Outlines

Introduction
Digital Logic Design (DLD) Digital Systems (Concept of Discrete & Binary)
Lecture 2 Binary Logic (Logic Gates)
AND
Dr. Jamshed Iqbal OR
Associate Professor NOT
Department of Electrical Engineering NAND and NOR
XOR
Conversion: Other No.systems → Decimal

National University of Computer &

Emerging Sciences

Digital Systems Digital Systems

A digital system is a system that
manipulates discrete elements information
represented internally in binary form
Discrete:
Any set that is restricted to a finite number of
elements contains discrete information
Examples:
- Set of 10 decimal digits
- 26 letters of the alphabet
- 52 playing cards
- 64 squares of chessboard
How to obtain discrete data?
Either emerge from the nature of the data
being processed
Example: Student’s deposit record (Finite
fields like Name, Roll no., fees, fine)
Quantized (sampled) from a continuous
process
Example
(ADCs)
 Digital Systems
Analog Signal
- Value of signal exists
at any instant of time
- Occurs in continuous
form
Digitized Signal
- Value of signal only
exists at discrete
points in time
Digital Systems
Voltage range for logic levels
2.0 V – 2.7V (TTL), 3.5 V (CMOS)
0.5 V – 0.8V (TTL), 1.5 V (CMOS)
Digital Systems
Discrete values. But how many?
The whole basis of digital electronics is
based on the simplicity of the “on/off” or
“0/1” model
All quantities and values must be coded
into this bi-level set of “0”s and “1”s
All storage and transmission of values in a
digital system occurs using these two
binary digits (bits)
Binary Logic (Gates)
Digital circuits process data by means of
binary logic elements (called as logic
gates)
Examples 1: Adder IC (7480)
 Basic Binary Operations Binary Logic (AND)
x y z
Binary Arithmetic AND 0 0 0
Addition 0 1 0
x y
Subtraction 1 0 0
z
Multiplication 1 1 1
Binary Logic z=x•y=xy
AND
x , y = 0 (for Open)
OR = 1 (for Close) x AND y is equal to z
NOT
z = 1 if and only if (iff) x=1 and y=1

Binary Logic (OR) Binary Logic (NOT)

x y z x z
OR - Also called as ‘Inverter’
x 0 0 0 0 1
- Compliment operation
0 1 1 1 0
y
z 1 0 1
z = x = x’
1 1 1
z=x+y
x , y = 0 (for Open) NOT x is equal to z
= 1 (for Close) x OR y is equal to z
z = 1 if x=1 or if y=1 or if both =1
 Three Levels Binary Logic (Caution)
Binary logic and binary arithmetic are
similar (but NOT same)
Dot “.” for multiplication and also for AND
x Plus “+” for addition and also for OR
z
Prime “ ' ” for complement and also for NOT
Arithmetic variables designates number
1 bit memory cell (RAM) that may consist of many digits, whereas,
Logical variable is always 1 or 0 x y z
Example: 0 0 0
1 OR 1 = 1 0 1 1
1 plus 1 = (10)2 1 0 1
1 1 1

Timing Diagram (AND) NAND, NOR & X-OR

NAND (N AND) = AND + NOT
NOR (N OR) = OR + NOT
Practice Q
Make Truth Table of NAND and NOR?
Also draw Timing Diagram of both gates?
XOR (Exclusive OR)

Draw Timing Diagram of ‘OR’, x’, y’ Make Truth Table of X-OR and comment
anything special?
 Table of Gates
Any No. →Sys. Decimal
Let us first revise who things go in
‘Decimal’ number system
Base (or radix): 10 system
Only 10 numbers (0→9)
7392 means 7 thousands, plus 3
hundreds, plus 9 tens, plus 2 units. i.e.
What about 7392.41?
Representation: (7392.41)10 or 7392.41
Table of Gates (Contd)
Any No. →Sys. Decimal
Binary No. System: Base 2
Only two digits: ‘0’ or ‘1’
Convert (11010)2 into Decimal
Practice Q
Convert (11010.11)2 into Decimal
Convert (4021.2)5
 Any No. →Sys. Decimal Any No. →Sys. Decimal
Octal No. System: Base 8 A little short cut:
Only 8 digits (Taken from decimal set) : 0→7 Convert (110101)2 into Decimal
Convert (127.4)8 into Decimal ONLY consider powers of two with coeff. of 1

Practice Q
Convert (4021.2)8 in decimal

Binary Arithmetic
Easy
DIY
Prog. Fundamental
THANKS
JAMSHED.IQBAL@NU.EDU.PK
ROOM G-06 - EE DEPTT.