INTRODUCTION TO

STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
The study of forces that act on bodies and the resultant
motion that those bodies experience.
1. Statics
2. Dynamics
3. Strength of Materials

THREE MAJOR DIVISIONS OF MECHANICS

1. Mechanics of Rigid Bodies – Engineering Mechanics
2. Mechanics of Deformable Bodies – Strength of Materials
3. Mechanics of Fluids – Hydraulics
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
*Statics – assumes that the
material (bar and cable)
supporting the load is rigid.
Hence, the only concern here is
P the magnitude of the reaction
(P) that shall maintain the
system in equilibrium.

A B *Strength of Materials –
assumes that the supporting
materials are deformable bodies.
Hence, the concern is on the
maximum load that the whole
assembly can carry without
allowing the supporting materials
break or bend.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
Study of the relationship between externally applied loads
and their internal effects on deformable bodies.

SIMPLE STRESSES
STRESS - The measure of strength of a material per unit
area usually expressed in N/mm2 or MPa.
1. Normal Stress
2. Shear Stress
3. Bearing Stress
NORMAL
STRESS
ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES
NORMAL STRESS
also called AXIAL STRESS
Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular
to the resisting area.

P where P A
__
δ=A ┴ TENSION

δ Normal stress
P Internal Axial Force
A Cross – Sectional Area COMPRESSION
EXAMPLE
Which bar is stronger A or B?
Assume that the given loads are the maximum loads each can
carry.
BAR 1 BAR 2

A1=50 mm2 A2=20 mm2

1000 N 500 N

Bar 2 with max. Normal

answer : Stress of 25 N/mm2
EXAMPLE
An bronze rod is rigidly attached between a aluminum rod and a
steel rod as shown. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. Find the maximum allowable value of P that will not
exceed a stress in steel of 140MPa, in aluminum of 90MPa or in
bronze of 100MPa.

Aluminum
A = 500mm2 Bronze
Steel
A = 200mm2
A = 150mm2
2P
3P P

L br = 2m L st = 1.2m

L al = 3.5m

answer : P = 10,500 N
EXAMPLE
Determine the weight of the heaviest traffic lighting system that
can be carried by the two bars shown if the allowable stress on
bar AB is 90MPa and on bar AC is 110MPa given that the cross
sectional areas of bar AB is 50mm2 and that of AC is 80 mm2

B
C

70° A
35°

answer : 5,305.50 N
EXAMPLE
Determine the required cross sectional areas of members BE, CD
and CE of the given truss shown, if the allowable stress in tension
is 120MPa while in compression is 105MPa.
D

C
G
4m

3m 3m
A B E F H
3m 3m 3m 3m

50KN 75KN 50KN

ACD = 941.52 mm2

ACE = 73.66 mm2
answer : ABE = 729.17 mm2
HOMEWORK
Determine the required cross sectional areas of all the remaining
members of the given truss shown, if the allowable stress in
tension is 120MPa while in compression is 105MPa.

C
G
4m

3m 3m
A B E F H
3m 3m 3m 3m

50KN 75KN 50KN

answer :
HOMEWORK
Determine the weight of the heaviest cylinder that can be
supported by the structure shown if the cross sectional area of
the cable is 120mm2 and its allowable stress is 80MPa.

C B
8m

9m

A 3m

answer : 19,081.11 N
EXAMPLE
The figure shows the landing gear of a light airplane. Determine
the compressive stress in strut AB caused by the landing reaction
R=30KN. Neglect the weights of the members. The strut is a
hollow tube, with 40mm outside diameter and of uniform
thickness of 7mm.

answer :
EXAMPLE
The tripod shown supports the
total station which weighs
10N. Find the required
diameter of the leg if the
maximum allowable stress in
each leg is 25MPa.

answer :
EXAMPLE
In the recently opened World Trade Center, a showcase of
designer’s work is being featured. There is a piece of marble
table which is just supported by three legs. If the weight of the
table is 500N, find the stress in each leg if its cross-sectional
section is 50mmx50mm.

answer :
SHEAR AND
BEARING
STRESS
ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES
SHEAR STRESS
also called TANGENTIAL STRESS
Shear Stress develops when the applied loads cause one section
of the body to slide past its adjacent section. The force acts
parallel to the area.

P
V
__ where V || A
τ= A

τ Shear Stress P

V Resultant Shear
V
A Cross – Sectional Area
∑Fx = 0;
V = P
Shearing area
parallel to the
load
TYPES OF SHEAR STRESS

SINGLE SHEAR
LAP JOINT
Rivet under Single shear
P
t P Shearing
Area

B P 130mm
P

DOUBLE SHEAR
Rivet under Double shear
BUTT JOINT

t splice plate
t
P/2 main plate

P
P/2
Shearing
Areas
 DOUBLE SHEAR

w/ only 1 bolt or rivet with n number of bolt or rivet;

ex. n = 4

P/2 P/2
P
P
P/2
P/2

Middle Plate (Top View)

Middle Plate (Top View)
P
P

Middle Plate (Bottom View) Middle Plate (Bottom View)

P P

Right Side View

Right Side View
P P
SHEAR STRESS

PUNCHING SHEAR INDUCED SHEAR

P
L = width P

a
Ɵ
a
t

D at Section a-a :
x

t
V L Pcos(Ɵ)

Ashearing = x.L

t
Ashearing = πD.t
πD
BEARING STRESS
Contact pressure exerted by one body upon another body. The
force acts perpendicular to the area where load is applied.

