2015 Generator Protection Fundamentals - JC

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© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 1
2015
ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series
Disclaimer
ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information regarding protective
relays. The material included is not intended to be a complete presentation of
all potential problems and solutions related to this topic. The content is
generic and may not be applicable for circumstances or equipment at any
specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Protective Relay School,
you agree that ABB is providing this information to you on an informational
basis only and makes no warranties, representations or guarantees as to the
efficacy or commercial utility of the information for any specific application or
purpose, and ABB is not responsible for any action taken in reliance on the
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service representatives
are available to study specific operations and make recommendations on
improving safety, efficiency and profitability. Contact an ABB sales
representative for further information.
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 2
2015
ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series
Generator Protection Fundamentals

Jack Chang
June 18 , 2015
Presenter
Jack Chang is the regional technical manager for ABB Inc. in
the Substation Automation business serving customers in
Canada and northern regions. He provides engineering,
commissioning and troubleshooting support to customers
applying ABB’s high-voltage protective and automation
devices. Prior to joining ABB, Jack worked as a substation
P&C project engineer in two specialized consulting firms (now
Jack Chang ABB and Quanta Services, respectively) and also as an
engineering consultant to a public owned utility in their
transmission expansion and upgrade projects. Jack is a
registered professional engineer in the province of Alberta,
Canada.
©ABB
June 17, | Slide

Learning objectives
 Power Generation fundamentals

 Generator Faults
 Generator Abnormal Conditions
 Modern Generator Protective IED Capabilities
 Typical Generator Protection Functions
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 5
2015
Standards
 C37.101: Guide for AC Generator Ground Protection

 C37.102: Guide for AC Generator Protection
 IEEE Tutorial On The Protection of Synchronous Generator
(PSRC)
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 6
2015
Typical Power Plant Components
CONTROL ROOM
HV SYSTEM The power station

STEP UP
TRANSFORMER MV/LV SWITCHGEAR
AC & DC
HV- BREAKER AUXILIARY
SYSTEMS CONTROL
SYSTEMS
2 1
AUX.
TRANSF.
GOVERNOR
GENERATOR
1 BREAKER
PT’s
&
CT’s
SYNCHRONIZING
EXCITATION
SYNCHRONOUS
TURBINE SYSTEM
GENERATOR
STAR
POINT EXCITATION
CUBICLE TRANSFORMER
© SA-T
Training
Typical Parts of a Power Plant
HV Substation
Busbar in HV Substation
HV - Breaker
Power plant
Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer
Generator Breaker
Excitation Transformer
Excitation System
Turbine valve
Turbine - Generator G Field Circuit Breaker
Earthing System
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 8
2015
Different power plants electrical equipment layouts
G G G
G G G
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 9
2015
Damage to the stator core in case of earth-fault
 Practically all unit

connected generators are
high-impedance earthed
 Only industrial generators
may be low-impedance
earthed
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 10
2015
Stator winding earthing practices
Grounding Grounding
Resistive Transformer Transformer Isolated
Grounded (Neutral) (Terminal)
R ~ 3.0Ω
G G G G
R ~ 1kΩ R ~ 0.5Ω
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 11
2015
Possible faults
 Stator Earth Faults

 Rotor Earth Faults
 Stator Short Circuits
 Stator/Rotor Interturn faults
 Unit transformer faults
 External faults
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 12
2015
Abnormal operating condition
 overcurrent/overload
 unbalanced load
 overtemperature
 over- and undervoltage
 over- and underexcitation
 over- and underfrequency
 over-fluxing
 asynchronous running
 out of step
 generator motoring
 failures in the machine control system
(i.e. AVR or governor failure)
 failures in the machine cooling system
 failures in the primary equipment
(i.e. breaker head flashover)
© ABB Group
 open phase
June 17, | Slide 13
2015
Allocation of protection functions
87G/87O Differential
32 Reverse power 59 Over-voltage
81O/U Frequency 24V/Hz over-fluxing
Turbine
49S Stator over-load
21/51V Voltage/over-current
64S Earth fault stator
46 Unbalance Inter-turn
40 Loss of excitation 50AE Accidental energizing
78 Pole slipping
64R Earth fault rotor
49R Rotor overload
Rotor Stator
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 14
2015
Generator protection
Gen Diff + Back-up 12AI
<
Y
Y 60FL 81 f< 81 f>
SDD RFUF SA PTUF SA PTOF
78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP UV2 PTUV
U 64R Re< 37 P< 59 3U>
G CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4
87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
I
GEN PDIF 40 Φ< 59N 3Uo>
LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV
46 I2> 49 Ith Meter.

