why appropriate suction line sizing ?

If temp increase, impact on NPSH?

Correlation Delta P & V ?, Impact of Reynold's number on pressure drop?,
Significance of schedule number in pipe selection?
Explain when one fluid is undergoing phase change, the direction of flow is
immaterial for finding LMTD.?

Temprature cross in HE? how to avoid it?

Define effectiveness of a heat exchanger.

How can we increase LMTD to reduce area of HE?

Significance of temp. correction factor in HE design?

co-current, counter current, in which case LMTD high?

Thus if the relative volatility between 2 components is very close to one, it

is an indication that they have very similar vapour pressure characteristics.
This means that they have very similar boiling points and therefore, it will be
difficult to separate the two components via distillation.

The region above the dew-point curve shows the equilibrium composition of
the superheated vapour while the region below the bubble-point curve
shows the equilibrium composition of the subcooled liquid.

The dew-point is the temperature at which the saturated vapour starts to

condense.

The bubble-point is the temperature at which the liquid starts to boil.

In a refinary, When try coloumn and packed column is used for distillation?

Why no reboilers is used in crude distillation column?

How a distillation column operating pressure decided?
What is the effect of reflux ratio on reboiler duty, condenser duty and
column diameter of a distillation column?

What is turndown ratio of a distillation column and what is its significance?

What if i move feed tray to lower, in stripping section? Ex. 20 stages, at 5, 10,
15...., impact on conec. of light key comp. in distillate and bottom. impact on
condenser and reboiler duty?

cold feed (below bubble point) q > 1

· feed at bubble point (saturated liquid) q = 1
· feed partially vapour 0 < q < 1
· feed at dew point (saturated vapour) q = 0
· feed superheated vapour q < 0

How to find "q" - enthalpy balance around the feed plate

As the reflux ratio will be increased, purity of overhead product will increase
slowly upto a limit. Further more increase in reflux ratio will cause more
liquid to flow downwards in column. This will cause the weeping problem
and top temperature will decrease.
Closeloop control & open loop control?
Feed forward & feed backward control?
PSV sizinf, which standard? API 520/521/526
Types of PSV?
Back pressure, build up back pressure, super imposed back pressure?
Actual discharge area?, Effective discharge area?
PRV, PSV difference?
The COC specifies, how often a fresh water added into the loop, can be used
or pumped around, before the water has to blown down or bleed off from
the cooling tower.
Approach = Cold Water Temperature – Wet Bulb Temperature
Cooling Tower Efficiency = Range/ (Range + Approach) x 100
COC = Ca Hardness in Cooling Water/ Ca Hardness in Makeup water

COC = Conductivity of Cooling Water / Conductivity of Makeup water

B = E/ (COC-1)

B = Blow Down (m3/hr)

E = Evaporation Loss (m3/hr)

COC = Cycle of Concentration. Varies from 3.0 to 7.0 depending upon

Manufactures Guidelines
E = 0.00085 x R x 1.8 x C

E = Evaporation Loss (m3/hr)

R= Range

C = Circulating Cooling Water (m3/hr)

E = C x R x Cp / HV

E = Evaporation Loss in m3/hr

C= Cycle of Concentration

R= Range in °C

Cp = Specific Heat = 4.184 kJ / kg / °C

HV = Latent heat of vaporization = 2260 kJ / kg

Windage or Drift Loss Calculation For

Natural Draft Cooling Tower D = 0.3 to 1.0 * C /100

For Induced Draft Cooling Tower D = 0.1 to 0.3 * C /100

For Cooling Tower with Drift Eliminator D = 0.01* C /100

Fouling Factors in Heat Exchangers. ... The fouling factor represents the
theoretical resistance to heat flow due to a build-up of a layer of dirt or other
fouling substance on the tube surfaces of the heat exchanger, but they are
often overstated by the end user in an attempt to minimise the frequency of
cleaning.

Diff. between fouling and scalling?

Type of flooding, jet, cown comer, Reason for floodig?, how to identify
flooding?, What action to be taken to avoid flooding?

Flooding
Flooding is brought about by excessive vapour flow, causing liquid to be
entrained in the vapour up the column. The increased pressure from excessive
vapour also backs up the liquid in the downcomer, causing an increase in
liquid holdup on the plate above. Depending on the degree of flooding, the
maximum capacity of the column may be severely reduced. Flooding is
detected by sharp increases in column differential pressure and significant
decrease in separation efficiency.

Reduction in Vacuum
A slight drop in vacuum causes the boiling point(s) to go up, leading to low
vapour flow, loss of production and and off spec products.

Reboiler Temperature
As a reboiler slowly plugs on the tube side, the bottoms temperature goes
down and this leads to low vapor flow. Online monitoring of the heat transfer
coefficient in control system can identify this problem early on along with the
monitoring of bottoms temperature. A self cleaning heat exchanger when
used in place of a reboiler can mitigate this problem.

Weeping/Dumping
This phenomenon is caused by low vapour flow. The pressure exerted by the
vapour is insufficient to hold up the liquid on the tray. Therefore, liquid starts
to leak through perforations. Excessive weeping will lead to dumping. That is
the liquid on all trays will crash (dump) through to the base of the column (via
a domino effect) and the column will have to be re-started. Weeping is
indicated by a sharp pressure drop in the column and reduced separation
efficiency.
syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) , Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. for steam
methane reforming. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.

Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas

distilled from crude oil (typically having low octane ratings) into high-octane liquid products
called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for high-octane gasoline. The process
converts low-octane linear hydrocarbons (paraffins) into branched alkanes (isoparaffins) and
cyclic naphthenes, which are then partially dehydrogenated to produce high-octane aromatic
hydrocarbons.

cracking?, type of cracking?

Production of H2 and CO from hydrocarbon gases (e.g. natural gas) is performed by two well-
known "primary" and "secondary" reformers. Steam methane reforming (SMR) and
autothermal reformer (ATR) are two industrial examples of the primary and secondary
reformers, respectively.
What is hydrogen pinch ??
Which adsorbent used in PSA ?
charactersistics of adsorbent ? - easily regenerated
there are several commercial programs that can be already used for that purpose: ASPEN,
COMSOL, gPROMS, PROSIM, and so forth ?
The beds are then regenerated by depressurizing and purging. Part of the hydrogen (up to
20%) may be lost in the tail gas. ???
Adsorption is carried out at high pressure (and hence high respective partial pressure)
typically in the range of 10–40 bar until the equilibrium loading is reached.
How the catalyst is regenerated in PSA ?
wet scrubbing process for hydrogen purification are now using the pressure swing
adsorption (PSA) ?
Current commercial CO2 capture technologies?
Which are leaders for PSA supplier for H2 recovery?
 CH4 + H2O ⇌ CO + 3 H2
The reaction is strongly endothermic (consumes heat, ΔHr= 206 kJ/mol). Which
catalyst??, surface-area-to-volume ratio is important for catalyst selection?

Where this H2 majorly is goingto used?

Via the water-gas shift reaction, additional hydrogen can be obtained by treating the
carbon monoxide generated by steam reforming with water:

CO + H2O ⇌ CO2 + H2 This reaction is mildly exothermic (produces heat, ΔHr= -41
kJ/mol).

For every tonne of hydrogen produced this way, 9 tonnes of CO2 are also produced.[5]

Difference between SMR & ATR ??

Advantages in PSA?