Lecture Notes: Prepared by Prem Kumar Soni Asst. Prof. LNCT-S

Lecture notes
Prepared by
Prem Kumar Soni
Asst. Prof.
LNCT-S
Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 1
TRUSSES

CONTENTS :
1. Introduction.
2. Plane truss.
3. Statical determinacy and stability of trusses.
4. Analysis of statically determinate plane truss.
5. Sign conventions used.
6. Method of joints.
7. Identification of zero force members.
8. Examples on method of joints.
9. Method of sections.
10. Examples on method of sections.
11. Exercise problems.
INTRODUCTION :
A truss is an articulated (skeletal) structure with hinged
or ball and socket joints. It is an assemblage of slender
bars fastened together at their ends by smooth pins or ball
and socket joints acting as hinges.
Plane truss: A truss consisting of members which lie in a
plane and are loaded in the same plane is called a plane
truss. Ex: Roof truss, bridge truss, etc.
Space truss: A truss made up of members not lying in

the same plane is referred to as space truss. Ex: Electric
power transmission tower, microwave tower, etc.
Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016
4
APPLICATIONS
Plane Truss Space Truss
Trussed Bridge Braced Frame

Truss
 In a truss, the joints are of pin type, where end

of the members can rotate freely. Moreover,
individual truss members should not directly
loaded transversely; loads should be applied at
the joints of members so that no bending or
shear forces will be generated on truss
members. Self-weight of the members should
be dumped both end for the same reason.

Frame
 Unlike truss, the members of frames are

connected rigidly at joints, and individual
members can carry transverse load, which may
generate bending moment, shear forces along
with axial forces.

 Truss- In truss, joints are of pin joint type and
can freely rotate about the pin. So, they
cannot transfer moments.
 In practical, truss have no flexibility in joints.
 Frame- In frame, joints are joined by welding
abd bolting so they are rigid and cannot rotate
freely. They can transfer moments as well as
axial loads.
 Frames are of 2types. Rigid non collapsible
and non rigid collapsible.

PLANE TRUSS :
The basic element of a plane truss is three members
(bars, angles,tubes,etc) arranged to form a triangle. To this
base triangle, two more members are added to locate a new
joint, and the process continued to form the complete truss.
The truss built in such a

manner is called as ‘Simple
Truss’.

A truss is held in position by the supports and the
loads are applied only at joints.
The free body diagram of a member shows that it is

acted upon by two equal and opposite forces.
The hinged joint permits members to rotate with
respect to each other and hence the members are
subjected to purely axial forces.
T T
Tension Member
12/5/2016 11
Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni
C C
Compression Member
The convention for internal forces, i.e., the action of

forces in the members on the joints is shown.
T C
TENSION COMPRESSION

STATICAL DETERMINACY AND STABILITY OF
TRUSSES :
Let m = number of unknown member forces.

c = number of unknown constrained reaction components
( usually three, if statically determinate externally )
j = number of joints
Each joint has two equations of equilibrium (H=0 and
V=0).
Hence number of equilibrium equations available = 2j.
Total number of unknowns = m + c
TRUSSES : (contd..)
If total number of unknowns is equal to total number of
equations available, then the truss is statically determinate.
i.e., m+c = 2j
If number of unknowns is more than the number of
available equations, then the truss is statically
indeterminate.
i.e., m+c > 2j
If the number of unknowns is less than the number of
available equations, then the truss is unstable.
i.e., m+c < 2j
TRUSSES : (contd..)
Degree of indeterminacy, i = (m+c) – 2j
Degree of external indeterminacy, ie = c – 3
Degree of internal indeterminacy. ii = i – ie = m+3 – 2j

TRUSSES : (contd..)
When we consider the internal indeterminacy, we have the
following cases of truss:
(i) When ii = 0, m = 2j – 3 and the structure is statically
determinate internally and is stable. Such a truss is
called a perfect truss.
(ii) When ii < 0, the number of members provided is less
than that required for stability. Such a truss is called
unstable or deficient truss.
(iii)When ii > 0, number of members is more than the
number required. Such a truss is called statically
indeterminate or redundant truss.
TRUSSES : (contd..)
When we consider the external indeterminacy, we have the
following cases of truss:
(i) When c = 3 (=> ie = 0 ), the truss is said to be

statically determinate externally.
(ii) When c < 3 (=> ie < 0 ), the truss is said to be

unstable externally.
(iii)When c > 3 (=> ie > 0 ), the truss is said to be

statically indeterminate externally.
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE PLANE
TRUSS :
The assumptions made in the analysis are as follows:
The members of the truss are connected at the ends by
frictionless hinges.
The axes of all members lie in a single plane called
‘middle plane of the truss’.
All the external forces acting on the truss are applied at

the joints only.
All the loads are applied in the plane of the truss.
The following methods of analysis will be adopted :
A.) Method of joints. B.) Method of sections.
SIGN CONVENTIONS USED :
Positive sign is used for tension.
Negative sign is used for compression.
Clockwise moment ( )is taken positive and anti-
clockwise moment ( ) is taken as negative.
METHOD OF JOINTS :
A member in a pin - jointed truss has only one internal
force resultant i.e., the axial force. Hence the F.B.D of any
joint is a concurrent system in equilibrium.
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Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni

METHOD OF JOINTS : (contd..)
The procedure for method of joints is as follows :
 The support reactions of the truss are first obtained
considering the three conditions of equilibrium, applied to
the truss as a whole (H=0, V=0 and M=0).
 Taking the F.B.D of a joint which has not more than two
unknowns (preferably), and applying the equations of
equilibrium for a coplanar concurrent force system (H=0
and V=0), the unknowns are evaluated.
 The analysis is continued with the next joint with
two unknowns (preferably), until the forces in all the
members are obtained.
Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 2012/5/2016
IDENTIFICATION OF ZERO FORCE MEMBERS :
1. When two of the three members meeting at a joint are
collinear, and no load is acting at the joint, then the force
in the third member is zero.
F F
A
A
F F
2. When two members meet at a joint where no load is

acting, then the forces in those members are zero.
A A
A
IDENTIFICATION OF ZERO FORCE MEMBERS :
(contd..)
3. When two members meet at a joint where there is a

support such that the support reaction is collinear
with any one member, then the force in the other
member is zero.
F=VA
VA
METHOD OF SECTIONS :
In this method we can directly determine the force in

any member without proceeding to that member by a
joint by joint analysis. The method is as follows :
 Determine the reactions at the supports of the truss given.

 Take an imaginary cutting plane through the truss,
dividing it into two parts, such that it passes through
members in which forces are required.

METHOD OF SECTIONS : (contd..)
 The cutting plane should be taken in such a way that it cuts

a maximum of three members in which forces are unknown,
preferably.
 Now consider any one part to the left or right of the section,
and evaluate the unknowns by applying the conditions of
equilibrium for the coplanar non-concurrent force system
(H=0, V=0 and M=0).

EXERCISE 1: Find the forces in members of the truss shown
below.
20kN 20kN 20kN

A F E D
Solution :
4m
FAB = 84.9kN(C)
B C FEF = 60kN(T)
4m 4m 4m
FBC = 20kN(C)
FBE = 56.67kN(C)
EXERCISE 2: Find the forces in members of the truss
shown below. 3kN
B
6kN
30º C
3kN
A 60º 60º 30º D
Solution :
2m E 1kN 2m
FAB = 6.57kN(C) FCE = 6kN(C)
FBC = 6.19kN(C) FDE = 3.87kN(T)
FAE = 2.71kN(C) FCD = 6.19kN(C)
F = 7.15kN(T)
EXERCISE 3: Find the forces in members of the truss
shown below.
10kN 5kN
A B C
2.4m
D E
1.8m 1.8m 1.8m 1.8m
Solution : FAB = 7.5kN(T) FBE = 18.75kN(C)

FBC = 26.25kN(T) FCE = 43.75kN(C)
FAD = 12.5kN(C) FDE = 15kN(T)
FBD = 12.5kN(T)
EXERCISE 4: Find the forces in members CE, CF and FH of th
truss shown below.
20kN B C E G I
3m
A J
3m D 3m F 3m H 3m
Solution : FCE = 10kN(T)

FCF = 7.07kN(C)
FFH =5kN(T)
EXERCISE 5: Find the force in member GI of the truss
shown below.
A 15kN
2m
C D
B 15kN
2m
F G
E 15kN
2m
H I
4m
Solution : FGI = 22.5kN(C)

EXERCISE 6: Find the forces in members CE and CD of the
truss shown below.
10kN
B 3m C 3m E 3m
40º G
D Solution :
A FCE = 11.92kN(T) FCD = 0

EXERCISE 7: If force in member BC is 30kN(C), find
magnitude of load W.
E D
A a B a C
W W
Solution : W =10kN
EXERCISE 8: Find the forces in members AB, BC and CF of
the truss shown below.
4kN 4kN 4kN

A B C D
2m
E F G
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
Solution : FAB = 3.6kN(T)

THANK YOU.


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Lecture notes

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 2

Space truss: A truss made up of members not lying in

Plane Truss Space Truss

Trussed Bridge Braced Frame

 In a truss, the joints are of pin type, where end

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 7

 Unlike truss, the members of frames are

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 8

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 9

The truss built in such a

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 10

The free body diagram of a member shows that it is

The convention for internal forces, i.e., the action of

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 12

Let m = number of unknown member forces.

Degree of indeterminacy, i = (m+c) – 2j

Degree of external indeterminacy, ie = c – 3

Degree of internal indeterminacy. ii = i – ie = m+3 – 2j

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 15

(i) When c = 3 (=> ie = 0 ), the truss is said to be

(ii) When c < 3 (=> ie < 0 ), the truss is said to be

(iii)When c > 3 (=> ie > 0 ), the truss is said to be

All the external forces acting on the truss are applied at

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni

2. When two members meet at a joint where no load is

3. When two members meet at a joint where there is a

In this method we can directly determine the force in

 Determine the reactions at the supports of the truss given.

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 23

 The cutting plane should be taken in such a way that it cuts

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 24

20kN 20kN 20kN

Solution : FAB = 7.5kN(T) FBE = 18.75kN(C)

Solution : FCE = 10kN(T)

Solution : FGI = 22.5kN(C)

A FCE = 11.92kN(T) FCD = 0

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 30

4kN 4kN 4kN

Solution : FAB = 3.6kN(T)

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 32

Lecture notes Chapter 5 By Prem Kumar Soni 12/5/2016 33

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