NS2 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
Option
Other functions available from the function library
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ 25 50 3I>> 51/27 U 32N P0-> 64S RSE<
REG 670*1.2 – A20 SES RSYN PH PIOC CV GAPC SDE PSDE STTI PHIZ
52PD PD 51/67 3I> 51V I>/U 87CT I2d/I 64R RRE<

CC RPLD OC4 PTOC CV GAPC CCS RDIF ROTI PHIZ
Function alternatives for 87G/GEN PDIF
87T 3Id/I 87 IdN
T2W PDIF HZ PDIF
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 15
2015
Generator protection with 87T (87O)
Unit Trafo
Y
Overall Diff + Back-up 12AI
50/51 3I> 50BF 3I> BF

OC4 PTOC CC RBRF
<
Y 60FL 81 f<
Y
SDD RFUF SA PTUF
78 Ucos 81 f>
PSP PPAM SA PTOF
21 Z< 24 U/f>
ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
87O 3Id/I 32 Pß 27 3U<

T2W PDIF GOP PDOP UV2 PTUV
U 64R Re< 37 P< 59 3U>
G CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4
GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
I
40 Φ< 59N 3Uo>
LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV
46 I2> 49 Ith 50AE U/I> Meter.

NS2 PTOC TR PTTR AEG GAPC CV MMXU
Option
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
© ABB Group REG 670*1.2 – A20
June 17, | Slide 16

2015
Function allocations with older generation relays
 Older type of design:

 M1 and M2 with
different function
allocations
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 17
2015
Complete Protection Scheme
 Generator M1 & M2 protection

 Two identical IEDs with 87G
(low/high impedance based)
 Complete Unit Protection for Smaller

Machines
 One with 87G
 One with 87T or 87O
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 18
2015
Generator protection & optional transformer protection
Gen Diff + Back-up 24AI
50/51 3I> 50BF 3I> BF
OC4 PTOC CC RBRF
51N IN> 87N IdN/I 87T 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC REF PDIF T3W PDIF
Y
Unit Trafo
D 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
< 59N 3Uo>

Y
Y ROV2 PTOV
Back-up Protection
Excitation Trafo
Main Protection
Auxiliary Trafo
<
Y 60FL 81 f< 81 f>
Y
SDD RFUF SA PTUF SA PTOF
78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

Auxiliary Bus 50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U
G CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4
87G 3Id/I
GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
I
LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV

Option
25 50 3I>> 51/27 U 64S RSE< 87T 3Id/I
59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
SES RSYN PH PIOC CV GAPC STTI PHIZ T2W PDIF
ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 – B30
52PD PD 87CT I2d/I 51V I>/U 64R RRE< 32N P0->
CC RPLD CCS RDIF CV GAPC ROTI PHIZ SDE PSDE
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 19
2015
Complete generator-transformer unit protection
Generator and block transformer protection 24AI
< 60FL 59 3U> Meter.

Y
Y SDD RFUF OV2 PTOV CV MMXU
87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith

REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR
87T 3Id/I
T2W PDIF
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
D 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
< Option
Y
Y 59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos 81 f>

<
Y SDD RFUF SA PTUF PSP PPAM SA PTOF
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U
G CV GAPC
+ RXTTE4
87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
I
LEX PDIS ROV2 PTOV
NS2 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU 25 50 3I>> 51/27 U 32N P0-> 64S RSE<
SES RSYN PH PIOC CV GAPC SDE PSDE STTI PHIZ
52PD PD 51/67 3I> 51V I>/U 87CT I2d/I 64R RRE<

Grounding 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
CC RPLD OC4 PTOC CV GAPC CCS RDIF ROTI PHIZ
Transformer ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
REG 670*1.2 – C30
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 20
2015
Generator terminal short circuit
Xd” Xd’ Xd
Xd” - Subtransient Reactance
E”
E’ Xd’ - Transient Reactance
Et
Ed
Xd - Synchronous Reactance
 The fault current from the

generator change during fault
sequence
 Change of generator reactance
Xd’’ -> Xd’ -> Xd
 Dependent of the excitation
system
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 21
2015
Stator short circuit
 Consequence of stator short circuit

