance, replacing the emotions, regulation

Table 4: Characteristic features of the techniques used in Sattvavajaya Chikitsa

Techniques Definition[15]
Jnana Getting to know self
Vijnana The textual knowledge
Dhairya Maintenance of mental balance
even when one is under stress
Smriti Recalling the objects the object
of past experience
Samadhi Restraining the mind from wordily
objects and meditating on the
spiritual dimension of personality
Goal
To provide support to the
patient to develop an insight
about himself
To provide guidance to
understand the nature of
illness and improve his coping
capabilities
Development of coping
abilities
To understand the exact
nature of the affecting object
To achieve higher level of
awareness
Achievement
i. Improved degree of responsibility and behavior control
ii. Emotional maturation
iii. Correction of mis‑conceptions
iv. Better adaptability
v. Self realization
i. Avoidance of misconception with a better understanding
of the disease
ii. Better coping skills
iii. Adaptations of prophylactic measures
iv. A good rapport with therapist
i. Better coping abilities
ii. Better inter‑person relationships
iii. A change from negativity to positivity
The hidden conflicts which are the primary source of an
emotional illness are exposed
i. Higher level of awareness
ii. Mental tranquility

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Belaguli and Savitha: Concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda psychotherapy)

of thought process, reframing the ideas, channeling the SC attempts to know the state of emotions of a patient
presumptions, correction of objectiveness/ideas, proper which are casually associated with his illnesses. Thus, the
guidance, and advice for taking right decision with therapist develops the strategies to replace the negative
proper control of patience.[8] emotions with opposite positive one.[10]

Vidhyarthi et al. give a wide range of application of SC. Similarities of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa with the
They used SC concepts as psychological counseling in theories of modern psychotherapy
the form of cognitive behavioral therapy and assured Almost all researchers opine that SC and modern
a positive result in few clinical conditions [Table 5].[20] psychotherapy need not be compared as both of them
have different and vast descriptions. They retained the
Dhanya opines that mind can be restrained only term “Ayurveda psychotherapy” whenever they tried
after adopting Dhairya  (assurance/support). Satya to compare both. However, few of them compared SC
Buddhi (true knowledge of self and ambience) is essential with modern theories of psychotherapy based on the
in attaining Jnana. Shastra Jnana (scriptural knowledge) applicability of similar goal of withdrawing subjects
is indeed needed to attain Vijnana. Tattva Jnana (true from unwholesome objects/thoughts/perception. All
understanding) is essential for the attainment of Smriti. of them have tried to term SC with a new name without
SC helps to attend all these. She also concludes that SC diluting the concepts and descriptions of SC [Table 6].
overcomes Rajas and Tamas by its proper implication;
Samadhi (mental equanimity) is attained at the end.[21] The probable mode of action of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
By reconsidering the above concepts, researches,
Behere et al., on reviewing the contribution of Ayurveda and reviews, a probable mode of action of SC can
concepts to psychotherapy, clearly says SC is a mind be drawn [Figure 1]. With the base of methodology,
control therapy which is achieved through spiritual dimensions and psychotherapeutic domains of SC
knowledge, philosophies, fortitude, remembrance, and a suitable technique is planned and applied. As
concentration. Ayurveda psychotherapy plays a dual said earlier each technique of SC has its own mode
role a) as a revival of the authentic medical culture‑the of approach. Thus with the help of these derived
exercise of practice with an assumed primordial techniques, SC as a whole may target on the inhibition
dimension b) as a discovery of authentic subjectivity‑the of the functions of the impaired mental attributes (Rajas
revelation of a self with an assumed interior depth. Their
review also opines that “integration” is essential between
the contemporary psychotherapy and the concepts,
principles of ancient science like Ayurveda. If integrated,
it becomes a powerful therapeutic combination because
their observation indicates that the worldwide western
therapeutic intervention is almost melted with the
Ayurvedic holistic principles. They also raise a potential
scope of revival and development of the suitable
psychotherapeutic models from the concepts of SC. They
agree SC corrects Prajnaparadha (intellectual blasphemy)
which is one of the prime causer for the establishment
and development of mental disease. They correlated
refraining ideas of SC with “Erickson’s hypnosis” and the
principle of inducing emotions of opposite theory with
“Gestalt therapy”. They tried to understand the role of
therapist of SC and concluded that the ideal therapist of Figure 1: Probable mode of action of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa

Table 5: Experimental applications of SC concepts as psychological counseling on few clinical conditions[20]

Clinical conditions[21]
Premature ejaculation
Obesity and related
disorders
Nail biting habit in children
Chittavasada (depression)
SC: Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
Exhibition
SC boosts confidence, self‑esteem, positive
thinking
With Yoga, SC acts at behavioural modification,
manages stress, restores cognition
SC preserves Dhee (intellect), Dhriti
(determination/patience) and Smriti (memory)
SC empowers self‑control and restores inherent
perspective of depressed patients
Inhibition
SC inhibits triggering factors of premature ejaculation
such as anxiety and stress
SC controls stimulus such asstress and anxiety
SC relieves aggression, stress, and anxiety which are
commonly found in children
SC controls mind and its impaired depressive thoughts

