Funciones y

modelos funcionales
Objetivos

!" #$%&'()*+,"%"(&'%,-,%'+,".+/"$(/'(&'+/",%-,%/%&'+*(0&%/"12%"'(%&%"2&+"
32&*(4&"$%"5+,(+6.%",%+.7"

!" 8&+.(9+,":"%5+.2+,"32&*(0&%/"6;/(*+/"$%"5+,(+6.%",%+."$%'%,<(&+&$0"/2"
$0<(&(0":",+&=07

!" #$%&'()*+,":",%+.(9+,"%.";.=%6,+"$%"32&*(0&%/"$%"5+,(+6.%",%+.>"/2<+?"
-,0$2*'0?"*0*(%&'%":"*0<-0/(*(4&"$%"32&*(0&%/7

!" @%*0&0*%,".+/"=,;)*+/"$%"+.=2&+/"32&*(0&%/"6;/(*+/"$%"5+,(+6.%"
,%+."*0&"/2"$0<(&(0":",%*0,,($0>"-0.(&4<(*+/?"+"',090/?",+*(0&+.%/?"
%A-0&%&*(+.%/?".0=+,B'<(*+/":"',(=0&0<C',(*+/7

!" @%+.(9+,"-,06.%<+/"$%"+-.(*+*(4&"12%",%12(%,+&".+"<0$%.+*(4&"$%"
32&*(0&%/"$%"5+,(+6.%",%+.7

!" #$%&'()*+,"32&*(0&%/"(&:%*'(5+/":"$%'%,<(&+,"/2/"(&5%,/+/7

!" D'(.(9+,".+/"-,0-(%$+$%/"$%".0/".0=+,('<0/"-+,+"/(<-.()*+,"+.=2&+/"
%A-,%/(0&%/"+.=%6,+(*+/7

!" @%/0.5%,"%*2+*(0&%/"%A-0&%&*(+.%/":".0=+,B'<(*+/"+-.(*+&$0".+/"
-,0-(%$+$%/"$%".0/"%A-0&%&'%/":".0/".0=+,('<0/7

!" #$%&'()*+,".+/"+/B&'0'+/"5%,'(*+.%/":"E0,(90&'+.%/"$%"+.=2&+/"32&*(0&%/"
,+*(0&+.%/7

!" #$%&'()*+,".0/"%.%<%&'0/"6;/(*0/"$%".+/"32&*(0&%/"E(-%,64.(*+/>"
%*2+*(0&%/":"=,;)*+/7
Funciones y modelos funcionales
F. ;,%+ $% 2& *B,*2.0 $%-%&$% $%. ,+$(0 ! $%. <(/<07 G+ %*2+*(4& 12% ,%.+-
*(0&+ %. ,+$(0 ! *0& %. ;,%+ 8 %/ 8"!!#? %/ $%*(,? 12% -+,+ *+$+ 5+.0, <+:0,
12% *%,0 12% /% +/(=&% + !? %A(/'% 2& 5+.0, +/0*(+$0 +. ;,%+ 8? -0, .0 '+&'0?
-0$%<0/ +/%=2,+, 12% 8 %/ 2&+ 32&*(4& $% !7
H% +*2%,$0 +. %I%<-.0 +&'%,(0,? 2&+ 32&*(4& %/ 2&+ ,%=.+ $% +/(=&+*(4&?
%& .+ *2+. + *+$+ 5+.0, $%. ,+$(0 ! $%. *B,*2.0? /% .% +/(=&+ 2& J&(*0 %.%<%&'0
..+<+$0 8$!%? $%/(=&+$0 *0<0 %. ;,%+ $%. *B,*2.0 %/ $%*(,? %. ;,%+ 8 $%. *B,*2.0
%& 32&*(4& $%. ,+$(0 /% %/*,(6% & " !!#7

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Definición: 2&+ 32&*(4& ' %/ 2&+ ,%=.+ 12% +/(=&+ + *+$+ %.%<%&'0 ()
$% 2& *0&I2&'0 &? 2& J&(*0 %.%<%&'0 ..+<+$0 '$(% %& %. *0&I2&'0 *7

@%.+*(0&+&$0 2& =,;3(*0 *0& ,%/-%*'0 + .+ $%3(&(*(4& +&'%,(0,>

 K+:" 12%" -,%*(/+," 12%" .+/" 32&*(0&%/" 12%" 5+<0/" +" ',+'+," /0&" 32&*(0&%/"
$0&$%" .0/" *0&I2&'0/" 8" :" L" /0& /26*0&I2&'0/" &0" 5+*B0/" $%" &J<%,0/" ,%+.%/?"
$0&$%"8":"L"/%"..+<+&"$0<(&(0":",%*0,,($0",%/-%*'(5+<%&'%M":"/%"$%&0'+&"
&"+,-$'%?)&.!:"*".!?"&/0):"*/0":"+/B>
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))'>"&)112)*)
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))()112)'$(%

 

Conjunto de pa
parrrtida
rttid
tida
a Recorrido
Recorrido
(Dominio)
(Dominio
i io))

F."/B<60.0"'$(%"/%"(&'%,-,%'+"*0<0".+"(<+=%&"$%"("6+I0"'?"*0<0"/%"<2%/-
',+"%&"%."=,;3(*0"/(=2(%&'%>"

! " " !$
"#

Entrada salida

8E0,+"%.",%*0,,($0"'"%/"%."*0&I2&'0"$%"'0$0/".0/"5+.0,%/"-0/(6.%/"$%"'$(%?"
/("("-%,'%&%*%"+."$0<(&(0"$%"'?"12%"$%3(&(C&$0.0"30,<+.<%&'%"%/"%."*0&I2&'0"
*"3'$(%4(5&67
Ejemplos
1."N;.*2.0"$%"(<;=%&%/7
8"*0&'(&2+*(4&?"$+$+".+"32&*(4&"'$(%"(#78?"E+..%>"'$0%?"'$8%":"'$#%7

Solución
O("("0?".+"(<+=%&"/%"06'(%&%",%%<-.+9+&$0"("-0,"0"P*%,0Q?"%&".+"
%A-,%/(4&"+.=%6,+(*+?"%&'0&*%/>"

" '$0%""0#78"8?"-0,".0"'+&'0>

" '$0%"8?"%/"$%*(,?"R"%/".+"(<+=%&"$%"S"$+$+"-0,".+"32&*(4&"'7

" F&"30,<+"/(<(.+,"/%"-,0*%$+"-+,+".0/"$%<;/"%.%<%&'0/>
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'$8%"8 78"#?"" at " '$#%"##78"9
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em
-0,".0"'+&'0?".+"(<+=%&"0"%/"8?).+"(<+=%&"$%"8"%/"#":".+"(<+=%&"$%"
T"%/"U7 at
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K+..%" ! " ) #$$ ! %!! &$"! %* & '&"
2."" V+,+".+"32&*(4&" ! "#$ % !#' & '#(""" m

:" ! "*$ & ! "+$

Solución
O%"*+.*2.+&".0/"5+.0,%/"$%"'"+."/2/'('2,"("%&".+"%*2+*(4&>

! "#$ % ,#' & '# "

RQ"! " ) #$ % ," ) #$' & '" ) #$ % !"!#$ ) -' % (#

!"# ! "!!$ % !"!!$' & '"!!$ % !"!$ & '!! % ( & '!!
 $"#!"*.&.-$..%.,"*.&.-$'.&.'"*.&.-$.
. %.,"*'.&.'*.&.-$.&.'*.&.'.
. %.,*'.&./*&,.&.'*.&.'.
. %.,*'.&.0*&1.

%"#!"*$&!"+$.%.,*'.&.'*.&,+'.&.'+.
. .%.,"*'.&.+'$.&.'"*.&.+$.

Dominio de una función

Definición: el conjunto 2 para el cual ! asigna una única imagen
3.4 5 se denomina dominio de la función !, denominado como
678"!$.

Recorrido: es el conjunto de imágenes de la función !, denotado

como 9:;"!$.

!)"&"#
3.#&'(# <%#&" % -) #

("#)'*'+,-.'#'/#01,-.-1#0'#<2

3"#4(/56/(+#<7%"8#<7)!"#9#<7)*$2

Solución
!) & #
("# :(#';<+'=->.# 8#'=#6.#.?,'+1#+'(/#=1/1#=-#'/#+(0-5(.01#1&##
-) #
'=# <1=-*-@18# 9# '/# 0'.1,-.(01+# -)## .1# '=# -A6(/# (# 5'+18# 0'# '=*(#
,(.'+(#<"#$#';-=*'#=1/1#=-#1#&###=.>.9.-.).#.?.>#>#/1#B6'#'=#-A6(/C#
#?)1#9###?#-2

# D/#01,-.-1#='#<6'0'#';<+'=(+#'.#*E+,-.1=#0'#-.*'@(/1=8#51,1C#
@)1A-BC"-AD$2
3"## F(+(#5(/56/(+#/1=#@(/1+'=##='#=6=*-*69'C
!)"&"* !( "!
<""*$ % -)E % )! % )! % )-
# # #
!)")"' !!
<%) +&"," -)")'$ % !

!*)* !* )*
< " ) *$ % -)")*$ % -&"*

4.## )'G.(,1=# /(# H6.5->.# F"#$%#'8# >G#G->8# '.*1.5'=# '/# 01,-.-1#

0'# F"#$# '=*I# 0'G.-01# <1+# '/# -.*'+@(/1# 5'++(01# @>8->B'=# 0'5-+C#
678"F$%H#4!I>G#G->J%@>8->B2
J-'.*+(=#B6'#'/#+'51++-01#0'#F#='#-0'.*-H-5(#'@(/6(.01#/1=#';*+',1=#0'/#
-.*'+@(/1#'.#/(#H6.5->.#F8#'=#0'5-+#3%F">$%>'%>#9#3%F"->$%->'%->>8#
/6'A1K#9:;"F$%H34!IH3I>G3G->>J%@>8->>B

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5.## D.51.*+(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'#/(#H6.5->.#
. ! "#$ % '
#' )'#

Solución at
)(01#B6'#! "#$" % " #' )'#
' '
% # "#)'$
em
#813='+@(,1=#B6'#!"#$..1#'=*I#
0'H-.-0(#'.##%>#>##%'#2 at
ic
L=M#B6'#'/#01,-.-1#'=C#678"!$%H#4!I#?>8##?'J#
a1
c .
)-5N1#01,-.-1#'.#.1*(5->.#0'#-.*'+@(/1=#'=C# om
. 678"! $ % % ) D$ -$ C "-$"+$ C "'$ & D$
6. ! "#$ % #' A " " <"#$ % #"
-
" F"#$" % -
-&"#' #
# :(=#H6.5-1.'=#!#9#<#*1,(.#@(/1+'=#'.#'/#51.O6.*1#0'#/1=#.?,'+1=#+'(-
/'=8#9#=6#01,-.-1#'=C#678"! $ % H# 4 !J % % ) D$ D$( :(#H6.5->.#<#
*1,(#@(/1+'=#'.#'/#51.O6.*1#0'#/1=#.?,'+1=#+'(/'=#0-=*-.*1=#0'#5'+18#9#
"! $ H J % $
=6#01,-.-1#'=C#678"<$ % H# 4 !."# ? -J % % ) D$ >$ C ">$ & D$ 8#
<6'=*1#B6'#<"-$ % -- #.1#'=*I#0'G.-018#<(+(#F.'/#01,-.-1#=1.#*1-
01=#/1=#+'(/'=#9(#B6'##'&-%>#.1#*-'.'#=1/65->.#'.#!2#.
7.## F6'0'#156++-+#B6'#='#(=-A.'#6.#,-=,1#@(/1+#K#(#*101=#/1=#@(/1+'=#
0'##8#*'.',1=#'.*1.5'=#6.#5(=1#'=<'5-(/8#'.#'/#56(/#'/#@(/1+#9#/(#
0'#H6.5->.#.1#@(+M(#'=#0'5-+8# 3 % ! "#$ % K#<(+(#56(/B6-'+###0'/#
01,-.-1# 0'# !"#$8# H6.5->.# ='# 0'.1,-.(# Función constante8# =6#
+'51++-01#='#+'065'#(/#51.O6.*1#HKJ2
 8.## P*+(# H6.5->.# '=<'5-(/# '=# /(# H6.5->.# 0'G.-0(# <1+# !"#$%#8# '=*(#
H6.5->.#='#0'.1,-.(#/(#H6.5->.#-0E.*-5(#9#='#.1*(#L#8#56(.01#/(#
H6.5->.#-0E.*-5(#='#0'G.'#=13+'#6.#51.O6.*1###='#.1*(#L#.01.0'#
'/#01,-.-1#9#+'51++-01#=1.#/1=#+'(/'=#+'=<'5*-@(,'.*'2

9.## )'*'+,-.(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'#M"#$ % !#' & (# & '> #

Solución

D/#01,-.-1#0'#M"#$.51.=*(#0'#*101=#/1=#@(/1+'=#+'(/'=#*(/#B6'8

#' & (# & '> = > #

)'3-01#(#B6'#/(#+(MQ#0'#6.#.?,'+1#+'(/#.'A(*-@1#.1#';-=*'2

R'=1/@-'.01#/(#0'=-A6(/0(0#*'.',1=C

"# & )$ "# & *$ = >

9#+'=1/@-'.01#/(#'.#/(#*(3/(#=-A6-'.*'C

Intervalos #.&.1 #.&.E "#.&.1$."#.&.E$

")DA)1$ ) ) &
")1A)E$ & ) )
")EAD$ & & &

F1+#/1#*(.*1#01,-.-1#0'#M"#$.'=C.678"M$.%.")DA)1BC@)EA&D$

Casos para hallar el dominio de una función

Caso I
41.=-0'+(+',1=# <(+(# N(//(+# '/# 01,-.-1# (# H6.5-1.'=# 0'G.-0(=# 0'# /(#
H1+,(C
 "!#"
! !#"# % $ !#" $#"/01"F %#&" ?-

&-#678"<$%!#9#678"F$%!8#'/#<+13/',(#='#+'065'#(#'.51.*+(+#/1=#@(/1+'=#0'#
##<(+(#/1=#56(/'=#F"#$%>2#D.51.*+(.01#'=*1=#@(/1+'=#7=-#';-=*'."8#*'.',1=#B6'C

678%! & % ! ) 2# 4 !3F%#& % -4

Ejemplos
!#&5
1.## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'#! %#& % #&5 #

# # & 5 % -#
# # % ) 5$8#<1+#/1#*(.*1#678%! & % ! ) 2 ) 54 #

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2.## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'# #' &5#)'6 #
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at
#' & 5# ) '6 % - 8 +'=1/@-'.01 /( '56(5->. *'.',1= B6'8
"# & N$"# ) '$ % > em
at
# & ( % > 0"# ) + % -."# % ) ("0"# % + 8 <1+ /1 *(.*18
ic
678"! $ % ! ) 2 ) ($"+4
)#
a1
3. # S(//(+ '/ 01,-.-1 0' ! %#& % #' &* . co
m
# & * % - 8 .1 *-'.' =1/65->. '. /1= +'(/'=8 <1+ /1 *(.*18
678"! $ % ! '= 0'5-+ #' % ) *O # % P! ) *$8 .1 ';-=*' 6.
'

.?,'+1 +'(/ # *(/ B6' #' % ) *

#'
4. # S(//(+ '/ 01,-.-1 0' ! %#& % !# )' ."! ) ' ? - 8 /6'A1 =-
#

!# ) ' % -
"" " !# % '
""" # % 71%'&
""" # % -$
# <1+ /1 *(.*1 678%! & % ! ) 2-4

!#&5
5.## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'# ! %#& % #* )!#' &+ #
 """"#* ) !#' & + % -
%#' ) +&%#' ) '& % -.""# & !+$"# ) !+$"# & -$"# ) -$ % -$ #'.*1.5'=C
# % '0"# % ) '"0"# % !+""0"# % ) !+, por lo tanto,
678%! & % ! ) 2'$ ) '$!+$ ) !'4

CASO II
# ! !#" % !
Q
<"#& #8#<(+(#Q.<(+
# D=*(#H6.5->.#'=*I#0'G.-0(#<(+( <%#& = - #

Ejemplos
T2## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'##! %#& % !#" & "!

#&!=-
"""""""""""""""#" = ) "!