 Insulation, windings and stator core can be damaged
 Large forces, caused by large fault currents, can give
damage to other components in the plant
 Risk of explosion and fire
 Mechanical stress on generator- and turbine shafts
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 22
2015
Detection of stator short circuits
 Protection functions
 Generator differential protection
 Block (unit) differential protection
 Directional negative sequence overcurrent protection
 Under impedance protection
 Phase overcurrent protection (sometimes not effective)
 Voltage dependent phase overcurrent protection
 Under voltage protection
 Phase overcurrent protection of the block transformer
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 23
2015
Generator differential protection
 Unstabilized differential protection level

 Stabilized differential protection level
 Harmonic blocking
 Negative sequence unrestrained
 Combination: bias differential and negative sequence
internal/external discriminator; increases speed and
security
 Negative sequence sensitive differential protection
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 24
2015
Differential protection characteristics
operate current
[gen. rated curr.] Operate
5
unconditionally
UnrestrainedLimit
4
D Ioperate
slope = ---------------- * 100 %
Operate
D Irestrain 3 conditionally
The restrained
2
characteristic
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3
is defined by
the settings: 1 SlopeSection3
****************** IdMin
Restrain
1. IdMin SlopeSection2
0
2. EndSection1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. EndSection2 EndSection1 restrain current
4. SlopeSection2 EndSection2 [gen. rated curr.]
5. SlopeSection3
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 25
2015
Generator unit (overall) differential protection
 Identical to transformer differential protection

 Zero sequence current elimination
 Vector group compensation
 Transformer ratio compensation
 Unstabilized differential protection
 Stabilized differential protection

 Harmonic blocking
 Waveform blocking
 Negative sequence unrestrained
 Combination: bias differential and negative sequence
internal/external discriminator
 Negative sequence sensitive differential protection
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 26
2015
Phase to phase fault in the stator winding
 Endangering condition 87N

REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
 Overcurrent 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Protected object D 50/51 3I>
OC4 PTOC
 Stator winding
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
 Consequences Y
ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
Y SDD RFUF SA PTUF PSP PPAM
 Heating Y
51/67
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Forces U
64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>

G ROTI PHIZ 87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
 Smelted stator core U

+ REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF

Main Protection Function VT 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
Reserve Protection Function ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 27
2015
Phase to phase fault in the XFMR, and bus work
87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith Meter.
 Endangering condition REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 Overcurrent 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Protected object D 50/51

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 XFMR, bus work Y

<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
Consequences
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
 Y
<
Y
SDD RFUF SA PTUF PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Heating 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
G
 Forces U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
 Smelted trafo core 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
Main Protection Function VT 59N

ROV2 PTOV
UN> 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
Reserve Protection Function 64S RSE<

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 28
2015
Under-impedance protection
X
 Backup protection for
internal short circuits in the
} P
ZP
generator or the unit
transformer
P
ZAngPP
P
}
ev
ZR
R
 Backup or main protection
for fault at the busbar
where the plant is
connected to the power
system
 Backup protection for line-
faults at lines out from the
power plant
 Up to 3-zones with offset Z<< ANSI 21
mho characteristic Z<
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 29
2015
Phase overcurrent protection
 Backup protection for internal short circuits in the generator

or the unit transformer
 Backup or main protection for fault at the busbar where the
plant is connected to the power system
 Backup protection for line-faults at lines out from the power
plant
 21 functions is easier to apply in order to coordinate with
outgoing line protective relays
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 30
2015
External short circuit
First period of Fault
After 0.4 s
Before Fault
I>
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 31
2015
Voltage controlled phase overcurrent protection
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 32
2015
External faults
 Endangering condition 87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith Meter.
REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 Overcurrent
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Protected object
Unit Trafo
 Y
D 50/51 3I>
 External power system OC4 PTOC
parts. Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
Y
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Heating 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
G
 Forces U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
Mechanical damages
 46
NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 33
2015
Stator earth fault
 Damages on the stator iron

 Increased voltage on “healthy phases”
 Small fault currents
 Sensitivity requirements on fault clearance
 The fault resistance is normally low at stator earth fault
 The residual voltage and earth fault current is highly
dependent on fault location in the generator
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 34
2015
Voltage based 95 % stator earth fault protection
Neutral point voltage transformer used
to measure Uo voltage
Generator Step-up transformer
Voltage Uo has the following primary value for