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Belaguli and Savitha: Concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda psychotherapy)

and Tamas) and also corrects the imbalanced emotions
of Dhee, Dhriti, Smriti, and Prajnaparadha. While at the
same time on the other hand, it rectifies the disturbed
Sattva guna (balancing property of mind) and motivates
it through Dhairya and Samadhi. The whole progression
of this “balancing course of action of SC” includes
assurance/replacement of emotions/regulation of
thought process/re‑framing of ideas/channeling of
presumptions/correction of objectives and ideals/
proper guidance and advice for taking right decisions/
proper control of patience. Finally, this process results
in controlling of Manas from Ahita Artha which is a final
goal of SC. Thus, this treatment modality of SC can
be considered as the probable “nonpharmacological
nootropic effect”.
Clinical Studies on Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
The search for the studies on the nootropic effect of
SC in few databases resulted with a good number of
research works [Table 7]. It was observed that SC was
been conducted as single psychotherapy, as a single
psychotherapy and also as an adjuvant to drug therapy
(as a combination). The combination of drug therapy
with SC was proved to be having a better efficacy than
a monotherapy.

Table 6: Referring nomenclature given to SC Summary and Conclusion

according to few researchers in comparison with the
contemporary theories of Psychotherapy SC (Ayurveda psychotherapy) is a nonpharmacological
Researchers Referring, comparative phrase for SC method/therapy opted to repair the impaired vulnerable
Tripathi[9] Ayurveda psychotherapy mind and also to maintain its harmonious state. SC
Murthy ARV[8] has a wide range of contribution towards clinical
Singh RH[8] applicability in mental disorders if used judicially. SC
Dhanya[21] has a potential to redefine the art and science of ancient
Indrani et al.[16] psychotherapy and provide a new dimension in treating
Bagali et al.[17] psychiatric, psychological, and psychosomatic disorders.
Behere et al.[10]
SC triggers the consciousness and acts at the level of
Dhimdhime et al.[4] Mind control therapy
judgment and discriminates the negative/maladaptive
Singh et al.[18] Psycho ‑ Behavioural therapy
thoughts, brings firmness, strength, stability, and
Rajendra V
finally restrains the mind. An Ayurvedic physician or
Kumawat et al.[22]
Vinayak et al.[19] Spiritual therapy
a psychiatrist should follow the psychotherapeutic
Vidhyarthi et al.[20] Applied SC as “psychological counselling” treatment strategies and techniques offered by concepts
Behere et al.[10] Mind control therapy of SC. The paper thus concludes with an attempt to
Vyas and Dwivedi[23] Trance therapy/clinical hypnosis rediscover the critical knowledge about the principles
Sarma et al.[6] Cognitive behavioural therapy of SC and its applied aspects contributed by various
SC: Sattvavajaya Chikitsa scholars in the field of Ayurveda and modern science.

Table 7: Few clinical studies on Sattvavajaya chikitsa

Researchers Study
Kolhe et al.[24] Combination of two Ayurvedic drug formulation (A1
and A2) with SC in adjustment disorders of young
adults (n=100) for 30 days
Dileep et al.[25] Combination of herbo mineral formulation (H1) and SC in
the management of Yoshaapasmara (hysterical neurosis)
for 3 months (n=11)
Vyas and Dwivedi[23] Two groups (B1 and PSC) were (n = 13 and 14) were
subjected to B1 (herbal drug) and PSC (Placebo + SC)
respectively in the management of Manasa – Dosha
Ajeerna for 10 days
Amin and Sharma[26] Two young healthy volunteers group (group A with SC
+ placebo and group B with Ayurveda nootropic drug)
respectively were subjected for 2 months and their
memory was assessed (n=102)
Shrilata et al.[27] An 18 years old female of premenstrual syndrome,
was subjected with a combination of SC as main line of
treatment with 2 Ayurveda drug formulations for 1 month
SC: Sattvavajaya Chikitsa
Outcome
Group 1 (A1+ A2+SC) – had increased concentration and
memory
Group 2 (A1 + SC) – had decreased anxious mood
Group 3 (A2 + SC) – had decreased symptoms of
depressed mood and insomnia
The combination (H1 + SC) proved to be effective
providing mental support, better coping ability
Group B1 had significant effect in Vataja, Kaphaja
symptoms and Rajasika, Tamasika Bhava of Manasa –
Dosha Ajeerna
Group PSC had significant effect on Pittaja Symptoms
and Tamasika Bhava of Manasa – Dosha Ajeerna
Group A ‑ Showed significant results in immediate
recollection in terms of short term memory
Group B ‑ Showed significant result in long‑term memory
enhancement
Her mood-related symptoms were completely relieved
And thought process became clear. There was a
significant improvement in her attention and concentration

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Belaguli and Savitha: Concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda psychotherapy)
The researches, reviews, and the clinical studies on
SC having the “nonpharmacological nootropic effect,”
being an effective adjuvant treatment modality are the
take‑home note from the present manuscript.
Acknowledgment
The constant support of Dr. Prasanna N. Rao, Professor
and Principal; Dr. Suhas Kumar Shetty, Professor and
Head; Dr. Manjunatha Adiga, Associate professor
and PG scholars from the Dept of Manovigyan Avum
Manasaroga (Ayurveda Psychology and Psychiatry)
of SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan are accredited.
Authors are highly grateful to those inspirational lectures
of Dr. V Rajendra, Professor and Head of the Department
of Kayachikitsa, Govt. Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore
which motivated us in to take up the work.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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