678%! & % 8 ) !$"D&

!2## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'# ! %#& % !( ) +#

"( ) +# = -
"""" ) +# = ) (
"""""" "# G (+
678%! & % % ) D$" (+ 9
!#' & !# ) '-
$2## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'# ! %#& %
#' & !# ) '- = - 8#
%# & )&%# ) +& = - +'=1/@-'.01#/(#-.'56(5->.#*'.',1=#B6'C

U.*'+@(/1= .#&1 #)' "#&1$"#)'$

")DA)1$ ) ) &
")1A'$ & ) )
"'AD$ & & &

<1+#/1#*(.*18#678"!$.%")DA)1BC@'A.D$#
%2## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'#! %#& % !'# ) #' " #
##
" '# ) #' = - K#+'=1/@-'.01#/(#-.'56(5->.#*'.',1=#B6'C
""%* & #&%* ) #& = -

U.*'+@(/1= #&E E)# "#&E$"E)#$

")DA)E$ ) & )
")EAE$ & & &
"EAD$ & ) )

<1+#/1#*(.*18#678"!$.%@)EAEB#
!#
V2## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'# ! %#& % #")"!

# F(+(#B6'#!"#$#E=*'#0'H-.-0(#='#0'3'#56,</-+#B6'C#
ww: ; ! 8#
# = -":"# %
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<1+#/1#*(.*1C 678%! &. % 8-$"D& R %! ) 2!4& % 8-$D& ) 2!4
w

at
e%m!##")"! #
W2## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'# ! %#& '

at
# ic
41,1#'/#0'.1,-.(01+#0'3'#='+#0-H'+'.*'#0'#5'+18#*'.',1=#B6'##
# ) ! S -8#"# & !!$"# ) !!$ S - 8#9#+'=1/@-'.01#/(#0'=-A6(/0(0#
' a1
13*'.',1=C . co
m

U.*'+@(/1= "# & ! !$ "# ) ! !$ "# & ! !$"# ) ! !$

")DA)! !$ ) ) &
")! !$ A.! !$ & ) )
"! !AD$ & & &

<1+#/1#*(.*18#678%! & % % ) D$ ) !!& C %!!$"D& #

#

X2## S(//(+#'/#01,-.-1#0'#! %#& % " #5"') "#

")"* "
5)#
# 9#+'=1/@-'.01C# "#&+&%#)+$ =-
 5")"#
U.*'+@(/1= T)# #&' #&' "#&+&%#")+$

")DA)'$ & ) ) &

")'A'$ & & ) )
"'AT$ & & & &

<1+#/1#*(.*18#678"!$.%")DA)'$.C."'ATB#

Restricción del dominio

Ejemplos
T2 # D. /( H6.5->. 3%20#&500 '/ 01,-.-1 '= ")D8&D$8 9 '/ +'51++-01
'= ")D8D$8 <'+1 =- /( H6.5->. +'<+'='.*( '/ 51=*1 0' #.6.-0(0'=
'/ 678"!$%@>ADB 9 '/ +'51++-01 '= [5008D$8 =- '/ .?,'+1 0' 6.--
0(0'= '= '.*'+1 '.*1.5'= 678"!$%$

!2 ! %#&" % " '+ 8 #' 88 6.( 51.=*(.*'8 '=*I 0'H-.-0( <(+( 56(/B6-'+ @(-
/1+ 0' #8 <'+1 =- !"#$ '= /( '.'+AM( 5-.E*-5( 0' 6. 56'+<1 0' ,(=(
8 B6' =' 0'=</(Q( 51. 6.( @'/15-0(0 # ';<+'=(0( '. Y,=Z='A28 #
*1,( @(/1+'= '. '/ -.*'+@(/1 [0, 300.000)8 <1+ ='+ 300.000 Y,Z=8 /(
,I;-,( @'/15-0(0 ';-=*'.*'2

$2 ! %#&" % "" () "#" & "!+ '=*I 0'H-.-0( <(+( 56(/B6-'+ @(/1+ 0' #8 <'+1 =-
!"#$ '= /( *',<'+(*6+( ';<+'=(0( '. A+(01= [(N+'.N'-* 'B6-@(/'.-
*' ( # A+(01= 5'.*MA+(01=8 *1,( @(/1+'= '. '/ -.*'+@(/1 [)273,D)8
<1+ ='+ )273 \48 /( ,M.-,( *',<'+(*6+( ';-=*'.*'2

D. /1 B6' =' +'H-'+' (/ +'51++-01 0' /( H6.5->. 3%!"#$8 '=*' =' 5(/56/( 51.
3(=' (/ 01,-.-1 9( '=*(3/'5-012
El recorrido de una función se determina por la propia ley (fórmula)
que define la función, mientras que el dominio se fija por las condi-
ciones o por el sentido del problema a resolver.

Cuando definimos una función como 3%!"#$, el %&'()!* son los va-
lores que toma +, por lo tanto, para hallar el recorrido expresamos #
en función de 3, hallamos los valores 3 para los cuales # está definida.
 Para hallar el recorrido consideraremos algunas funciones en que sea
posible expresar # en función de 3.

Ejemplos
T2## # 3" % "! %#&" % "!#" & "5
3" % "!#" & "5
"""""""""""""""""""
# 3" ) "5"" % "!#
#" % " 3")! "5 " % "" 3! " ) "" !5

# 41,1#'=#6.(#';<+'=->.#<1/-.>,-5(#3#<6'0'#*1,(+#56(/B6-'+#@(/1+#
+'(/8#<1+#/1#*(.*1C#9:;"!$%!#
!2# # "3" % "! %#&" % " +##"")&"!") #

"""""""3" % " +##"")&"!")

3%#" ) "!&" % ""+#" & ")
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at
#3" ) "+#" % "!3" & ")
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#%3" ) "+&" % "!3" & ")
"#" % "" !33"")&"+") at
ic
# )'3',1= '.51.*+(+ /1= @(/1+'= 0' <(+( /1= 56(/'=C
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3.)'.%.>
#
3%'8 <1+ /1 *(.*18 9:;"!$%!)H'J

$2 3" % "! %#&" % "!"#' " ) "' 8 =' =6<1.' B6' 3 *1,( /( +(MQ <+-.-
5-<(/ 1 <1=-*-@(8 <1+ /1 *(.*18 '/ +'51++-01 =' *1,( <(+( @(/1+'=
<1=-*-@1= 0' 3K 01.0' # '=*E 0'H-.-0(

""3" % "!#' " ) "'

3' % "#' " ) "'
"#" % "!3' " & "'
 3'&-=>8#='#56,</'#<(+(#56(/B6-'+#@(/1+#,(91+#1#-A6(/#(#5'+18#
<1+#/1#*(.*18

# # 9:;"!$%@>AD$

%2## 3" % "! %#&" % "!#' " & "* #8#='#=6<1.'#B6'#*1,(#/(#+(MQ#<1=-*-@(2

""3" % "!#' " & "*

3' " % "#' " & "*
"#" % "!3' " ) "*

3')E=>8 '.*1.5'= "3&'$"3)'$=>2 R'=1/@-'.01 /( -.'56(5->. *'.'-

,1= 34")DA)'BC@'AD$8 <'+1 /1= @(/1+'= <1=-*-@1= 0' 3 <(+( /1=
56(/'= # '=*I 0'H-.-0( '=C @'AD$8 <1+ /1 *(.*1C

U.*'+@(/1= 3&' 3)' "3&'$"3)'$

")DA)'$ ) ) &
")'A'$ & ) )
"'AD$ & & &

<1+ /1 *(.*18 9:;"!$%@'AD$

Construcción de funciones
D. '/ ,6.01 +'(/ =' <+'='.*(. ,65N(= =-*6(5-1.'= 51.5+'*(= '. /(= B6' -.-
*'+@-'.'. @(+-(3/'= +'/(5-1.(0(= '.*+' =M8 '. /(= 56(/'= '/ @(/1+ 0' 5(0( 6.(
0' '//(= 0'<'.0' 0'/ @(/1+ 0' /( 1*+(8 <1+ 'O',</18 '/ -.A+'=1 ,'.=6(/ 0' 6.(
',<+'=( <6'0' 0'<'.0'+ 0'/ .?,'+1 0' (+*M56/1= <+1065-01= 9 @'.0-01=2
D/ 5+'5-,-'.*1 0' 6.( </(.*( ,'0-0( '. 5'.*M,'*+1= 0'<'.0' 0' /( @(+-(3/'
*-',<12 &1. 0-@'+=(= /(= (</-5(5-1.'= B6' *-'.'. /(= H6.5-1.'= ( /(= 5-'.5-(=
51,1#/(#HM=-5(8#B6M,-5(8#(0,-.-=*+(5->.8#'51.1,M(#'#-.A'.-'+M(8#'.*+'#1*+(=2
L.*'=#0'#,'.5-1.(+#(/A6.1=#'O',</1=#0'#,10'/1=#H6.5-1.(/'=#'=#-,<1+-
*(.*'#0'=*(5(+#/(#@(+-(3/'#-.0'<'.0-'.*'#0'#/(#@(+-(3/'#0'<'.0-'.*'2
 "Variable Independiente]# '=# 6.# =M,31/1# B6'# +'<+'='.*(# (# 6.# .?,'+1#
(+3-*+(+-1#'.#'/#01,-.-1#0'#6.(#H6.5->.#!8#,-'.*+(=#B6'#/(#variable depen-
diente#'=#6.#=M,31/1#B6'#+'<+'='.*(#(#6.#.?,'+1#'.#'/#+'51++-01#0'#!2#
F1+# 'O',</18# /(# H6.5->.# B6'# ';*+('# /(# +(MQ# 56(0+(0(# (# 6.# .?,'+1# #8# ='#
<10+M(#0'H-.-+#51.#,I=#<+'5-=->.2#41,1#B6'#(#5(0(#.?,'+1###='#/'#(=-A.(#6.#
.?,'+1#9#,'0-(.*'#/(#+'A/(#0'#(=-A.(5->.#3%U) ##
F1+#/1#*(.*1###'=#/(#variable independiente#,-'.*+(=#B6'#3#'=#/(#variable
dependiente2

Ejemplos
T2## D/#-.A+'=1#0'#/(#@'.*(#0'#6.#<+1065*1#0'<'.0'#0'/#.?,'+1#0'#
6.-0(0'=#9#0'/#<+'5-1#6.-*(+-1K#=-#'/#<+'5-1#6.-*(+-1#'=#0'#^T2___#
9# '/# .?,'+1# 0'# 6.-0(0'=# @'.0-0(=# '=# #8# '/# -.A+'=1# 9"#$8# '=C#
9"#$%-2>>>#

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at
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a1
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m
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$2## D/#@(/1+#H6*6+1#0'#6.#5(<-*(/#0'#^Va___2___#51/15(01#(#6.#-.*'+E=#
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#%128#9

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5->.#0'#=6#<'=1#'.#A+(,1=#'=C#

3
#####
# 100 si 0 W # G 50
#
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% 300 si 100 W # G 150
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W2## D;<+'='#'/#I+'(#0'/#+'5*I.A6/1#,1=*+(01#'.#/(#H-A6+(####
#################
#Solución

# 41,1#'/#I+'(#0'#6.#+'5*I.-
A6/1#'=#/(#3(='#<1+#/(#(/*6+(8#
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ic
a1
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10

10

5
10

10

41,1#'/#I+'(#0'#/(#3(='#0'#/(#5(O(#'=# (# ( &'$) #9#/(#(/*6+(#'=#V#5,=2##

='#*-'.'#B6'#'/#@1/6,'.#0'#/(#5(O(#'=C
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e2## d.(#@'.*(.(#*-'.'#H1+,(#0'##########
+'5*I.A6/1# 51+1.(01# <1+# 6.#
*+-I.A6/1# 'B6-/I*'+12# &-# '/# <'+M-
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<-'=8#';<+'='#'/#I+'(#0'#'//(#51-
,1# H6.5->.# 0'/# (.5N1# ## 0'# /(#
,-=,(2

Solución
# D/#I+'(#0'#/(#@'.*(.(#'=#/(#=6,(#
*1*(/#0'/#I+'(#0'/#*+-I.A6/1#9#'/#
+'5*I.A6/12
# D/#I+'(#0'/#*+-I.A6/1#'=C
# !- % #./
) # #

# F'+1#.1=#H(/*(#=(3'+#/(#(/*6+(#0'/#*+-I.A6/12#F(+(#'=*1#=1/1#='#36=-
5(#6*-/-Q(+#'/#*'1+',(#0'#F-*IA1+(=#'.#'/#*+-I.A6/1#'B6-/I*'+12#

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% " 4& &2
% " 3&4
'( '
4 4

# 01.0'8#! % & !3
& # &' !3 $ &' !3
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 # L0',I=#'/#I+'(#0'/#+'5*I.A6/1#'=C#) % &+ 8#0'#'=*(#,(.'+(#
<10',1=#51.5/6-+#B6'#'/#f+'(#g1*(/#'=C

&'!3
A T % )* " ) % 4 " &+

&' !3
AT % 4 " &+

# h>*'='#B6'#/(#H6.5->.#0'/#I+'(#*1*(/#0'#/(#@'.*(.(#'=*I#'.#H6.-
5->.#0'#01=#@(+-(3/'=#&#9#+#
# 41,1#'/#<'+M,'*+1#0'/#@'.*(.(/#'=#0'#$V#<-'=#<10',1=#';<+'=(+/(#
51,1C# #

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Gráfica de una función

d.(#,(.'+(#0'#<'+5-3-+#-.*6-*-@(,'.*'#<+1<-'0(0'=#0'#6.(#H6.5->.#'=#A+(G-
5(+/(8#<(+*-,1=#0'#<10'+#(=-A.(+#.?,'+1=#(#/1=#<6.*1=K#56(.01#'=*1=#<6.*1=#
51++'=<1.0'.#(/#</(.1#<(+(#(=-A.(+#.?,'+1=#+'(/'=#(#/1=#<6.*1=8#='#'=*(3/'-
5'.#01=#+'5*(=#<'+<'.0-56/(+'=#0'#+'H'+'.5-(#0'.1,-.(0(=#ejes coordena-
dos8#6.18#'/#'O'#N1+-Q1.*(/#1#0'#/(=#&8#9#'/#1*+18#'/#'O'#@'+*-5(/#1#0'#/(=#+2#D/#
<6.*1#0'#-.*'+='55->.#0'#/1=#'O'=#='#0'.1,-.(#'/#origen#9#(/#</(.1#='#-0'.*--
G5(#51,1#'/#</(.1#&+#1#plano cartesiano2
d.(#@'Q#'=*(3/'5-01=#/1=#'O'=#511+0'.(01=8#<(+(#'/#'O'#&#(#/(#0'+'5N(#0'/#
1+-A'.#='#'/-A'#6.#<6.*1#569(#0-=*(.5-(#(/#1+-A'.#'=#/(#6.-0(0K#(.I/1A(,'.*'#
<(+(#'/#'O'#+#='#'/-A'#'/#<6.*1#(++-3(#0'/#1+-A'.8#569(#0-=*(.5-(#(/#1+-A'.#'=#/(#
6.-0(02
L# 5(0(# <6.*1# 0'/# </(.1# ='# /'# (=-A.(# 6.# <(+'O(# 1+0'.(0(# 0'# .?,'+1=#
+'(/'=##.8/$#//(,(0(=#/(=#511+0'.(0(=#0'/#<6.*18#01.0'#.#='#0'.1,-.(#/(#ab-
cisa#9#+'<+'='.*(#/(#0-=*(.5-(#0'/#<6.*1#(/#'O'#+8#/#='#0'.1,-.(#/(#ordenada#9#
+'<+'='.*(#/(#0-=*(.5-(#0'/#<6.*1#(/#'O'#&2#
)1=#<(+'O(=#1+0'.(0(=##.8/$8##081$#51++'=<1.0'.#(/#,-=,1#<6.*18#'=#0'5-+8#
#.8/$%#081$#=-#9#=1/1#=-#9#.%0292/%1

Ejemplo
# L/#+'<+'='.*(+#'.#'/#</(.1#5(+*'=-(.1#/(#H6.5->.#+#%#3#&$2#L=-A-
.(,1=#(#&#/1=#@(/1+'=#=65'=-@1=#&48#&'8#2#2#2#8&58#2#228#9#13*'.',1=#
/1=#@(/1+'=#51++'=<1.0-'.*'=#0'#+6#+48#+'8#2#2#2#8+58#2#22#

# D=*1=#@(/1+'=#0'*'+,-.(.#'.#'/#</(.1#/1=#<6.*1=#569(=#511+0'.(-
0(=#=1.C##2&48#+42$6#&'62+'2$67776#2&58#+5#$67777

2 8#46'$

&
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1

-2

-3

-4

#&'#0'.1,-.(#gráfica de la función +#,#!)#*#(/#51.O6.*1#0'#<6.*1=#'.#

'/#</(.1##&8+$8#01.0'#+#%#3#&$
9:.3#3$%;#&6+$<!'=+%3#&$6&<>?@#3$A
Nota: la gráfica sólo ilustra las propiedades de la función más no
las demuestra.
 i'1,E*+-5(,'.*'#(#/(#i+(H73"#='#/'#0'.1,-.(#6.(#56+@(2

Ejemplos

+ +

3 3

& &
0 0

D= H6.5->. D= H6.5->.