Uo
the solid Ph-Gnd fault at generator HV terminals
U Gen _ PhPh
Uo 
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 35
3
2015
Current based 95 % stator earth fault protection
Generator Step-up transformer
Neutral point current measurement
10/1A I>
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 36
2015
Why 95 % and 100% stator ground fault protection?
0%
Protectedzone
is approximately
95%
100%
Last 5% is
NOT
protected
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 37
2015
Possible 100 % stator earth fault protection solutions
 Measurement of the ”natural” third harmonic voltage

induced in the generator can be used to protect against EF
close to the generator neutral point
(i.e. 3rd harmonic based principle; 59THD)
 Neutral point voltage injection where the injected voltage

has non-harmonic frequency
(i.e. injection principle; 64S)
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 38
2015
3rd harmonic based 100% stator earth-fault
stator winding CB 1 may not exist
x E3 (1-x) E3 CB 1 CB 2
N T
RN Rf step-up
unit
transformer
UN3 UT3
x 1-x
Samples of the Samples of the
neutral voltage 100 % terminal voltage
from which the from which the
fundamental- 3rd harmonic
and 3rd harmonic Neutral point fundamental frequency voltage is
voltages are overvoltage protection 10 – 100 % filtered out
filtered out
3rd Diff.
Differential
0 – 30 %
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 39
2015
3rd harmonic 100% stator ground fault
 Simplest approach :
 3rd harmonic under-voltage in the neutral (i.e. U3N<)
 3rd harmonic over-voltage at generator terminals (i.e. U3T>)
 Possible problems:
 Generator start-up
 Generator shut-down
 Different generator loading
 3rd harmonic differential principle
U N 3  UT 3  Beta  U N 3
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 40
2015
Stator injection
PCM600 2.3
ICT
PC ICT
REX060
(Injection Unit)
REG670 ALWAYS required
PSM
RIM
SIM STATOR
REX062
(Shunt Resistor Unit)
SOMETIMES required
ROTOR
VT or GT Generator
Generator Protection Cubicle
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 41
2015
Earth fault in the stator winding
 Endangering condition
 Overvoltage in two healthy REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
phases
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
 Voltage in the star point
Unit Trafo
Y
D
 Relatively small earth fault 50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I>
current <
Y
59N 3Uo>
Y
 Protected object <

ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

 Stator winding Y
51/67
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
Consequences
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 CC RBRF GOP PDOP UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
G
 Damage to the stator core U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
 Risk of second earth fault 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 42
2015
Earth fault in transformer HV winding

REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
 Overcurrent 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
OC4 PTOC
 Transformer windings
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
Y
 Consequences <
ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Heating OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

 Forces G
U 64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE< 37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
87G 3Id/I
U
+ REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ< 81 f>
 Smelted trafo core 46 I2> 49 Ith

LEX PDIS
Meter.
SA PTOF

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 43
2015
Earth fault in transformer LV winding
 Overvoltage in two healthy 87N
REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
phases
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Voltage in the star point EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Relatively small earth fault D 50/51 3I>

OC4 PTOC
current
<
Y
 Protected object Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
 Transformer winding Y
Y
SDD RFUF
51/67 3I->
SA PTUF
50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM
21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Consequences 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
 Small possibility to damage G ROTI PHIZ 87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
U
trafo core 46 I2> 49 Ith

LEX PDIS
Meter.
SA PTOF
Risk of second earth fault


VT 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N
Main Protection Function ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
+ REX060
Reserve Protection Function STTI PHIZ

REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 44
2015
Turn to turn fault in the stator winding
 Circulating currents REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 Asymmetrical phase currents 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
 Stator winding <

Y
*
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences <
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Damage to the stator core OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

Risk of evolving into earth fault

 G
U 64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE<
87G 3Id/I
37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
U
* 59N will detect this fault when + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF
develops into an earth fault 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
VT
Main Protection Function 59N
ROV2 PTOV
UN>
* 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<

