Behave Questions 3 PDF

UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BS2M02
BEHAVIOURAL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIECES
MAIN PAPER March 2009
Multiple Choice Answers
1 a) (T) 2 a) (F) 3 a) (T) 4 a) (F) 5 a) (T) 6 a) (T)

b) (T) b) (F) b) (T) b) (F) b) (T) b) (F)
c) (T) c) (F) c) (T) c) (F) c) (T) c) (F)
d) (T) d) (F) d) (F) d) (F) d) (T) d) (F)
e) (F) e) (F) e) (F) e) (F) e) (T) e) (T)
7 a) (T) a) (T 9 a) (T 10 a) (T 11 a) (T 12 a) (F)
b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (F)
c) (F c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (F)
d) (F d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (T d) (T)
e) (T e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (T)
13 a) (F 14 a) (T 15 a) (T 16 a) (T 17 a) (F 18 a) (F
b) (T b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (F b) (T
c) (T c) (T c) (F c) (F c) (T c) (T
d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T
e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (T e) (T
19 a) (F 20 a) (T 21 a) (T 22 a) (T 23 a) (F 24 a) (F
b) (T b) (F b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (F
c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (F
d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T
e) (F e) (F e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (T
25 a) (T 26 a) (F 27 a) (F 28 a) (F 29 a)(F 30 a) (T
b) (F b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (F
c) (T c) (T c) (F c) (T c) (F c) (F
d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (F d) (T d) (F
e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (F
31 a) (T 32 a) (T 33 a) (T 34 a) (T 35 a) (T 36 a) (T)
b) (F b) (F b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (T)
c) (T c) (T c) (F c) (T c) (T c) (F)
d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (T d) (F d) (F)
e) (T e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (F)
1
37 a) (T 38 a) (T 39 a) (T 40 a) (T 41a) (T 42 a) (F)
b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (F)
c) (F c) (F c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (F)
d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (F d) (T d) (T)
e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (T e) (T e) (F)
43 a) (F 44 a) (F 45 a) (F 46 a) (T 47 a) (T 48 a) (F
b) (T b) (T b) (T b) (F b) (F b) (T
c) (F c) (T c) (F c) (T c) (F c) (T
d) (T d) (F d) (T d) (F d) (F d) (F
e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (T
49 a) (F 50 a) (T 51 a) (T 52 a) (F 53 a) (F 54 a) (F
b) (F b) (F b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (T
c) (F c) (F c) (F c) (T c) (T c) (T
d) (F d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (F
e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (F
55 a) (T 56 a) (T 57 a) (F 58 a) (T 59 a) (F 60 a) (T
b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (T b) (T
c) (T c) (T c) (F c) (F c) (F c) (T
d) (T d) (F d) (F d) (T d) (F d) (F
e) (T e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (F
2
COLLEGE OF HEALTH OF SCIENCES
FIELDS ATTACHMENT PAPER (2012)
1. Based on your own observations during your Field Attachment visits

discuss how people live in these communities and how this affects their
health.
2. Discuss the role of the Traditional Healer in the delivery of healthcare in the
communities you visited.
3. The Field Attachment Programme faces many challenges. Discuss these

challenges and suggest how these can be overcome to improve the Field
Attachment Programme.
COLLEGE OF SCIENCIES
BS2MO2
BEHAVIORAL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCIES
MAIN PAPER
PAPER 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
DATE: July 2010 TIME:2 HOURS
Instructions
There are 60 questions, each comprising a stem followed by the five
completions. Each completion may be either true or false, and is independent of
the other completions in the question.
On the answer sheet provided you circle either the T (true) or F (false) as
appropriate. If you do not know the answer, you should leave it blank. You are
strongly advised not to guess. Marks awarded are +1 for each correct answer
and -1 for each incorrect answer. The highest possible score for each question
is +5, and the lowest possible is -5.
EXAMPLE
Question
Recognized routes of transmission of the HIV virus include:
a) breast feeding
b) sexual intercourse
c) shaking hands
d) sharing utensils
e) needle stick injuries
Answer
The following completions (a), (b) and (e) are true, and (c) and (d) false. On the
answer sheet, the following should appear for this question:
a) (T) F
b) (T) F
c) T (F)
d) T (F)
e) (T) F
1. Common health problems in rural areas include the following:
a) diarrhorea
b) obesity
c) HIV and AIDS
d) mental stress
e) back pain
2. Life on the mines

a) better accommodation than in urban areas
b) no clinics available on the mines
c) workers share the wealth from mining with their employer
d) the workers have title deeds of their properties
e) use well water all the time
3. Well Water
a) is more nutritious than tap water
b) is always treated before drinking
c) is prone to water-borne diseases if not protected
d) source of water in most communities
e) is seasonal
4. Primary Health Care is the mainstay of health delivery at community level

a) a medical doctor must always be available on site
b) the village health worker has no role to play in it
c) health education is an important component
d) immunization is restricted to urban areas only
e) is forbidden by churches
5. Commercial farm labourers

a) are highly trained in agricultural issues
b) have similar health problems as farm workers
c) are forbidden by law to join trade unions
d) are exposed to hazardous substances
e) have limited recreational facilities
6. Health service delivery in the communal areas is influenced by the following

factors:
a) quality of the road network
b) traditional birth attendants
c) seasonal changes
d) by distance from commercial farms
e) the number of available clinics
7. Factors that contribute to health services delivery in a rural district may include
the following:
a) the Agritex Social Scientist
b) the District Health Statistician
c) the District Administrator
d) the Traditional Birth Attendant
e) the local mine geologist
8. Current HIV and AIDS programmes at District level include

a) counseling and testing only
b) the PMTCT programme
c) male circumcision
d) encouragement to use condoms
e) vaccination against measles
9. On Blair toilet
a) it has not been improved since its first inception
b) is affordable for an average rural family
c) has no advantage over a conventional pit latrine
d) does not have a control over the house fly
e) functions better if the ventilator is painted black
10. Mines in Zimbabwe

a) the biggest mine is found in Chiadzwa
b) are all locally owned
c) prefer to provide their health services independently from any other
available district health services
d) provide housing for their employees
e) provide routine health checks for their miners
11. Traditional healers

a) involve spirit mediums for guidance
b) have no role to play in our health service delivery system
c) do not operate under a register
d) all of them are members of ZINATHA
e) are licensed by the District Administrator
12. Culture may be described as follows:

a) the way of life for the members of a society
b) a group’s design for living
c) does not change over time
d) a collection of habits and ideas which people learn, share and transmit
from generation to generation
e) is normally taught at school
13. Regarding farm workers
a) all are migrant workers
b) are not allowed to join a union
c) need protective clothing at work
d) are not exposed to any health harzards at work
e) are generally poorly accommodated
14. What is true about the nature/nurture debate?

a) All growth and development is learnt
b) Heredity influences behavior
c) Instincts do not contribute towards understanding behavior
d) Maturation contributes towards learning
e) Learning influences
15. The following contribute to health services in rural districts:

a) The geophysicists at local mines
b) The Agritex soil scientist
c) The District Health Statistician
d) The District Administrator
e) The Traditional Birth Attendant
16. Delivery of health service in rural Zimbabwe

a) Is influenced by the quality of road network
b) Accords the same status to traditional health providers
c) Encourages home deliveries for first babies
d) Is the same in both communal and commercial farming areas
e) Is influenced by seasonal changes
17. The good interpersonal relationships stage according to Kohlberg

a) Is found at the convential morality level.
b) Involve the buying and selling of goods to each other.
c) Is a stage where children see morality as more than simple deals.
d) Involve good motives and interpersonal feelings such as love, empathy,
trust and concern for others.
e) Is where moral development ends.
18. According to Kohlberg

a) Children regardless of culture develop morality the same way.
b) Good interpersonal relationships (stage 3) reasoning works best in two-
person relationships with family members or close friends.
c) Maintaining the social order (stage 4) children are concerned with society
as a value.
d) The emphasis on obeying laws, respecting authority and performing one’s
duties so that the social order is maintained is found in (stage 4).
e) Few people have achieved the highest level of moral reasoning.
19. Formal operational thinking differs from Piaget’s other stages in that a
Formal thinker gains the ability to
a) Think systematically about abstract concepts.
b) Mentally manipulate objects that they can see.
c) Understand the symbols used in language.
d) Form mental schemes.
e) Think logically.
20.What did Piaget believe children are incapable of during the preoperational
stage of development?
a) Conservation.
b) Hierarchical classification
c) Abstract thought.
d) Logical and systematic thought.
e) Object permanence.
21. The following are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

a) Formal operational.
b) Concrete operational.
c) Operational.
d) Pre-operational.
e) Post-operational.
22. Eriksson’s stages of socio-emotional development assumes that:

a) Each stage is characterized by a particular challenge
b) The best adaptive resolution of a developmental crisis involves tension
c) Stages are cumulative
d) Early stages are disproportionally significantly
e) There is a quantum leap in nature of psychological growth
23. In Ericksson’s conception of middle adulthood

a) There is creating or nurturing things that will outlast adults
b) Success leads to feelings of usefulness
c) Failure results in loneliness and isolation
d) Effort is geared towards positive change that benefit other people
e) Success leads to feelings of wisdom
24. The following are stages of psychosocial identity development:

a) Identity diffusion
b) Identity infusion
c) Identity fore-closure
d) Identity moratorium
e) Identity achievement
25. The transactional model of stress management

a) Focuses on the transaction between people and their external
environment
b) States that stress can be thought of as resulting from imbalance between
demands and resources
c) Focuses on the nature of thought, stating that it is ultimately a persons
thought process that determine the response to potentially stressful
external circumstances
d) Conceptualizes stress as a result of how a stressor is appraised and how
a person appraises his/her resources to cope with the stressor.
e) Proposes that stress can be reduced by helping stressed people change
their perceptions of stressors.
26. Emotional overload is:

a) Also referred to as stress reaction
b) Presented through mixed emotional reactions
c) Seen in workers who display strong emotions
d) An adaptive reaction
e) A maladaptive reaction
27. The following are fundamental phases or stages in response to sustained

stress
a) Exposure stage - response to stressful stimuli
b) Alarm response – fight or flight
c) Adaptive response – adjustment or adaptive
d) Resistance stage – mobilize various coping mechanisms as a response
e) Damage stage – prolonged experience of stress – exhaustion
28. What is the relevance of perception to medicine?

a) Perception determines how we relate to patients.
b) Perception gives us “comforting” explanations as to why people behave
the way they do.
c) Perception allows us to make sense of our complex world through
inferences about people’s intensions, emotions motives and personality
traits.
d) Perception makes us very good therapists and makes patients respect us.
e) Perception provides healing to patients.
29. Which of the following statements is an apt description of perception?

a) Perception is the filter which decodes information.
b) Perception helps us to make sense of the world.
c) Perception makes us know how to behave when visiting an in-law for the
first time.
d) Our perception of objects and people is correct at all times.
e) One’s individual experience and biology shapes perception.
30. Perception is influenced by

a) What a person has experienced and learnt in life.
b) A persons emotional state
c) Physiological factors such as hunger.
d) The context in which phenomena occur.
e) Socialization.
31. Perception involves the following

a) Sensing input from the environment.
b) Subjective experience.
c) Organizing input from the environment.
d) Emotional states.
e) Meanings.
32. In the Bobo doll experiments Bandura showed that

a) Behavior can change without it first being rewarded.
b) Children are very aggressive by nature.
c) Behavior can be learnt by observation.
d) Children are easily confused.
e) Children are afraid of toys.
33. According to Bandura cognitive processing during learning

a) Can be influenced by the state of mind of the observer.
b) Is not an important factor in learning.
c) Helps in the acquisition of new behaviors.
d) Is only done by people with a high i.q.
e) Is present in children as well as adults.
34. According to Bandura children can learn from

a) Watching television.
b) Playing video games.
c) Sleeping.
d) Playing with other children.
e) Sitting.
35. In the cultural model of illness:

(a) behavioural disturbances are interpreted in their cultural context.
(b) cultural metaphors are interesting but do not influence symptom
manifestation.
(c) treatment takes place only in the community.
(d) the “sick role” confers exemption from certain social responsibilities.
(e) differences in cultures between the patient and the health care provider
can impair communication.
36. Classical conditioning consists of:
(a) punishing an unconditioned stimulus.

(b) modeling a behaviour pattern.
(c) imitating the desirable behaviour.
(d) reinforcing an unconditioned stimulus.
(e) pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned one.
37. In nonverbal communication:

a) It is possible to communicate a great deal without the use of verbal
language
b) Non-verbal sensitivity is linked with establishment of rapport
c) Touching is a vital means of communication
d) The non-verbal cues carry the impact of the message
e) Meaning is not determined by context
38. An interview is:

a) A conversation between two or more people that follows question and
answer format
b) One of the tools of gathering information by asking questions
c) A one-to-one discussion whereby clinician gathers information from the
patients or client
d) A situation where two or more people communicate verbally on a particular
subject for a specific purpose
e) A meeting of two or more people
39. Research on doctor patient’s interaction shows that:

a) It is optional for medical students to take a communication skills course
during their training
b) Many patient’s leave hospital without specific knowledge about the nature
and cause of their illness
c) Communication skills cannot be taught
d) Doctors may intimidate their patients because of the knowledge and status
e) Patient’s compliance has nothing to do with how clinicians communicate
with their patient’s
40. During oral presentation on the Epworth Family Health Study you colleagues
present their clients by their real names. You should
a) Establish that the presenter sought consent to use the clients name
b) Express concern that the rights of the client family to confidentiality have
been violated
c) Maintained that as a doctor it is their right to address patients wherever by
their real names
d) Encourage them to ensure anonymity in the future
e) Not worry after all the client is not around and none among the audience
can identify her
41. While carrying out an interview with you female client, the husband arrives
and offers to answer some questions on her behalf. You decided that it is best
to:
a) Ignore him and continue focusing on the client
b) Insist that your client is a grown up and can speak for herself
c) Negotiate that your client remains in the room while you speak to the
husband
d) Involve a more diplomatic person from your class to negotiate on your
behalf
e) Involve the client’s husband and learn more about his beliefs
42.A correlation between two variables measures the degree to which the
variables are:
a. mutually exclusive
b. causally related
c. associated
d. statistically significant
e. positively skewed
43.The following variables have interval scales of measurement:
a. height
b. presence or absence of asthma
c. age
d. forced expiratory volume
e. temperature
44.Which of the following conditions must be met for a valid t-test between
the means of two samples:
a. the number of observations must be the same in the two groups
b. the standard deviations must be approximately the same in the
two groups
c. the means must be approximately equal in the two groups
d. the observations must be from approximately Normal
Distributions
e. the samples must be small
45.The following statistics are not grossly affected by outliers:
a. range
b. median
c. interquartile range
d. standard deviation
e. mean
46.In a sample of size 500 with variance 25, the:

a. standard error of the mean is 5/50
b. standard deviation is 25/500
c. number of degrees of freedom is 99
d. standard error will increase when the sample size is increased
from 100 to 100 000 for a normally distributed random variable
e. unit of variance is the same as that of the mean
47.If a result is reported as χ2=13.0, df=7, p=0.0006, it follows that:

