Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Modelos PDF
Modelos PDF
Process Analysis
A Regression-Based Approach
Andrew F. Hayes
“This decidedly readable, informative book is perfectly suited for a range of audiences, from the
novice graduate student not quite ready for SEM to the advanced statistics instructor. Even the
seasoned quantitative methodologist will benefit from Hayes's years of accumulated wisdom as he
expertly navigates this burgeoning—and at times inconsistent—literature. This book is particularly
well suited for graduate-level courses. Hayes brings conditional process analysis to life with such
passion that even the most 'stat-o-phobic' will become convinced that they too can master SPSS (or
SAS) process. The thoughtful use of real-life examples, accompanied by SPSS and SAS syntax and
output, makes the book highly accessible.”
2013, Hardcover —Shelley Brown, PhD, Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Canada
ISBN 978-1-60918-230-4
7" x 10", 494 Pages, $65.00 “A welcome contribution. This book's accessible language and diverse set of examples will appeal
DISCOUNT PRICE: $55.25 to a wide variety of substantive researchers looking to explore how or why, and under what
conditions, relationships among variables exist. Hayes has a unique ability to effectively
communicate technical material to nontechnical audiences. He facilitates application of several
www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
cutting-edge statistical models by providing practical, well-oiled machinery for conducting the
analyses in practice. I can use this book to enhance my graduate-level mediation class by extending
the course to include more coverage on differentiating mediation versus moderation and on
conditional process models that simultaneously evaluate both effects together.”
—Amanda Jane Fairchild, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina
“Mediation and moderation are two of the most widely used statistical tools in the social sciences.
Students and experienced researchers have been waiting for a clear, engaging, and comprehensive
book on these topics for years, but the wait has been worth it—this book is an absolute winner.
With his usual clarity, Hayes has written what will become the default resource on mediation and
moderation for many years to come.”
—Andy Field, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
This engaging book explains the fundamentals of mediation and moderation analysis and their
integration as “conditional process analysis.” Procedures are described for testing hypotheses about
the mechanisms by which causal effects operate, the conditions under which they occur, and the
moderation of mechanisms. Relying on the principles of ordinary least squares regression, Andrew
Hayes carefully explains the estimation and interpretation of direct and indirect effects, probing and
visualization of interactions, and testing of questions about moderated mediation. Examples using
data from published studies illustrate how to conduct and report the analyses described in the book.
Of special value, the book introduces and documents PROCESS, a macro for SPSS and SAS that
does all the computations described in the book. The author's website (www.afhayes.com) offers free
downloads of PROCESS plus data files for the book's examples.
** Many Guilford titles are available as e-books directly from our website or from major e-book vendors, including Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and Google Play. If an e-book is available, you
can find it for sale on Guilford's product page along with the print edition(s). For titles that are coming soon, the e-book format will be published shortly after the print edition(s).
Go to www.guilford.com/ebooks for more information.
Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/
Model 1
Conceptual Diagram
X Y
Statistical Diagram
X eY
b1
1
b2
M Y
b3
XM
Model 2
Conceptual Diagram
M W
X Y
Statistical Diagram
XM
b4
M eY
b2
1
b1
X Y
b3
W
b5
XW
Model 3
Conceptual Diagram
X Y
Statistical Diagram
MW
b6
XM
b4
eY
M b2 1
b1
X Y
b3
b5
W
b7
XW
XMW
Model 4
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai bi
eY
1
c'
X Y
Model 5
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai bi
eY
1
c1'
X Y
c2'
W c3'
XW
Model 6
(2 mediators)
Conceptual Diagram
M1 M2
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eM1 eM2
1 1
d21
M1 M2
a1 a2 b1 b2 eY
1
c'
X Y
Model 6
(3 mediators)
Conceptual Diagram
M2
M1 M3
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eM
2
1
eM eM
1 d21 M2 d32 3
1 1
M1 M3
d31
a1 b3
a2 b2
a3 eY
b1 1
c'
X Y
Model 6
(4 mediators)
Conceptual Diagram
M2 M3
M1 M4
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eM eM
2 3
1 1
d32
M2 M3
eM d21 d43 eM
1 4
1 d31 1
d42
M1 M4
d41
a1 a2 b2 b3 eY
a3 b4
a4 b1 1
c'
X Y
Model 7
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i bi
eY
a2i 1
c'
X Y
a3i
W
XW
Model 8
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i bi
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i c2'
W c3'
XW
Model 9
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
W
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i bi
eY
a2i 1
X Y
c'
a3i
W a4i a5i
Z
XW XZ
Model 10
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
W