+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 45
2015
Rotor earth fault
 The field circuit of the generator is normally isolated from

earth
 With a single earth fault in the rotor circuit it is possible to
have continuous operation without generator damages
 There however creates an increased risk of a second rotor
earth fault. In such a case there will be large current and
risk of severe damages.
 Major damages ensue following a second ground fault
 The requirement of fast fault clearance is moderate
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 46
2015
Rotor injection
PCM600 2.3
ICT
PC ICT
REX061
REX060 (Coupling Capacitor Unit)
REG670 (Injection Unit) ALWAYS required
ALWAYS required
PSM
SIM
RIM
STATOR
ROTOR
Generator Protection Cubicle Generator
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 47
2015
Earth fault in the rotor winding
 Endangering condition REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 None 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Rotor winding Y
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
Y
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Risk of evolving into double 50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

earth fault G
U 64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE< 37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
87G 3Id/I
U
LEX PDIS SA PTOF

Main Protection Function

64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 48
2015
Performance of synchronous machine
Voltage Regulator (U & Q) jXd I jXs
If P
Q
E U Us
R
X
B
G
Turbine Regulator (P & f)
 Synchronous machine operating in a parallel with a large power system can:

 supply active power to the system (operates as generator)
 receive active power from the system (operates as motor)
 supply reactive power to the system
(overexcited machine; operates as shunt capacitor)
 receive reactive power from the system
(underexcited machine; operates as shunt reactor)
 Note: machine shall have fixed rotating speed at all times
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 49
2015
Different protection operating planes
Q [pu]
Motor Generator AB: Field current limit
Motor Generator
BC: Stator current limit
A CD: End region heating limit
0.8
of stator, due to leakage flux
BH: Possible active power limit due
0.6 B
to turbine output power limitation
Underexcited Underexcited ing S EF: Steady-state limit without AVR
lagg
Xs: Source impedance of
.8
f. 0
Overexcited
φ U∟0o
Overexcited V A
p.
connected power system
te dM
I Overexcited
Ra
37o
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 P [pu]

Rate
Motor Generator
Underexcited dM 18o
VA p F
.f. 0
.95
lead Xe=0.2
-0.3 ing
C
H
-0.5 E F
X Xs=0
Motor Generator D
Overexcited Overexcited
R
Underexcited Underexcited
Motor Generator
Fault Overload
Area Area
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 50
2015
Loss of/under excitation 40 MW
G normal
Causes MVARS
 open field circuit MW

G abnormal
 field short circuit
MVARS
 accidental tripping of the field breaker
 AVR failure Q [pu]
AB: Field current limit
Motor Generator
 loss of field at the main exciter 0.8
A
BC: Stator current limit
CD: End region heating limit
of stator, due to leakage flux
Consequence 0.6 B BH: Possible active power limit due
to turbine output power limitation
g
gin S EF: Steady-state limit without AVR
 Asynchronous running of a synchronous machine .8
lag Xs: Source impedance of
f. 0
without excitation – induction generator
connected power system
p.
V A
te dM
Overexcited
Ra
 Start drawing reactive power - voltage collapse 37o
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 P [pu]

Rate
 Stator end-core heating Underexcited dM
VA p
.f. 0
18o
F
.95
lead Xe=0.2
-0.3 ing
 Induced rotor currents H
C
-0.5 E F
Xs=0
D
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 51
2015
Loss of/under excitation 40
Generator apparent power S during loss of excitation
Q
0.4 sec.
0.3
(p.u.)
1.2 sec.
- 0.3 0.3 0.6 2.

P (p.u.)
4
0.3 3.2
4.41
4.18 4.28
4.15
1.0
4.35
4.0
4.07
4.5
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 52
4.32
2015
Loss of/under excitation 40
 Loss of/under excitation is based on under-impedance
measurement (offset Mho)
 Main features:
 Two zones Z1 and Z2, with independent block and trip
 Directional element for additional zone restriction (eg.
under-exiting operation)
X
Underexcitation Protection
Restrain area
Z1, Fast zone

Z2, Slow zone
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 53
2015
Loss of Excitation Protection
Xd’/ 2
1.1 Xd
Loss of/Under excitation 40
 Stator reactive current REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
component 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
 Protected object
Unit Trafo
Y
D
 Rotor and stator winding 50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Consequences Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Thermal damage of rotor and Y

<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
stator end regions 51/67

OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Asynchronous machine U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
G
operation U
ROTI PHIZ
+ REX060, REX061
87G 3Id/I
GEN PDIF
GUP PDUP
40 Φ<
OV2 PTOV
81 f>
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
 Voltage and current variations 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 55
2015
Generator motoring protection 32/37
 Generator shall produce active power