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ww /( +'5*( @'+*-5(/ 51+*( ( /( A+IH-5( '. 01=
D. /(= =-A6-'.*'= A+IH-5(=
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=- 9 =1/1 =-8 *10( +'5*( @'+*-5(/ B6' -.*'+='5*' ( /( 56+@( /1 N(5' '. 6. ?.-51
<6.*18 '=*' 5+-*'+-1 A'1,E*+-51 B6' =' 0'.1,-.( criterio de la línea vertical
51++'=<1.0' ( /( definición formal de función2 d.( H6.5->. 0' & '. + '= 6.
=6351.O6.*1# 0'# <(+'O(=# 1+0'.(0(=# 0'/# <+1065*1# 5(+*'=-(.1# &B+8# 01.0'# '/#
<+-,'+#'/','.*1#.6.5(#='#+'<-*'2
 J65N(= @'5'=8 /( +'<+'='.*(5->. A'1,E*+-5( 0' 6.( H6.5->. <'+,-*' '=-
*(3/'5'+ =6= <+1<-'0(0'= intuitivamente2

Ejemplos
T2 3 %&& % " )! & " )
+
R'(/-5',1= 6.( 5

*(3/( 0' 0(*1=C

& C D-

+ E C

>?@%3 & % !

FG0 %3 & % ! &

-3 0
P3='+@',1= B6' 5(0(
'/','.*1 0'/ +'51++-01 '=
-,(A'. 0' 6. ?.-51 '/','.*1 0'/ 01,-.-12

!2# 3 %&& % "&' " ( ")# +

>?@%3 & % !

FG0 %3 & % "8 ( )$"H&

j4>,1 +'<+'='.*(+ 6.( H6.5->.
&
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0' <(+'= 1+0'.(01=2
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i+(H 73$2%2;#&6+$<!'=+%23#&$6&<2>3A
:( A+IH-5( .1= <+1<1+5-1.( 6.( -.H1+,(5->. ?*-/ =13+' '/ 51,<1+*(-
,-'.*1 0' /( H6.5->. 51,1 /1 ,6'=*+(. /1= 'O',</1= T 9 !8 01.0' 5+'5'
9 0'5+'5' /( 56+@(2 L0',I=8 '/ 01,-.-1 9 +'51++-01 0' /( ,-=,(2
 $2#g+(Q(+#/(#A+IH-5(#0'C################ #
#3 #&$ % #& ( )$' +

Solución 25

# D.#/(#*(3/(#=-A6-'.*'#='#
/-=*(.#(/A6.1=#@(/1+'=# 0 5
&
H6.5-1.(/'=#9#=6=#<6.*1=#
51++'=<1.0-'.*' ( /(=
A+IH-5(=2

& DI D- D' D4 C 4 ' - I

+ J4 KI IL -K 'E 4K L I 4

:6'A1 =' ,(+5(. /1= <6.*1= 9 =' 6.'. <1+ ,'0-1 0' 6.( 56+@( =6(@'

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(" g+(5' /( A+IG5( 0' 3 2

3" S(//' 01,-.-1 9 +'51++-012
Solución
(" F(+( & RC *'.',1= /( H6.5->. 51.=*(.*' 3#&$ %(42

l# :(#-,(A'.#0'#&%2C######################
l# #F(+(#&NC8#*'.',1=#/(#H6.5->.#51.=*(.*'#3#&$%4#
# F1+#/1#*(.*18#/(#A+IG5(#0'#3#&$8#'=C#
 +

&
0
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3" # D/ 01,-.-1 *101= /1= +'(/'= 1 '/ -.*'+@(/1 #DH6H$8 ,-'.*+(= B6'
'/ +'51++-01 '= '/ 51.O6.*1C
;48 C2 D4A

V2
& 2OP22&R24
3#&$2%2& &' 2OP224R2&2R2E
K& ( -2OP22&2S2E

(" # g+(5' /( A+IH-5( 0' 3 2

3" # S(//' 01,-.-1 9 +'51++-012
Solución
(" # :( A+IH-5( 51++'=<1.0-'.*' ( 3#&$8 '=C

+
27
25

1
&
1 5
 3"## )1,-.-1##(H62E$2T2#E62"2H$##
R'51++-01##(H62'E$2T2##'U62"H$#

Función par
Si una función 3 satisface la condición que, 3#(&$%23#&$2se dice que
es una función par, para todo & del dominio, como se muestra en la
gráfica.

#(&63#(&$$ #&63#&$$

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Ejemplos a1
T2## :(#H6.5->.#3#&$%&'"4#'=#<(+#<1+B6'8# . co
m
3#(&$%#(&$'"4%&'"4%3#&$
# F1+#/1#*(.*1C#3#(&$%3#(&$8#'=*1#=-A.-H-5(#B6'#/(#A+IH-5(#'=#=-,E-
*+-5(#51.#+'=<'5*1#(/#'O'#+2#

Función impar
Si 3 satisface la condición de: 3#(&$%(3#&$, es una función
impar en todo su dominio.
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&
(& &

(+

!2 # m'+-H-B6' B6' +%&-2'= -,<(+2

# &'( 3#(&$-%(&-%(3#&$8 <1+ /1 *(.*1 '= -,<(+2

$2 # F+6'3' B6' 3#&$%'&E(U&-"I& '= -,<(+2

3#(&$%'#(&$E(U#(&$-"I#(&$
%('&E"U&-(I&
# # %(#'&E(U&-"I&$
%(3#&$
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%2 m'+-H-B6' =- 38 0'H-.-0( 51,1 +" % "!' ( &' " '= <(+2

>?@#3$2%2V(464W '= =-,E*+-51 9
3 % ( && % "!'" ( "% ( &&' " % "!'" ( "&' " % "3 %&& 8
<1+ /1 *(.*1 3 '= <(+2
222224222222222222
V2 m'+-H-B6' =- 38 0'H-.-0( 51,1 3#&$2%2+2%2"""# 8 '= <(+2
42"2&'##

22222242222222222222222224 #%2
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42"2#(&$ #####42"2&'
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 Ejercicio 4.1
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(2# +
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5,=2
Álgebra de funciones
Definición
Sean 3 y Q dos funciones y D3 y DQ los dominios de3 y Q respectiva-
mente; entonces definimos las funciones 3"Q, 3(Q, 3^Q y 3 , llamadas
Q
respectivamente suma, diferencia, producto y cociente, como sigue:
"""3 " - "Q" % "2%&$+& < !+ 3"+ " % "3 %&&" " "Q%&&"":"""& < %B3 _ "BQ &4

"""""""3 " . "Q" % "2%&$+& < !+ 3"+ " % "3 %&&" ( "Q%&&"":"""& < %B3 _ "BQ &4

""""""""" 3" ^ "Q" % "2%&$+ & < !+ 3"+ " % "3 %&& ^ Q%&&"":"""& < %B3 _ "BQ &4
3 %&&
"""""""""""""""" Q " % "2%&$+& < !+ 3"+" % "" Q%&& $"Q%&&" %
3
; "-"":""& < %B3 _ "BQ &4

Ejemplos
T2#&-# 3 %&& % !&"" :" Q%&& % +& " '$ 5(/56/(+# 3 " Q$"3 ^"Q $ Q $ '.#&%4
3

)'3',1=#0'*'+,-.(+#=-#/(=#H6.5-1.'=#'=*I.#0'H-.-0(=#'.#&%4

"""""""""""""""3 %*&" % "!*" % "+"""":""""Q%*&"" % "+ ^ %*$"""'"%"(

"""" %3 " - "Q&%*&"% "3 %*&" " "Q%*&"% "+"""(" % "''

"""""%3 " . "Q&%*&"% "3 %*&" ( "Q%*&"% "+"("(" %(
" 5

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"

41,1#Q#I$ZC8#*'.',1=#B6'C#( 3 )%*&" % " 3 %*& " % " +

Q Q%*& (

#!2## )(0(=#3#9#Q#0'H-.-0(=#51,1C#3 %&& % &+ " '"#9# Q%&& % & ( ' 8##
0'H-.-+#/(=#H6.5-1.'=C#
# 3 " Q$"3 ( Q$""3 ^ Q$" 3Q $" 3Q 9""5 ^ 3
 %3 " " "Q&%&&" % "3 %&&" " "Q%&&

"""""""""""""""""""" % "%&' " " "'&" " "%&" ( "'& % "&' " " "&

%3 " ( "Q&%&&" % "3 %&&" ( "Q%&$ % "%&+ " " "'&" ( "%&" ( "'&

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" % "&' " ( "&" " "+

""%3 ^ Q&%&&" % "3 %&& ^ Q%&&" " % "%&+ " " "'&%&" ( "'&

% ""&! " ( "&+ "" " "&" ( "'

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

%3 ;Q&%&&" % "3 %&&;"Q%&&"" % """%&+ " " "'&;%&" ( "'&

%Q;3 &%&& " % "Q%&&;"3 %&&"" % """%&" ( "'&;%&' " " "'&
"%5 ^ 3 &%&& % "5 ^w3 %&&" % "5%&' " " "'&" % "5&' " " "5&
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 Ejercicio 4.2

T2# )(0(=#38#Q8!#0'G.-0(=#51,1#
3 %&& % ( &' " ($"Q%&& % !+&" ( "5$"!%&&" % ")&
(2#32#U$2 2 32#Q#E&$
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(2# 4(/56/'C"%3 " Q&% '+ &."%3 ( Q&% '+ &."%3 ^ Q&%'&."%3 ;Q&% '! &
32# )'H-.(#<(+("&C"3 " Q.""3 ( Q.""3 ^ Q.""3 ;Q

$2## &'(.#3#&$%'&"E###9##Q#&$%2&(-
(2#4(/56/'###32"2Q$#-$`2#3(Q$#'$`2#32^2Q$#('$`2#3XQ$#(E$
32#)'G.(#<(+(#&C#32"2Q`23(Q`232^2Q`23XQ
%2## )(0(=#3%{(1,1), (2,4), (3,9), ((1,1), ((2,4), ((3,6)} 9
Q2%{(1,4),(2,1),(4,5),((2,4)}.
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0'#/(=#=-A6-'.*'=#H6.5-1.'=C
(2#3#"#Q## # 32#3#(#Q
52#3#^#Q## # 02#3#X#Q
V2## &'(. 3%{(&,+)<!'|+%&( 2} 9 Q%{(&,+) <!'2|+%&2"7}.
)'G.(#<(+(#&#/(=#=-A6-'.*'=#H6.5-1.'=C
(2#3#"#Q## # 32#3#(#Q
52#3#^#Q## # 02#3#X#Q2
Composición de funciones
D;-=*' 1*+( ,(.'+( 0' 51,3-.(+ H6.5-1.'= <(+( 13*'.'+ 6.( .6'@( H6.5->.
//(,(0( 51,<1=-5->. 0' H6.5-1.'=2

Q 3

& Q#&$ 3#Q#&$$

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L '=*' *-<1 0' 51,3-.(5->. 0' H6.5-1.'= =' /' //(,( 51,<1=-5->. 0' H6.-
5-1.'=8 /( .6'@( H6.5->. '=*I 51,<6'=*( <1+ /(= 01= H6.5-1.'= 3 9 Q2
Definición
Dadas dos funciones 3 y Q. La función compuesta de 3 y Q, que se
nota #3 ° Q$#&$ se define como: #3 ° Q$#&$%3#Q#&$$2

j4>,1 '= '/ 01,-.-1 0' 3 9 Qk

&1. *101= /1= @(/1+'= & 0'/ 01,-.-1 0' Q *(/ B6' Q#&$ <'+*'.'Q5( (/ 01,-.-1
0' 32
Ejemplos
#T2## D.51.*+(+#3#°#Q#9#Q#°#3#9#=6=#01,-.-1=#+'=<'5*-@1=8#=-C#
# !
3 #&$ % & (46 '
Q#&$ % &

Solución
T2##3 0 "Q$%&& % " 3 #Q#&$$ % !Q#&$ ( 4 % !&' ( 4

&' ( 4 S - c %& " 4$#& ( 4$ S C

U.*'+@(/1= &"4 &(4 #&"4$#&(4$

#(H6(4$ ( ( "
#(464$ " ( (
#46H$ " " "

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>?@P5P?2#32° Q$#&$2%2#(H62(4WT2V46H$

!2# #Q" 0 3 $%&& % Q#3 #&$& % Q %!& ( 4 & % #!& ( 4 &+ % & ( 4D ##
#
>?@P5P?2#Q2° 3$2%2#(H62H$#

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# D@(/6(+C#(2##32°#Q$#U$K#32##Q#°#3$#-.$K#52##3#°#3#°#Q$#&$#

(2#(3 ° Q )(7) %3(Q(7))8#<'+1##

Q(7) %22.#7$ (5 % 98#<1+#/1#*(.*1#
(3#°#Q)(7) % 3(9)% 9'"3 %284

32#(Q °#3 $(3.) %Q(3(3.))8#<'+1#

3(3.) % (3.)' "3 % 9.' "38#<1+#/1#*(.*1#
(Q2° 3$(3.) %Q(9.' "3)% 2(9.' "3)(5 % 18.' "26 (E % 4J.'2"24

52#(3 °#3#°#Q)(&) %3(3(Q(&)))##

(3 °#3#°#Q)(&) %3(3(2&( 5)8#<'+1##
3(2&(5) % (2&(5)'"3 % 4&'(20&"288#<1+#/1#*(.*1C#
 (3 °#3#°#Q)(&) %23(4&'(20&"28)##
%2(4&'(20&"28)'"-

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/(#51,1#/(#51,<6'=*(#0'#01=#1#,I=#H6.5-1.'=2#L/#'@(/6(+#=7&"#
N(//(,1=#<+-,'+1#T"&'#9#(#'=*(#';<+'=->.#/'#=(5(,1=#=6#+(MQ#
56(0+(0(8#'=#0'5-+#<10',1=#0'H-.-+#/(=#H6.5-1.'=C
# d " % "3 %&&" % "'" " "&+ $""":" % "Q%d &" % "!d "$ #*(/'=#B6'C

+" % "Q%d &" % "Q%3 %&&&$"<1+#/1#*(.*1""O % "Q"0"3

%2## &'(#O#/(#H6.5->.#0'H-.-0(#51,1# +" % "O%&&" % " %!&"(+ "'&' #';<+'=(+/(#

51,1#/(#51,<6'=*(#0'#01=#1#,I=#H6.5-1.'=2
# L/#'@(/6(+#e7&"#N(//(,1=#<+-,'+1#3&(48#(#'=*(#';<+'=->.#/(#'/'-
@(,1=#(/#56(0+(018#9#/6'A1#+'(/-Q(,1=#'/#515-'.*'#'.*+'#!#9#'=(#
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T2# &'(.#3#9#Q#H6.5-1.'=#0'G.-0(=#'.#A % {2,3,4,5,6}#01.0'C##