a. the contingency table is a 3×3 table
b. the null hypothesis was rejected
c. the association was established
d. the test statistic of 13.0 must have been larger than the value of
the test statistic
e. the sample was assumed random
48.The mean and median of diastolic blood pressure distribution are
approximately 83 mm Hg, and the standard deviation is 12 mm Hg. These
indices enable us to deduce each of the following statements except:
a. approximately 95% of the men have diastolic blood pressure
between 59 and 107 mm Hg
b. the distribution is probably symmetrical
c. the range of the sample is 83
d. approximately half of the men have diastolic blood pressures
over 83 mm Hg
e. the variance of the sample is 144 mm Hg2
49.Which of the following BEST describes a risk in using the range to

measure spread (dispersion)
a. the statistic is not in the same unit of measurement as the
observations
b. the largest or smallest observation may be a mistake or an
outlier
c. since it is complicated to compute, error(s) may result
d. it produces spreads that are too large
e. it produces spreads that are too small
50.In a chi-squared test for a 4×4 contingency table:

a. variables must be quantitative
b. observed frequencies are not compared to expected
frequencies
c. there are 9 degrees of freedom
d. expected values must be greater than 5
e. the observed frequencies are not compared to expected
frequencies
f. there are 9 degrees of freedom
g. expected values must be greater than 5
h. the Yates correction may be applied
51.When comparing the means of two large samples using the Normal test:
a. the null hypothesis is that the sample means are the equal
b. the null hypothesis is that the means are not significantly
different
c. standard error of the difference is the sum of the standard errors
of the means
d. the standard errors of the means must be equal
e. the test statistic is the ratio of the difference to its standard error.
52.The paired t-test is:

a. impractical for large samples
b. useful for the analysis of qualitative data
c. suitable for very small samples
d. used for independent samples
e. based on the Normal Distribution
53.A random sample from an unknown population had a standard deviation

of zero. Which one of the following is a reasonable conclusion:
a. the sample range is also zero
b. a mathematical error was made in computing the sample
standard deviation.
c. It must always be greater than zero
d. the population standard deviation must be large
e. the sample range is infinitely large
54.In a simple linear regression model, the intercept (β0) represents the:
a. predicted value of y when x=0
b. estimated change in average y per unit change in x
c. predicted value of y
d. variation around the line of regression
e. predicted value of y for the average x value
55 .The following set of scores was obtained on a quiz: 1, 3, 5, 15, 16, 20,
20, and 21. The teacher computes the usual descriptive measures of
central tendency and variability for these data, and then discovers an error
was made. One of the 20’s should have been an 18. Which of the
following measures calculated on the corrected data, will change from the
original computation?
a).median
b).range
c).mean
d).standard deviation
e).both the mean and the standard deviation
56.If most of the measurements in a large data set are of approximately the
same magnitude except for a few measurements that are quite a bit larger,
how would the mean and median of the data set compare and what shape
would a histogram of the data set have?
a).The mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram
would be skewed with a long left tail.
b).The mean would be larger than the median and the histogram
would be skewed with a long right tail.
c).The mean would be larger than the median and the histogram
would be skewed with a long left tail.
d).The mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram
would be skewed with a long right tail.
e).The mean would be equal to the median and the histogram would
be symmetrical.
57. Termination of pregnancy (abortion) in Zimbabwe can only be carried out

under the following conditions:
a) Only in the first and second trimesters of the pregnancy
b) In those with obvious signs and symptoms of AIDS but not in those who are
HIV positive and healthy
c) In a fifteen year old schoolgirl impregnated by her adult lover even if there
was no coercion
d) A pregnancy arising from a loving relationship between a brother and sister
both over the age of eighteen
e) Only in a government health institution
58. The following are generally accepted as ethical behaviors for doctors:
a) Informing the police of suspicions that a patient may commit an offence
b) In all circumstances, only treating minors once parental consent has been
obtained
c) Developing a sexual relationship with a adult patient of the opposite sex if
she consents
d) Obtaining the consent of a woman before discussing her medical condition
with her husband
e) Receiving payment from other practitioners before referring cases to them
59. Primary Health Care includes the following components:

a) Health education
b) Rehabilitation
c) Immunization
d) Occupational health services
e) Provision of essential care
60. Health is:
(a) a historic concept.

(b) a dynamic concept.
(c) defined correctly by WHO.
(d) being what one ought to be.
(e) culture specific.
-END OF QUESTION PAPER-

GOOD LUCK
BEHAVIOURAL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCES BS2M01

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
DATE: JULY 2011 TIME 3HOURS
Instructions:
a) You should attempt five questions altogether; three from section A and two from
section B.
b) Write each answer in a new book. Make sure you put your candidate number (but
not your name) on each answer book.
c) All questions carry 20 marks.
SECTION A
Answer all three questions in this section.
1(a) Describe the adoption of the sick role. [10]
(b) when is the sick role not desirable to an individual? [10]
2. Respond to this question with reference to observations you made while on Second
Year Field attachment.
Briefly describe your experience of the following:
a) Traditional healer
b) Health Services at a mine.
c) Blair toilet
d) The role of the Chief in the Community. (20 Marks)
1
3(a) Distinguish between the following terms as used in statistics
(i) Parameter and statistic. [2]
(ii) Type I error and type II error. [2]
(iii) Categorical and quantitative data. [2]
(b) Prior to being randomized to one of two competing therapies, the severity
of participants’ migraines is clinically assessed. The following table
displays the severity classifications for patients assigned to the medical
and nontraditional therapies:
Severity Classification
Therapy Minimal Moderate Severe
Medical 90 60 50
Notraditional 50 60 90
Test using 5% significance level if there is a significant association

between severity and assigned therapy. [14]
SECTION B Answer any two questions below
1.Write briefly on the following in relation to doctor-patient consultations/interviews.
(a) confidentiality (4 marks)

(b) confrontation (4 marks)
(c) informed consent (4 marks)
(d) privacy (4 marks)
(e) rapport (4 marks)
2a). Outline Piagets theory of cognitive development. (10 marks)
3(a) What are the risk factors for suicide. (10) Marks)
(b) Discuss briefly the causes of stress. (10 Marks)
2

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
Instructions:
section B.
SECTION A
(b) when is the sick role not desirable to an individual? [10]
2. Respond to this question with reference to observations you made while on Second
Year Field attachment.
c) Blair toilet
1
3(a) Distinguish between the following terms as used in statistics
(b) Prior to being randomized to one of two competing therapies, the severity
of participants’ migraines is clinically assessed. The following table
displays the severity classifications for patients assigned to the medical
and nontraditional therapies:
Medical 90 60 50


2a). Outline Piagets theory of cognitive development. (10 marks)
3(a) What are the risk factors for suicide. (10) Marks)
2

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
DATE: SEPTEMBER 2011 TIME 3 HOURS
Instructions:
a) You should attempt five questions altogether; three from section A and
two from Section B.
b) Write each answer in a new book. Make sure you put your candidate
number (but not your name) on each answer book.
SECTION A
(b) When is the sick role not desirable to an individual? [10]
2. Respond to this question with reference to observations you made while

on Second Year Field attachment.
c) Blair toilet
1
3. (a) Distinguish between the following terms as used in statistics:

(b) Prior to being randomized to one of two competing therapies, the

severity of participants’ migraines is clinically assessed. The
following table displays the severity classifications for patients
assigned to the medical and nontraditional therapies:
Medical 90 60 50

SECTION B: Answer any two questions below:
1. Write briefly on the following in relation to doctor-patient

consultations/interviews.

2. Outline Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. (10 marks)
3. (a) What are the risk factors for suicide? (10 Marks)
2

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
Instructions:
two from Section B.
SECTION A
(b) When is the sick role not desirable to an individual? [10]

c) Blair toilet
1


Medical 90 60 50

1. Write briefly on the following in relation to doctor-patient

consultations/interviews.

2. Outline Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. (10 marks)
3. (a) What are the risk factors for suicide? (10 Marks)
2

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
DATE: MAY 2013 TIME 3 HOURS
Instructions:
two from Section B.
SECTION A
1(a) Describe how you may use the following principles of operant conditioning
to promote any positive behavior of your choice in a patient.
(i) Positive reinforcement [5]
(ii) Negative reinforcement (5)
(iii) Punishment (5)
(iv) Extinction (5)
2. Food Security is an important determinant of health in the community.

Discuss this in relation to the District you visited.

1

Medical 90 60 50

1. Discuss (i) effective doctor/patient communication which will result in good

treatment outcomes (10 marks)
(ii) Describe what could go wrong in doctor/patient communication (10
marks)
2. Demonstrate the importance of heredity and the environment in the

determination of behavior. (20 marks)
3. (a) Compare and contrast the origins of life between the Western views and
African views (10 Marks)
(b) Show the relationships between disease, illness and sickness.

(10 Marks)
4. Discuss the relevance of dentistry to general medical practice.
[20]
5. Compare the availability of Health Services in the farming community with
those in the mining community.
2

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
Instructions:
two from Section B.
SECTION A
1(a) Describe how you may use the following principles of operant conditioning
to promote any positive behavior of your choice in a patient.
(i) Positive reinforcement [5]
(ii) Negative reinforcement (5)
(iii) Punishment (5)
(iv) Extinction (5)
2. Discuss the management of the Health Services in the District you visited
during your field attachment.
1


Medical 90 60 50

1. Discuss (i) effective doctor/patient communication which will result in good

treatment outcomes (10 marks)
(ii) Describe what could go wrong in doctor/patient communication (10
marks)
2. Demonstrate the importance of heredity and the environment in the

determination of behavior. (20 marks)
3. (a) Compare and contrast the origins of life between the Western views
and African views (10 Marks)
(b) Show the relationships between disease, illness and sickness.

(10 Marks)
4. Food Security is an important determinant of health in the community.
Discuss this in relation to the District you visited.
5. Discuss the relevance of dentistry to general medical practice.

[20]
2

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
DATE: MAY 2013 TIME 3HOURS
Instructions:
two from section B.
SECTION A
1. (a) Discuss using appropriate examples how behavior is learned through

classical conditioning (10 marks)
(b) Explain the following principles of classical conditioning
(i) Counter conditioning (3 marks)

(ii) Flooding (3 marks)
(iii) Aversive therapy (4 marks)

c) Blair toilet
1
3. In a pediatric clinic a study is conducted to see how effective aspirin is in
reducing temperature. Twelve 4-year old girls suffering from influenza have
their temperature taken immediately before and 1 hour after administration of
aspirin. The results obtained are as follows:
patie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
nt
befor 102 103 101 103 101 100 102 103 102 102 101 101
e .4 .2 .9 .0 .2 .7 .5 .1 .8 .3 .9 .4
after 99. 100 100 101 99. 100 101 100 100 101 101 100
6 .1 .2 .1 8 .2 .0 .1 .7 .1 .3 .2
a. State the null and the alternative hypothesis to be tested in this situation.
[2]
b. State the appropriate test statistic and the decision rule for a two-sided
test using α=0.05. [3]
c. Calculate the value of the test statistic and make appropriate conclusions.
[10]
d. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true population mean
difference in temperature before and after administration of aspirin to all 4-
year old girls suffering from influenza and make appropriate conclusions.
[5]
1. Choose any 4 from the following ethical issues and write short notes on each
of them
(i) Capacity (5 marks)

(ii) Informed consent (5 marks)
(iii) Confidentiality (5 marks)
(iv) Privacy (5 marks)
2a) Discuss the African concepts of life, health, pathogenesis and etiology of
diseases. (15 marks)
(b) Explain briefly the origins of life according to the African perspective. (5
Marks)
2
3. Compare and contrast the roles of the Traditional Healer and the Western
style Medical Practitioner. (20)
4. Discuss the relevance of oral health to an individual’s general health

[20]
3

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
DATE: MAY 2013 TIME 3HOURS
Instructions:
two from section B.
SECTION A
1. (a) Discuss using appropriate examples how behavior is learned through

classical conditioning (10 marks)
(b) Explain the following principles of classical conditioning
(i) Counter conditioning (3 marks)

(ii) Flooding (3 marks)
(iii) Aversive therapy (4 marks)

c) Blair toilet
1
patie 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
nt
befor 102 103 101 103 101 100 102 103 102 102 101 101
e .4 .2 .9 .0 .2 .7 .5 .1 .8 .3 .9 .4
after 99. 100 100 101 99. 100 101 100 100 101 101 100
6 .1 .2 .1 8 .2 .0 .1 .7 .1 .3 .2
a. State the null and the alternative hypothesis to be tested in this situation.
[2]
b. State the appropriate test statistic and the decision rule for a two-sided
c. Calculate the value of the test statistic and make appropriate conclusions.
[10]
d. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true population mean
[5]
1. Choose any 4 from the following ethical issues and write short notes on each
of them
(i) Capacity (5 marks)

(ii) Informed consent (5 marks)
(iii) Confidentiality (5 marks)
(iv) Privacy (5 marks)
2a) Discuss the African concepts of life, health, pathogenesis and etiology of
diseases. (15 marks)
(b) Explain briefly the origins of life according to the African perspective. (5
Marks)
3. Write short notes on the following:-
(a) Traditional birth attendant

(b) Blair toilet
2
(c) Headman
(d) District Administrator
4. Discuss the relevance of oral health to an individual’s general health

[20]
3

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
Instructions:
section B.
SECTION A
1. “Medicine can never be truly scientific”
EITHER (a) Discuss the above statement with reference to the

Biopsychosocial model (20 marks)
OR (b) How does the application of the biopsychosocial model

contribute to better patient care (20 marks)
2. Respond to this question with reference to observations you made while on

Second Year Field attachment.
c) Blair toilet
1
2.In a pediatric clinic a study is conducted to see how effective aspirin is in reducing
temperature. Twelve 4-year old girls suffering from influenza have their temperature
taken immediately before and 1 hour after administration of aspirin. The results
obtained are as follows:
patient 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
before 102.4 103.2 101.9 103.0 101.2 100.7 102.5 103.1 102.8 102.3 101.9 101.4
after 99.6 100.1 100.2 101.1 99.8 100.2 101.0 100.1 100.7 101.1 101.3 100.2
a. State the null and the alternative hypothesis to be tested in this situation. [2]
b. State the appropriate test statistic and the decision rule for a two-sided test
using α=0.05. [3]
c. Calculate the value of the test statistic and make appropriate conclusions. [10]
d. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true population mean difference in
temperature before and after administration of aspirin to all 4-year old girls
suffering from influenza and make appropriate conclusions. [5]

2a) Briefly discuss any theory of personality development that you are familiar with,
highlighting its strengths and limitations in explaining the array of human behaviour.
(15 marks)
b) What are the risk factors for suicide. (5) Marks)
3a) In the context of the Family Health Study Project, discuss the risk factors
responsible for the spread of HIV/AIDS in Epworth and how HIV/AIDS can be
prevented.(10 Marks).
b) Discuss briefly the components of the Health Belief model. (10 Marks)
2

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
Instructions:
two from Section B.
SECTION A
1. a) Describe the structure of personality according to Freud [10]
b) Outline Piaget’s stages of cognitive development [10]
2. The Field Attachment Programme faces many challenges.