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i bi
eY
a5i
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i c2'
c3'
W a4i
c4' c5'
Z
XW XZ
Model 11
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1 i
bi
a2i eY
X 1
W a3i c' Y
Z a4i
XZ
WZ XWZ
Model 12
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
bi
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
c2'
W c3' Y
a4i
c4'
Z c5'
a5i
XW c6'
a6i c7'
a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ
Model 13
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
bi
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
W c2' Y
a4i
Z c3'
a5i
XW a6i a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ
Model 14
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai b1i
eY
1
c'
X Y
b2
V b3i
MiV
Model 15
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai b1i
XV eY
c3' 1
c1'
X Y
c2'
V b2 i
MiV
Model 16
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai b1i
eY
1
c'
X Y
b2
V b3
b4 i b5i
Q
MiV MiQ
Model 17
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai b1i
XV eY
c4'
1
c1'
X Y
c2'
c3'
V
b2i b3i
c5'
Q
XQ MiV MiQ
Model 18
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai
b1i
eY
X c' 1
b2
V Y
b3
Q b4 i
b5i
MiV
b6 b7i
MiQ
VQ MiVQ
Model 19
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai
b1i
eY
X c1' 1
c2'
V Y
c3'
Q c4'
c5'
XV c6' c7' b2i b3i b4i
XQ
VQ XVQ MiV MiQ MiVQ
Model 20
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai
b1i
eY
X c1'
1
c2'
V Y
c3'
XV b2
b3
Q b4i b5i b6i
MiV
MiQ VQ MiVQ
Model 21
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c'
X Y
a3i
W b2 b3i
XW V MiV
Model 22
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i a3i 1
c1'
X Y
c2'
W c3' b2 b3i
XW V MiV
Model 23
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c'
X Y
a3i
W a4 i a5i b2 b3i
Z
XW XZ V MiV
Model 24
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i a5i c2'
a4i
c3'
W b2 b3i
c4' c5'
Z
XW XZ V MiV
Model 25
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X 1
W a3i c' Y
Z a4i
XZ
WZ XWZ V MiV
Model 26
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
c2'
W c3' Y
a4i c4'
Z c5'
a5 i
XW c6'
b2 b3i
a6i c7'
a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ V MiV
Model 27
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
c2'
W Y
a4i c3'
Z
a5i
XW
b2 b3i
a6i
a7 i
XZ
WZ XWZ V MiV
Model 28
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
XW V
XV MiV
Model 29
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
c2'
c4'
W a3i c3' b2i
c5'
XW V
XV MiV
Model 30
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
1
a2i
c1'
X Y
a3 i
W a4i
XW XZ V XV MiV
Model 31
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
1
a2i
c1'
X Y
a3 i c2'
c3'
W a4i c4'
a5i c5' c6' c7' b2i
Z
XW XZ V XV MiV
Model 32
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1 i
a2i eY
X 1
a3i c1'
W Y
a4i
Z
a5 i
XW a6i
a7i c2' c3' b2i
XZ
WZ XWZ V XV MiV
Model 33
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1 i
a2i eY
X 1
a3i c1'
c2'
W Y
c3'
c4'
Z c5'
a4i
c6'
XW a5i c7'
c8' c9' b2i
a6i a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ V XV MiV
Model 34
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1 i
a2i eY
X 1
a3i c1'
c2'
W Y
c3'
a4i
Z
XZ
WZ XWZ V XV MiV
Model 35
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c' 1
W a3i Y
b2
XW
b3
b4i
V
b5i
Q
MiV MiQ
Model 36
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1
W a3i Y
c2'
XW
c3'
c4'
V c5' b2i b3i
Q
XV XQ MiV MiQ
Model 37
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c' 1
W a3i Y
b2
XW
b3
b4i
V b5i
b6 b7i
Q
MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ
Model 38
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a3i
a2i
XW b1 i
a1i
eY
W
1
c1'
X Y
c2'
V
c3'
Q
c4'
c5'
XV c6' c7' b2i b3i b4 i
Model 39
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1
W a3i Y
c2'
XW
c3'
V
b2 b3i b4i b5 b6i
VX
Q MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ
Model 40
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1
c2'
W a3i Y
c3'
b2
XW
b3
V b4i
b5i
Q
MiV MiQ
Model 41
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1
c2'
W Y
a3i c3'
c4'
XW
c5'
c6'
V c7' b2i b3i
Q
XV XQ MiV MiQ
Model 42
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1
c2'
W a3i Y
c3'
b2i
XW
b3i
b4i
V b5i
b6i b7i
Q
MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ
Model 43
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a3i
a2i
XW b1 i
c3'
eY
W c2' 1
a1i
c1'
X Y
c4'
V
c5'
Q
c6'
c7'
XV c8' c9' b2i b3i b4 i
Model 44
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X c1' 1
c2'
W a3i Y
c3'
c4'
XW
c5'
V
b2 b3i b4i b5i b6i
VX
Q MiV MiQ VQ MiVQ
Model 45
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Z Q
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X 1
a3i c'
W Y
Z a4i
XW a5i b3 b4i
b2 b5i
XZ
V Q MiV MiQ
Model 46
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a4i
XW a2i
b1i
a1i
eY
W
1
a3i
c'
X Y
a5i
Z
a6i
a7i
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i
Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)
Direct effect of X on Y = c'
Model 47
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi VQ MiVQ
a4i
XW a2i b6i b7 i
b1i
a1i
W
c'
X Y
a3i
1
eY
Z
a5i
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5 i
V Q MiV MiQ
Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)
Direct effect of X on Y = c'