3(2) % 38 3(3) %24, 3(4) %26, 32(5) % 2, 32(6) %25,
Q(2) %5, Q(3) % 6, Q2(4) %25, Q2(5) % 3#9 Q2(6) %222#
# D.56'.*+'C#
(2 (3 o Q)(2) 32#(3 o Q)(3)#
52#(3 o Q)(5) 02 (3 o Q)(4)## #
'2#(3 o Q)(6) # # H2#(Q o 3)(2) # #
A2#(Q o 3)(3)## # N2#(Q o 3)(5)## #
-2 (Q o 3)(4)## # O2#(Q o 3)(6)#
 !2#&-#37&"#%#!&2#"#W#9#Q7&"#%#X&"#!2#D.56'.*+'C
(2#(Q o 3)(4) # # 32 (3 o 3)(3)#
52#(Q o Q)(2)## # 02#(3 o Q)(5)#
'2#(Q o 3)(5)## # H2#(3 o 3 )(&)#
A2#(Q o 3 )(&)## # N2#(3 o Q )(&)#
-2#(Q o Q )(&)
$2# &'(.#3(&) % 3&(7#9#Q(&) %2&"\#2#)'*'+,-.'#'/#@(/1+#+'(/#\#*(/#B6'C##
(3 o Q)(&) % (Q o 3)(&)
%2## &-#3(&) %22&"7#9#Q(&)%.&( 38#N(//'#.#*(/#B6'C#(3 o Q)(&) % (Q o 3)(&)
V2## &'(#3(&) %3&"1#9#Q(&)%(5&"22
(2#)'*'+,-.'#(3 o Q)(&)#9#(Q o 3)(&)2
32#)'*'+,-.'#(3^Q)(&)#9#(Q^3 )(&)#9#51,<(+'#'=*1=#<+1065*1=#51.#/1=#
+'=6/*(01=#0'#/(#<(+*'#(2
52#S(//'#&8#*(/#B6'#(3 o Q) (&)%#!
W2## m'+-GB6'#B6'#(3 o 3 o 3) (&)%2=-# 3 %&&" % "'" ( &4 2
X2## S(//'#'/#,10'/1#,(*',I*-51#<(+(#';<+'=(+C
(2#i+(01=#n'/@-.#7\n"#'.#H6.5->.#0'#A+(01=#[(+N+'.N'-*#7\["2#&-#&#+'-
<+'='.*(#\[8#+'51+0',1=#B6'C#d%23#&$% )( #&(-'$#';<+'=(#A+(01=#
4'.*MA+(01=#7\4#"#'.#H6.5->.#0'#\[#9#+%Q#d$%d"'U-#';<+'=(#\n#
'.#H6.5->.#0'#A+(01=#\42
32#D/#@1/6,'.#0'#6.(#'=H'+(#'.#H6.5->.#0'/#*-',<1#]8#=-#@1/6,'.#
0'#6.(#'=H'+(#0'#+(0-1#:#'=*I#0(01#<1+#F" % "%*;!&&G! #9#'/#+(0-1#
0'#/(#'=H'+(#5+'5'#'.#H6.5->.#0'/#*-',<1# :" % "]" " ""!+]2#

Función inyectiva o uno a uno

41.=-0'+',1=#/(#H6.5->.#+2%2=&=2<(+(#/1#56(/#*1,(,1=#01=#@(/1+'=#+'(/'=#0--
H'+'.*'=#0'#=6#dominio8#<1+#'O',</1#(!#9#!#'.#'/#56(/#=6#-,(A'.#'=#3#('$2%2
3#'$#'B6-@(/'.*'#(#=('=2%2='=#B6'#=1.#-A6(/'=8#51,1#='#,6'=*+(#'.#/(#=-A6-'.*'#
GA6+(C
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F(+( B6' 6.( H6.5->. ='( U.9'5*-@( 1 6.1 ( 6.18 =' .'5'=-*( B6' 0(01=
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51.O6.*1 0' //'A(0( 1 +'51++-01 51,1 '. '=*' 'O',</12 &'( +%&-8 =- *1,(,1=
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d.( H6.5->. 3 51. 01,-.-1 '. ) 9 +'51++-01 '. f '= -.9'5*-@( 76.1 ( 6.1" =-
56,</' 6.( 0' /(= 51.0-5-1.'= =-A6-'.*'=C
T2# )(01= 01= '/','.*1= 0'/ 01,-.-1 0-=*-.*1= =6= +'=<'5*-@(= -,IA'.'=
=1. 0-H'+'.*'=8 '= 0'5-+C

eP2&4Z2&'62g232#&4$2Z232#&'$

!2# P /1 ,-=,1 =- /(= -,IA'.'= 0' /(= H6.5-1.'= =1. -A6(/'=8 '.*1.5'= /1=
'/','.*1= 0'/ 01,-.-1 0' 3 =1. -A6(/'=8 '= 0'5-+C

eP232#&4$2%232#&'$2g2&4%2&'

:( ';</-5(5->. 0' /( 0'H-.-5->. (.*'+-1+ 0' /(= 01= 51.0-5-1.'= @-'.' 0(0(
0' /( />A-5( ,(*',I*-5(8 =' *-'.' B6' /( 51.0-5->. T '= 'B6-@(/'.*' ( /( !8 '=
0'5-+8 =' 56,</' /( /'9 0'/ 51.*+(++'5M<+1518 =- =' *-'.' 6.( -,</-5(5->. Mhi8
=6 51.*+(++'5M<+151 '= oMhoi (=MC

eP2&4Z2&'62g232#&4$2Z232#&'$2c232#&4$2%232#&'$2g2&4%2&'2

NOTA: para demostrar que una función 3 es uno a uno, es mas có-
moda trabajar con la definición 2.

Ejemplos
T2 # F+13(+ B6' /( H6.5->. 3#&$ % -&(4 '= -.9'5*-@(2
Solución

# )'3',1= <+13(+ B6' 32#&4$2%232#&'$g2&4%2&'8

&'( 32#&4$2%232#&'$ 8 '.*1.5'= -&42(242%2-&'(4 5(.5'/(,1= #(4$2
'.*1.5'= -&422%2-&'g&4%&' 0' '=*( ,(.'+( 32#&$2%2-&(4 '=
-.9'5*-@(2
!2 # F+13(+ B6' /( H6.5->.3#&$2%2&' .1 '= -.9'5*-@(2
 Solución

&4'2 %2 j2 ! &''2 g2 &4%2 j2 2 &'8 /6'A18

&- 3#&4$2 %2 3#&'$2 g2 2 &4' % &'' g! " # "
&4 % &' > &42 %2 ( &' > (=M *-'.'. /( ,-=,( -,(A'. '= 0'5-+8
3#&4$%2 3#&'$ <(+( '/','.*1= 0-=*-.*1= &4Z&'8 <1+ *(.*1 3#&$%2 &'2 .1
'= 6.1 ( 6.1 1 -.9'5*-@( 9 .1 56,</' B6' =- 3#&4$%23#&'$2g&42%2&'

Criterio de la línea vertical

F(+( =(3'+ =- 6.( +'/(5->. '= H6.5->. ,'0-(*' =6 A+IG5( =' *+(Q( 6.( /M.'(
<(+(/'/( (/ 'O' + =- 51+*( ( /( A+IG5( 0' /( +'/(5->. =1/(,'.*' '. 6. <6.*18 /(
+'/(5->. '= H6.5->.2

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Criterio de la línea horizotal m

F(+( =(3'+ =- 6.( H6.5->. '= 6.1 ( 6.1 ,'0-(*' =6 A+IG5( =' *+(Q( 6.( /M.'(
<(+(/'/( (/ 'O' & 9 =- 51+*( ( /( A+IG5( 0' /( H6.5->. =1/(,'.*' '. 6. <6.*18 /(
H6.5->. '= 6.1 ( 6.1 1 -.9'5*-@(
+ +

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C C

1. 2.

h1 '= 6.1 ( 6.1 D= 6.1 ( 6.1

&-#13='+@(,1=#/(#A+IG5(#T8#.1#'=#6.1#(#6.1#<1+B6'#/(#+'5*(#N1+-Q1.*(/#51+*(#(#
/(#A+IG5(#0'#3#'.#,I=#0'#6.#<6.*18#,-'.*+(=#B6'#'.#/(#A+IG5(#!#=1/1#/(#51+*(#
'.#6.#=1/1#<6.*12
$2## :(#H6.5->.#+%=&=2.1#'=#6.1#(#6.1#<1+#'/#5+-*'+-1#0'#/(#+'5*(#
N1+-Q1.*(/8#9(#B6'#/(#+'5*(#51+*(#(#/(#A+IH-5(#'.#,(=#0'#6.#<6.*12#
d.(#@'Q#='#+'(H-+,(#B6'#3#&4$%23#&'$2<'+1#&42Z2&'2#

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6.1K (0',I= =- *1,(,1= 01= '/','.*1= 0-=*-.*1= 0'/ 01,-.1 0' /( H6.5->.
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 Función inversa
&-# *'.',1=# 6.(# H6.5->.# -.9'5*-@(# 1# 6.1# (# 6.1# 51.# 01,-.-1# )# 9# +'51++-01#
f8#'=#0'5-+#3C#)kf#<10',1=#0'G.-+#6.(#H6.5->.#0'.1*(0(#3(42 '.#/(#56I/#'/#
01,-.-1#<(=(#(#='+#'/#+'51++-01#0'#f#9#'/#+'51++-01#<(=(#(#='+#'/#01,-.1#0'#
f#'=#0'5-+C
2>)22%Ff2
###############################################9#
222F)2%#>f
3(4lfk)#B6'#'=#/(#H6.5->.#-.@'+=(#0'#3#51,1#='#,6'=*+(#'.#/(=#=-A6-'.*'=#
GA6+(=C

3(4

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Definición: si 3 es una función uno a uno con dominio ) y recorrido
f, entonces la función 3(4 con dominio f y recorrido ) es la función
inversa de 3 si se cumple +%3#&$2m&%3(4#+$,2la definición anterior
significa que 3 transforma & en +, mientras que 3(42transforma + en &.

) &

3(4
3

f
+
Ejemplo
)(0(#/(#H6.5->.#3 #&$ % -& ( 4"8#/(#H6.5->.#-.@'+=(#'=# &"4 % 3 (4 #&$8#
-
<1+#'O',</1#/(#511+0'.(0(##'6 E$ < 3 8#<1+B6'#3 #'$ % -#'$ ( 4 % E
,-'.*+(=#B6'8#%)$+& < 3 (4#<1+B6'#3 (4 #E$ % E"4" % '2
-

Advertencia
Hay que tener precaución de no confundir el (4 del exponente 3(4,es
decir 3(42no significa 3 #&$
4 .

Pasos para determinar la función Inversa de una función inyectivaC

T2#D=5+-3-+#+#%#3#&$2
!2#)'=<'O(+#'.#3#&$#7=-#'=#<1=-3/'"2
$2#U.*'+5(,3-(+#/(=#@(+-(3/'=#&#9#+8#<1+#/1#*(.*1#/(#'56(5->.#+'=6/-
*(.*'#'=#+#%#3(4#&$2

Ejemplos
#T2#S(//(+#/(#H6.5->.#-.@'+=(#0'# + % &- " *
(2#&'(# + % &- " *
32#)'=<'O(,1=#/(#@(+-(3/'#&## #
## + % &- " * g + ( * % &! g & % !
!
+ (* 8#(N1+(#-.*'+5(,3-(.#/(=#
@(+-(3/'=#&#9#+2# #
!
+2%22 & ( *
!

Propiedad

#3#n#3$#&$2%23#3(4#&$$%&62o&<!
#3(4#n#3$#&$2%23(4#3#&$$%&62o&<!

Ejemplo
# 41,<+13(+#B6'#/(#H6.5->.# Q#&$ % !
!
& ( * #'=#/(#H6.5->.#
-.@'+=(#0'C#3#&$#%#&-#"2I2
 Solución
&'(##3 n Q$ #&$ % 3 #Q#&$$ % 3 #!
!
& ( *$ % #!
!
& ( * $- " * % & ( * " * % &
<1+#1*+(#<(+*'##Q#3 #&$$ % Q#&- " *& % !
!
#&- " *$ ( *" % !
-
& %&
<1+#/1#*(.*1##Q2n3$#&$%&8#(=M#Q#'=#/(#-.@'+=(#0'#37#

Gráfica de la función inversa

:(#A+IG5(#3(4#='#13*-'.'#+'p'O(.01#
A+IG5(#0'#32'.#/(#+'5*(#+2%2&2# +

&-#13='+@(,1=#'/#<6.*1##.,/$2(/#+'p'-
#160$
O(+/1#'.#+%&#B6'0(#'.#/(#511+0'.(0(# +%&
#/,.$8# (N1+(# =-# *'.',1=# 6.(# A+IG5(#
+%3#&$29#='#+'p'O(#'.#+%&#.1=#0(#/(# #061$
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:(
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5->. 3 .1
B6'0( /( A+IG5(
. 0' /( H6.5->. -.@'+=(2
3(4 co
m

J1=*+',1= /( A+IH-5( 0' 3 B6' .1 '= 6.1 ( 6.18 N(5-'.01 /( <+6'-

3( 0' /( +'5*( N1+-Q1.*(/ (/ +'H/'O(+ 3 '. +2 % & 13*'.',1= /( =-A6-'.*'
A+IH-5(C
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41,1 13='+@(,1= /( A+IH-5( 0' 3 .1 '= H6.5->. (/ N(5'+ /( <+6'3( 0' /(

/M.'( @'+*-5(/8 '=*( '= /( +(Q>. <1+ /( 56(/ .'5'=-*(,1= B6' '/ 1+-A-.(/ ='( 6.1
( 6.1 9 <1+ '=*18 '= -,<1+*(.*' +'=*+-.A-+ '/ 01,-.-1 0' 32 F(+( A(+(.*-Q(+ B6'
/( H6.5->. 322*'.A( -.@'+=( 3(4 2

+
+%&

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Ejemplo
# :(#H6.5->.#+%&'2.1#'=#6.1#(#6.1#'.#*101=#/1=#+'(/'=8#=-#
+'=*+-.A-,1=#'/#01,-.-1#<(+(#&SC#8#/(#H6.5->.#*-'.'#-.@'+=(2
 +

3
+%&'

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no es uno a uno

&S2C
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&'(#3#&4$2%23#&'$g2&'42%2&''2g2&42%&'#0'#'=*(#,(.'+(#3#'=#6.1#(#6.1#9#*-'.'#
-.@'+=(2
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a1
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+ +2%&
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Función inversa

&
 Ejercicio 4. 4
T2## j46I/#0'#/(=#=-A6-'.*'=#H6.5-1.'=#=1.#6.1#(#6.1k

("# + ##3"# +

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5"# + ##0"# +

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(2" 3 #&$ % U& ( 4" 32" Q#&$ % &(4
&"4

52" 3 #&$ % &- " '2" 3 #&$ % &' " 4

02" 3 #&$ % &' " & <(+(#& S ( 4' " H2" 3 #&$ % !&

$"# )',6'=*+'#B6'#'=#6.1#(#6.1#9#N(//'#=6#-.@'+=(2
("" 3 #&$ % '& ( 4" 3"" Q#&$ % &(-

5"" !#&$ % !' " E&"

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0"" 3 #&$ % &' <(+("& Y -

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m(,1= ( ,'.5-1.(+ (/A6.(= H6.5-1.'= B6' 6=6(/,'.*' =' 6*-/-Q(. '. 5I/56/1
!"#$%&'()*'+#$#+$(,"#)-("'$.+$,"$#)/&)+'0+$1"'+2"3
l# [6.5->.#51.=*(.*'
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l# [6.5->.#@(/1+#(3=1/6*12
a) Función constante #
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d.(#H6.5->.#0'#/(#H1+,(#3#&$%&5#01.0'#5#'=#6.(#51.=*(.*'8#='#//(,(#
H6.5->.#<1*'.5-(2
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c) Función raíz # +
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d.(#H6.5->.#B6'#*-'.'#/(#H1+,(#q#&$%/5&5(/5(4&5(4"7777"/C#
# &'#//(,(#H6.5->.#<1/-.>,-5(8#01.0'#/18#/T82228/58#=1.#51.=*(.*'=2#D.#
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e) Función racional
d.(#H6.5->.#+(5-1.(/#='#0'G.'#51,1#'/#515-'.*'#0'#01=#H6.5-1.'=#
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Ejemplos
'
T2## 3 #&$ % & "4 #
&' (4
#
# D=#6.(#H6.5->.#+(5-1.(/#51.#01,-.-1##(H64$T#(464$T#46"H$
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&

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>?@#3$#%2!(;(-6-A2
 # L/#+',</(Q(+#&%(-#9#&%-#13*'.',1=#/(=#-.0'*'+,-.(5-1.'=# (! "":"" ! 2
"- -

Asíntotas verticales y horizontales

&
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41,1#='#13='+@(#'.#/(#GA6+(C

k(-r C k-r
Izquierda Derecha Izquierda Derecha

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 3#&$#k#H#56(.01#&k#(-"
En general, si en &%., 3#.$ no está definida tenemos una indetermi-
nación de la forma \XC, si \ZC, la recta &%2.2es una asíntota vertical.