Discuss these challenges and suggest how these can be overcome to
improve the Field Attachment Programme. [20]

patient 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
before 102.4 103.2 101.9 103.0 101.2 100.7 102.5 103.1 102.8 102.3 101.9 101.4
after 99.6 100.1 100.2 101.1 99.8 100.2 101.0 100.1 100.7 101.1 101.3 100.2
a) State the null and the alternative hypothesis to be tested in this situation.
[2]
1
b) State the appropriate test statistic and the decision rule for a two-sided
c) Calculate the value of the test statistic and make appropriate conclusions.
[10]
d) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true population mean
[5]
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. (a). What is non verbal communication? [4]
( b). Discuss four non verbal cues showing how they may affect the doctor-
patient relationship [16]
2. Discuss the Shona understanding of the development of poor health. [20]
3. Describe how a college student can manage stress? [20]
-END -
2
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCIES
BS2MO2
MAIN PAPER
PAPER 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
DATE: May 2012 TIME: 2 HOURS
Instructions
There are 60 questions, each comprising of a stem followed by the five
EXAMPLE
Question
a) breast feeding
c) shaking hands
d) sharing utensils
Answer
a) (T) F
b) (T) F
c) T (F)
d) T (F)
e) (T) F
1.On district administration
a) chiefs play a pivotal role

b) the district administrator is elected into office
c) is done through the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare
d) the provincial administrator is answerable to the District Administrator
e) does not include health issues
2. The District Medical Officer

a) has no clinical responsibilities
b) plans all the health activities in the District
c) has adequate training in health financing management
d) does not deal with traditional medical practitioners
e) is a political appointee
3. On food and fuel
a) the main source of food is maize meal

b) food is stored in silos
c) electricity is the major source of fuel for cooking
d) Three meals a day is the normal feeding pattern
e) vegetables are rarely consumed
4. The main providers of front-line health care to the community
a) are duly elected by the community

b) are the village community health workers
c) are faith healers
d) work in liaison with the District Medical Officer
e) are under direct supervision of the VIDCO chairperson
5. The headman
a) is a political appointee
b) he reports to the Kraal head
c) he leads the rain making ceremony
d) the most senior chief’s aide
e) has to be a ward councilor
6. Important leaders at community level include:

a) the DMO
b) VIDCO chairperson
c) mayor
d) ward councilor
e) party branch chairperson
7. What is true about water Supply
a) villagers have access to treated water

b) all wells should be protected
c) borehole water is dangerous
d) villagers should have facilities to treat their drinking water
e) boiling drinking water is advisable
8. Educational level of the community has a strong bearing on the health

practices of the community.
a) high educational levels empower people to seek healthy life styles

b) prevention is easier to implement in a literate community
c) traditional healers are highly educated
d) large class size ensure better education for the children
e) pre-school are irrelevant in rural areas
9. On household heads of the families

a) the male is head of the house
b) no child headed families in rural areas
c) grannies are heading some families
d) are expected to provide all material requirements for the family
e) are chosen by the chief
10. The differences in disease pattern between rural and urban areas are
influenced by
a) climatic differences
b) poverty and under-development
c) differences in road infrastructure
d) unequal distribution of health personnel
e) political differences
11. Traditional birth attendants

a) are trained by ZINATHA
b) are part of the health delivery system in urban areas
c) have no role to play in the mother and child health
d) need to be trained in infection control
e) their services are too expensive for the ordinary pregnant women
12. The following are health care and health-related facilities available at
District level
a) provincial hospital
b) immunization centre
c) pharmacy
d) maternity ward
e) health clinic
13. Common health conditions in rural areas include the following:
a) diarrhea
b) Hypertension
c) AIDS
d) obesity
e) small pox
14. Agritex officials

a) have no impact on health in rural areas
b) are employed by the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare
c) advise on the location of Blair toilets
d) are part of the district health team
e) health teams are based in urban areas only
15. A modern rural homestead has the following:

a) a borehole
b) protected well
c) Blair toilet
d) grinding mill
e) grain storage facility
16. The symptoms of stress are

a) Our physical, emotional and behavioral reactions to life’s situations
b) Are not unique to an individual
c) Can include marked decrease or increase in appetite
d) Are often indicative of our level of stress
e) Can be alleviated using stress management techniques
17. Stress management

a) Counteracts the negative side effects of stress
b) Is a collection of skills, tools and techniques that help you reduce stress
c) Is 100% affective in managing stress
d) Can only be done by those trained in it
e) Is unaffordable to most people

a) Perception determines how we relate to patients.
b) Perception gives us “comforting” explanations as to why people behave
the way they do.
c) Perception allows us to make sense of our complex world through
inferences about people’s intensions, emotions motives and personality
traits.
d) Perception makes us very good therapists and makes patients respect us.
e) Perception provides healing to patients.
19. Perception is influenced by
a) What a person has experienced and learnt in life.
b) A persons emotional state
c) Physiological factors such as hunger.
d) The context in which phenomena occur.
e) Socialization.
20. According to Bandura

a) People can learn by observing the behavior of others.
b) Cognition does not play a role in learning.
c) Learning can occur without a change in behavior.
d) Modeling is not part of learning.
e) Imitation improves with practice.
21. Motivation in social learning is influenced by

a) Past reinforcement.
b) Promised reinforcement.
c) Delayed reinforcement.
d) Vicarious reinforcement.
e) Imposed reinforcement
22. Kohlberg studied moral developments by

a) Having subjects keep a daily journal of their actions.
b) Evaluating criminal and delinquent person’s court records.
c) Passing moral dilemmas to children of different ages.
d) Having subjects perform various legal or illegal behaviors.
e) By hearing what people thought about the Heinze dilemma.
23. In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

a) A child develops the ability to reason like an adult at the preoperational
stage.
b) A child masters the concept of conservation at concrete stage.
c) At formal operational stage a child learns through concrete means.
d) A child believes that inanimate objects are alive at sensory motor stage.
e) A child is able to understand abstract concepts at formal operation stage.
24. According to Piaget, during the concrete operational stage (7-11 years) of
cognitive development, a child
a) Develops the ability to reason like an adult, but is unable to understand
abstract concepts.
b) Learns to de-center, which is the ability to think of more than one thing at
a time.
c) Masters concepts of conservation, which means that quality does not
change even though outwards characteristics change.
d) Learns through concrete means.
e) Believes that inanimate objects are alive.
25. According to Erickson’s theory of personality development
a) Cognitive development follows through 4 stages.
b) All people are fixated at phallic stage.
c) There is a stage for trust versus mistrust.
d) Infants get attached to their mothers.
e) Identity versus confusion is associated with adolescence.
26. The sick role may be

a) Adopted by motivation for illness that lies within the individual.
b) Preconscious
c) Conscious
d) Advantageous to an individual
e) Always bad to an individual
27. The following factors describe what emotions involve

a) Facial expression
b) Concrete stage
c) A physiological response
d) Phallic stage
e) A behavioral reaction
28. Some of the components of Primary Health Care (PHC) that students
observe during the Family Health Project include:
a) treatment of minor ailments.
b) major surgical care.
c) water and sanitation.
d) oral health care.
e) traditional midwives.

language

answer format
patients or client
e) meeting of two or more people
31. During oral presentation on the Epworth Family Health Study your colleagues
present their clients by their real names. You should:
been violated
their real names
can identify her
32. What would you do if a pregnant woman you were supposed to interview in
Epworth refused to talk on a particular subject?
a) inform her that her refusal to cooperate with future doctors endangers the
health of the nation.
b) reassure her that whatever she tells you will be held in strictest
confidence.
c) tell her you can easily find another client through your field guide.
d) try to ask her the reason(s).
e) given the time constraints, approach the husband or
33. Why was Epworth ideal for your Family Health Study?
a) it has been visited so many times such that clients now know what to say.
b) it is accessible, being close to Harare.
c) it is a peri-urban setting with both rural and urban characteristics.
d) it has people from many places, in and outside Zimbabwe.
e) most people in Epworth are now informed and are using the formal health
sector.
34. While carrying out an interview with your female client within the Epworth
community, her husband arrives and announces that he will speak on her
behalf. You decide that it is best to:
a) ignore the husband and continue talking to your client.
b) insist that the client be allowed to speak for herself.
c) introduce yourself to the husband and explain you mission, then engage
him to enrich your study.
d) excuse yourself and return when the husband is away.
e) ask you colleagues to negotiate on your behalf.
35. Barriers to effective communication can be created by:
a) stereotyping and prejudices.
b) educational and cultural differences.
c) paying attention to non verbal feedback.
d) using inappropriate media and channel.
e) sending messages that are logically disorganized.
36. Dissatisfaction in patients is produced:

a) whenever the doctors appear to be too busy.
b) if the doctors listen actively and allows questions.
c) when their expectations are understood and met.
d) when doctors show more interest in the diseases than the person.
e) when the doctors explain and use illustration.
37. Indicate which of the following statements are true or false:

a) plagiarism shows that a student is confident
b) compliance with treatment schedules is a sign of satisfaction.
c) establishing rapport with patients yields many benefits.
d) open-ended questions may encourage the patient to rumble on and on.
e) summarizing what the patient says clears misunderstandings.

39. A correlation between two variables measures the degree to which the
variables are:
a) mutually exclusive
b) causally related
c) associated
d) statistically significant
e) positively skewed
40. The following variables have interval scales of measurement:
a) height
b) presence or absence of asthma
c) age
d) forced expiratory volume
e) temperature
41. Which of the following conditions must be met for a valid t-test between the
means of two samples:
a) the number of observations must be the same in the two groups
b) the standard deviations must be approximately the same in the two groups
c) the means must be approximately equal in the two groups
d) the observations must be from approximately Normal Distributions
e) the samples must be small
42. The following statistics are not grossly affected by outliers:

a) range
b) median
c) interquartile range
d) standard deviation
e) mean
43. In a sample of size 500 with variance 25, the:

a) standard error of the mean is 5/50
b) standard deviation is 25/500
c) number of degrees of freedom is 99
d) standard error will increase when the sample size is increased from 100 to
100 000 for a normally distributed random variable
e) unit of variance is the same as that of the mean
44. If a result is reported as χ2=13.0, df=7, p=0.0006, it follows that:

a) the contingency table is a 3×3 table
b) the null hypothesis was rejected
c) the association was established
d) the test statistic of 13.0 must have been larger than the value of the test
statistic
e) the sample was assumed random
45. The mean and median of diastolic blood pressure distribution are
approximately 83 mm Hg, and the standard deviation is 12 mm Hg. These
indices enable us to deduce each of the following statements except:
a) approximately 95% of the men have diastolic blood pressure between 59
and 107 mm Hg
b) the distribution is probably symmetrical
c) the range of the sample is 83
d) approximately half of the men have diastolic blood pressures over 83 mm
Hg
e) the variance of the sample is 144 mm Hg2
46. Which of the following BEST describes a risk in using the range to measure
spread (dispersion)
a) the statistic is not in the same unit of measurement as the observations
b) the largest or smallest observation may be a mistake or an outlier
c) since it is complicated to compute, error(s) may result
d) it produces spreads that are too large
e) it produces spreads that are too small
47.In a chi-squared test for a 4×4 contingency table:

variables must be quantitative
a) observed frequencies are not compared to expected frequencies
b) there are 9 degrees of freedom
c) expected values must be greater than 5
d) the observed frequencies are not compared to expected frequencies
e) there are 9 degrees of freedom
f) expected values must be greater than 5
g) the Yates correction may be applied
48.When comparing the means of two large samples using the Normal test:
a) the null hypothesis is that the sample means are the equal
b) the null hypothesis is that the means are not significantly different
c) standard error of the difference is the sum of the standard errors of the
means
d) the standard errors of the means must be equal
e) the test statistic is the ratio of the difference to its standard error.
49.The paired t-test is:

a) impractical for large samples
b) useful for the analysis of qualitative data
c) suitable for very small samples
d) used for independent samples
e) based on the Normal Distribution
50. A random sample from an unknown population had a standard deviation of
zero. Which of one the following is a reasonable conclusion:
a) the sample range is also zero
b) a mathematical error was made in computing the sample standard
deviation. It must always be greater than zero
c) the population standard deviation must be large
d) the sample range is infinitely large
51.In a simple linear regression model, the intercept (β0) represents the:
a) predicted value of y when x=0
b) estimated change in average y per unit change in x
c) predicted value of y
d) variation around the line of regression
e) predicted value of y for the average x value
52. The following set of scores was obtained on a quiz: 1, 3, 5, 15, 16, 20, 20,
and 21. The teacher computes the usual descriptive measures of central
tendency and variability for these data, and then discovers an error was
made. One of the 20’s should have been an 18. Which of the following
measures calculated on the corrected data, will change from the original
computation?
a) median
b) range
c) mean
e) both the mean and the standard deviation
53. If most of the measurements in a large data set are of approximately the
same magnitude except for a few measurements that are quite a bit larger,
how would the mean and median of the data set compare and what shape
would a histogram of the data set have?
a) The mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram would be
skewed with a long left tail.
b) The mean would be larger than the median and the histogram would be
skewed with a long right tail.
c) The mean would be larger than the median and the histogram would be
d) The mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram would be
e) The mean would be equal to the median and the histogram would be
symmetrical.
54. Doctor-patient interaction involves
a) An argument between two or more people
b) gathering information by asking questions
patients or client
d) A situation where two or more people communicate verbally on a
particular subject for a specific purpose
e) A meeting of only two people

