Final Speak Right Fundamental

Parts of Speech: Overview
Warm Up
What are the names of these things?
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Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 1

What is this landmark and which country?
______________________________ ________________________________
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What are the actions here:
_______________________________ _______________________________
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Describe how the pictures using one word.
_______________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________ _______________________________

Discussion
“Parts of speech” are the basic types of words that English has. Most
grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions,
prepositions and interjections. We will add one more type: articles.
It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types

of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations
and use the right word form in the right place. Here is a brief
explanation of what the parts of speech are:
A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing,

idea, living creature, quality, or action.
Noun
Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness,
arrival
A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something)

Verb or a state (being something).
Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want
An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you

something about the noun.
Adjective
Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick,
important
An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells

you how something is done. It may also tell you when or
Adverb where something happened.
Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow,
here, everywhere
A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the

Pronoun noun.
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences

Conjunction together.
Examples: but, so, and, because, or

A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun
Preposition phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence.
Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at
An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often

stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion
Interjection or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation
marks.
Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
An article is used to introduce a noun.

Article
Examples: the, a, an
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Describe the picture. What are the things you can see here? What are they doing?
(30 seconds to prepare, one minute to answer)
Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments:

Homework
List down the name of things you can see in each picture:
Living Room
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Kitchen
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Lesson 1:“Present Continuous”
Warm Up
Describe the picture below.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Describe what a friend of yours is probably doing at the moment.
(30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: Describe what you are wearing today. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Discussion
Present Continuous
“I am doing”
Structure: AM/IS/ARE + -ING
I AM DOING
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

1. Actions happening at the 2. Talking about true
time of speaking situations or ideas now
Examples: Example:
POSITIVE SENTENCE POSITIVE SENTENCE
“Sheena is cooking The population of the
world is increasing
breakfast.”
moderately.
NEGATIVE SENTENCE
NEGATIVE SENTENCE
“Zaldy is not studying
for the Progress test.” Let’s go now. It is not
raining any more.
QUESTION
“Is Matthew looking QUESTION
Is your English getting
for Kate?”
better?
Exercises: Make your own sentences in the three patterns of “Present Continuous”.
Positive: Negative: Question:
1. 1. 1.
Present
Continuous:
2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are you doing this year to improve yourself? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments
Task 2: Why are you learning English? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 3: What are some important things happening in your country today? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)

Homework
Complete the dialogue below using PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.
Rosanna: Hi, John. Nice to see you. What ______________ (do) these days?
John: Hi, Rosanna. I ______________________ (work) in a hotel near the beach.

I ______________ (like) it a lot because it's so interesting. And you? _____________ (still
study) French at the college?
Rosanna: Yes. I ________________________ (not like) it very much because we have to

work too much. But one good thing is that I ________________ (write) to a French boy who
lives in Marseilles. It helps with my French. _____________________ (go) to work now?
John: No, I _________________ (go) to the supermarket to do some shopping. Do you want
to come with me?
Rosanna: I can't, sorry. I ________________ (go) to a cafe to meet my friend Melissa. She
(help) me with my thesis. I will telephone you tomorrow.
John: OK, speak to you tomorrow. Bye.
Interview someone and ask this person the following questions:
Name of interviewee: ______________________________
What course are you studying?
What is the number of the room

you are staying at?
What are you feeling now? (at the

moment of interview)
Why are you studying Enlish?
Do you think you are improving

your skills here?
Are you enjoying your time with

your teachers?

Lesson 2: Present Continuous:Future Meaning
Warm Up
What’s the next big decision you’re going to make?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are you going to do after all your classes? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: Talk about your future plans for your career? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Discussion
We form “be going to” with present tense of “be + going to + verb”. The “be” in the “be
going to” is often turned into a contraction (E.g. She’s going to …)
Rule 1. Talks about intentions or things we Rule 2. Can be used to make predictions
plan to do. about future events, usually when we have
a reason or evidence for our predictions.
POSITIVE SENTENCE: POSITIVE SENTENCE:

“I am going to buy some groceries later.” “He is going to win the race. Look how far
ahead he is.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE: NEGATIVE SENTENCE:

“Natalie is not going to eat her lunch. Look at the bright sky! It is not going to
rain.”
QUESTION: QUESTION:
“Are they going to build a swimming pool?” “Aren’t they going to come to the party?”
Rule 3. Giving commands or state that something is obligatory
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“This room is a mess! You are going to pick up all of those toys right now!”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“You are not going to that party!”
TAKE NOTE:
be going to + base verb and be+Ving have both future meanings but are slightly different
from each other:
I am going to go to a doctor. I am going to a doctor.
(I plan to do the action and I decided this in (I decided it in the past and I have done some
the past) actions prior to this action, I already called the
clinic and set an appointment)
I am going to visit my parents. I’m not I am visiting my parents in Singapore next

sure about the schedule yet. week.
(I only decided, I haven’t done anything for (I already bought plane tickets and I have a
this plan) scheduled time)