(i.e. P>0)
 When it starts to receive the active
power it acts as a motor (i.e. P<0)
 Not dangerous operating condition for
machine but it may be dangerous for the
turbine
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 56
2015
Generator motoring protection 32/37
 Causes
 loss of prime-mover
 low water flow (hydro)
 load variations / problems
 Effects
 steam units  overheating of turbine and turbine blades
 hydro units  cavitation of the blades
 Demands
 accurate active power measurement (i.e. P~0 & Q=30-60%)
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 57
2015
Reverse power protection
 Set desired pickup (0,5 to 3%)
Q
Operate
Line
 Angle to 180 deg
 Set time delay 5-30 s
Margin
P  Sequential tripping logic (allowed to
operate only when steam valve is
closed)
Operating point
without turbine torque
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 58
2015
Low forward power protection
Q
Operate
Line
 Set desired pickup (1 to 10%)
 Angle to 0 deg
Margin  Set time delay 5-30 s
P
 Sequential tripping logic
 Blocked by external signal
Operating point when generator is not
without turbine torque loaded
 Sequential tripping (allowed
to operate only when steam
valve is closed)
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 59
2015
Reverse Power Protection (32R)
 Motor operation REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
 Protected object 50N/51N
EF4 PTOC
IN> 87O 3Id/I
T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Turbine
D 50/51 3I>
 Consequences OC4 PTOC
<
 Excessive heating of turbine Y

Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
blades (steam units) Y

<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Mechanical damages to thrust OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
ZMH PDIS
32 Pß
OEX PVPH
27 3U<
bearing (Francis turbines) U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
G ROTI PHIZ GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
Explosion risk for diesel units

87G 3Id/I
 U
LEX PDIS SA PTOF

64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 60
2015
Negative sequence overcurrent (46)
IR+
IR-
IS-
IT-
IT+ IS+
From asymmetric currents, a negative sequence current
component I2, is filtered out.
Negative sequence stator currents rotate in a opposite
direction from the rotor and consequently induce a
120Hz current component into the rotor. As a
consequence rotor ends can over-heat.
I- , I nsc
46
I22 x t = k
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 61
2015
Negative phase sequence (46)
Causes
 unbalanced loads
 untransposed transmission circuits
 unbalanced system faults
 series faults
 CB pole discrepancy
 open circuits
Features
 Machine damage curve follows I22 t=k
K can be obtained from machine manufacturer
 I2 inverse time OC element should also
follow I22 t=k
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 62
2015
Broken stator winding
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Unsymmetrical currents EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Stator windings Y
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Rotor <
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
Y
 Consequences 51/67
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Rotor overheating U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
 Vibrations U
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF


64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 63
2015
Pole slip / out of step protection (78)
 Asynchronous running of a synchronous
machine with the rest of the system but with
excitation intact (opposed to loss of Field)
 Characterized by power
(P & Q) oscillation
 Manifests as impedance movement in R & X
plane
 destructive mechanical impact on turbine and
shaft
 Pole Slip typically caused by:
 Long fault clearance time (especially close
by 3Ph faults are critical)
 Inadvertent tripping of a transmission line
(increase of transmission impedance
between generator and load)
 Loss of large generator unit
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 64
2015
 Monitor the swing impedance loci
across the generator unit R-X plane
 78 function typically locates at the
gen terminal (PT/CT location)
 Single or double lens characteristic
typically are employed with mho
supervision
 Must be secure against generator
unit faults or stable power swing
 Double lens (binder) scheme is
more secure
 The delta rotor angle can be
controlled (thru binder impedance
settings) to allow a more favorable
phase shift across breaker poles
when tripping the breaker
 System transient stability studies to
decide who should trip (line or Gen)
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 65
2015
 High stator current 87N
REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
 Possible system blackout 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Protected object
Unit Trafo
 Y
D 50/51 3I>
 Rotor shaft and stator winding OC4 PTOC
<
 Consequences Y
Y
59N
ROV2 PTOV
3Uo>
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

<
 Mechanical damages to shaft Y
Y
SDD RFUF
51/67 3I->
SA PTUF
50AE U/I>
PSP PPAM
21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Asynchronous machine 50BF 3I> BF

CC RBRF
32
GOP PDOP
Pß 27 3U<
UV2 PTUV
operation (with field intact) G

U
U
64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE<
87G 3Id/I
37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
 Voltage and current variations 46 I2> 49 Ith

