AGENDA

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NUMBER TREE & BASE SYSTEM

p
, q0
q

0.33333...  0.3, 0.125125125...  0.125,etc.

:q  a
 b
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NUMBER TREE & BASE SYSTEM

p
:
q
n
, n

Two digit number, ab  10a  b

Three digit number, abc  100a  10b  c
Four digit number, abcd  1000a  100b  10c  d , etc.
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NUMBER TREE & BASE SYSTEM

ab  ba  10a  b   10b  a   9  a  b  ; ab  ba  10a  b   10b  a   11 a  b 

aabb  1000a  100a   10b  b   11100a  b 

abab  1000a  100b   10a  b   10110a  b 

, and
abcabc  105 a  104 b  103 c   102 a  10b  c   1001100a  10b  c   7  11 13  abc
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PRIMES & COMPOSITES

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EVEN & ODD

(i) E  E/O  O  E (ii) E  O/O  E  O

(iii) E  O/E  E  E (iv) O  O  O
(v) OP  O, for any non negative integer power P
(v) EP  E, with exception E0  1
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FACTORS & MULTIPLES

 p1 a  p2b  p3c  ...

 a   b   c   ...

 1  p1  p12  ...  p1a  1  p2  p22  ...  p2b  ...
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FACTORS & MULTIPLES

       
 p 23 , p1  p211 , p12  p27 , p13  p25 , p1  p2  p35 , p1  p2  p3  p4 2
pi '
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FACTORS & MULTIPLES

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HCF & LCM

 55 121 352  HCF of 55,121,352 11

HCF of  , ,  
 18 12 27  LCM of 18,12, 27 108
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HCF & LCM

 55 121 352  LCM of 55,121,352 19,360

LCM of  , ,  
 18 12 27  HCF of 18,12, 27 3
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HCF & LCM

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n  n  1  n  2  n  3 ... n  r  1 n  r 1
 Cr 
r!

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DIVISIBILITY & REMAINDERS

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DIVISIBILITY & REMAINDERS

If a number N leaves a remainder R by a divisor D; then for some integer k ,

N  k D  R, 0  R  D  1 If R  0, then D is a factor of N and N is a multiple of D.
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DIVISIBILITY & REMAINDERS

N
 D   R or N %D  R
r
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DIVISIBILITY & REMAINDERS



For ex, if N1 % 9  4  R1  and N 2 % 9  2  R 2  , then

(i)  3N1  4N 2  % 9  3R1  4R 2  3  4  4  2  20  2
(ii)  N12  N 2 2  N1N 2  % 9  R12  R 2 2  R1R 2  42  22  4  2  28  1
(iii)  283432  832732  12302034  %9  4  7  6  4   2    3  24  6
(iv) 8125 %9   1  1  8
125
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DIVISIBILITY & REMAINDERS

 NP 
   ? HCF  N, D   1
 D r



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DIVISIBILITY & REMAINDERS

 2156 
For ex,    ? Obtain the first few remainders as
 25  r
2, 4, 8, 16, 32(7), 14, 28(3), 6,12, 24( 1)

 5P 
   5, 15, 5, 15, ... (C  2)
 15  r
 4P 
   4, 4, 4, 4, ... (C  1)
 6 r
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DIVISIBILITY & REMAINDERS


 5P 
Consider    ?
 72  r

 5P   5P 
   5, 25(1), ... (C1  2) and    5, 25(7), 35(8), 40(4), 20(2), 10(1),... (C2  6)
 8 r  9 r

Let P  95. Then 595  8k1  5  9k2  2. Combining, 595  72k  R. To obtain R,
8k1  5  5, 13, 21, 29 , 37,... and 9k2  2  2, 11, 20, 29 , 38,....
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UNIT DIGIT & CYCLICITY

0P , 1P , 5P , 6P  Any power always ends with same digit  C  1

2P  2, 4, 8, 6, 2, 4, 8, 6, ...  C  4 
3P  3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7, 1, ...  C  4 
4P  4, 6, 4, 6, ...  C  2 
7P  7, 9, 3, 1, 7, 9, 3, 1, ...  C  4 
8P  8, 4, 2, 6, 8, 4, 2, 6, ...  C  4 
9P  9, 1, 9, 1, ...  C  2 
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FACTORIALS & TRAILING ZERO

n!  n   n  1   n  2    n  3  ...  3  2  1  n   n  1!

 n!  n  n   n 
 pK   For r  0, K max   p    p 2    p 3   ... till term becomes zero 
 r      
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FACTORIALS & TRAILING ZERO

 50!   50   50   50   50   50 
For ex,  K max   12  22  3  K max  p  2                  47
12   2   4   8   16   32 
 50   50   50 
and K max  p  3           22. Now, since there are 2 powers of 2 so
 3   9   27 
 47 
50! will divide 22    23 times. Whereas 22 powers of 3 can divide 50!
2
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FACTORIALS & TRAILING ZERO

N  5  10  15  ...  495  500  5100  100!

Powers of 2   50  25  12  6  3  1  97
Powers of 5  100   20  4   124