56. The following are examples of flawed informed consent

a) Asking healthy and mentally sound seventeen year-old pupils at boarding
school to give their consent to donate blood without their parent’s
knowledge
b) Offering some financial inducement to mentally sound adults in a poor
community to participate in a research project that may be slightly
dangerous
c) Asking healthy and mentally sound married women to donate blood
without their husbands knowledge
d) Prescribing contraceptives to a healthy and mentally sound married adult
woman without the husbands consent.
e) Providing all relevant information on a particular surgical procedure,
including potential side effects, to the relatives of a critically ill, semi-
conscious patient, before asking them to sign for the procedure
57. Since the 1960s there has been a growing interest in Behavioural Sciences
for medical students. This is due to observation that health and illness
behavior is influenced by:
a) the human organism’s psychological, social and cultural beliefs.
b) biotic or living things in one’s environment
c) non- biotic or non- living things in one’s environment
d) demographic characteristics
e) the relationships between distribution of human groups, material resources
and the consequences of these on social and cultural patterns of living.
58. The periodontium include
a) Gingival
b) Periodontal
c) Cementium
d) Alveolar bone
e) Pulp
59. Restorative Dentistry deals with
a) Extractions
b) Fillings
c) Tumors
d) Dentures
e) Plaque control
60. Permanent dentition starts at about
a) 3-4 years
b) 5-6 years
c) 6-7 years
d) 7-8 years
e) 8-9 years
END
MBChB BIOSTATISTICS
1. In a pediatric clinic a study is conducted to see how effective aspirin is in reducing temperature.
Twelve 4-year old girls suffering from influenza have their temperature taken immediately
before and 1 hour after administration of aspirin. The results obtained are as follows:
patient 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
before 102.4 103.2 101.9 103.0 101.2 100.7 102.5 103.1 102.8 102.3 101.9 101.4
after 99.6 100.1 100.2 101.1 99.8 100.2 101.0 100.1 100.7 101.1 101.3 100.2
a. State the null and the alternative hypothesis to be tested in this situation. [2]
b. State the appropriate test statistic and the decision rule for a two-sided test using α=0.05. [3]
c. Calculate the value of the test statistic and make appropriate conclusions. [10]
d. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true population mean difference in temperature
before and after administration of aspirin to all 4-year old girls suffering from influenza and
make appropriate conclusions. [5]
2. (a) State and explain the four measurement scales used in statistics. [8]
(b) Suppose it is conjectured that eye colour is related to occurrence of retinal detachment.
One hundred randomly selected control individuals without the condition were
compared with 100 individuals with detached retinas with the following results:
Eye Color
Blue Brown Other
Detached Yes 32 51 17
Retina No 37 40 23
(i) State the appropriate null and alternative hypothesis to be tested. [2]
(ii) Showing all computations and necessary steps, test at 5% significance level the
hypothesis you stated in (a) above and make appropriate conclusions. [12]
3. Age at first sexual debut has been a worry for the MOH in light of the HIV pandemic among
orphans. A pilot study was done to see whether there are differences between orphans and
non-orphans in Chimanimani with the following results:
Status Number Mean age (years) sd

Non-orphans 200 16.3 3.5
orphans 300 12.5 2.9
(a) State the null and the alternative hypothesis to be tested in this situation. [2]
(b) State the appropriate test statistic and the decision rule to test the hypothesis in (a)
using α=0.05. [3]
(c) State the assumptions that must hold for the valid application of the test statistic you
stated in (b). [4]
(d) Test the hypothesis in (a) and draw appropriate conclusions. [6]
(e) Construct a 95% confidence interval for the true population mean difference in age at
first sexual debut between orphans and non-orphans in Chimanimani and comment.
[5]
4. (a) Distinguish between the following terms as used in statistics

(b) Prior to being randomized to one of two competing therapies, the severity of
participants’ migraines is clinically assessed. The following table displays the severity
classifications for patients assigned to the medical and nontraditional therapies:
Medical 90 60 50
Test using 5% significance level if there is a significant association between severity and
assigned therapy. [14]
MCQs
1. A correlation between two variables measures the degree to which the variables are:
a. mutually exclusive
b. causally related
c. associated
d. statistically significant
e. positively skewed
2. The following variables have interval scales of measurement:
a. height
b. presence or absence of asthma
c. age
d. forced expiratory volume
e. temperature
3. Which of the following conditions must be met for a valid t-test between the means of two
samples:
a. the number of observations must be the same in the two groups
b. the standard deviations must be approximately the same in the two groups
c. the means must be approximately equal in the two groups
d. the observations must be from approximately Normal Distributions
e. the samples must be small
4. The following statistics are not grossly affected by outliers:

a. range
b. median
c. interquartile range
e. mean

a. standard error of the mean is 5/50
b. standard deviation is 25/500
c. number of degrees of freedom is 99
d. standard error will increase when the sample size is increased from 100 to 100 000
for a normally distributed random variable
e. unit of variance is the same as that of the mean

a. the contingency table is a 3×3 table
b. the null hypothesis was rejected
c. the association was established
d. the test statistic of 13.0 must have been larger than the value of the test statistic
e. the sample was assumed random
7. The mean and median of diastolic blood pressure distribution are approximately 83 mm Hg,
and the standard deviation is 12 mm Hg. These indices enable us to deduce each of the
following statements except:
a. approximately 95% of the men have diastolic blood pressure between 59 and 107
mm Hg
b. the distribution is probably symmetrical
c. the range of the sample is 83
d. approximately half of the men have diastolic blood pressures over 83 mm Hg
e. the variance of the sample is 144 mm Hg2
8. Which of the following BEST describes a risk in using the range to measure spread
(dispersion)
a. the statistic is not in the same unit of measurement as the observations
b. the largest or smallest observation may be a mistake or an outlier
c. since it is complicated to compute, error(s) may result
d. it produces spreads that are too large
e. it produces spreads that are too small
9. In a chi-squared test for a 4×4 contingency table:

a. variables must be quantitative
b. observed frequencies are not compared to expected frequencies
c. there are 9 degrees of freedom
d. expected values must be greater than 5
e. the observed frequencies are not compared to expected frequencies
f. there are 9 degrees of freedom
g. expected values must be greater than 5
h. the Yates correction may be applied
10. When comparing the means of two large samples using the Normal test:
a. the null hypothesis is that the sample means are the equal
b. the null hypothesis is that the means are not significantly different
c. standard error of the difference is the sum of the standard errors of the means
d. the standard errors of the means must be equal
e. the test statistic is the ratio of the difference to its standard error.
11. The paired t-test is:

a. impractical for large samples
b. useful for the analysis of qualitative data
c. suitable for very small samples
d. used for independent samples
e. based on the Normal Distribution
12. A random sample from an unknown population had a standard deviation of zero. Which of
one the following is a reasonable conclusion:
a. the sample range is also zero
b. a mathematical error was made in computing the sample standard deviation. It
must always be greater than zero
c. the population standard deviation must be large
d. the sample range is infinitely large
13. In a simple linear regression model, the intercept (β0) represents the:
a. predicted value of y when x=0
b. estimated change in average y per unit change in x
c. predicted value of y
d. variation around the line of regression
e. predicted value of y for the average x value
14. The following set of scores was obtained on a quiz: 1, 3, 5, 15, 16, 20, 20, and 21. The
teacher computes the usual descriptive measures of central tendency and variability for
these data, and then discovers an error was made. One of the 20’s should have been an 18.
Which of the following measures calculated on the corrected data, will change from the
original computation?
a. median
b. range
c. mean
e. both the mean and the standard deviation
15. If most of the measurements in a large data set are of approximately the same magnitude
except for a few measurements that are quite a bit larger, how would the mean and median
of the data set compare and what shape would a histogram of the data set have?
a. The mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram would be skewed
with a long left tail.
b. The mean would be larger than the median and the histogram would be skewed
with a long right tail.
c. The mean would be larger than the median and the histogram would be skewed
with a long left tail.
d. The mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram would be skewed
with a long right tail.
e. The mean would be equal to the median and the histogram would be symmetrical.
16. You wish to test the null hypothesis that two population means are equal for a certain
variable. Which ONE of the following conditions must apply before one can justifiably carry
out a t-test in order to test this null hypothesis?
a. The variable must have a normal (approximately) distribution.
b. At least one of the sample sizes must be equal to or larger than 30.
c. There should be equal sample sizes in the two samples.
d. The data must be ordinal.
e. The data from the two samples must be paired.
17. When classifying variables, “number of antenatal clinic visits” is a:

a. Continuous quantitative (numeric) variable
b. Ordered categorical variable
c. Unordered categorical variable
d. Discrete quantitative(numeric)variable
e. None of the above
18. A 95% confidence interval around an estimate of a mean value:

a. gives a range of values between which you can be 95% confident the true
population mean lies.
b. is an indication of how precise your sample estimate is as a population estimate.
c. is decreased as the size of the sample is increased.
d. is shorter than a 99% confidence interval
e. is a point estimate of a population mean
19. Healthy males between the ages of 65 and 79 years have a distribution of serum uric acid
levels that is approximately normal with mean μ =341 μmol/l and standard deviation σ =79
μmol/l. What proportion of males from this population have a serum uric acid level lower
than 300 μmol/l?
a. 0.699
b. 0.301
c. 0.519
d. 0.005
e. 0.100
20. When classifying variables, severity of disease measured as none, mild, moderate and
severe, is a:
a. Continuous quantitative (numeric) variable
b. Ordered categorical variable
c. Unordered (nominal) categorical variable
d. Discrete quantitative(numeric)variable
e. ordinal variable
21. The p-value

(a) is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis
(b) is large for small sample size
(c) the probability of the observed result, or one in the extreme, if the null hypothesis
were true
(d) can only take a value of 0.05
(e) is one minus the type II error
22. To compare means of a continuous variable between two independent groups possible
methods include
(a) the Z-test
(b) chi-squared test
(c) confidence intervals
(d) Fisher’s exact test
(e) T-test for independent samples
23. In hypothesis testing for a single population mean, we use the Z-test if
(a) the sample size is small
(b) the population standard deviation is known
(c) the sample size is large
(d) we do not know the degrees of freedom
(e) we know the level of significance
24. For a random variable that is normally distributed

(a) the shape of the distribution is bell-shaped
(b) the mean and the standard deviation are equal
(c) the median is larger than the mean
(d) the distribution is skewed to the right
(e) the mean, the mode and the median are equal
25. The purpose of hypothesis testing is

(a) to reject the null hypothesis
(b) to test for the significance of a sample
(c) to test for the significance of a population parameter
(d) to measure the difference between samples
(e) to reach a conclusion about a population parameter using a sample
26. In simple linear regression modeling, the slope represents

(a) the amount of change in the independent variable if the dependent variable
changes
(b) the value of the independent variable
(c) the variation in the dependent variable for a change in the independent variable
(d) the change in the dependent variable for a unit change in the independent variable
(e) the coefficient of the independent variable
27. A psychologist created a severity of psychosis scale as follows: 1 = very severe, 2 = severe,
3 = moderate, 4 = mild, and 5 = undetectable. This can be described as
(a) nominal
(b) ordinal
(c) interval
(d) ratio
(e) continuous
28. A researcher is performing a two-tailed related samples (paired comparisons) t-test. A total
of 12 people are in the sample, and before and after measures are taken. The computed t-
value for this is -1.84. The level of significance is 0.05. the correct decision is to:
(a) do not reject the null hypothesis
(b) reject the null hypothesis
(c) take a large sample
(d) use the Z table instead of the t-table
(e) calculate the critical value
29. Which of the following BEST describes a risk in using the range to measuer spread
(dispersion)
(a) the statistic is not in the same unit of measurement as the observations
(b) the largest or smallest observation may be a mistake or an outlier
(c) since it is complicated to compute, error(s) may result
(d) it produces spreads that are too large
(e) it produces spreads that are too small
30. A random sample from an unknown population had a standard deviation of zero. Which of
the following is a reasonable conclusion
a) the sample range is zero
b) a mathematical error was made in computing the sample standard deviation. It must
always be greater than zero.
c) The population standard deviation must be large
d) The population standard deviation must be small
e) The sample range is infinitely large
BS2M02
BEHAVIOURAL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIECES
MAIN PAPER March 2009
Multiple Choice Answers
1 a) (T) 2 a) (F) 3 a) (T) 4 a) (F) 5 a) (T) 6 a) (T)

b) (T) b) (F) b) (T) b) (F) b) (T) b) (F)
c) (T) c) (F) c) (T) c) (F) c) (T) c) (F)
d) (T) d) (F) d) (F) d) (F) d) (T) d) (F)
e) (F) e) (F) e) (F) e) (F) e) (T) e) (T)
7 a) (T) a) (T 9 a) (T 10 a) (T 11 a) (T 12 a) (F)
b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (F)
c) (F c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (F)
d) (F d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (T d) (T)
e) (T e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (T)
13 a) (F 14 a) (T 15 a) (T 16 a) (T 17 a) (F 18 a) (F
b) (T b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (F b) (T
c) (T c) (T c) (F c) (F c) (T c) (T
d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T
e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (T e) (T
19 a) (F 20 a) (T 21 a) (T 22 a) (T 23 a) (F 24 a) (F
b) (T b) (F b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (F
c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (F
d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (T
e) (F e) (F e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (T
25 a) (T 26 a) (F 27 a) (F 28 a) (F 29 a)(F 30 a) (T
b) (F b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (F
c) (T c) (T c) (F c) (T c) (F c) (F
d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (F d) (T d) (F
e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (F
31 a) (T 32 a) (T 33 a) (T 34 a) (T 35 a) (T 36 a) (T)
b) (F b) (F b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (T)
c) (T c) (T c) (F c) (T c) (T c) (F)
d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (T d) (F d) (F)
e) (T e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (F)
1
37 a) (T 38 a) (T 39 a) (T 40 a) (T 41a) (T 42 a) (F)
b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (F)
c) (F c) (F c) (T c) (T c) (T c) (F)
d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (F d) (T d) (T)
e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (T e) (T e) (F)
43 a) (F 44 a) (F 45 a) (F 46 a) (T 47 a) (T 48 a) (F
b) (T b) (T b) (T b) (F b) (F b) (T
c) (F c) (T c) (F c) (T c) (F c) (T
d) (T d) (F d) (T d) (F d) (F d) (F
e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (T
49 a) (F 50 a) (T 51 a) (T 52 a) (F 53 a) (F 54 a) (F
b) (F b) (F b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (T
c) (F c) (F c) (F c) (T c) (T c) (T
d) (F d) (T d) (T d) (T d) (F d) (F
e) (T e) (F e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (F
55 a) (T 56 a) (T 57 a) (F 58 a) (T 59 a) (F 60 a) (T
b) (T b) (F b) (T b) (T b) (T b) (T
c) (T c) (T c) (F c) (F c) (F c) (T
d) (T d) (F d) (F d) (T d) (F d) (F
e) (T e) (T e) (T e) (F e) (F e) (F
2
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY
THE BEHAVIOURAL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH

SCIENCES PROGRAMME:
Course Number: BS2

Contact hours
Time Allocated: 4 Semesters
Lecturers
Aims
1. To understand behaviour for:
1.1 Behaviour modification with the main focus (thrust) on improving health and
health care provision; and
1.2 To introduce change for improved health in a community aimed at:
1.3 To introduce a holistic approach to patients through;
❖ Helping students understand existing structures in a community (organization,

belief, taboos, etc).
❖ Helping students develop an understanding of how change can be integrated into
communities.
Objectives
2.1 To equip the medical student with adequate knowledge for understanding and
interpreting human behaviour in health diseases states and illness.
2.2 To equip the student with adequate knowledge on growth and development
(including human sexuality and gender issues) and the life cycle, and how these
relate to health and illness.
2.3 To improve students’ knowledge of local concepts on health and disease.
2.4 To develop students’ skills for observation and enquiry of socio-cultural factors in
relation to human behaviour in families and communities.
2.5 To sensitize the student to the needs of the patient’s point of view to be
considered in the provision of health care services.
Course Content
Content
Under each module are topics of content to be covered. The content is expected to enable
doctors to:
(a) Understand human behaviour and its relationship to health and illness,
(b) Introduce change for improved health in a community and
(c) Aim at behavioural modification as the main thrust in improving health (diseases
prevention and health promotion).
Modules
Module 1: Introduction to Behavioural Science:
Introduces students to personal reflections on human/behavior

beginning with self awareness, Historical background to studies in
Behavioural and Community Health Sciences in Medicine at the
University of Zimbabwe (UZ), and in the New Undergraduate
Medical Curriculum (NUMC)
Introduction and implementation of Behavioural Science in the