41,1#>?@#3$%!(;(-6-A#1*+1#'/','.*1#B6'#51.*+-369'#(/#(.I/-=-=#0'#
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46(.01#&k"H2'@(/6(,1=#3#&$#<1+#'O',</1#'.#&%(4CC#9#&%(47CCC

('--
"""3 % ( '--&" % " %('--&' "("( " % " ( "-$-'

('---
3 % ( '---&" % " %('D---&' "("( " % " ( "-$--'

46(.01 &k(H2'@(/6(,1= 3#&$ <1+ 'O',</1 '. &%4CC 9 &%47CCC

""""w3 %'--&" % " %'--&'--

' "("( " % "-$-'
ww
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at
'---
3 %'---&" % " %'D---&' "("( " % "-$--'

em
at
P3='+@',1= B6'C 3#&$kC 56(.01 &k(H 9 3#&$kC 56(.01 &kH
ichorizontal2
D. '=*' 5(=1 /( +'5*( +%C '= 6.( asíntota
a1
En general si 3#&$k\ cuando &k(H o 3#&$k\2cuando &kH,
la recta +2%2\, es una asíntota horizontal. . co
m

41. '/ '=*60-1 0' /M,-*'= '= <1=-3/' H1+,(/-Q(+ '=*1= <+15'0-,-'.*1= -.065*-@1= '
-.*6-*-@1=2 [-.(/,'.*'8 N(//(,1= /1= 51+*'= 51. /1= 'O'=2

41. '/ 'O' 3 %-&" % " -' "-("( " % "-

41. '/ 'O' &' "&("( " % "-$""&" % "-
D/ 51+*' 51. 5(0( 6.1 0' /1= 'O'= '= '/ <6.*1 7_8_"2

Ejemplo
$2## S(5'+#'/#(.I/-=-=#0'#/(#H6.5->.#3#0'H-.-0(C# 3 %&&" % " &&""(("+"'
'

# 41,1#'/#A+(01#0'/#<1/-.1,-1#0'/#.6,'+(01+#'=#,(91+#B6'#'/#
A+(01#0'/#<1/-.1,-1#0'/#0'.1,-.(01+8#0'=(++1//(.01#/(#0-@-=->.8#
'/#515-'.*'#'=#&"'#9#'/#+'=-061#'=#32
 # L</-5(.01#'/#(/A1+-*,1#0'#/(#0-@-=->.#*'.',1=#B6'

&' "("'
&"("+ " % "&" " "+" " "" &"(! "+
g'.',1=#<6'=8#01=#';<+'=-1.'=#<(+(#3#&$2
&('%C#*-'.'#51,1#=1/65->.#&%'8#<1+#/1#*(.*1#
>?@#3$%!(;'A
L/#+',</(Q(+#&%'#13*'.',1=#/(#-.0'*'+,-.(5->.# ! 8#<1+#/1#*(.*1#/(#+'5*(#
-
&%'#'=#6.(#asíntota vertical2
D@(/6',1=#/(#H6.5->.#'.#@(/1+'=#próximos#(#&%'#*(.*1#<1+#/(#-QB6-'+0(#
51,1#<1+#/(#0'+'5N(2

2-QB6-'+0(#####k22'222r22222220'+'5N(

#&2%1,999#7='#(<+1;-,(.#(#2#<1+#/(#-QB6-'+0("#9
3 %'$(((&" % " '$((( "("'
'

'$((("("+" " % " ( +D((#

&" % "+$--'

3 %+$--'&" % " +$--' "("'

'

+$--'"("+ " % "!D--*

P3='+@',1=#B6'C#3#&$k(H#56(.01#&k'(#9#3#&$k&#56(.01#&k'"#
41,1#>?@#3$%!(;'A8#<(+(#0'*'+,-.(+#B6'#156++'#51.#3#&$#56(.01#&k(H#
9# 56(.01# &kH8# 6*-/-Q(,1=# 3 %&&" % "&" " "+" " "" &"(! "+ # 9# '@(/6(,1=# 3#&$# <1+#
'O',</1#'.#&%(1000#9#&%1.000#
!
3 % ( 'D---&" % " ( 'D---" " "+" " " ('D---"("+

""""""""""""""""""""" % " ( "((6" ( ""-D--+(("" s " ( "((6

!
3#47CCC$2%247CCC2"22'D---"("+ #
#
%#47CC'#"#C6CC-CCK2s247CC'
P3='+@',1=# B6'# 3#&$k(H# 56(.01# &k(H# 9# 3#&$kH# 56(.-
01# &kH8# (0',I=# 56(.01 "&" k " j H"."" &"(! "+ " k "-$8# <1+# /1# *(.*18# 56(.01
&" k " j H".""3 %&&" k "&" " "+ 8#'=#0'5-+8#
 3#&$#='#(5'+5(#(=-.*>*-5(,'.*'#(#/(#+'5*(#+%&"'2
[-.(/,'.*'8#N(//(,1=#/1=#51+*'=#51.#/1=#'O'=8#3#C$%1/2,#51+*(#(/#'O'#9#'.#'/#
<6.*1#(0, 1/2)K
&'(4
#2 &""#
2
('
#%2C2222&'2(242%2C222&2%2(4229222&2%24251+*'#51.#'/#'O'#&#'.#/1=#<6.*1=

((1, 0)#9#(1, 0)

Ejemplo
%2## S(5'+#'/#(.I/-=-=#0'#/(#H6.5->.#3#0'H-.-0(C# 3 %&&" % " &&'"""("+"* #
&'(4% 0#*-'.'#51,1#=1/65->.#&%(2#9#&%28#<1+#/1#*(.*1C#
>?@#3$%!(;('6'A

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('
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ic
a1
om
.c%
L/#+',</(Q(+#&%(2#13*'.',1=#/(#indeterminación# %"
#'=*1#=-A.-H-5(#B6'8#
&%(2#'=#+(MQ#0'/#<1/-.1,-1#0'/#.6,'+(01+#,#&$%&"'#9#0'/#<1/-.1,-1#0'/#
0'.1,-.(01+#q#&$%&'(I8#<1+#/1#*(.*1#&"'#'=#H(5*1+#0'#,#&$#9#q#&$#H(5*1-
+-Q(.01#9#=-,</-G5(.01#*'.',1=C# 3 %&&" % "" %&"'D%&"""+& '
""+&%&"("+& " % "" &"("+
8#51,1#3#&$#.1##
#
'=*I#0'G.-0(#'.#%('#0'G.-,1=#/(#H6.5->.#(=MC# 3 %&&" % " &"(' "+ #=-#&Z('#9#&Z'

En general, si 3#&$%,#&$Xq#&$ y en &%. se tiene una indeterminación

de la forma % ", esto significa que &%. es raíz del polinomio del nume-
%
rador ,#&$ y del polinomio del denominador q#&$, por lo tanto &(.
es factor de ,#&$ y q#&$, factorizando y simplificando tenemos:

".&"%&& "%&&
""3 %&&" % " %%&&""(
(".&#%&& " % " #%&&

$%&%3 &" % "!" ( "%2& 3 #%&&" % "-4 T 2.4&

 L/#+',</(Q(+#&%'#13*'.',1=#/(=#-.0'*'+,-.(5->.# *- 8#<1+#/1#*(.*18#/(#+'5*(#
&%'#'=#6.(#(=M.*1*(#@'+*-5(/2
D@(/6',1=#/(#H6.5->.#'.#@(/1+'=#próximos#(#&%'8#*(.*1#<1+#/(#-QB6-'+0(#
51,1#<1+#/(#0'+'5N(2
#&%1,999#7='#(<+1;-,(.#(#2#<1+#/(#-QB6-'+0("#9
'$((("""+
3 %'$(((&" % " '$(((' "("*" " % " ( 'D---

""""""""""""""""""&" % "+$--'
+$--'"""+
3 %+$--'&" % " +$--'' "("* " % "'D---

P3='+@',1= B6'C 3#&$k(H8 56(.01 &k'( 9 3#&$kH 56(.01 &k'"

41,1 >?@#3$%!8 <(+( 0'*'+,-.(+ B6' 156++' 51. 3#&$ 56(.01 &(H 9
56(.01 &kH8 '@(/6(,1= 3#&$ '. &2%2(1.000 9 &%1.000

'D---"""+
3 % ( 'D---&" % "" %(('D---&' "("* " % " ( -D---((6

'D---+
"3 %'D---&" % " %'D---&' "("* " % "-$--'

P3='+@',1= B6' 3#&$kC8 56(.01 &k(H2 9 3#&$kC8 56(.01 &kH8 /(

+'5*( +%C '= 6.( asíntota horizontal2
[-.(/,'.*' N(//(,1= /1= 51+*'= 51. /1= 'O'=K
'
3(0)%(1/28 51+*( (/ 'O' + '. '/ <6.*1 (0, 1/2)K &"("+ % - ' %"- (3=6+01 <1+
/1 *(.*1 .1 -.*'+='5*( (/ 'O' &2

Ejercicio 4.5

T2 # F(+( 5(0( 6.( 0' /(= =-A6-'.*'= H6.5-1.'= +(5-1.(/'= 0'*'+,-.' '/
01,-.-18 /(= (=M.*1*(=8 /(= -.*'+='55-1.'= 51. /1= 'O'= & ' + 7=- ';-=-
*'."8 9 *+(5' /( A+IG5(2
 +
(2" 3 %&&" % " *+&&""(("!"( " 32# 3 %&&" % " &+ "&""" "!
"&"("#

52" 3 %&&" % " !&"+"("+ " 02# 3 %&&" % " "*"(&"&+

+
'2# 3 %&&" % " &'+ " " H2" 3 %&&" % " &&+ ""(
""'
"'
+
A2# 3 %&&" % " &&+ """
("'
N2" 3 %&&" % " &' "((&
'

"' "" "*&"""!

+
-2# 3 %&&" % " +&&"("""'"! """"""""""""# # O2# 3 %&&" % " &&+""(("'"!
! ! +
Y2# 3 %&&" % " &!&"(""' """"""""""""""## /2# 3 %&&" % " & "(&"++&"("")(&"''&"""'+
"""*

f) Función algebraica
:(#H6.5->.#(/A'3+(-5(#'=#(B6'//(#B6'#='#51.=*+69'#(#<(+*-+#0'#/(=#1<'-
+(5-1.'=#(/A'3+(-5(=#51,1#=6,(8#0-H'+'.5-(8#,6/*-</-5(5->.#9#515-'.-
*'2#F1+#'O',</1C

M !#&$ %
ww

( #& ( 4$ !!&
!&' "4
w
.
!&
&' "4
" '"&' "
3 #&$ %
at
em
g) Función exponencial# at
ic
# :(#H6.5->.#';<1.'.5-(/#*-'.'#/(#H1+,(8#"3 #&$ % .& 2#)1.0'#.#'=#6.(#
51.=*(.*'#,(91+#B6'#5'+12#F1+#(N1+(8#=1/1#,'.5-1.(+',1=#*+'=#5(=1=# a1
51,1#='#<6'0'#13='+@(+#'.#/(=#=-A6-'.*'=#A+IG5(=C
. co
m
+ +

+%.&
+%.&

& &
C C

CR.R4 .N4
+

+2%24&

C &

2.2%4
F1+#'O',</18#<(+(#.Z4#=6<1.A(,1=#B6'#.%-#01.0'#/(#H6.5->.#'=C#+%-&

& 0 1 (1 2 (2
+ 1 3 4
!
9 ( 4(

h) Función logarítmica # +
:(#H6.5->.#/1A(+M*,-5(#*-'.'##### #
/( H1+,(C +2%2t?Q.&8
B6' =' 0'.1,-.(
función logarítmica8
51. 3(=' .8 /( A+IG5( '=C

&
C #46C$

JI= (0'/(.*' *+(*(+',1= 51. ,I= 56-0(01 '=*' *-<1 0' H6.5-1.'=2

i) Funciones trigonométricas
# &1/1 ,'.5-1.(+',1= <1+ (N1+( /( H6.5->. + % &'.& 9 +% 41=&8 569(=
A+IG5(= =1.C


π π

π π

 D. '/ 5(<M*6/1 X <+1H6.0-Q(,1= ,I= =13+' '=*' *-<1 0' H6.5-1.'=2
j) Función valor absoluto 3#&$%=&=
D=*(#H6.5->.#(=-A.(#(#/1=#.?,'+1=#<1=-*-@1=#'/#,-=,1#.?,'+18#<'+1#
(#/1=#.'A(*-@1=#/'=#(=-A.(#'/#1<6'=*1#0'/#.?,'+12#F1+#'=*(#+(Q>.8#
/(#-,(A'.#1#@(/1+#(3=1/6*1#0'#*101#.?,'+1#+'(/#=-',<+'#'=#5'+1#1#
<1=-*-@12
>#3$%!# #
F#3$%!"

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at
1 (1 2 (2 3 (3
+%=&= 0e1 m2 2 3 3
1
at
ic una lista suficiente
Nota: nuestra intención es darle al estudiante
a1 para que las tenga
de funciones con sus respectivas gráficas,
en su memoria, este tema lo abordaremos
. co posteriormente, el
cual se llama transformaciones de funciones.
m

Transformaciones de funciones
L.*'= 0' ,'.5-1.(+ /1= 0-H'+'.*'= *-<1= 0' *+(.=H1+,(5-1.'= B6' =' /' <6'-
0'. (</-5(+ ( /(= H6.5-1.'=8 ,1=*+(+',1= 6. /-=*(01 0' /(= A+IG5(= 0' H6.5-1-
.'= 51. =6= 51++'=<1.0-'.*'= .1,3+'= 9 '56(5-1.'= ,I= 6=6(/'=8 B6' @(,1=
( 6*-/-Q(+ <(+( H(5-/-*(+ 0-5N(= *+(.=H1+,(5-1.'=8 B6' =' 0'3'. *'.'+ '. 56'.*(
,I= (0'/(.*'2 D= -,<1+*(.*' B6' '/ /'5*1+ *'.A( '. 56'.*( '=*' /-=*(01 0'
H6.5-1.'= ,I= 6=6(/'= <(+( H(5-/-*(+ '/ *+(3(O1 0' /(= A+IG5(= 51. =6= *+(.=H1+-
,(5-1.'=8 51,1 =' '.='c( '. /( =-A6-'.*' *(3/(2
 Función cuadrática: Función raíz cuadrada:
+ % !&
'2
+2%2&
"

Función cúbica: Función raíz cúbica:

+%& -
!"! $
#
" "

# #
! !

La función racional: Función exponencial:

"! " $# !"#"$% 51.#$&'"

"

#
!

Función constante: Función exponencial:

!#'%( 51.#$#'# !#$%( 51.#)*$*'#

" "

#
# #
! !
 F(+( '/ 5(=1 0' '=*' *-<1 J-'.*+(= B6' /( H6.5->.
0' H6.5-1.'=8 =- B6'+',1= ! " # %& $' 8 51,1 - ( %& ( % 8
0'=5+-3-+ /( H6.5->. !#+%8 ='A?. /( 5/(=-G5(5->.
51,1 3&1 9 3,18 (.*'+-1+ /( A+IG5(
/( A+IG5( '=C '= /( =-A6-'.*'C
" "

# #
! !

Tabla de datos
-"3 -"2 -1 0 1 2 3

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ww
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/7
'.
0
'.
+ 0 1 w. 9 27
at
Función lineal: em Función idéntica:
D/ ,10'/1 ,(*',I*-51 at
ic'= 6. 5(=1 <(+*-56/(+
!"#"%#
'= !"#"1%238 +'51+0',1=
B6' =6 A+IG5( '= 6.( a1/( H6.5->. /-.'(/
0'
/M.'( +'5*( '. '/ </(.1
5(+*'=-(.12
. c A+IG5( '=C
9 =6
om

(0,b).
Función constante: Funciones logarítmicas:
74(=1#<(+*-56/(+## 51.#3(='#$8#/(#A+IG5(#'=C #
0'#/(#H6.5->.#/-.'(/"# /(#H6.5->.#/1A(+M*,-5(#*-'.'##
!"#"4" /(##'56(5->.C#!"#"567$%
"

!
# $%&#'

Función seno: Función valor

!#89:%########### absoluto: ;<%=#>%>





Función coseno: D=#+(Q1.(3/'#<'.=(+#B6'##

!#?68% ';-=*'#A+(.#@(+-'0(0##
0'#A+IH-5(=#0'#H6.5-1.'=8##
<'+1#51.#'/#/-=*(01#(.*'+-1+8##
'=#=6H-5-'.*'#<(+(#';*'.0'+##
/(=#*+(.=H1+,(5-1.'=##
B6'#@(,1=#(#@'+##
<1=*'+-1+,'.*'2
 Traslaciones verticales y horizontales
D=*'#*-<1#0'#*+(.=H1+,(5->.#51.=-=*'#'.#*+(=/(0(+#6.(#H6.5->.#1+-A-.(/#!#;<%="
@'+*-5(/,'.*'#6#N1+-Q1.*(/,'.*'K#=-#'/#+'51++-01#'=#@'+*-5(/8#/(#H6.5->.#1+-A-.(/#
/(#<10',1=#*+(=/(0(+#N(5-(#(++-3(#1#N(5-(#(3(O1#4#6.-0(0'=K#,-'.*+(=#B6'#=-#
'/#+'51++-01#'=#N1+-Q1.*(/8#/(#H6.5->.#='#*+(=/(0(#N(5-(#/(#0'+'5N(#1#-QB6-'+0(#
4#6.-0(0'=2

M
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a1
.c
om (/ =6,(+ 4 6.-0(0'= (
&- =6<1.',1= B6' 4&)8 <(+( *+(=/(5-1.'= @'+*-5(/'=8
!#;<%="/( H6.5->. =' *+(=/(0( 4 6.-0(0'= N(5-( (++-3(8 ,-'.*+(= B6' =- +'=*(-
,1= 4 6.-0(0'= ( !#;<%="/( H6.5->. =' *+(=/(0( 4 6.-0(0'= N(5-( (3(O12 41,1
=' @' '. '/ =-A6-'.*' 'O',</1C

Ejemplo
TC # )(0( /( A+IH-5( !#%/8 6*-/-Q(+ /(= *+(.=H1+,(5-1.'= @'+*-5(/'= <(+(
A+(H-5(+ !#%/-/ 9 !#%/2'
 Solución

[-A6+( T
[-A6+( !