LEX PDIS
Meter.
SA PTOF

ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

STTI PHIZ
+ REX060
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 66
2015
Frequency protection (81U/O)
 Over-frequency 81O: protects in

case of turbine over-speed
 Under-frequency 81U:
protection of the steam turbine at the
"critical speed"
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 67
2015
Low network frequency (81U)

50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Under-frequency EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y

OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Stator end core Y

<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Steam turbine <
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos
Y
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Over-excitation U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
U
 Steam turbine vibrations + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF

64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 68
2015
High Network Frequency (81O)

REF PDIF
IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF
CC RBRF
50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
 Over-frequency (load rejection) 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
D 50/51 3I>
 Turbine (no load rejection OC4 PTOC
capability) Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Rotor Y
<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Consequences OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
ZMH PDIS
32 Pß
OEX PVPH
27 3U<
 Mechanical stresses G
U 64R
ROTI PHIZ
RRE<
87G 3Id/I
37
GUP PDUP
P< 59 3U>
OV2 PTOV
U
Turbine vibrations
 LEX PDIS SA PTOF
Main Protection Function NS2 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
Reserve Protection Function VT 59N

ROV2 PTOV
UN> 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 69
2015
Over-voltage protection, 59
 With faulty AVR overvoltage can

cause over excitation of the
generator-transformer block
 V can sharply increase after load
rejection followed by machine 3U>
runaway
AVR
Uinj
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 70
2015
Over-voltage protection (59)

50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Over-voltage EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Improper voltage regulation D 50/51

OC4 PTOC
3I>
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
 Electrical circuits <

ROV2 PTOV
60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

Y
OC4 PTOC
3I-> 50AE U/I>
AEG GAPC
21
ZMH PDIS
Z< 24 U/f>
OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
 Increased risk for earth-faults U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
 Over-excitation U
LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF


64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 71
2015
Over-fluxing (excessive V/Hz), 24
 Overfluxing protects generator and
transformer magnetic core against
overheating
 Specially critical during start-up and
shut-down
 Wide frequency operation of the
relay important for generator
protection
E U
 orB  const   const 
f f
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 72
2015
Incorrect voltage control (24,)
 Endangering condition 87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith Meter.
 Under-frequency/over-voltage
50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I
 Manual synchronization EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 VT failure, AVR failure D 50/51

OC4 PTOC
3I>
<
59N 3Uo>
Y
ROV2 PTOV
 Transformer/Gen stator core Y

<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
Consequences
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

 Over-excitation G
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
ROTI PHIZ 87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
U
LEX PDIS SA PTOF

64S RSE<
+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 73
2015
Accidental energizing, 50AE
 Operates when generator is
energized while offline (field is off)
 Behaved a induction motor
 Significant localized heating
damages to rotor surface (I2 based)
 Operating errors, CB flash-over
 Some relays (functions) usually
taken out of service when the Gen
is offline (40) or not appropriate
 Dedicated voltage controlled OC
most efficient
© BB Group
June 17, | Slide 74
2015
Accidental energizing (50AE)
 Stator overcurrent or REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
unsymmetrical currents 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Unit Trafo
Y
 Protected object
D 50/51 3I>
 Bearings OC4 PTOC
 Rotor Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Bearing damages due to low OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC * ZMH PDIS OEX PVPH
50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<
oil pressure U 64R RRE<

CC RBRF GOP PDOP
37 P<
UV2 PTUV
59 3U>
 Rotor overheating U
LEX PDIS SA PTOF
 Stator overheating 46
NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
VT
Main Protection Function 59N
ROV2 PTOV
UN> 59THD U3d/N
STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
Reserve Protection Function

+ REX060
STTI PHIZ
REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17,
2015
* 3Z< is a delayed reserve protection
| Slide 75
Breaker-failure protection (50BF)
 Issues a back-up trip of adjacent breaker in case of failure of the circuit

breaker of the protected object to open (i.e. to interrupt the primary
circuit)
 Its operation in most cases trips only local breakers (Gen breaker)
 Commonly uses the bus bar protection disconnector replica logic to
route its tripping command to adjacent breakers
 On units without Gen breaker, same BF considerations apply as in the
HV breakers (transient stability, DTT requirement)
 Re-trip (t1), Backup trip / bus-strip (t2), Second back-up trip timer
(t3)
 Operating mode
 Current / Contact / Current & Contact
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 76
2015
Breaker fails to open the circuit (50BF)
 Stator overcurrent or REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU
unsymmetrical currents 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