New Undergraduate Medical Curriculum, Aims, Objectives,
Scope, Courses taught Modules, Course content and Assignments.
Module 2: Systems and Bio-psycho-social model:

This provides the students with a working knowledge of family
systems and their relevance in the health sciences.
Module 3: Human Growth and Personality Development:

This module covers Human Growth and Development in the life
cycle.
3.1 PART 1
The student is introduced to Western theories on human growth

and personality development. This section examines the tasks of
development and the conflicts at each stage of the developmental
process throughout the life-span, and including Normal Human
Sexuality.
3.2 PART 2 & 3
Sequentially follow Part 1 and covers human growth and personality development. It
examines bio-social development of the human organism from pregnancy to eternity. It
examines tasks and their resolutions in the development process, similar and de-similar
perspectives between Zimbabwean African traditional and similar and Western cultures
and their relevance to health and health problems in Zimbabwe Emphasis on the
scientific study African people’s behaviour in health and illness. This is based on
understanding Africa perceptions and views on human growth and personality
development of cognitive process (i.e. thinking, planning, deciding, perceiving).
Studying resolution of developmental tasks and how these contribute to development of
behavioural characteristics in the process, stages and sub-stage of the life cycle in Africa
cultures, and their relationship to Western theories – identifying similar and the not so
similar perspectives between cultures and the interpretation of behaviours.
Studies of human behaviour in traditional African societies are based on scientific studies
from “SHONA PATHOLOGY, RELIGIO-MEDICAL PRACTICE,OBSTETRICS,
PAEDIATRICS AND CONCEPTS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN
RELATION TO SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE” Mutambirwa J. (1984). Community
perspectives are views on human growth and development in these studies clearly show,
dimensions of growth and development in phase and related stages of life cultures from
conception to eternity, and ascribed relations between behaviour and well – being, and
their assessment in the life cycle.
MODULE 4: Normal Human Behaviour:

This introduces students to the study of behaviour with emphasis on normal human
behaviour. It examines:
4.1 Biological basis of behaviour in Western and African cultures
4.2 Genetic and Behaviour
MODULE 5: Psycho-social and cultural Factors in Health and Illness

It introduces students to cross-culture perceptions and views of
health and illness.
The module examines views of health, illness and diseases and

their determinants in different societies. It presents African
people’s perceptions and views contexts’ meaning and
interpretations of; health and well-being; illnesses etiology of
diseases; their transmission and prevention; structural changes that
take place the body due to diseases (pathogenesis); concepts of
contagion, hygiene; context, meaning and interpretations of
illnesses promotion of health in Zimbabwean African traditional
societies and implication to health care.
MODULE 6: RESPONSES TO HEALTH PROBLEMS:

Introduces students to traditional African people’s response to
health problems and well being based on cultural classification and
interpretation of illnesses, choice of treatment and the resultant
consultative behaviour from the perspective of traditional
African religion and Christianity, which is the dominant foreign
religion in Zimbabwe.
The Module Relates:
(a) African traditional religious beliefs and Christianity to concepts of human growth
and personality development in the life cycle and their relationship to concepts of
health, well-being, disease causation (etiology of diseases), and illnesses in;
(b) Specialty areas, and
(c) Current priority public health issues in Zimbabwe.
The module also explores the family institution (from a global perspective), socialization,
their role in the health illness, and their impact on health promotion in Zimbabwe
COURSE 2: THE FAMILY HEALTH RESERCH STUDY IN

EARLY STUDENT -PATIENT CONTACT IN
EPWORTH
OBJECTIVES
2.4 To develop students skills for observation and enquiry of socio- cultural factors
in relation to human behaviour in families and communities.
2.5 To sensitize the student to the needs of patient’s point of view to be taken into
consideration in provision of health care services.
THE FAMILY HEALTH STUDY IN EARLY PATIENT CONTACT IN

EPWORTH:
This introduces students to elements of Health Systems Research (HSR) or Applied

Health Research; and some of the disciplines involved in Primary Health Care (PHC) in
the Family Health Study in Epworth e.g. Agriculture, Rural and Urban Planning,
Geography and Environment.
It provides students with the clinical context for studying human behaviour in
Behavioural and Community Health Science through problem-based learning.
The Family Health Study is a research course which involves a one to one relationship
over a time between the student and a pregnant woman, and through her the family, the
community, formal and informal health providers involved in her care at Primary Health
Care (PHC) level.
The course is designed to assist students to learn and develop critical appraisal skills.
That is, develop problem based and self-directed learning, self-appraisal and the ability to
evaluate and apply information in different situations.
Material for the field research was developed in 1987 by the Coordinator for Behavioural
and Community Health Sciences in the Department of Psychiatry. The materials were
produced after extensive consultations with medical and non-medical academics in
disciplines associated with health at University of Zimbabwe, Provincial, District
,Medical Directorates and other Management Team, Rural Health Care Staff, Village
Community Workers (VCWs) and other extension health workers, Traditional Midwives
and Healers, Local Government and Village Development Authorities.
The field research materials are revised each year based on annual written evaluations
and comments of students, families participating in the study, informal and formal health
and extension workers in Primary Health Care (PHC)
COURSE 3: COMMUNICATION SKILLS
COMMUNICATION AND INTERVIEWING SKILLS IN MEDICINE,
PART1:
The student is introduced to communication and interviewing skills: students are
introduced to basis of communication i.e. language, communication, presentation skills
(through practical oral and written presentation of the Epworth research study).
Communication Skills (CSC) input is designed by the CSC coordinator to medicine from
the CSC centre. The course is identified needs of students in MBChB I & II. The
syllabus is designed to fit in and build onto the topics of the syllabus for Behavioural
Sciences theory and the Family Health Study in Early Student-Patient contact.
PART 2:
This introduces students to doctor-patient communication and relationships.
SUMMARY OF TOPICS TO BE TAUGHT
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
1. Historical background to Behavioral Sciences and Medicine and health

sciences
2. Aims and Objectives for Behavioral Sciences
3. Contexts for the multi-disciplinary study of Behavioral and Community
Health Sciences and Communication Skills
4. Course assignments and assessments
5. Reading Lists, Textbooks and Handouts
SECTION II
GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY AND THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
1. General systems theory and the development for the systems approach to
health
2. The bio-psychosocial model
3. Exercises on clinical application of the bio-psychosocial model
SECTION III
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GROWTH AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
1. Western perspectives on:

❖ The constitution of man ( id, ego, superego)
❖ Personality development
i. Freud and psychosocial development, what can go wrong
ii. Erikson and social development and what can go wrong
iii. Piaget and cognitive development
iv. Moral development in Western contexts – Kohlberg,
meadows
2. African perspectives on:
❖ The constitution on man (flesh, mind-soul, and spirit or conscience)
❖ The nature of the Creator
❖ Concepts of the real person, the munhu, mumvuri (Umbra), and
relationship to the chimvurimvuri (penumbra)
3. Personality development in Africans cultures
❖ The human life cycle in African cultures
❖ Phases, stages and dimensions of personality in African cultures
❖ The second phase of life
❖ African and Western stages of personality development in the phase of life
❖ Tables of African and Western stages of personality development
❖ Adolescence to old age in African and Western cultures
❖ Ancestral spirits hood phase of life in African cultures
SECTION IV
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
1. What is and what constitutes human behavior

2. The human system and disciplines contributing to studies in human
behavior
3. Perspectives on biological basis of behavior in African and Western
Cultures
❖ Theories of motivation
❖ Theories of emotion
❖ Cognitive basis of behavior: perception and its clinical significance
4. Thinking, memory and intelligence
5. Learning, associative learning, classical, operant conditioning
6. Non-verbal communication
7. Psychological basis of behavior: adjustment, stress and stress
management, psychosomatic disorders and coping strategies.
8. Adaption and adaptive behavior in Western and African cultures
9. African perspectives on contributions of biological, social, psychological
and spiritual self to human behavior
10. Genetics and behavior
❖ Western perspectives on genetics (Galton, twin studies) and
behavior
❖ African perspectives on genetics, constitution of the ‘seed’ and
behavior
❖ African and Western perspectives on instincts and behavior, critical
learning periods and attachment
❖ Attachment: Harlow’ monkeys, Harlow and Suomi’s experiments
and behavior
❖ Perception across cultures and its relevance to medicine
11. Health Belief model
12. Suicide and pain
SECTION V
PSYCHOSOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS IN HEALTH (INCLUDING
COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY)
1. Psychosocial factors in health and illness in African cultures

2. Ngozi, Mashavi, various types of evil spirits in various cultures
3. Gender and Health
4. HIV and AIDS
❖ Application of behavioral concepts in HIV and AIDS spread and
prevention
❖ Application of behavioral and socio-cultural concepts in health care
seeking
❖ Application of behavioral and socio-cultural concepts in stigma and
individual and social well-being , disclosure
❖ Impact of AIDS on the community and the family
❖ Nutritional aspects of HIV and AIDS approached from a socio-
cultural perspective
SECTION VI
RESPONSES TO HEALTH PROBLEMS
1. Culture and socialization, context and concepts of health and illness in

Western and African cultures
2. Etiology of disease, pathogenesis, hygiene development with references
to the African culture.
3. Psychology of the sick and sick role
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1. Communication skills
2. Interviewing techniques
3. Applied Communication Skills
4. Doctor-patient relationship
5. The difficult manipulative patient
6. Qualities of a good doctor
7. Communicating about HIV/AIDS
METHODS OF TEACHING
Lectures, small group discussions, panel discussions, field research ,student individual
and group presentations, audio-visual aids, written assignments and class tests,
examinations etc.
Research tools for the family health study are:
1 A 10 page booklet developed by the coordinator for Behavioural & Community

Health Research Sciences in the Department of Psychiatry, guides students
through the purpose and objectives of the Family Health Research Study, the
process, procedures, expected outcome, student and client assessment of the
attachment.
2 A questionnaire designed by Prof Mutambirwa (1984)for PhD studies is adapted

and provided to assist students in collecting data on socio-economic,
demographic, environmental, characteristics, material and child health.
Students are expected to use, build upon or modify the guide to suit their own
needs.
3 Elements of Health Systems Research (HSR) from the HSR Training Series Vol
2 Part 1 Module 3 are used to identify and Priorities Problems for Research
4 An evaluation tool designed for students to record their feelings during the study
period and concluding visit with their client – family
5 An evaluation tool designed for client-family, the community and care providers
in PHC to asses and input into the project.
STUDENT ASSESSMENT
STRUCTURE OF BEHAVIORAL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH
SCIENCES PAPER (BSM2)
Continuous Assessment 30% (300/1000)
Professional Exam 70% (700/1000)

Continuous Assessment:
Epworth field Report 50 marks
Epworth Oral Presentations 50 marks
Rural Attachment Report 100 marks
Mock Examination 100 marks
TOTAL 300 marks
Professional Examination
(a) WRITTEN PAPER: (5 questions of 20marks each)
SECTION A (3 Compulsory Questions)

1. Rural Attachment
2. Behavioral Science Theory
3. Biostatistics
SECTION B (choose 2 out of 3)

1. Behavioral Science Theory
2. Community Medicine (Health Promotions or Ethics)
3. Communication Skills
TOTAL → 100 Marks Weighted 4 times → 400
(b) MCQ (60 questions worth 300 marks

1. Rural Attachment 75 marks
2. Behavioral Science 105 marks (Epworth → 40)
3. Biostatistics 60 marks
4. Health promotion and Ethics 60 marks
TOTAL 300marks
Selected Resources
Assigned reading
Handouts
1. Behavioural Science Course (Medicine today)
2. Doctors’ roles in primary health care (Praput Piyaratn)
3. The Doctors’ therapeutic function (Michael Baliut MD, MSC, PHd)
4. The clinical model application of biopsychosocial model (George Engel MD)
5. Physical Illness, the individual and the coping process (Z J Lipowski MBCH
6. Family development and family factors in etiology (Joan J Z ZILBOOK)
7. (a) Landmarks of normal behaviour (Kaplan H. Freeman A.)

(b) Nine categories of temperament (New York Psychiatry)
8. Eight ages of man (Erik H Erikson)
9. Growth and developments series by Department of Psychiatry

a) Infancy 0 – 18
b) The nursery school child and his world
c) The junior school child
d) Adolescence
e) Adulthood and old age
NB. The above articles are provided for circulation and photocopying.
TEXTBOOK
Nash E, Stock B, Harper G (1994)Human Behaviour Printnak(Cape) Ltd Dacre Avenue,

Cape Town
READING LIST
Bowden C L, Burstein A G (1979)Psychosocial Basis of Medical Practical (Waverly

Press Inc Baltmore Maryland USA
Chavhunduka G L (1972) Interpretation of Folk and Scientific Beliefs in Shona Medical

PracticeUnpublished PhD thesis, University of London
Gelfand M (1964) Medicine and Customs in Africa E & S Livingstone Ltd.

BEHAVIOURAL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCES
BS2M02
PAPER 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE
MAIN PAPER
DATE: MAY 2011 TIME: 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:
1. There are 60 questions each comprising a stem followed by five completions.