[-A6+( $

D. /( GA6+( T =' ,6'=*+( /( H6.5->. 1+-A-.(/ "*+*!,8 51,1 =' 13='+@( '. /( G-
A6+( !8 /( H6.5->. 1+-A-.(/ =' *+(=/(0( N(5-( (3(O1 01= 6.-0(0'=8 ,-'.*+(= B6'
'. /( GA6+( $ /( H6.5->. 1+-A-.(/ =' *+(=/(0( 6.( 6.-0(0 N(5-( (++-3(2

Traslaciones horizontales
&- =6<1.',1= B6' -.#8 <(+( /(= *+(=/(5-1.'= N1+-Q1.*(/'= =' <6'0' 13='+@(+
B6' /( A+IG5( "+/$!0-'* 1 "+/$!1-'* =' *+(=/(0( /( A+IG5( 1+-A-.(/ "+/$!'&-*
6.-0(0'= /( 0'+'5N( 9 ( /( -QB6-'+0(8 +'=<'5*-@(,'.*'2

Ejemplo
!2 # )(0( /( A+IH-5( "*+*!,*6*-/-Q(+ /(= *+(=H1+,(5-1.'= N1+-Q1.*(/'=
<(+( A+(H-5(+ "*+*$!1%', 9 "*+*$!0,',8
Solución: :( H6.5->. 1+-A-.(/ '= "+!,2
 [-A6+( T [-A6+( !

#########[-A6+(#$

41,1#='#13='+@(#/(#A+IH-5(#0'#/(#H-A6+(#!#'=#/(#1+-A-.(/#T8#*+(=/(0(0(#01=#

M
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6.-0(0'=#(#/(#0'+'5N(8#,-'.*+(=#B6'#/(#A+IH-5(#0'#/(#H-A6+(#$#'=#/(#1+-A-.(/#T#
w
.
*+(=/(0(0(#6.(#6.-0(0#(#/(#-QB6-'+0(2
at
$2## g+(Q(+#/(#A+IH-5(#0'#"+!,12!13
em
at
Solución
ic
# a1
41,</'*(.01#56(0+(01=#<10',1=#'=5+-3-+#/(#H6.5->.#0'#/(#=--
A6-'.*'#,(.'+(C . co
m
* "*+#!,1,!12
# # "*+*!,1,!121%0%
# # "*+*$!,1*,!1%'1,
* * "*+*$!,1*%',1,

:(#<+'A6.*(#='+I#j56(/#'=#/(#H6.5->.#1+-A-.(/k#:(#+'=<6'=*(#'=#=-,</'8#/(#H6.-
5->.#1+-A-.(/#'=#"+!,8#?.-5(,'.*'#B6'#/(#A+IG5(#"+(!11)2128#'=#/(#1+-A-.(/#
*+(=/(0(0(#!#6.-0(0'=#N(5-(#(++-3(#9#T#6.-0(0#N(5-(#/(#-QB6-'+0(2
 [-A6+( T [-A6+( !

"+!,

[-A6+(#$

Reflexiones verticales y horizontal

:(=#+'p';-1.'=#@'+*-5(/'=#='#+'(/-Q(.#=13+'#'/#'O'#"8#,-'.*+(=#B6'#/(=#+'p';-1-
.'=#N1+-Q1.*(/'=#='#N(5'.#=13+'#'/#'O'#!8#'=#0'5-+C#
("#"+0/7!"8#+'p'O(#/(#A+IG5(#1+-A-.(/#"+/7!"8#51.#+'=<'5*1#(/#'O'#0'#!#
3"#"+/70!"8#+'p'O(#/(#A+IG5(#1+-A-.(/#"+/7!"#51.#+'=<'5*1#(/#'O'#"

Ejemplos
T2## )(0(#/(#A+IH-5(#0'#" + !! 8#6*-/-Q(+#/(#+'H/';->.#<(+(#A+(H-5(+#
" + ! 0 ! #9#" + 0 !! 2
Solución
:(#A+IH-5(#1+-A-.(/#" + !! #='A?.#.6'=*+(#/-=*(#'=C
 " +!0!

" + !!

[-A6+(#T [-A6+(#!

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ic
[-A6+(#$
a1 !!
. co" +
m

P3='+@' B6' /( A+IH-5( 0' /( H-A6+( ! '= /( +'H/';->. 0' /( H-A6+( T =13+' '/
'O' "8 ,-'.*+(= B6' /( A+IH-5( 0' /( H-A6+( $ '= /( +'H/';->. 0' /( H-A6+( T =13+'
'/ 'O' !2

Contracción y alargamiento vertical

&- ,6/*-</-5(,1= 6.( H6.5->. <1+ 6.( 51.=*(.*' -.T 13='+@(,1= B6' /( H6.-
5->. "+-/$!'*'= /( A+IG5( 0' "+/$!' (/(+A(0( @'+*-5(/,'.*' - @'5'=2 D. H1+,(
=-,-/(+8 =- ,6/*-</-5(,1= 6.( H6.5->. <1+ 6.( 51.=*(.*' % 8 '= 0'5-+ " + " -% / %!&
-
<(+( - . '8 '=*1 B6-'+' 0'5-+ B6' /( A+IG5( " + / %!& 6.( 51.*+(55->. @'+*-5(/-
,'.*'2
 = =



[-A6+(#T [-A6+(#!

[-A6+(#$

&- =' 13='+@( /( A+IH-5( 0' /( H-A6+( !8 51.=-=*' '. 06</-5(+ @'+*-5(/,'.*' '/
01,-.-1 0' /( H6.5->. "*+456!* 0'3-01 ( B6' /( H6.5->. 1+-A-.(/ =' ,6/*-</-5>
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$2#&6#+'51++-01#'=#7#81>"2#
 Propiedades
&'(.#H#9#6#.?,'+1=#+'(/'=#56(/'=B6-'+(8#'.*1.5'=C

O'* 5H=56+*5H16
5H
"#"
*OO'## 56 +*5H06
OOO'** $5H'6+*5H6
*OT'** 5#+%

Logaritmos
L.(/-5',1=#/1=#<+13/',(=#<+-.5-<(/'=#(/#'=*60-(+#/(=#<1*'.5-(=2
T2##)(01=#/1=# .?,'+1=#+'(/'=# B# 9# 62# D.56'.*+'# 6.# .?,'+1# +'(/# !# *(/# B6'#
!+B62# D=*'# '=# 6.# <+13/',(# 0'# '/'@(+# 6.# .?,'+1# +'(/# B# (# /(# <1*'.5-(#
62#D=*(#';<+'=->.#'=#?.-5(#9#existe#<(+(#56(/B6-'+#.?,'+1#<1=-*-@1#B#9#
56(/B6-'+#.?,'+1#+'(/#62#
!2##)(01=# /1=# .?,'+1=# +'(/'=# C# 9# 62# D.56'.*+'# 6.# .?,'+1# +'(/# !# *(/# B6'#
!6+C2#&-#C#'=#.?,'+1#<1=-*-@1#56(/B6-'+(#9#6#'=#56(/B6-'+#.?,'+1#+'(/#
0-=*-.*1#0'#5'+18#'/#<+13/',(#='#+'065'#(/#(.*'+-1+8#<6'=*1#B6'C#!+C%U62#
D.#'H'5*18

*
!6*+*$C%U6'6*+*C%*+*C *

# &-#6+##9#C+%#(!0+1)8#'.*1.5'=#/(#=1/65->.#'=#56(/B6-'+#.?,'+1#+'(/#!#
0-=*-.*1#0'#5'+12#

# &-#6+##9#CD%#(!0+1)8#.1#';-=*'#=1/65->.8#<1+B6'#__#.1#'=*I#0'G.-012#
$2##)(01=#/1=#.?,'+1=#+'(/'=#<1=-*-@1=#B#9#C2#S(//(+#6.#.?,'+1#+'(/#!#*(/#
B6'#B!+C2#

# &-#B+%#9#C+%#$%!+%'8#56(/B6-'+#.?,'+1#+'(/#!#'=#=1/65->.2#
# &-#B+%#9#CD%#$%!+C'8#.1#';-=*'#=1/65->.2#
L.(/-5',1=#'/#5(=1#'.#B6'#BD%2
 F(+(# 56(/'=B6-'+(# B# 9# C# .?,'+1=# +'(/'=# <1=-*-@1=# BD%8# existe un único
número real#]!]8#*(/#B6'C#/#,08#]!]#='#0'.1,-.(#logaritmo#'.#3(='#]B]#0'#
"C]8#9#='#.1*(#V@WBC2

B!+C#=-#9#=1/1#=-#!+*V@WBC#

Ejemplos
T2## 34+81#=-A.-H-5(#B6'#V@W381+4
!2## V@W!64+2#=-A.-H-5(#B6'#!2+64
$2## D;<+'=(+#'.#.1*(5->.#/1A(+M*,-5(C#B!12#+CK#$B02'!+"1X#
# &-#B!12#+C#'.*1.5'=#!1,+V@WBC

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&-#$B0,'!+"1X#'.*1.5'=#!+V@W
w $B0,'$"1X'
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at
%2## D;<+'=(+#'.#.1*(5->.#';<1.'.5-(/#V@WB$!1"'+2K#V@WBC2+H
# &-#V@WB$!1"'+2#'.*1.5'=#B2+!1"# em
# &-#V@WBC2+H#'.*1.5'=#BH+C2# at
ic 64+3
V2## S(//(+#!C#("#32!11+ 27###3"#(1/3)02! a1
+81#5"#V@W !
2!11 3
("#3 + 278#51,1#27+3 #*'.',1=#B6'C . co
2!11 3
m
# # 3 + 3 8#<1+#/(#<+1<-'0(0C#=-#B +B #'.*1.5'=#6+H#
6 H

# # 2!11 +38#/6'A18#!*+*%#
Solución 2#
# # &-#32!11+ 27#<1+#0'G.-5->.#*'.',1=#B6'C
2!11+ V@W327+38#/6'A18#!*+*%
# 3"#(1/3)02!+818#51,1#(1/3)02!+32!#*'.',1=#B6'C#32!+81##
####2!V@W33+ V@W2(81)8#51,1#81+34#*'.',1=#B6'C#2!+48#'.*1.5'=8######
####!+2

# 5"#V@W!#64+38#<1+#0'G.-5->.#*'.',1=#B6'C#!2+64

/6'A18#!" +!
"! #*"+ *"
 #&-#BY##>#B+T#>#CY_8#'.*1.5'=#V@WBC###no está definido2#

DO',</12#V@W(02) (032)+5#.1#*-'.'#='.*-012
L=M#<6'=8#'.#/(#0'G.-5->.#0'#/1A(+-*,1#V@WBC#*'.',1=#=-',<+'#B6'C#B.0, BD1#
98#C.#02#
)'#/(#0'G.-5->.#0'#/1A(+-*,1#='#0'065'#/(#-0'.*-0(0#/1A(+M*,-5(#H6.0(,'.-
*(/C

BV@WBC+C

Ejercicio 4.9

T2# S(//'#'/#@(/1+#0'#C
(2#10!+ 0,0001### 32#92!05+(3!),
52#(4!), +28!0 8 # 02#4!+1/32#
'2#(1/3)2!+27## # H2#(1/2)02!+16#
!2## m'+-GB6'#=-#/(#(G+,(5->.#'=#@'+0(0'+(#1#H(/=(8#=-#'=#H(/=(#0E#51.0--
5-1.'=#<(+(#B6'#='(#@'+0(0'+(C
(2#:(#+(MQ#5?3-5(#0'#6.#.?,'+1#<1=-*-@1#=-',<+'#'=#,'.1+#B6'#'/#
.?,'+12#
32#!,.!#<(+(#56(/B6-'+#.?,'+1#<1=-*-@1#!2#
52#&-#7BZC"._#'.*1.5'=#7BZC"06.7BZC"#<(+(#6Z'12#
$2# D=5+-3(#/(=#=-A6-'.*'=#';<+'=-1.'=#'.#.1*(5->.#/1A(+M*,-5(C
(2#50+1## # 32#402+1/16#
52#82/3+4## # 02#105+100.000#
'2#(0,2)3+0,008### H2#B10+C#
A2#R!+[# # N2#BH16+\
 -2#$B1C'6+?## # O2#$B,'!+"1X
Y2#!2+64## # /2#1002+0,01
%2## D=5+-3(#/(=#=-A6-'.*'=#';<+'=-1.'=#'.#.1*(5->.#';<1.'.5-(/C
(2#V@W232+5## # 32#V@W!C+4#
52#V@W37TZ`"+T### 02#V@W!VV+H#
'2 V@W27H16"+" H2 V@W$H16' ]+0$
A2 V@W2!+$B1C' N2 V@W7TZ!" ^+02
-2 V@W2!+ 7TZ$"
V2 # m'+-GB6' =- /(= =-A6-'.*'= -A6(/0(0'= =' 56,</'.C
(2 V@WT_T_+T 32 V@W2 TZe+TZ$
52 V@W370`"+0!# 02 V@W7TZ!"TW+0%

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'2 V@W2 7TZe"+0$ w
. H2 V@W322+0V
A2 V@WT_7_8___T"+0% # at N2 V@W!VV+TZ!
-2 V@WBB6+6
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Propiedades a1
F(+( B.#8 B +C '= 'B6-@(/'.*' ( 0'5-+ B6' V@WBC+6. /(= <+1<-'0(0'= 0'/ /1A(-
6
c
+-*,1 =1. /(= ,-=,(= B6' =' *-'.'. '. <1*'.5-(5->.om51. 3(=' <1=-*-@(2
&6<1.A(,1= B6' _8 `8 B8 C8 =1. .?,'+1= +'(/'= <1=-*-@1=8 BDT 9 CDT8 a 9
4 .?,'+1= +'(/'= 56(/'=B6-'+( $6D#' *(/'= B6'C

_+Ba 9 `+B48 '= 0'5-+8 a+V@WB_ 9 4+V@WB`*

T2 41,1 V@WB_ ';-=*' 9 '= ?.-518 *'.',1= B6'C &- V@WB_+V@WB`8 '.*1.5'=8
_+`
# )' -A6(/ ,(.'+(8 =- _+`8 <10',1= 5(/56/(+ ( 5(0( /(01 0' /( -A6(/-
0(0 '/ V@WB8 9 =' 51.='+@( /( -A6(/0(08 '= 0'5-+8

# &- _+`8 '.*1.5'=C V@WB_+V@WB`2 R'=6,-'.018

 V@WB_+V@WB`#=-#9#=>/1#=-#_+`

Ejemplos
T2## &-#V@W2#_+V@W2!$8#'.*1.5'=C#_*+!$#

!2## &-#7T8V"!+!!V8#'.*1.5'=C#V@WB7%&I"!+#V@WB!!V#

!2#D.#/(#<1*'.5-(5->.#*'.',1=#B6'#B.T#9#a.4#=-#9#=>/1#=-#Ba.B4#9##*E*B*
E%#9#a.4#=-#9#=1/1#=-#BaEB42#