P__
b where P A
δb = ┴
A
δb Bearing Stress
Pb Perpendicular Force / Bearing Force
A Projected Contact Area
BEARING STRESS
LAP JOINT
t
P
P

P P
130mm
B

P
130mm
P

Enlargement of Holes

D
t

A = Dt
EXAMPLE
The lap joint shown in the figure is fastened by four ¾-in.
diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be
applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi
and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume
the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

answer : P = 24,___ N
EXAMPLE

Determine the maximum force P that the top chord can

carry if the allow shearing stress is 50MPa, bearing
stress is 60MPa and tensile stress is 85MPa of the
connection shown

t=25mm

130mm

answer :
EXAMPLE
A circular hole is to be punched out of a plate that has a shear
strength of 40ksi The working compressive stress in the punch
is 50ksi. a.) Compute the maximum thickness of a plate in which
a 2.5” diameter hole can be punched. b.) If the plate is 0.25in
thick, determine the smallest diameter that can be punched.
P

a.) tplate = 0.781”

answer : b.) Dhole = 0.800 ”
EXAMPLE
Compute for the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member
supported as shown in the figure. The diameter of the pin is
20mm.

answer : 94.01 MPa

EXAMPLE
The lap joint is connected by three 20mm diameter rivets.
Assuming that the axial load P = 50KN is distributed equally
among the three rivets, find a) the shearing stress in each rivet;
b) bearing stress between the plate and a rivet and c) the
maximum average tensile stress in each plate..

P
a 200mm
b 120mm
b
c 40mm
d 75mm
q
q

a
c 30°

answer :
EXAMPLE
A 7/8 in diameter bolt having a diameter at the root of the
threads of 0.731 in is used to faster two timbers as shown. The
nut is tightened to cause a tensile force of 18 ksi in the bolt.
Determine the shearing stress developed in the head of the bolt
and the threads. Also determine the outside diameter of the
washer if the inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing stress is
limited to 800 psi.

answer :
EXAMPLE
The bracket is supported by ½ inch diameter pins at A and B (the
pin at B fits in the 45° slot in the bracket). Neglecting friction,
determine the shear stresses in the pins, assuming single shear.

200lb
A 45°

12in

B
36in

answer :
EXAMPLE
Compute the maximum force P that can be applied to the foot
pedal. The ¼ inch diameter pin at B is in single shear, and its
working shear stress is 40000psi. The cable attached at C has a
diameter of 1/8 inch and a working normal stress of 20,000psi.

answer :
HOMEWORK
The figure shows a roof truss and the detail of the connection at
joint B. Members BC and BE are angle sections with thickness
shown in the figure. The working stresses are 70MPa for shear
in rivet and 140MPa for bearing stress due to the rivets. How
many 19-mm diameter rivets are required to fasten the said
members to the gusset plate?

D DETAIL OF JOINT B
14 mm thick
B GUSSET PLATE
G
4m

3m 3m 75X75X13 mm

A C E F H
3m 3m 3m 3m
75X75X6 mm

P BE
50KN 75KN 50KN

P BC

answer :
THIN WALLED
CYLINDERS
ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES
THIN WALLED CYLINDERS

CIRCUMFERENTIAL (TANGENTIAL) STRESS

pD
zz __
δt =
2t

LONGITUDINAL STRESS

pD
__
δL =
4t
EXAMPLE
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall
thickness of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5
MN/m2
a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel.
b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the
stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2?
c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst,
sketch the type of fracture that would occur.

answer :
EXAMPLE
The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/16 in.
Calculate the allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited
to 8000 psi.

answer :
EXAMPLE
Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that
is to carry a gas at apressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the
vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12ksi.

answer :
EXAMPLE
A large pipe called a penstock in hydraulic work is 1.5m in
diameter. Here it is composed of wooden staves bound together
by steel hoops, each 300mm2 in cross-sectional area, and is used
to conduct water from a reservoir to a power house. If the
maximum tensile stress permitted in the hoops is 130MPa, what
is the spacing between hoops under a head of water of 30m?

answer :
EXAMPLE
A spiral-riveted penstock 1.5m in diameter is made of steel plate
10mm thick. The pitch of the spiral or helix is 3m. the spiral
seam is a single-riveted lap joint consisting of 20-mm diameter
rivets. Using Ss=70 MPa and Sb=140 MPa, determine the
spacing of the rivets along the seam from a water pressure of
1.25 MPa. Neglect end thrust. What is the circumferential
stress?

answer :