Each completion may be either true of false, and is independent of the other
completions in question.
2. On the answer sheet provided, you should circle (T) true or (F) false as
appropriate. If you do not know the answers, you should leave it blank. You are
strongly advised not to guess.
3. Marks awarded are +1 for each correct answer and -1 for each incorrect answer.
The highest possible score for each question is +5 and the lowest is -5.
EXAMPLE
Question
1. New resettlement areas under the land are re-distribution schemes:
a) Have lower population identities than communal areas.

b) Have many primary schools that are almost fully functional.
c) Generally have housing of an inferior standard to that found in mines.
d) Provide the second largest source of tobacco in the country,
e) Are covered by workmen’s compensation schemes.
Answers
The completions (a), and (c) are true and (b), (d) and (e) are false. On the answer
sheet the following should appear for the above questions:
a) (T) F
b) T (F)
c) (T) F
d) T (F)
e) T (F)
1|Page
1. When doing a community survey in rural areas:
a) local leadership has no role to play

b) taking of photographs is prohibited
c) the local spirit medium has to be consulted first
d) local political leadership needs to be informed
e) the community does not expect feedback from the researchers
2. The following are some of the diseases determinants in the rural areas:
a) poor sanitation
b) excellent housing
c) spirit medium
d) chiefs
e) low health education
3. Health in the communal areas may be improved by:
a) providing clean drinking water

b) ensuring adequate food security
c) invoking spirit mediums
d) having elected chiefs
e) improving agricultural methods
4. On District administration:

c) administration is done through the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare
d) the provincial administrator is answerable to the District
Administrator
e) health issues are not included
2|Page
5. The District Medical Officer:
a) has no clinical responsibilities

b) plans all the health activities in the District
c) has adequate training in health financing management
d) does not deal with traditional medical practitioners
e) is a political appointee
6. On food and fuel:

d) three meals a day is the normal feeding pattern
7. Concerning the main providers of front-line health care to the community:
a) they are duly elected by the community

b) the village community health workers are included
c) faith healers are involved
d) they work in liaison with the District Medical Officer
e) they are under direct supervision of the VIDCO chairperson
8. The headman:
b) reports to the Kraal head
c) leads the rain making ceremony
d) is the most senior chief’s aide
9. Important leaders at community level include:
a) the DMO
b) VIDCO chairperson
c) mayor
d) ward councilor
e) party branch chairperson
3|Page
10. Concerning water supply:
a) villagers have access to treated water

b) all wells should be protected
c) borehole water is dangerous
d) villagers should have facilities to treat their drinking water
e) boiling drinking water is advisable
11. Educational level of the community has a strong bearing on the

healthy practices of the community
a) high educational levels empower people to

seek healthy life styles
b) prevention is easier to implement in a literate community
c) traditional healers are highly educated
d) large class size ensure better education for the children
e) pre-school are irrelevant in rural areas
12. On household heads of the families:
a) the male is head of the house

b) no child headed families in rural areas
c) grannies are heading some families
d) are expected to provide all material requirements for the family
e) are chosen by the chief
13. The differences in disease pattern between rural and urban areas are
influenced by:
a) climatic differences
b) poverty and under-development
c) differences in road infrastructure
d) unequal distribution of health personnel
e) political differences
4|Page
14. Traditional birth attendants:
a) are trained by ZINATHA

b) are part of the health delivery system in urban areas
c) have no role to play in the mother and child health
d) need to be trained in infection control
e) their services are too expensive for the ordinary pregnant women
15. The following are health care and health-related facilities available
at district level:
a) provincial hospital
b) immunization centre
c) pharmacy
d) maternity ward
e) health clinic
16. From the Behavioural and Community Health Sciences point of

view doctors, nurses and other health professionals study human
behaviour in order to:
a) understand patients, families and communities point of view

in clinical practice.
b) provide standardized treatment for patients.
c) appreciate the various ways individuals perceive and react to
situations in matters relating to health and illness.
d) gather data for information.
e) appreciate the role of health education in Primary Health Care (PHC).
17. According to theories of personality growth and development in

African Cultures:
a) characteristics such as intelligence are passed on from

paternal genealogy.
b) spiritual component comes from the maternal side .
c) physical and emotional nurturing and socialization are paternal
responsibilities.
d) the goal of life and human existence is to become an ancestral spirit.
e) spiritual growth and development begin with the onset of parenthood
or first conception.
5|Page
18. Erikson’s psychosocial stage of identity versus role confusion is characterized by:
a) massive abnormal activity and rapid growth of adult characteristics

b) ability to reason at an abstract level.
c) withdrawal and rebelliousness.
d) need for rational and negotiated solutions to problems.
e) madness
19. During retention according to Bandura:
a) information is stored in the form of mental images.

b) information is stored in the form of verbal descriptions.
c) imagery and language play a major part.
d) information stored can later be brought back.
e) motor rehearsal is done.
a) perception determines how we relate to patience.

b) perception gives us “explanations as to why some
people behave the way they do.
c) perception allows us to make sense of our complex
world through interferences about people’s intentions,
emotions, motives and personality traits.
d) perception makes us very good therapists and makes
patients respect us.
e) perception provides healing to patients.
21. In the cultural model of illness:
a) behavioural disturbances are interpreted in

their cultural context.
b) cultural metaphors are interesting but do not
influence symptom manifestation.
c) treatment takes place only in the community.
d) the “sick role” confers exemption from certain
social responsibilities.
e) differences in cultures between the patient and the
health care provider can impair communication.
6|Page
22. Concerning functioning of memory:
a) the sensory register holds an exact image of each

sensory experience for a very brief period.
b) long term memories are stored primarily in terms of meaning.
c) short term memories are held for less than 30 seconds before
they start to fade.
d) anterograde amnesia is a disorder of memory characterized
by an inability to store and / or retrieve old information in long
term memory.
e) Sigmund Freud suggested that wee repress information, which
is threatening to us and that, is why we forget.
23. Perception involves the following:
a) sensing input from the environment.

b) subjective experience.
c) organizing input from the environment.
d) emotional states.
e) meanings.
24. Perception:
a) enables us to find stability and continuity in a world

of constant change.
b) is the principle which gives coherence to sensory input.
c) gives meaningful unity to stimulus.
d) makes it possible for us to organize the direction of our behaviour.
e) is always objective
25. In relationship to motivation, the following can be said:
a) it directs behaviour
b) it results purely from biological factors.
c) it affected by cultural factors.
d) it is affected by cognitive and psychological factors.
e) it is not included among factors that affect human behaviour.
7|Page
26. In local concepts of health illness the mother and her female ancestors are
associated with the individuals:
a) death in the life cycle.

b) adult mental health problems.
c) fertility problems.
d) nurturing problems.
e) lack of social adjustment.
27 Emotion involves:
a) a physiological response
b) adult mental appraisal.
c) facial expression.
d) an excitement stage.
e) a behaviour reaction.
28. In which of these examples is a child’s behaviour negatively reinforced?
a) giving a child a prize for good performance at school.

b) when a parents writes a letter of excuse to the teacher
because the child failed to complete his/her homework.
c) denying a child access to a desired reward due to bad
behaviour.
d) withdrawing a punishment when the child starts to cry.
e) ignoring a child when he or she throws a tantrum.
29. Some of the components of Primary Health Care (PHC) that

students observe during the Family Health Project include:

8|Page
30. What would you do if a pregnant woman you were supposed
to interview in Epworth refused to talk on a particular subject?
a) inform her that her refusal to cooperate with future

doctors endangers the health of the nation.
b) reassure her that whatever she tells you will be held in
strictest confidence.
e) given the time constraints, approach the husband for
information
31. Some of the weaknesses of the informal health sector include the
following:
a) it takes patient away from the formal sector.

b) it is sometimes considered as unscientific.
c) it wastes time by focusing on a whole person rather
than straight forward problems.
d) it has very few practitioners.
e) hygiene standards may be followed.
community, her husband arrives and announces that he will speak on her behalf.
You decide that it is best to:

c) introduce yourself to the husband and explain you
mission, then engage him to enrich your study.
9|Page
33. Many people believe that their feelings will go away by suppressing them,
forgetting them or thinking about someone else. Actually, people free
themselves of troublesome feelings more quickly when they express them.
Active listening fosters this kind of constructive catharsis. When patients have an
emphatic and accepting health professional they feel safe to express their
feelings. Equally important they will develop positive and warm feelings towards
the health profession and comply with the treatment regimen.
a) the main ideal of this paragraph is stated in the last sentence.

b) the main ideal is developed using the cause and effect pattern.
c) actually in the second sentence signals that a contradictory
ideal is being introduced.
d) the fourth sentence gives example of active listening.
e) the last sentence is an illogical conclusion to the paragraph.
34. At the interpersonal level of communication:
a) communication needs to use a common code.

b) listening is irrelevant and a waste of time.
c) non verbal cues show the relationship between people.
d) the I-you relationship produces effective communication.
e) the individuals involved talk to themselves.


d) when doctors show more interest in the diseases
than the person.
10 | P a g e

38. A correlation between two variables measures the degree to which the variables
are:
a) mutually exclusive
b) causally related
c) associated
d) statistically significant
e) positively skewed
39. Which of the following conditions must be met for a valid t-test between the
means of two samples:
a) the number of observations must be the same in

the two groups
b) the standard deviations must be approximately the
same in the two groups
c) the means must be approximately equal in the two groups
d) the observations must be from approximately Normal Distributions
e) the samples must be small
a) standard error of the mean is 5/50

b) standard deviation is 25/500
c) number of degrees of freedom is 99
d) standard error will increase when the sample size is increased from 100 to
100 000 for a normally distributed random variable
e) unit of variance is the same as that of the mean
11 | P a g e
a) the contingency table is a 3×3 table

b) the null hypothesis was rejected
c) the association was established
d) the test statistic of 13.0 must have been larger
than the value of the test statistic
e) the sample was assumed random
42. Which of the following BEST describes a risk in using the range to measure
spread (dispersion):
a) the statistic is not in the same unit of measurement

as the observations
b) the largest or smallest observation may be a mistake
or an outlier
43. In a chi-squared test for a 4×4 contingency table:
a) variables must be quantitative

b) observed frequencies are not compared to expected frequencies
c) there are 9 degrees of freedom
d) expected values must be greater than 5
e) the observed frequencies are not compared to expected frequencies
f) there are 9 degrees of freedom
g) expected values must be greater than 5
h) the Yates correction may be applied
44. The paired t-test is:
a) impractical for large samples

b) useful for the analysis of qualitative data
c) suitable for very small samples
d) used for independent samples
e) based on the Normal Distribution
12 | P a g e
45. A random sample from an unknown population had a standard deviation of zero.
Which of one the following is a reasonable conclusion:
a) the sample range is also zero

b) a mathematical error was made in computing the
sample standard deviation.
c) it must always be greater than zero
d) the population standard deviation must be large
e) the sample range is infinitely large
46. The following set of scores was obtained on a quiz: 1, 3, 5, 15, 16, 20, 20, and
21. The teacher computes the usual descriptive measures of central tendency
and variability for these data, and then discovers an error was made. One of the
20’s should have been an 18. Which of the following measures calculated on the
corrected data, will change from the original computation?
a) median
b) range
c) mean
e) both the mean and the standard deviation
47. If most of the measurements in a large data set are of approximately the same
magnitude except for a few measurements that are quite a bit larger, how would
the mean and median of the data set compare and what shape would a
histogram of the data set have?
a) The mean would be smaller than the median

and the histogram would be skewed with a long left tail.
b) The mean would be larger than the median and the
histogram would be skewed with a long right tail.
c) The mean would be larger than the median and the
histogram would be skewed with a long left tail.
d) The mean would be smaller than the median and the
histogram would be skewed with a long right tail.
e) The mean would be equal to the median and the histogram
would be symmetrical.
13 | P a g e
48. When classifying variables, “number of antenatal clinic visits” is a:
a) continuous quantitative (numeric) variable

b) ordered categorical variable
c) unordered categorical variable
d) discrete quantitative(numeric)variable
e) none of the above
a) gives a range of values between which you can be 95%

confident the true population mean lies.
b) is an indication of how precise your sample estimate is
as a population estimate.
c) is decreased as the size of the sample is increased.
d) is shorter than a 99% confidence interval
e) is a point estimate of a population mean
50. Healthy males between the ages of 65 and 79 years have a distribution of serum
uric acid levels that is approximately normal with mean μ =341 μmol/l and
standard deviation σ =79 μmol/l. What proportion of males from this population
have a serum uric acid level lower than 300 μmol/l?
a) 0.699
b) 0.301
c) 0.519
d) 0.005
e) 0.100
51. The p-value:
a) is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis

b) is large for small sample size
c) the probability of the observed result, or one in the extreme,
if the null hypothesis were true
d) can only take a value of 0.05
e) is one minus the type II error
14 | P a g e
52. To compare means of a continuous variable between two independent groups
possible methods include:
a) the Z-test
b) chi-squared test
c) confidence intervals
d) Fisher’s exact test
e) T-test for independent samples
53. A random sample from an unknown population had a standard deviation of zero.
Which of the following is a reasonable conclusion:

b) a mathematical error was made in computing the
sample standard deviation. it must always be greater than zero.
d) the population standard deviation must be small
54. The following are examples of good ethical medical practice:
a) a general medical practitioner relating the detailed health

information (including HIV status) of his / her patient to a
specialist physician during the referral process.
b) a medical practitioner informing the mother of a sixteen-year
old teenage, without the teen age’s consent, that s/he has
prescribed an oral contraceptive for the teenage at the
teenager’s request.
c) a health worker discussing the HIV status of his or her
patient with the patient’s spouse without the spouse’s knowledge.
d) a health worker advising his or her positive patient to bring along
his spouse foe counseling at the neat session.
e) a health worker having an affair with his/her patient whom is
over eighteen years old and has consented to the affair.
15 | P a g e
55. The following are good examples of informed consent:
a) asking healthy and mentally sound seventeen-year

old pupils at boarding school to give their consent to
donate blood without their parents’ knowledge.
b) offering some financial inducement to mentally sound
adults in a poor community to participate in a research
project that may be slightly dangerous.
c) asking healthy and mentally sound married adult women
to donate blood without their husbands’ knowledge.
d) prescribing contraceptives to a healthy and mentally
sound married adult women the husband’s consent.
e) providing all relevant information on a particular
surgical procedure, including potential side effects,
to the relatives of a critically ill, semi-conscious patient,
before asking them to sign for the procedure.
56. Concerning Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI):
a) behaviour change is not a successful preventive measure.

b) there is a significant link between STIs and poverty.
c) some STIs are curable.
d) females generally infected at an early stage than males.
e) it is generally accepted that those with STIs should be made to pay for their
treatment so that they do not become infected again.
57. Chronic stress:
a) is temporary and can go with time

b) can cause serious long-term physical and mental disorders
c) occurs when situations become impossible to deal with
d) is the most dangerous type of stress
e) can lead to suicide
16 | P a g e
58. The transactional model of stress management:
a) focuses on the transaction between people and their

external environment
b) states that stress can be thought of as resulting from
imbalance between demands and resources
c) focuses on the nature of thought, stating that it is ultimately
a person’s thought process that determine the response
to potentially stressful external circumstances
d) conceptualizes stress as a result of how a stressor is
appraised and how a person appraises his/her resources
to cope with the stressor.
e) proposes that stress can be reduced by helping stressed
people change their perceptions of stressors.
59. The effects of stress:
f) can cause specific disorders in both mind and body

g) can lower our resistance to illness like colds and flu
h) can go unnoticed for a long time
i) are different in people
j) are influenced by one’s ability to cope with stress
60. Health is:
a) a historic concept.
b) a dynamic concept.
c) defined correctly by WHO.
d) being what one ought to be.
e) culture specific.
17 | P a g e
COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCIES
BS2MO2
PAPER 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
SUPPLEMENTARY PAPER
DATE: September 2012 TIME: 2