&-#BE%8#'.*1.5'=#V@WB_.V@WB`#=-#9#=1/1#=-#_.`

Ejemplos
&-#V@W,#_.V@W,T__8#'.*1.5'=_.T__
&-##EBE%8#'.*1.5'=#$V@WB_.V@WB`#=-#9#=1/1#=-#_E`'#

% #$%Q'#.#V@W % **2,K#'.#'H'5*18
16E32K#<1+#/1#*(.*18#V@W "# "#
, ,

% #%Q#+#0F.#V@W % **2,*+*0I
* V@W "# "#
, ,

$2#&-#Ba+_#*'.',1=#B6'#_%Za+B8#'=#0'5-+8#a+V@WB_#9#%Za+V@W_B#<1+#/1#
*(.*18#

V@WBMbV@WM#B+%

Ejemplos
4(/56/'#V@W2,,#

41,1#V@W2,,bV@W2 2,#+%8#*'.',1=#B6'#V@W2,2 + 1ZV@W22, +1/5

%2### # # # # ######BabB4*+*Ba14
# 41,1#M+Ba*9#N+B4#'=#0'5-+8#a+V@WBM#9#4+V@WBN8#+'',</(Q(.01#/(#
<+1<-'0(0C#BabB4+Ba14*=-A.-G5(#B6'#MbN+Ba148#'=#0'5-+8#
# V@WB$MbN'+#a14#<1+#/1#*(.*1C

V@WB$MbN'+V@WBM1V@WBN

Ejemplo
V@W381b243+V@W3811V@W3#243 +*415 +*9

a
V2# B4 "+ Ba""0"4 #=-A.-G5(#B6'# I
J + "B
a "0 "4
8#'=#0'5-+8#V@WB I
J " + "a" 0 "4 K##
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<1+#/1#*(.*18#

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V@WB I
at
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em
at
Ejemplo
ic
V@W,$1/16'+*V@W,%0*V@W,16+ 004+0 4 a1
. co
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W2#$B ' #+B
a 4 ac4*
=-A.-G5(#B6'#_ +B 8#'=#0'5-+8#ab4*+*V@WB_4+4caK#<1+#/1#
4 ac4

*(.*18

V@WBM4+*4*V@WB_

Ejemplo
T2#V@WI#1254+F2V@WI%,I*+Fb2+%,
!2#S(//(+#'/#@(/1+#0'#!#'.#/(#'56(5->.#,V@WI!*+V@WII#
# # ,V@WI!+*V@WI#I##
# # V@WI!,+*V@WI#I##
# # !,+*I##
 # # !" + ""!)-" + ")"!"+""""""0"""!" + " 0 )!"+"
# ! + 0 )"!+ #='#0'=5(+*(#51,1#=1/65->.#0'#/(#'56(5->.#-.-5-(/8#9(#
B6'#!#0'3'#='+#<1=-*-@(#<(+(#B6'#V@WI!#';-=*(2

$2##L</-5(.01#<+1<-'0(0'=#';<+'=(+#!#'.#*E+,-.1=#0'#"8#'.#/(#-A6(/0(0#
3V@WI!0,V@WI"*+*1

V@WI!20V@WI",*+*%
2
******************************************************V@WI** !", *+*%

!2
####################################################### ", #+#I%

#######################################################!2#+#I",

##################################################### ! +" !
!
)" + "

Nota: los logaritmos con base 10 se denominan decimales; y en

lugar de la designación V@W%#M, se escribe: V@WM.

:1=#/1A(+-*,1=#0'#3(='#5#75#'=#6.#.?,'+1#-++(5-1.(/8#5691#@(/1+#(<+1;--
,(01# '=# 2,718281828459045 . . .)# ='# 0'.1,-.(.# .(*6+(/'=8# 9# '.# /6A(+# 0'# /(#
0'=-A.(5->.#V@W5N8#='#'=5+-3'C#V6$N'2
41,1#/(=#5(/56/(01+(=#=1/1#*+(3(O(.#'.#3(='#T_#9#'.#3(='#58#='#N(5'#.'-
5'=(+-1#';<+'=(+#V@WBC#'.#H6.5->.#0'#V@W#1#V68#@'(,1=C
&-#V@WBC+6*'.*1.5'=#B6+C#(</-5(.01#V@W#1#V6#(#5(0(#/(01#*'.',1=C
V@WB6+V@WC#
6V@WB+V@WC
#

D.#A'.'+(/#='#*-'.'#B6'C

V@W "
V@W!"*+**"#"B "
****************V@WB!
Ejemplos
T2## L</-5(.01#<+1<-'0(0'=#=-,</-H-B6'C#
# (2#H3V@WH! b. 3V@W(B,cC4)0,V@W$BcC,'
Solución
2
# (2## #######H3V@WH!+*HV@WH! #+#!2
# 32#######3V@W(B,cC4)0,V@W$BcC,'*+*V@W(B,cC4)20V@W$BcC,',
* ** *************************************************
+*V@W(BQcC%,)0V@W$B,cCF'
!V@W%B, DC* &" 0 "+V@W%BDC , &" + "V@W ( BB,DDCC* )" + V@W %B* DC 6 &
# %+
*
!2## N(//(+#!C#
# (2#V@W2#`4!+V!1W############################32#V@W,7V@W3(2!11))+1
# 52#V@WB(!12)+2V@WB31V@WBV0V@WBT_0V@WB2

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.
at
# (2#V@W2#`4!*+V!16#
#
em
4!cV@W29 + 5!168#51,1#V@W29 +*2#
at
#8! + 5!16 ic
3!*+ 68#/6'A18#!*+#2# a1
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32## #V@W,7V@W3(2!11))+18#(</-5(.01#/(#0'H-.-5->.#0'#/1A(+-*,12
V@W3(2!11))+,1+,#
## 2!11+2,+P*
* !+ 4

#52## # V@WB(!1,)+,V@WB21V@WBI0V@WB%#0V@WB,#
# V@WB(!1,)+#V@WB2,1V@WBI0$V@WB%#1V@WB,'#
# V@WB(!1,)+#V@WB$2,bI'0V@WB$%#b,'#
# V@WB(!1,)+*V@WBFI0V@WB,#*
* V@WB(!1,)+*V@WB$FIU,#'*
* V@WB(!1,)+*V@WB* ( *
*
* *!1, +* *( 8#/6'A18#!" + " *'
$2# &-#V@WB "" "!! " + "! #9#V@WB "" !" "+*P8#5(/56/(+#V@W!"8#(</-5(.01#/(=#
<+1<-'0(0'=#0'#/1=#/1A(+-*,1=8#*'.',1=

# # '+ "V@WB !" 0 " !+ "V@WB "" + "! ######9######0 '+ "V@WB !" 1 " '+ "V@WB "" + 0 (##
#
&6,(.01#/(=#01=#-A6(/0(0'=#13*'.',1=C#0V@WB"*+*0Q##
<1+#/1#*(.*1#V@WB"*+*Q#

R'',</(Q(.018#*'.',1=#B6'C#0 '+ "V@WB !" 1 " '+ b "#" + 0 ( #

0 '+ "V@WK "!" + " 0 ( 0 ! '=#0'5-+8#V@WB!*+*,F#

9#51,1# V@W! "" + "" V@W

V@WB "
B!
8/6'A1#V@W! "" + " +*# " + " '*

Ejercicio 4.10
T2## &-,</-GB6'C
" C" V@WC "!" ""
(2# " " # " 32" C +"V@WC "+
'
52" ! + V@W! 6' " 02" '-!V@W'- "+

'2" V@W) "")5 1 V@W") " *(

+) " " !+
" H2" V@W+ " '' 1 V@W+ " '+' *
'# 0 V@W"+ " )

A2 " B "%? + 0 ?d & 0 V@WB "%+? 0 +d &

" " V@W N2" V@W? "%B+ 0 BC & 0 V@W? "%5B 0 5C &

-2" " V@W! *B 1 BC +V@W! *? 1 ?C +"

+ +
O2 " !V@W" B?+C 1 +V@W" C?B* 1 +V@W" BC?
+

!2## S(//'#'/#@(/1+#0'#!C
(2" V@W! #* + !" 32" V@W) ! + 0 +

52" !V@W! ! + ';*" 02" V@W+ "6+! + *! 0 6

'2" V@W+ %V@W

"""""%!
+ 1 !&&" + "!" H2" V@W! !! " + "#
 A2""V@W< ! + V@W< + 1 !V@W< + 0 V@W< +*

N2""V@W< ! + '+ V@W< ! 1 V@W< * 0 '+ V@W< +

-2#"V@W%!& + !V@W%+& 1 !V@W%)& 0 +

O2""V6! + '+ V6'# 0 '

!
V6"6 1 '

$2# D. 5(0( 5(=1 =- !.#8 @'+-GB6' =- =' 56,</' /( -A6(/0(0C

(2 V@W (3!F16!,)+V@W*21,V@W!1V@W*(!,1,)
3
32 V6 "#
49!
" +*2V6713V6!0V6(13)
$%
52 3V@W (!15) 1V@W*B*0*V@W%25+ V@W Bc[( !15)/5]3
%2 # D;<+'=' '/ /1A(+-*,1 0(01 '. H6.5->. 0' /1A(+-*,1= 0' ';<+'=-1-
.'= ,I= ='.5-//(=C

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"" " V@W("!!+ 0

0* )" " 32" V@WC (" !!!1' )
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V@WB "" + "#"" V@WB "" X" " + V@WB "2 ! X"+

W2 # &- V@W2+#&FL*9 V@We+#&LI8 5(/56/'C

(2# V@W%Fe 32 V@W,F2

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F9
52 V@WQ2 02 V@W( "#"
X2 # &- V@WC*$!&"'*+e 9 V@WC ( "##
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Ecuaciones exponenciales y logarítmicas

d.( '56(5->. ';<1.'.5-(/ '= (B6'//( 01.0' /( @(+-(3/' '= 6. ';<1.'.*'2 &- B
'= 6. .?,'+1 +'(/ <1=-*-@1 '= 0'5-+ BZ!18 9 ! '= 6. .?,'+1 +'(/8 !Z!8 '.*1.-
5'= 6.( '56(5->. ';<1.'.5-(/ '= 0' /( H1+,(C
B!+C 01.0' C '= 6.( 51.=*(.*'2

Ejemplo
T2 # R'=1/@'+ /( '56(5->. 2!+64
# &' 0'3' 36=5(+ 6. .?,'+1 !8 *(/ B6' ! '/'@(01 (/ .?,'+1 !&
0E W%2 F(+( '=*( '56(5->. '= HI5-/ 36=5(+ '/ .?,'+1K '= W8 9( B6'
26+W%8 /6'A1 /( =1/65->. 0' /( '56(5->. '= !+ W2
!2 # R'=1/@'+ /( '56(5->. V!+T!
# F(+( '=*( '56(5->. .1 '= HI5-/ 36=5(+ 6. .6,'+1 !Z! *(/8 B6'
I '/'@(01 ( '=' .?,'+1 !8 '/ +'=6/*(01 ='( T!2 :6'A1 =' 0'3'
+'(/-Q(+ '/ =-A6-'.*' <+15'0-,-'.*1C
V!*+ 12 # L</-5(.01 /1A(+-*,1 .(*6+(/ '. (,31= ,-',3+1=
V6V!*+ V612 #L</-5(.01 /(= /'9'= 0' /1= /1A(+-*,1=
!V6V + V612 )'=<'O(.01 !
V6*%,
!*+* """##
V6#I
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$2 # R'=1/@'+ /( '56(5->. I!12+*L
I!12* + L* L</-5(.01 /1A(+-*,1 .(*6+(/ '. (,31=
# ,-',3+1=
V6*I!12* +* V6*L
$!12'V6I*+V6*L L</-5(.01 /(= /'9'= 0' /1= /1A(+-*,1=
 V6*L
V6#I #02# )'=<'O(.01#!
****************************!**+* """##
#########################!##+#%=,P,#*02
# !#+#0%=e#eP
%2## R'=1/@'+#/(#'56(5->.#P5I!+,##
P5I!+*,###L</-5(.01#/1A(+-*,1#.(*6+(/#'.#(,31=#,-',3+1=
71"%5) ! & + 71% +-( & ##L</-5(.01#/(=#/'9'=#0'#/1=#/1A(+-*,1=

## )! + 71% +-( & )'=<'O(.01#!

-D5(6)
# # ! + ) #

! + #=%)(5

Ejemplo

M
# (2#5,!12*+*% ww
w
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32 B + C
at
* !* *

+! em
,0,* !
52#2! +*!"K
# 02#V6(2!13) 1*V6( !01)+1 at
ic
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F(+(#+'=1/@'+#'=*(=#'56(5-1.'=#6*-/-Q(,1=#/(=#<+1<-'0(0'=#0'#/(#<1*'.5-(-
5->.#9#logaritmación en los números reales8#+'51+0',1=#B6'C
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 Ejercicio 4.11
T2# S(//' '/ 51.O6.*1 0' /(= =1/65-1.'= +'(/'= 9 51,</'O(= 0'C

(2# !* " + "'# "

*
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,

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$2# R'=6'/@( /( '56(5->. /1A(+M*,-5( 0(0(C

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Y2"" V@W"%!" 1 !&" + "+
/2"" V@W+ %!" 1 "*& 0 "V@W+ %! 0 !&" + "!

Problemas
T2#:(#<13/(5->.#(5*6(/#0'#5-'+*(#5-60(0#'=#0'#!aV__2___#N(3-*(.*'=#9#5+'-
5' (.6(/,'.*' '. 6. eb2 4(/56/(+ /( <13/(5->. '.C
(2 T (c1# 32 ! (c1=# 52 T_ (c1= # 02 6 (c1=

Solución:
(2# &'( P0 + !aV__2__ /( <13/(5->. (5*6(/8 5(/56/(+ /( <13/(5->.
'. 6. (c1 'B6-@(/' ( N(//(+ '/ eb ,I= 0' !aV__2___8 '= 0'5-+8
P1 + !aV__2___ 7T8_e" + !aX__2___ N(3-*(.*'=2

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ww
32 4(/56/(+ /( <13/(5->.
w '. ! (c1= 'B6-@(/' ( N(//(+ '/ eb ,I= 0'
.
P1, P2 +P1
at
em
# T8_e P0 7T8_e"2 + !a`TW2___ N(3-*(.*'=2
at
52 4(/56/(+ /( <13/(5->. '. T_ (c1= 'B6-@(/' ( N(//(+ '/ eb ,I= 0' P98
ic
( =6 @'Q P9 'B6-@(/' ( N(//(+ '/ eb ,I= 0' P8 22 2 '*52
a1
P10+ P9 (1,08)+ P8(1,08)2+P7 (1,08)3 +. . . . +P0 (1,08)10
om
.c
P10+!aV__2___7T8_e"T_ + Va$`X2$T$ N(3-*(.*'=2
02 P6+P0 7T8_e"6*+!aV__2___7T8_e"6
# F(+( 6.( *(=( 0' 5+'5-,-'.*1 O8 <1+ <'+M1018 /( <13/(5->. P0 '. 6
<'+M101= '=C

P6+ P0 (11O)6

!2##jD. 56I.*1= (c1= =' 06</-5( 6.( <13/(5->. P8 =- 5+'5' (.6(/,'.*' '.
#6. T_b k
## P0+P; P6+2P; O+0,1 (10b, (.6(/,'.*')K# 6+k# R'',</(Q(.01#
*'.',1=C
# 2P+P(1,1)6K#5(.5'/(.01#P#.1=#B6'0(C#
 # (1,1)6+2#5(/56/(.01#/1A(+-*,1#.(*6+(/#(#5(0(#/(018
# V6(1,1)6+*V628#(</-5(.01#<+1<-'0(0#0'#/1A(+-*,1; 6bV6(1,1)+*V62#

# 6+* """ '+*7,27#(c1=#+*X#(c1=8#$#,'='=8#X#0M(=#

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V6$%&%'

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B6'#'.#V#(c1=#'=#0'#Xa___2___k