Model 48
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
Z Q
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi VQ MiVQ
a4i
Model 49
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Z Q
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i
b1i
a2i eY
X
c1' 1
c2'
W Y
a3i c3'
Z c4'
a4i
c5'
XZ
V Q MiV MiQ
Model 50
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Z Q
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a4i
XW a2i
b1i
a1i
eY
W
1
c1'
X Y
a3i
Z
a5i
c2'
XZ c3' c4' c5' b2i b3i
V Q XV XQ MiV MiQ
Model 51
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a4i
XW a2i b1i
a1i c4' eY
W
c2' 1
c1'
X c3' Y
a3i
c5'
a6i a7i
Z
a5i c6'
c7'
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i
Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z + c7'WZ
*Model 51 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/
Model 52
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi MiV MiQ
a4i
XW a2i
b1i b2i b3i
a1i
W
c1'
X Y
a3i
a7i 1 eY
Z a6i
a5i
WZ XWZ V Q XV XQ
Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ + a7iWZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q
*Model 52 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/
Model 53
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a4i
XW a2i b1i
a1i c4' eY
W
c2' 1
c1'
X c3' Y
a3i
c5'
Z
a5i
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5 i b6 b7i
Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b4iV + b5iQ + b7iVQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'W + c5'Z
*Model 53 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/
Model 54
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi XV XQ XVQ
a4i
c4' c5' c7'
XW a2i
b1i
a1i
W
c1'
X Y eY
1
a3i
Z
a5i
Conditional indirect effect of X on Y through Mi = (a1i + a4iW + a5iZ)(b1i + b2iV + b3iQ + b4iVQ)
Conditional direct effect of X on Y = c1' + c4'V + c5'Q + c7'VQ
*Model 54 allows up to 10 mediators operating in parallel
Model Templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS
2013
c Andrew F. Hayes, http://www.afhayes.com/
Model 55
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
Z Q
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi VQ MiVQ
a4i
XW a2i b6 b7i
b1i
a1i c4'
W
c2'
c1'
X c3' Y
a3i
c5' 1
eY
a6i a7i
Z
a5i c6'
c7'
XZ b2 b3 b4i b5i
Model 56
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
Z Q
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
c1'
X Y eY
1
a3i
a6i a7i
Z
a5i
WZ XWZ V Q XV XQ VQ
Model 57
Conceptual Diagram
W Mi V
Z Q
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
WZ XWZ V Q XV XQ VQ
Model 58
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1 i
eY
a2i 1
c'
X Y
a3i
b2
W
b3i
XW MiW
Model 59
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1 i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i c2'
W c3'
b2i
XW MiW
Model 60
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
Z
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c'
X Y
a3i b2
W a5i b3i
a4i
Z
XW XZ MiW
Model 61
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
Z
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
c2'
a3i
c3'
W a5i b2i
a4i
Z
XW XZ MiW
Model 62
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
Z
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i a4i a5i b2
Z
XW XZ MiW
Model 63
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
Z
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i a5i c2'
a4i
c3'
W
c4' c5' b2i
Z
XW XZ MiW
Model 64
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c'
X Y
a3i b2
W
b3 b4i b5i
XW V MiW MiV
Model 65
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1 i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i c2'
W c3'
b2 b3i b4i
XW V MiW MiV
Model 66
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i b2
W c2'
c3' b3i b4i
XW MiV
V XV MiW
Model 67
Conceptual Diagram
Mi V
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i b1i
eY
a2i 1
c1'
X Y
a3i c2'
c3'
W
c4' c5' b2i b3i
XW MiV
V XV MiW
Model 68
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
Z W
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i
a2i b1i
eY
X 1
c'
a3i
b2
W Y
a4i
Z a5 i
a6i
XW a7i b3i
XZ
WZ XWZ MiW
Model 69
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
Z W
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i
a2i b1i
eY
X 1
c1'
a3i
c2'
W Y
a4i c3'
c4'
Z a5 i c5'
a6i c6'
XW
c7' b2i
a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ MiW
Model 70
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
W V
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
b1i
a1i
eY
1
a2i a3i
c'
X Y
b2
W
b3
XW
b4i b5i b6 b7i
Model 71
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
W V
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
b1 i
a2i eY
X 1
c1'
a3 i
c2'
W Y
c3'
c4'
V c5'
c6'
XW
c7' b2i b3i b4i
XV
WV XWV MiW MiV MiWV
Model 72
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
Z W
Statistical Diagram
e Mi
1
Mi
a1i
a2i b1i
eY
X 1
a3i c'
b2
W Y
a4i b3
Z a5 i
b6
a6i
a7i
XW b4i
b5i b7i
XZ
WZ XWZ MiW MiZ MiWZ
Model 73
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
Z W
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
a1i
a2i b1i
eY
X 1
c1'
a3 i
c2'
W Y
a4i c3'
c4'
Z a5i c5'
a6i c6'
XW
c7' b2i b3i b4i
a7i
XZ
WZ XWZ MiW MiZ MiWZ
Model 74
Conceptual Diagram
Mi
X Y
Statistical Diagram
eMi
1
Mi
ai b1i
eY
1
c1'
X Y
c2i'
XMi