HOURS
Instructions
There are 60 questions, each comprising of a stem followed by the five
EXAMPLE
Question
a) breast feeding
c) shaking hands
d) sharing utensils
Answer
a) (T) F
b) (T) F
c) T (F)
d) T (F)
e) (T) F
1) Common routes of HIV transmission in the communal areas include the
following:
a) heterosexual intercourse
b) man having sex with man
c) needle stick injuries
d) kissing
e) shacking hands
2) The role of the village health worker is important for health delivery in communal
areas because:
a) works in conjuction with the traditional healer
b) works hand in hand with the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare
officials.
c) curative services are more important than preventive services.
d) works in collaboration with the District Medical Officer’s team
e) provides on the ground information regarding the health of the community
3) The roles of District Councils in Zimbabwe include the following:
a) administration of schools and clinics
b) supply of clean drinking water to the community
c) consultation of chiefs on all health matters
d) chairing all meetings attended by the District Medical Officer
e) licence local business premises
4) On home steads in communal areas
a) all houses are of brick and mortar
b) Blair toilets are a common feature
c) share the same river water with their livestock
d) have piped water in their homes
e) have electricity connections in their homes
5) Chiefs in Zimbabwe
a) have no interaction with spirit mediums “svikiro”
b) have a role to play in the prevention of the spread of HIV infection
c) politics plays no role in their appointment
d) they earn more than their local Members of Parliament
e) may be allocated land for cultivation by the village head
6) Traditional healers in the communal areas have the following roles:
a) advise village health workers on health issues of the community
b) responsible for rain making ceremonies
c) play local consultants on issues of misfortunes, illness or deaths in the
community
d) advise the community on the side effects of their herbs
e) play a leading role in the fight against HIV
7) On communal farmers in Zimbabwe
a) they have title deeds to their land
b) belong to the Commercial Farmers Union
c) their major cash crop is tobacco
d) most of their crops are under irrigation
e) relies heavily on farm mechanization
8. Communal area versus commercial farms
a) communal farmers have easy access to their market
b) communal farmers grow crops mainly for export
c) more land is accessible to commercial than communal farmers
d) more clinics are found on commercial farms than in communal areas
e) cash crops are never grown in communal areas
9. On chiefs
a) are voted in by their own people
b) are traditionally referred to as custodians of our cultural heritage
c) rule over their people through the spirit mediums
d) receive an allowance from government
e) are appointed by the District administrator
10. Common health problems in rural areas include the following:
a) diarrhorea
b) obesity
c) HIV and AIDS
d) mental stress
e) back pain
11. Life on the mines
a) better accommodation than in urban areas
b) no clinics available on the mines
c) workers share the wealth from mining with their employer
d) the workers have title deeds for their properties
e) use well water all the time
12. Well Water
e) is seasonal
13. Primary Health Care is the mainstay of health delivery at community level
a) a medical doctor must always be available on site
b) the village health worker has no role to play in it
c) health education is an important component
d) immunization is restricted to urban areas only
e) is forbidden by churches
14. Commercial farm labourers
b) have similar health problems as farm owners
d) are exposed to harzadous substances at their work place
15. Health service delivery in the communal areas is influenced by the following
factors:
a) quality of the road network
b) traditional birth attendents
c) seasonal changes
d) by distance from commercial farms
e) the number of available clinics
16 Stress can be understood as

a) Wear and tear our bodies experience as we adjust to our continually changing
environment.
b) Our physical, mental and emotional response to the various demands, changes
and events in our life.
c) Resulting from an imbalance between demands and resources.
d) Being there in almost everyone’s life.
e) Only occurring in those living under the poverty datum line.
17. Stress has been found to cause the following diseases

a) Heart disease
b) Cancer
c) Hypertension
d) Measles
a) Hernia
18. Perceptual development is

a) Entirely depended on learning.
b) Predominantly inborn
c) Influenced by religion and culture.
d) Dependant in innate and learned factors.
e) Unlikely to take place in isolated communities.
19. Which of the following statements is an apt description of perception?

a) Perception is the filter which decodes information.
b) Perception helps us to make sense of the world.
c) Perception makes us know how to behave when visiting an in-law for the first
time.
d) Our perception of objects and people is correct at all times.
e) One’s individual experience and biology shapes perception.
20. The following are types of models according to Bandura

a) Live model.
b) Symbolic model.
c) Rear model.
d) Role model.
e) Mind model.
21. According to Bandura the following are observer characteristics important in
Modeling
a) Sensory capacities.
b) Past reinforcements.
c) Functional value.
d) Affective value.
e) Reproductiveness.
22. Motivation in social learning is influenced by

a) Past reinforcement.
b) Promised reinforcement.
c) Delayed reinforcement.
d) Vicarious reinforcement.
e) Imposed reinforcement
23. Kohlberg studied moral developments by

a) Having subjects keep a daily journal of their actions.
b) Evaluating criminal and delinquent person’s court records.
c) Passing moral dilemmas to children of different ages.
d) Having subjects perform various legal or illegal behaviors.
e) By hearing what people thought about the Heinze dilemma.
24. In preconventional moral thinking is driven by

a) A universal principle of morality.
b) Adherence to external rules.
c) Concern over maintaining social order.
d) A need to follow one’s own internalized set of rules.
e) A hunger for immorality.
23. In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

a) A child develops the ability to reason like an adult at the preoperational
stage.
b) A child masters the concept of conservation at concrete stage.
c) At formal operational stage a child learns through concrete means.
d) A child believes that inanimate objects are alive at sensory motor stage.
e) A child is able to understand abstract concepts at formal operation stage.
24. According to Piaget, during the concrete operational stage (7-11 years) of
cognitive development, a child
a) Develops the ability to reason like an adult, but is unable to understand
abstract concepts.
b) Learns to de-center, which is the ability to think of more than one thing at
a time.
c) Masters concepts of conservation, which means that quality does not
change even though outwards characteristics change.
d) Learns through concrete means.
e) Believes that inanimate objects are alive.
25. According to Erickson’s theory of personality development
a) Cognitive development follows through 4 stages.
b) All people are fixated at phallic stage.
c) There is a stage for trust versus mistrust.
d) Infants get attached to their mothers.
e) Identity versus confusion is associated with adolescence.
26. The sick role may be

a) Adopted by motivation for illness that lies within the individual.
b) Preconscious
c) Conscious
d) Advantageous to an individual
e) Always bad to an individual
27. The following factors describe what emotions involve

a) Facial expression
b) Concrete stage
c) A physiological response
d) Phallic stage
e) A behavioral reaction

language

answer format
patients or client
e) meeting of two or more people
31. During oral presentation on the Epworth Family Health Study your colleagues
present their clients by their real names. You should:
been violated
their real names
can identify her
32. What would you do if a pregnant woman you were supposed to interview in
Epworth refused to talk on a particular subject?
confidence.
sector.



39 If most of the measurements in a large data set are of approximately the same
magnitude except for a few measurements that are quite a bit larger, how would the mean
and median of the data set compare and what shape would a histogram of the data set
have?
a. The mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram would
be skewed with a long left tail.
b. The mean would be larger than the median and the histogram would be
c. The mean would be larger than the median and the histogram would be
d. The mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram would
be skewed with a long right tail.
e. The mean would be equal to the median and the histogram would be
symmetrical.
40 You wish to test the null hypothesis that two population means are equal for a
certain variable. Which ONE of the following conditions must apply before one can
justifiably carry out a t-test in order to test this null hypothesis?
f. The variable must have a normal (approximately) distribution.
g. At least one of the sample sizes must be equal to or larger than 30.
h. There should be equal sample sizes in the two samples.
i. The data must be ordinal.
j. The data from the two samples must be paired.
41 When classifying variables, “number of antenatal clinic visits” is a:

k. Continuous quantitative (numeric) variable
l. Ordered categorical variable
m. Unordered categorical variable
n. Discrete quantitative(numeric)variable
o. None of the above

p. gives a range of values between which you can be 95% confident the true
q. is an indication of how precise your sample estimate is as a population
estimate.
r. is decreased as the size of the sample is increased.
s. is shorter than a 99% confidence interval
t. is a point estimate of a population mean
43. Healthy males between the ages of 65 and 79 years have a distribution of serum uric acid
levels that is approximately normal with mean μ =341 μmol/l and standard deviation σ =79
μmol/l. What proportion of males from this population have a serum uric acid level lower than
300 μmol/l?
a. 0.699
b. 0.301
c. 0.519
d. 0.005
e. 0.100
44. When classifying variables, severity of disease measured as none, mild, moderate and
severe, is a:
u. Continuous quantitative (numeric) variable
v. Ordered categorical variable
w. Unordered (nominal) categorical variable
x. Discrete quantitative(numeric)variable
y. ordinal variable
45. The p-value

(a) is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis
(b) is large for small sample size
(c) the probability of the observed result, or one in the extreme, if the null
hypothesis were true
(d) can only take a value of 0.05
(e) is one minus the type II error
46. To compare means of a continuous variable between two independent groups possible
methods include
(a) the Z-test
(b) chi-squared test
(c) confidence intervals
(d) Fisher’s exact test
(e) T-test for independent samples
47. In hypothesis testing for a single population mean, we use the Z-test if
(a) the sample size is small
(b) the population standard deviation is known
(c) the sample size is large
(d) we do not know the degrees of freedom
(e) we know the level of significance
48. For a random variable that is normally distributed

(a) the shape of the distribution is bell-shaped
(b) the mean and the standard deviation are equal
(c) the median is larger than the mean
(d) the distribution is skewed to the right
(e) the mean, the mode and the median are equal
49. The purpose of hypothesis testing is

(a) to reject the null hypothesis
(b) to test for the significance of a sample
(c) to test for the significance of a population parameter
(d) to measure the difference between samples
(e) to reach a conclusion about a population parameter using a sample
50. In simple linear regression modeling, the slope represents
(a) the amount of change in the independent variable if the dependent
variable changes
(b) the value of the independent variable
(c) the variation in the dependent variable for a change in the independent
variable
(d) the change in the dependent variable for a unit change in the
independent variable
(e) the coefficient of the independent variable
51. A psychologist created a severity of psychosis scale as follows: 1 = very severe, 2 =

severe, 3 = moderate, 4 = mild, and 5 = undetectable. This can be described as
(a) nominal
(b) ordinal
(c) interval
(d) ratio
(e) continuous
52. A researcher is performing a two-tailed related samples (paired comparisons) t-test. A

total of 12 people are in the sample, and before and after measures are taken. The
computed t-value for this is -1.84. The level of significance is 0.05. the correct decision is
to:
(a) do not reject the null hypothesis
(b) reject the null hypothesis
(c) take a large sample
(d) use the Z table instead of the t-table
(e) calculate the critical value
53. Which of the following BEST describes a risk in using the range to measure spread
(dispersion)
(a) the statistic is not in the same unit of measurement as the observations
(b) the largest or smallest observation may be a mistake or an outlier
(c) since it is complicated to compute, error(s) may result
(d) it produces spreads that are too large
(e) it produces spreads that are too small
54. Doctor-patient interaction involves

a) An argument between two or more people
b) gathering information by asking questions
patients or client
d) A situation where two or more people communicate verbally on a
particular subject for a specific purpose
e) A meeting of only two people

56. The following are examples of flawed informed consent

a) Asking healthy and mentally sound seventeen year-old pupils at boarding
school to give their consent to donate blood without their parent’s
knowledge
b) Offering some financial inducement to mentally sound adults in a poor
dangerous
c) Asking healthy and mentally sound married women to donate blood
without their husbands knowledge
d) Prescribing contraceptives to a healthy and mentally sound married adult
woman without the husbands consent.
e) Providing all relevant information on a particular surgical procedure,
conscious patient, before asking them to sign for the procedure
57. Since the 1960s there has been a growing interest in Behavioural Sciences
for medical students. This is due to observation that health and illness
behavior is influenced by:
a) the human organism’s psychological, social and cultural beliefs.
b) biotic or living things in one’s environment
c) non- biotic or non- living things in one’s environment
d) demographic characteristics
e) the relationships between distribution of human groups, material resources
and the consequences of these on social and cultural patterns of living.
58. The periodontium include

a) Gingival
b) Periodontal
c) Cementium
d) Alveolar bone
e) Pulp
59. Restorative Dentistry deals with
a) Extractions
b) Fillings
c) Tumors
d) Dentures
e) Plaque control
60. Permanent dentition starts at about
a) 3-4 years
b) 5-6 years
c) 6-7 years
d) 7-8 years
e) 8-9 years
END

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS
Instructions:
two from Section B.
SECTION A
1. a) Discuss Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development [10]
b) Describe the bio-psychosocial model [10]
2. Respond to this question with reference to observations you made while on Second Year Field
attachment.

c) Blair toilet
1. 3. The haemoglobin for eight-lung transplant recipients were as follows:
11.9 8.9 11.0 12.0 10.6 9.9 12.5 10.4
1
(a) Find a 95% confidence interval for haemoglobin level of all heart lung-lung
transplants
recipients and give an interpretation. Assume that the data form a random sample
from a
normal population.
[8]
(b) Suppose that some medical researcher asserts that the mean haemoglobin level for
heart-lung transplant recipients is 9.5, Test the appropriate hypothesis at 5% level of
significance.
[12]
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. (a). Discuss the risk factors for suicide [10]
( b). Describe how you may use your interviewing skills to collect as much
information as possible from your patient[10]
2. What are the causes of mental health problems according to traditional

approach? [20]
3. In college, what are the causes of stress? [20]
-END -
2

PAPER 1
WRITTEN PAPER
SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS
Instructions:
two from Section B.
SECTION A
1. a) Discuss Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development [10]
b) Describe the bio-psychosocial model [10]
2. Respond to this question with reference to observations you made while on Second Year Field
attachment.

c) Blair toilet
1. 3. The haemoglobin for eight-lung transplant recipients were as follows:
11.9 8.9 11.0 12.0 10.6 9.9 12.5 10.4
1
(a) Find a 95% confidence interval for haemoglobin level of all heart lung-lung
transplants
recipients and give an interpretation. Assume that the data form a random sample
from a
normal population.
[8]
(b) Suppose that some medical researcher asserts that the mean haemoglobin level for
heart-lung transplant recipients is 9.5, Test the appropriate hypothesis at 5% level of
significance.
[12]
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. (a). Discuss the risk factors for suicide [10]
( b). Describe how you may use your interviewing skills to collect as much
information as possible from your patient[10]
2. What are the causes of mental health problems according to traditional

approach? [20]
3. In college, what are the causes of stress? [20]
-END -
2

SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION: PAPER 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
DATE: 2011 TIME: 3 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:
1. There are 60 questions each comprising a stem followed by five

completions. Each completion may be either true of false, and is
independent of the other completions in question.
2. On the answer sheet provided, you should circle (T) true or (F) false as
appropriate. If you do not know the answers, you should leave it blank.
You are strongly advised not to guess.
3. Marks awarded are +1 for each correct answer and _-1 for each incorrect
answer. The highest possible score for each question is +5 and the
lowest is -5.
EXAMPLE
a) breast feeding
c) shaking hands
d) sharing utensils
Answer
a) (T) F
b) (T) F
c) T (F)
d) T (F)
e) (T) F
1|Page
1) The role of the village health worker is important for health delivery in
communal areas because:
a) works in conjunction with the traditional healer

b) works hand in hand with the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare
officials.
c) curative services are more important than preventive services.
d) works in collaboration with the District Medical Officer’s team
e) provides on the ground information regarding the health of the
community
2) On homesteads in communal areas:
a) all houses are of brick and mortar

b) Blair toilets are a common feature
c) share the same river water with their livestock
d) have piped water in their homes
e) have electricity connections in their homes
3) Traditional healers in the communal areas have the following roles:
a) advise village health workers on health issues of the community

b) responsible for rain making ceremonies
c) play local consultants on issues of misfortunes, illness or deaths in
the community
d) advise the community on the side effects of their herbs
e) play a leading role in the fight against HIV
4) Communal area versus commercial farms:
a) communal farmers have easy access to their market