# P0 + 5'000.000; P6 + 7'000.000; 6+5; O+?K#+'',</(Q(.01#*'.',1=#

#7'000.000+5'000.000(11O)5 =-,</-G5(.01#
5(11O)5+7; (11O)5+7/5; 11O+(1,4)1/5; O+1,069601##
O+0,0696+6,96%#(.6(/
%2#S(//'#'/#@(/1+#H6*6+1#0'#^Ta___2___#51/15(01#(#6.(#*(=(#0'#-.*'+E=#0'/#
$b#,'.=6(/#06+(.*'#6.#(c18#=-#'/#-.*'+E=#'=C#
# (2#&-,</'## # 32#41,<6'=*1#

# Solución#
# D/#@(/1+#(5*6(/#'.#'=*'#5(=1#^Ta___2___#='#0'.1,-.(#@(/1+#<+'='.*'8#9#
/1#.1*(+',1=#P8#'/#@(/1+#<+'='.*'8#,I=#/1=#-.*'+'='=#='#0'.1,-.(#@(/1+#
H6*6+1#9#/1#.1*(+',1=#<1+#F2
(2#P+Ta___2___#O+#_8_$#7$b#,'.=6(/"8#6+T!#,'='=#7T#(c1"#F +#k
## D/#-.*'+E=#=-,</'#=-A.-G5(#B6'#/1=#-.*'+'='=#B6'#<+1065'#P#'.#6.#
<'+-101#7PbO"#'=#-A6(/#<(+(#5(0(#6.1#0'#/1=#6#<'+M101=#B6'#'=*E#
51/15(01#'/#5(<-*(/8#'=#0'5-+8#

# F +*P1 PO6#
#F +*P(11O6 )
F +*1'000.000(110,03b12)+$1'360.000

32#P+1'000.000 O+0,03(3%#,'.=6(/) 6+12#,'='=#(1#(c1) F + k

## D/#-.*'+E=#51,<6'=*1#=-A.-G5(#B6'#/1=#-.*'+'='=#0'#6.#<'+M101#H1+-
,(.#<(+*'#0'/#5(<-*(/#'.#=-A6-'.*'#<'+M1018#<(+(#6+T#*'.',1=C

# F%+P(11O )K#<(+(6+2#*'.',1=C
## ############################F,+F%(11O)+P(11O),K#<(+(#6+$#*'.',1=C
## ############################F2+F,(11O )+P(11O)2K#'.#A'.'+(/#<(+(#6#<'+M101=
## ############################F+P(11O)6K#+'=1/@-'.01#'/#<+13/',(#*'.',1=C
 ## ############################F+1'000.000(1,03)%,+1'425.760,88
V2#d.(#0'60(#0'#T_#,-//1.'=#B6'#='#0'3'#<(A(+#0'.*+1#0'#T_#,'='=8#='#
51.@-'.'#<(A(+#N19#7(.*-5-<(0(,'.*'"#51.#6.#*(=(#0'#0'=56'.*1#0'/#
!8Vb#,'.=6(/2#4(/56/(+#'/#@(/1+#(.*-5-<(01#0'#/(#0'60(#=-#'/#-.*'+E=#'=C
#(2#&-,</'## 32#41,<6'=*1

Solución
(2##F+10'000.000& O+ 0,025& 6+10 P+k#+'',</(Q(.01#'.
## F+P(11Ob6)#*'.',1=C#
## 10'000.000+ P(110,025b10)
## 10'000.000+Pb1,25 P+$8'000.000
#32##F+10'000.000 O+ 0,025 6+10 P+k#+'',</(Q(.01#'.
F+P(11 O)6
M
w ww
## *'.',1=C# .
at
## 10'000.000+P(110,025)10
em
at
10'000.000+Pb1,28008; P+$7'811.984
## ic
P3='+@'#B6'#'/#@(/1+#(.*-5-<(01#0'#/(#0'60(#'=#,(91+#56(.01#/(#
*(=(#0'#0'=56'.*1#'=#=-,</'2 a1
. co
W2##41.@'+*-+#6.(#*(=(#0'/#`b#*+-,'=*+(/#51,<6'=*(#(#6.(#*(=(##
m
#'B6-@(/'.*'C
## (2#L.6(/## #############32#&','=*+(/## # 52#J'.=6(/#

Solución
(2#41,1#6.#(c1#*-'.'#%#*+-,'=*+'=#9#/(=#*(=(=#=1.#'B6-@(/'.*'=8#'=*1#
=-A.-G5(#B6'#N(5'+#6.(#5(<-*(/-Q(5->.#(.6(/#0'#-.*'+'='=#'B6-@(/'#
(#N(5'+#56(*+1#5(<-*(/-Q(5-1.'=#*+-,'=*+(/'=8#'=#0'5-+8#<(+(#6.#@(/1+#
<+'='.*'#P#='#*-'.'#B6'C#F+P(11O)%+*P(110,09)FK#01.0'#O#'=#/(#*(=(#
0'#-.*'+E=#(.6(/
# 4(.5'/(.01#P#*'.',1=C#(11O)+(1,09)F 01.0'#O+%T8TWb#(.6(/2
32#41,1#6.#=','=*+'#*-'.'#!#*+-,'=*+'=8#<(+(#6.#@(/1+#<+'='.*'#P#='#
*-'.'#B6'C

## F+P(111)%+(110,09),K#01.0'#O#'=#/(#*(=(#0'#-.*'+E=#=','=*+(/#
 # 4(.5'/(.01#P#*'.',1=C#(11O)+(1,09),8#01.0'#O+18,8%#=','=*+(/#
52#41,1#6.#*+-,'=*+'#=1.#$#,'='=8#6.(#5(<-*(/-Q(5->.#*+-,'=*+(/#'B6--
@(/'#(#*+'=#5(<-*(/-Q(5-1.'=#,'.=6(/'=8#<(+(#6.#@(/1+#<+'='.*'#P8#
*'.',1=C

# F+P(11O)2+P(110,09)%8# 01.0'# O# '=# /(# *(=(# 0'# -.*'+E=# ,'.=6(/#

(11O)2+1,09#0'#01.0' O+(1,09)1/301+0,029; O+2,9b#,'.=6(/#

Ejercicio 4.12

T2## 41.@-'+*(#6.(#*(=(#0'/#Teb#=','=*+(/#(#6.(#*(=(#'B6-@(/'.*'C
(2 L.6(/# 32#J'.=6(/## 52#g+-,'=*+(/ # 02#)-(+-(

!2## d.#<+E=*(,1#0'#^T_a___2___#='#51.@-'.'#5(.5'/(+#'.#6.#=1/1#<(A1#
0'.*+1#0'#6.#(c18#(#6.(#*(=(#0'#-.*'+E=#0'/#$8!b#,'.=6(/2#j46I/#'=#
'/#@(/1+#<1+#<(A(+k
$2## &-# ='# 51.@-'.'# <(A(+# (.*-5-<(0(,'.*'# 6.(# 0'60(# 0'# ^%a___2___#
B6'#@'.5'#'.#e#,'='=8#51.#6.(#*(=(#0'#0'=56'.*1#0'/#Xb#*+-,'=-
*+(/8#N(//'#'/#@(/1+#(.*-5-<(01#0'#/(#0'60(2
%2## &-#'/#=(/(+-1#,M.-,1#'.#T``V#'=#0'#^T!_2___#9#*-'.'#6.#-.5+','.*1#
'=*-,(01#0'/#!_b#(.6(/8#5(/56/'C
(2#D/#=(/(+-1#,M.-,1#<(+(#'/#!___
32#D.#56I.*1=#(c1=#='#06</-5(#'/#=(/(+-12#
52#jD.#B6E#(c1#(<+1;-,(0(,'.*'8#'/#=(/(+-1#,M.-,1#='+I#0'#
^Ta___2___k
V2# jL#B6E#*(=(#0'#-.*'+E=#,'.=6(/#='#0'3'#51/15(+#6.#5(<-*(/#<(+(#B6'#
='#06</-B6'#'.#TV#,'='=k
W2## d.#5+E0-*1#0'#^T!a___2___#='#<(5*(#<(A(+#'.#$W#561*(=#,'.=6(/'=#
-A6(/'=#(#6.(#*(=(#0'/#$b#,'.=6(/2#S(//'#'/#@(/1+#0'#/(#561*(8#=-#'/#
<(A1#0'#'=*(#'=C#
(2#m'.5-0(## # 32#L.*-5-<(0(
X2## d.(# <13/(5->.# B6'# N19# '=# 0'# Ta___2___# 0'# N(3-*(.*'=# *-'.'# 6.#
5+'5-,-'.*1#51.*-.61#0'/#Xb#(.6(/2
(2#4(/56/'#/(#<13/(5->.#'.#T_#(c1=##32#jD.#56I.*1=#(c1=#='#06</-5(k
 e2## js6E#*(=(#0'#5+'5-,-'.*1#(.6(/#51.*-.61#*-'.'#6.(#<13/(5->.#B6'#
='#06</-5(#'.#TV#(c1=k
`2## d.(#'=<'5-'#'.#@M(#0'#';*-.5->.#0-=,-.69'#=6#<13/(5->.#'.#6.#T_b#
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(2#L#/(#,-*(0## 32#L/#$_b## 52#D.#6.#$_b#
T_2##&'# B6-'+'# <(A(+# '/# =(/01# 0'# 6.(# 0'60(# B6'# *-'.'# <'.0-'.*'# T_#
561*(=#,'.=6(/'=#0'#^!__2___2#S(//'#'/#=(/01#=-#='#<(A(#6.(#*(=(#
0'#-.*'+E=#0'/#V%b#'H'5*-@1#(.6(/2
TT2##S(//'#/(#+'.*(3-/-0(0#'H'5*-@(#(.6(/#0'#6.#*M*6/1#B6'#='#51,<+(#<1+#
'/#`Wb#0'#=6#@(/1+#9#@'.5'#'.#$W#0M(=2
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,'='=#'.#561*(=#GO(=#,'.=6(/'=8#=-#='#<(A(#6.#-.*'+E=#0'/#!b#51,-
<6'=*1#,'.=6(/8#5(/56/(+C#
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at
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a
Aplicaciones de la función exponencial
tic
:1=#,10'/1=#,(*',I*-51=#<(+(#';</-5(+#5+'5-,-'.*1#1#0'5+'5-,-'.*1#<1+5'.*6(/#
a1
0'#<13/(5->.8#,1*-@(.#'.#<+-.5-<-1#(/#'=*60-1#0'#/(#H6.5->.#0'G.-0(#51,1C#
*"*+/$!'*+A$%1-'!*8#01.0'#A*+?*. c9#om%1-*+C##
"*+/$!'*+?cC!*B&C.#
D=*(#H6.5->.#='#0'.1,-.(#exponencial2

El número &
:(#3(='#,(=#-,<1+*(.*'#'.#/(=#H6.5-1.'=#';<1.'.5-(/'=#'=#'/#.?,'+1#58#'=*'#
.?,'+1#='#<6'0'#';</-5(+#(#<(+*-+#0'#<+13/',(=#<+I5*-51=#51,1#'/#=-A6-'.*'2

Ejemplo
# S(//(+#'/#@(/1+#H6*6+1#'.#6.#(c1#0'#^T#51/15(01#(#6.(#*(=(#0'#
-.*'+E=#51,<6'=*1#(.6(/#0'/#$Wb#5(<-*(/-Q(3/'C#
# (2#&','=*+(/,'.*'## 32#g+-,'=*+(/,'.*'#
# 52#J'.=6(/,'.*'## 02#)-(+-(,'.*'#
# '2#41.*-.6(,'.*'2
d.(#*(=(#0'#-.*'+E=#51,<6'=*1#(.6(/#B6'#='#5(<-*(/-Q(#1#='#/'#(</-5(.#
/1=#-.*'+'='=#'.#,I=#0'#6.#<'+M101#06+(.*'#'/#(c18#='#0'.1,-.(#
nominal8#9#='#.1*(#<1+#gK#'/#.?,'+1#0'#<'+M101=#0'#5(<-*(/-Q(5->.#='#
.1*(#<1+#H2

(2## 4(<-*(/-Q(3/'#=','=*+(/,'.*'C#=-A.-H-5(#B6'#/1=#-.*'+'='=#='#5(6-
=(.#5(0(#=','=*+'8#'=#0'5-+8#H+,8#<1+#/1#*(.*1#/(#*(=(#0'#-.*'+E=#
=','=*+(/#'=#O+*0
g
,*
+Teb2#

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g H g 2
* * f+A(11O)6=A(11*0
,*
) =P(11*0
,*
)
* ***************************f=%(110,18),=1,3924
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32# 4(<-*(/-Q(3/'#*+-,'=*+(/,'.*'C#/1=#-.*'+'='=#='#5(6=(.#5(0(#*+-,'=-
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Ejemplos
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Funciones hiperbólicas
:(= H6.5-1.'= ';<1.'.5-(/'= .(*6+(/'= 51,1 " + 5! 9 " + 50! =1. ,69 ?*-/'=
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Identidades hiperbólicas
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p@4q %! 1 "& + p@4q !=p@4q " 1 r56q ! =r56q "

Ejemplo
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 Ejercicio 4.14

T2# D.56'.*+'#'/#@(/1+#.6,E+-51#0'#5(0(#';<+'=->.C

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Ejercicio 1
d.#5(,<1#0'<1+*-@1#*-'.'#/(#H1+,(####
0'#6.#+'5*I.A6/1#51.#01=#=',-5M+56/1=2# ! !
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<(+*'#/(+A(8#';<+'=(+#'/#I+'(#0'/#5(,<1# "
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Solución
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D/ I+'( *1*(/ 0'/ 5(,<1 '= /( =6,( 0'/ I+'( 0'/ +'5*I.A6/1 ,(= '/ I+'( 0'

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Ejercicio 2
D. 6.( 5(O( =-. *(<( B6' =' ,6'=*+( '/ /(
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Ejercicio 3
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Ejercicio 4
d. A1++1 *-'.' 6. 0-='c1 51,1 =' ,6'=*+( '. /(
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H6.5->. 0' =6 +(0-1 '8 =- /( (/*6+( " 0'/ 5-/-.0+1 '=
-A6(/ (/ +(0-1 ' 9 ', '= /( ,-*(0 0' /( (/*6+( $ 0'/
51.12
Solución
D/ @1/6,'. 0'/ A1++1 '= /( =6,( 0'/ @1/6,'. 0'/
5-/-.0+1 ,I= '/ @1/6,'. 0'/ 51.12
'#'=#'/#+(0-1#0'/#5-/-.0+1#
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5-/-.0+18#'.*1.5'=#'!"8#51,1#,,,,,,,,&
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Ejercicio 5
d.#*+-I.A6/1#-=>=5'/'=#'=*I#0'.*+1#0'#6.###
56(0+(01#0'#/(01#"#51,1#='#,6'=*+(#'.#/(#
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0'#/(#(/*6+(#'#0'/#*+-I.A6/1#-=>=5'/'=2
Solución
D/# I+'(# 0'/# 56(0+(01# '=# "&# 9# '/# I+'(# 0'/#
"#'
*+-I.A6/1# -=>=5'/'=# '=# & # /6'A1# '/# I+'(#
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A ! "2 / "#'
2

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 

Ejercicio 6  

d.(#5(O(#=-.#*(<(#0'3'############### #
51.=*+6-+='# 51.# 6.# 5(+*>.#
15 cm

+'5*(.A6/(+#0'#TV#5,=#0'##(.5N1#
<1+# !_# 5,=# 0'# /(+A18# 51+*(.01#  
20 cm
56(0+(01=#-A6(/'=#0'#/(01#'#'.#
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D;<+'='# '/# @1/6,'.# 0'# /(# 5(O(#  
(3-'+*(#'.#H6.5->.#0'#'#
Solución
46(.01#/(#5(O(#='#(+,(#/(=#0-,'.=-1.'=#=1.C#
D/#/(+A1#&6/&',9#'/#(.5N1#-7/&',9#/(#(/*6+(#0'#5(O(#'=#'#
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8!,.66'/:6'&/.6'&%:'.
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Ejercicio 7
d.(# '0-*1+-(/# <+1065'# *';*1=# '=51/(+'=# 6.-@'+=-*(+-1=8# /(# '0-*1+-(/# <1.'# 6.#
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Solución
(2#D/#51=*1#GO1#'=#0'#d&^V_8#9#<1+#5(0(#*';*1#B6'#='#<+1065'#'/#51=*1#
@(+-(3/'#'=#0'#d&^T!8#/6'A1#'/#51=*1#*1*(/#=#'.#H6.5->.#0'#'#'=C

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 Ejercicio 4.15

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