EF4 PTOC T3W PDIF
Protected object
Unit Trafo
 Y
D
 Electrical circuits 50/51
OC4 PTOC
3I>
 Rotor Y
<
Y
59N 3Uo>
ROV2 PTOV
 Consequences Y
<
60FL
SDD RFUF
81
SA PTUF
f< 78 Ucos
PSP PPAM
Y
51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>
 Rotor overheating OC4 PTOC AEG GAPC
50BF 3I> BF
ZMH PDIS
32 Pß
OEX PVPH
27 3U<
 Stator overheating G
U 64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>
ROTI PHIZ 87G 3Id/I GUP PDUP OV2 PTOV
U
 Prolonged damages caused by + REX060, REX061 GEN PDIF 40 Φ<

LEX PDIS
81 f>
SA PTOF
the fault current 46

NS2 PTOC
I2> 49 Ith
TR PTTR
Meter.
CV MMXU
Main Protection Function ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ
64S RSE<
+ REX060

REG 670*1.2
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 77
2015
Conclusion
 Stator earth faults

 Rotor earth faults
 Stator short circuits
 Stator/rotor interturn faults
 External faults
 Abnormal operation
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 78
2015
Thank you for your participation
Shortly, you will receive a link to an archive of this presentation.
To view a schedule of remaining webinars in this series, or for more
information on ABB’s protection and control solutions, visit:
www.abb.com/relion
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 79
2015
This webinar brought to you by:
ABB Power Systems Automation and Communication
• Relion Series Relays – Advanced flexible platform for protection and control
• RTU 500 Series – Proven, powerful and open architecture
• MicroSCADA - Advanced control and applications
• Tropos – Secure, robust, high speed wireless solutions
We combine innovative, flexible and open products with

engineering and project services to help our customers
address their challenges.
© ABB Group
June 17, | Slide 81
2015

2015 Generator Protection Fundamentals - JC

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This webinar brought to you by The Relion® Product Family

Next Generation Protection and Control IEDs from ABB

Generator Protection Fundamentals

June 17, | Slide

 Power Generation fundamentals

 C37.101: Guide for AC Generator Ground Protection

HV SYSTEM The power station

Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer

 Practically all unit

 Stator Earth Faults

Gen Diff + Back-up 12AI

51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

46 I2> 49 Ith Meter.

52PD PD 51/67 3I> 51V I>/U 87CT I2d/I 64R RRE<

Overall Diff + Back-up 12AI

50/51 3I> 50BF 3I> BF

87O 3Id/I 32 Pß 27 3U<

46 I2> 49 Ith 50AE U/I> Meter.

59N UN> 59THD U3d/N

June 17, | Slide 16

 Older type of design:

 Generator M1 & M2 protection

 Complete Unit Protection for Smaller

51N IN> 87N IdN/I 87T 3Id/I

< 59N 3Uo>

51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

46 I2> 49 Ith Meter.

< 60FL 59 3U> Meter.

87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith

50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos 81 f>

50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

52PD PD 51/67 3I> 51V I>/U 87CT I2d/I 64R RRE<

 The fault current from the

 Consequence of stator short circuit

 Unstabilized differential protection level

 Identical to transformer differential protection

 Vector group compensation

 Transformer ratio compensation

 Unstabilized differential protection

 Stabilized differential protection

 Endangering condition 87N

 Overcurrent 50N/51N IN> 87O 3Id/I

60FL 81 f< 78 Ucos

50BF 3I> BF 32 Pß 27 3U<

64R RRE< 37 P< 59 3U>

 Smelted stator core U

46 I2> 49 Ith Meter.

Main Protection Function VT 59N UN> 59THD U3d/N

Reserve Protection Function ROV2 PTOV STEF PHIZ

87N IdN/I 50BF 3I> BF 50/51 3I> 49 Ith Meter.

 Endangering condition REF PDIF CC RBRF OC4 PTOC TR PTTR CV MMXU

 Protected object D 50/51

 XFMR, bus work Y

51/67 3I-> 50AE U/I> 21 Z< 24 U/f>

 Heating 50BF 3I> BF

 Smelted trafo core 46

Main Protection Function VT 59N

Reserve Protection Function 64S RSE<

 Backup protection for internal short circuits in the generator

First period of Fault

 External power system OC4 PTOC