b) communal farmers grow crops mainly for export
c) more land is accessible to commercial than communal farmers
d) more clinics are found on commercial farms than in communal
areas
e) cash crops are never grown in communal areas
2|Page
5) Common health problems in rural areas include the following:
a) diarrhorea
b) obesity
c) HIV and AIDS
d) mental stress
e) back pain
6) Well water:

e) is seasonal
7) Commercial farm labourers:

b) have similar health problems as farm owners
d) are exposed to harzadous substances at their work place
8) Factors that contribute to health services delivery in a rural district may

include the following:
a) the Agritex Social Scientist

b) the District Health Statistician
c) the District Administrator
d) the Traditional Birth Attendant
e) the local mine geologist
3|Page
9) On Blair toilet:
a) it has not been improved since its first inception

b) is affordable for an average rural family
c) has no advantage over a conventional pit latrine
d) does not have a control over the house fly
e) functions better if the ventilator is painted black
10) Traditional healers:
a) invoke spirit mediums for guidance

b) have no role to play in our health service delivery system
c) do not operate under a register
d) all of them are members of ZINATHA
e) are licenced by the District Administrator
11) Regarding farm workers:
a) all are migrant workers

b) are not allowed to join a union
c) need protective clothing at work
d) are not exposed to any health hazards at work
e) are generally poorly accommodated
12) The following are some of the diseases determinants in the rural areas:
a) poor sanitation
b) excellent housing
c) spirit medium
d) chiefs
e) low health education
4|Page
13) On district administration:

c) is done through the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare
d) the provincial administrator is answerable to the District Administrator
e) does not include health issues
14) On food and fuel:

d) three meals a day is the normal feeding pattern
15) The headman:
b) he reports to the Kraal head
c) he leads the rain making ceremony
d) the most senior chief’s aide
16) Chronic stress:
a) is temporary and can go with time

b) can cause serious long-term physical and mental disorders
c) occurs when situations become impossible to deal with
d) is the most dangerous type of stress
e) can lead to suicide
5|Page
17) The transactional model of stress management:
a) Focuses on the transaction between people and their external

environment
b) States that stress can be thought of as resulting from imbalance between
demands and resources
c) Focuses on the nature of thought, stating that it is ultimately a persons
thought process that determine the response to potentially stressful
external circumstances
d) Conceptualizes stress as a result of how a stressor is appraised and how
a person appraises his/her resources to cope with the stressor.
e) Proposes that stress can be reduced by helping stressed people change
their perceptions of stressors.
18) From the Behavioural and Community Health Sciences point of view
doctors, nurses and other health professionals study human behaviour in
order to:
a) understand patients, families and communities point of view in

clinical practice.
b) provide standardized treatment for patients.
c) appreciate the various ways individuals perceive and react to situations in
matters relating to health and illness.
d) gather data for information.
e) appreciate the role of health education in Primary Health Care
(PHC).
19) Erikson’s psychosocial stage of identity versus role confusion is

characterized by:
a) massive abnormal activity and rapid growth of adult characteristics

b) ability to reason at an abstract level.
c) withdrawal and rebelliousness.
d) need for rational and negotiated solutions to problems.
e) madness
6|Page
20) Bandura proposed that reinforcement:
a) is a prerequisite of a behavior being learnt.

b) strengthens the possibility of a behavior being learnt.
c) influences the extent to which an individual exhibits a behavior that has
been learnt.
d) happens way after a behavior has been learnt.
e) is not necessary in learning a new behavior.
21) During retention according to Bandura:
a) information is stored in the form of mental images.

b) information is stored in the form of verbal descriptions.
c) imagery and language play a major part.
d) information stored can later be brought back.
e) motor rehearsal is done.
22) The following statements are true:
a) perception of motion depends on inter stimulus interval.

b) perceptional sets demonstrate top-down processing.
c) chunking of information facilitates processing.
d) the “visual cliff” suggests depth perception develops around six months of
age.
e) attention always occurs without conscious effort.
23. The following is true about perception:
a) it is affected by our past experience.

b) it is affected by our emotional state.
c) it is the same for all individuals in a situation because it is objective.
d) it is affected by the context.
e) it is affected by how we are brought up.
7|Page
24. In relationship to motivation, the following can be said:
a) it directs behaviour
b) it results purely from biological factors.
c) it affected by cultural factors.
d) it is affected by cognitive and psychological factors.
e) it is not included among factors that affect human behaviour.
25. In local concepts of health illness the mother and her female ancestors are
associated with the individuals:
a) death in the life cycle.

b) adult mental health problems.
c) fertility problems.
d) nurturing problems.
e) lack of social adjustment.
26. What did Piaget believe children are incapable of during the
preoperational stage of development?
a) conservation.
b) hierarchical classification
c) abstract thought.
d) logical and systematic thought.
e) object permanence.
27. The following are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
a) formal operational.
b) concrete operational.
c) operational.
d) pre-operational.
e) post-operational.
8|Page
28. Emotion involves:
a) a physiological response
b) adult mental appraisal.
c) facial expression.
d) an excitement stage.
e) a behaviour reaction.
29. In which of these examples is a child’s behaviour negatively reinforced?
a) giving a child a prize for good performance at school.

b) when a parents writes a letter of excuse to the teacher because the child
failed to complete his/her homework.
c) denying a child access to a desired reward due to bad behaviour.
d) withdrawing a punishment when the child starts to cry.
e) ignoring a child when he or she throws a tantrum.

31. What would you do if a pregnant woman you were supposed to interview
in Epworth refused to talk on a particular subject?
confidence.
9|Page
sector.

34. At the interpersonal level of communication:
a) communication needs to use a common code.

b) listening is irrelevant and a waste of time.
c) non verbal cues show the relationship between people.
d) the I-you relationship produces effective communication.
e) the individuals involved talk to themselves.

10 | P a g e
36) Dissatisfaction in patients is produced:

37) Indicate which of the following statements are true or false:

38) If most of the measurements in a large data set are of approximately the
same magnitude except for a few measurements that are quite a bit
larger, how would the mean and median of the data set compare and what
shape would a histogram of the data set have?
a) the mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram would be
b) the mean would be larger than the median and the histogram would be
c) the mean would be larger than the median and the histogram would be
d) the mean would be smaller than the median and the histogram would be
e) the mean would be equal to the median and the histogram would be
symmetrical.
11 | P a g e
39) You wish to test the null hypothesis that two population means are equal
for a certain variable. Which ONE of the following conditions must apply
before one can justifiably carry out a t-test in order to test this null
hypothesis?
a) the variable must have a normal (approximately) distribution.

b) at least one of the sample sizes must be equal to or larger than 30.
c) there should be equal sample sizes in the two samples.
d) the data must be ordinal.
e) the data from the two samples must be paired.
40) When classifying variables, “number of antenatal clinic visits” is a:
a) continuous quantitative (numeric) variable

b) ordered categorical variable
c) unordered categorical variable
d) discrete quantitative(numeric)variable
e) none of the above
41) A 95% confidence interval around an estimate of a mean value:
a) gives a range of values between which you can be 95% confident the true
b) is an indication of how precise your sample estimate is as a population
estimate.
c) is decreased as the size of the sample is increased.
d) is shorter than a 99% confidence interval
e) is a point estimate of a population mean
42) The p-value:
a) is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis

b) is large for small sample size
c) the probability of the observed result, or one in the extreme, if the null
hypothesis were true
d) can only take a value of 0.05
e) is one minus the type II error
12 | P a g e
43) To compare means of a continuous variable between two independent
groups possible methods include
a) the Z-test
b) chi-squared test
c) confidence intervals
d) Fisher’s exact test
e) T-test for independent samples
44) In hypothesis testing for a single population mean, we use the Z-test if:
a) the sample size is small

b) the population standard deviation is known
c) the sample size is large
d) we do not know the degrees of freedom
e) we know the level of significance
45) For a random variable that is normally distributed:
a) the shape of the distribution is bell-shaped

b) the mean and the standard deviation are equal
c) the median is larger than the mean
d) the distribution is skewed to the right
e) the mean, the mode and the median are equal
46) The purpose of hypothesis testing is:
a) to reject the null hypothesis

b) to test for the significance of a sample
c) to test for the significance of a population parameter
d) to measure the difference between samples
e) to reach a conclusion about a population parameter using a sample
13 | P a g e
47) In simple linear regression modeling, the slope represents:
a) the amount of change in the independent variable if the dependent

variable changes
b) the value of the independent variable
c) the variation in the dependent variable for a change in the independent
variable
d) the change in the dependent variable for a unit change in the independent
variable
e) the coefficient of the independent variable
48) A psychologist created a severity of psychosis scale as follows: 1 = very

severe, 2 = severe, 3 = moderate, 4 = mild, and 5 = undetectable. This
can be described as:
a) nominal
b) ordinal
c) interval
d) ratio
e) continuous
49) A researcher is performing a two-tailed related samples (paired

comparisons) t-test. A total of 12 people are in the sample, and before and
after measures are taken. The computed t-value for this is -1.84. The level
of significance is 0.05. the correct decision is to:
a) do not reject the null hypothesis

b) reject the null hypothesis
c) take a large sample
d) use the Z table instead of the t-table
e) calculate the critical value
14 | P a g e
50) Which of the following BEST describes a risk in using the range to
measure spread (dispersion):
a) the statistic is not in the same unit of measurement as the observations

b) the largest or smallest observation may be a mistake or an outlier
51) A random sample from an unknown population had a standard deviation

of zero. Which of the following is a reasonable conclusion?

b) a mathematical error was made in computing the sample standard
deviation. it must always be greater than zero.
d) the population standard deviation must be small
52) Infant Mortality Rate is defined as:
a) number of deaths in children under the age of one year.

b) number of deaths in children under the age of five years per live births.
c) number of deaths in children under the age of one month per hundred live
births.
d) number of deaths in children under the age of twelve months per thousand
of all births.
e) number of deaths in children under the age of one year per thousand live
births.
15 | P a g e
53) Maternal Mortality Ratio is defined as:
a) number of women dying per one hundred thousand people.

b) number of women dying after delivery per one hundred thousand live
births.
c) number of women child-bearing age dying from pregnancy related
conditions per one hundred thousand live births.
d) number of women child-bearing age dying from pregnancy related
conditions per thousand live births.
e) number of women dying from pregnancy related conditions per hundred
live births.
54) The following are examples of good ethical medical practice:
a) a general medical practitioner relating the detailed health information

(including HIV status) of his / her patient to a specialist physician during
the referral process.
b) a medical practitioner informing the mother of a sixteen-year old teenage,
without the teen age’s consent, that s/he has prescribed an oral
contraceptive for the teenage at the teenager’s request.
c) a health worker discussing the HIV status of his or her patient with the
patient’s spouse without the spouse’s knowledge.
d) a health worker advising his or her positive patient to bring along his
spouse foe counseling at the neat session.
e) a health worker having an affair with his/her patient whom is over eighteen
years old and has consented to the affair.
16 | P a g e
55 The following are good examples of informed consent:
a) asking healthy and mentally sound seventeen-year old pupils at boarding

school to give their consent to donate blood without their parents’
knowledge.
b) offering some financial inducement to mentally sound adults in a poor
dangerous.
c) asking healthy and mentally sound married adult women to donate blood
without their husbands’ knowledge.
d) prescribing contraceptives to a healthy and mentally sound married adult
women the husband’s consent.
e) providing all relevant information on a particular surgical procedure ,
conscious patient, before asking them to sign for the procedure.
56) The following are important areas which constitute behavior.
a) emotions
b) body
c) actions
d) thoughts
e) environment
57) Operant conditioning consists of:
a) pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned one.

b) accommodation.
c) modeling behavior.
d) learning through reward and punishment.
e) reinforcing an unconditioned stimulus.
17 | P a g e
58) The relation between motivation and behavior is:
a) behavior is directed by motivation.

b) purely imaginary.
c) that motivation activates behavior.
d) behavior directs motivation.
e) not quite clear.
59) According to Erickson theory of personality development:
a) a cognitive development follows through 4 stages.

b) all people are fixated at phallic stage.
c) there is a stage for trust versus mistrust.
d) infants get attached to their mothers.
e) identity versus confusion is associated with adolescence.
60) Health is:
a) a historic concept.
b) a dynamic concept.
c) defined correctly by WHO.
d) being what one ought to be.
e) culture specific.
18 | P a g e

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UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

1 a) (T) 2 a) (F) 3 a) (T) 4 a) (F) 5 a) (T) 6 a) (T)

COLLEGE OF HEALTH OF SCIENCES

FIELDS ATTACHMENT PAPER (2012)

1. Based on your own observations during your Field Attachment visits

3. The Field Attachment Programme faces many challenges. Discuss these

DATE: July 2010 TIME:2 HOURS

2. Life on the mines

4. Primary Health Care is the mainstay of health delivery at community level

5. Commercial farm labourers

6. Health service delivery in the communal areas is influenced by the following

8. Current HIV and AIDS programmes at District level include

10. Mines in Zimbabwe

11. Traditional healers

12. Culture may be described as follows:

14. What is true about the nature/nurture debate?

15. The following contribute to health services in rural districts:

16. Delivery of health service in rural Zimbabwe

17. The good interpersonal relationships stage according to Kohlberg

18. According to Kohlberg

21. The following are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

22. Eriksson’s stages of socio-emotional development assumes that:

23. In Ericksson’s conception of middle adulthood

24. The following are stages of psychosocial identity development:

25. The transactional model of stress management

26. Emotional overload is:

27. The following are fundamental phases or stages in response to sustained

28. What is the relevance of perception to medicine?

29. Which of the following statements is an apt description of perception?

30. Perception is influenced by

31. Perception involves the following

32. In the Bobo doll experiments Bandura showed that

33. According to Bandura cognitive processing during learning

34. According to Bandura children can learn from

35. In the cultural model of illness:

36. Classical conditioning consists of:

(a) punishing an unconditioned stimulus.

37. In nonverbal communication:

38. An interview is:

39. Research on doctor patient’s interaction shows that:

46.In a sample of size 500 with variance 25, the:

47.If a result is reported as χ2=13.0, df=7, p=0.0006, it follows that:

49.Which of the following BEST describes a risk in using the range to

50.In a chi-squared test for a 4×4 contingency table:

52.The paired t-test is:

53.A random sample from an unknown population had a standard deviation

57. Termination of pregnancy (abortion) in Zimbabwe can only be carried out

59. Primary Health Care includes the following components:

60. Health is:

(a) a historic concept.

-END OF QUESTION PAPER-

BEHAVIOURAL AND COMMUNITY HEALTH SCIENCES BS2M01

DATE: JULY 2011 TIME 3HOURS

Answer all three questions in this section.

1(a) Describe the adoption of the sick role. [10]

(b) when is the sick role not desirable to an individual? [10]

Briefly describe your experience of the following:

Test using 5% significance level if there is a significant association

SECTION B Answer any two questions below

1.Write briefly on the following in relation to doctor-patient consultations/interviews.

(a) confidentiality (4 marks)

2a). Outline Piagets theory of cognitive development. (10 marks)