Exercise: Make your own sentences using ‘be-going to’ in three patterns.
Positive Negative Question
R1 R1 R1
Be going to
R2 R2 R2
R3 R3 R3
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are you going to do after studying English? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: What are your future plans for your personal life? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute
to answer)

Homework
A. Make questions using “going to” and short B. Write the sentences using `going
answers about the weekend plans of Jose, Eli to´.
and Rafa.
1. I / buy an mp4 player.
I’m going to buy an mp4 player.
1. Eli and Rafa / get up early on Saturday?
Are Eli and Rafa going to get up early on
2. They / not / wear jeans on
Saturday?
Saturday.
No, they are going to sleep until noon.
__________________________
2. Jose / play tennis in the morning?
3. you / not / stay in Oxford.
_______________________________
__________________________
Yes, ___________________________
4. He / do an exam tomorrow.
3. Jose / watch a DVD on Saturday?
__________________________
_______________________________
5. Sally / not / invite mark to her
No, ___________________________
4. Rafa / get up early on Saturday?
_______________________________
No,
_______________________________
Interview two people about their future.
Questions: Person 1: _______________ Person 2:________________
1.What are some plans for

this weekend you have
decided in the past?
2.What are some happenings

next week you have
prepared for?

Lesson 3:“Simple Present”
Warm Up
Share some interesting facts about your country.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are your habits? Hobbies? And interests?
Task 2: What are the things you do before you go to bed?

Discussion
1. An action done repeatedly or a habitual 2. Facts or Generalizations

action
XXX
Past Present Future Past Present Future
POSITIVE SENTENCE POSITIVE SENTENCE

“She plays football.” “Duck-billed platypus is one of the
20,000 species of egg laying mammal.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE NEGATIVE SENTENCE

“Travis doesn’t wake up at 7:00 am.” “Plants don’t need water to live.”
QUESTION QUESTION
“Do they like basketball?” “Does the Earth orbits around the sun?”
3. Events in the near future that have a fixed time
Past Present Future
POSITIVE SENTENCE
“The movie starts at 8:00 p.m.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE
“The train doesn’t leave tonight at 6:00 pm.”
QUESTION
“Does the store closes at 8:00 pm?”

Exercise: Make your own sentences using Present Simple in three sentence
patterns.
1. 1. 1.
Simple Present:
2. 2. 2.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Talk about your favourite movie. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: Talk about your mother’s daily routine. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 3: Talk about your daily routine here in Philinter. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Homework
Complete the table for SIMPLE PRESENT by filling in the blanks.
POSTIVE SENTENCES NEGATIVES SENTENCES QUESTION SENTENCES

_______________________ She doesn’t like cherries. ______________________
Maureen is a model. _______________________ ______________________
_______________________ _______________________ Don’t they drive?
She writes every day. _______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________ Does she sleeps at night?
_______________________ He is not okay. _______________________
_______________________ Dylan isn’t a softball player. _______________________
Liz yells at her. ______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________ Do you buy vegetables?
_______________________ The Lakers is not the

champion.
Complete the facts about these countries: RESEARCH
Capital City: Staple Food: Most famous Sport:
Taiwan
Vietnam
Philippines
Population: Number of islands: Biggest City:
Japan
Thailand
China

Lesson 4: “Simple Past”
Warm Up
Did you follow everything your mother told you when you were a kid?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Talk about your actions yesterday. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What are some memorable events in your past? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Discussion
Simple Past:
“I did”
I DID
Past Present Future
Completed actions in the past Facts that was true for some
time in the past but isn’t now.

“He talked to the CEO yesterday.” “We worked together in the same office.”

“Samantha didn’t drink the medicine.” “She didn’t like Ivan before.”
QUESTION: QUESTION:
“Did she go the office?” “Did you have a tattoo before?”
Exercises: Make sentences about yourself using “Simple Past”
Positive Negative Negative Question

1. 1. 1.
Simple Past
2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: Tell me about some experiences you had when you were a child. (30 seconds to
prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What was the happiest memory you had in high school? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)
Task 3: How did you decide to study English in Philinter? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute
to answer)
Task 4: Talk about your worst experiences in life. Give at least three situations. (30 seconds
to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Homework
Put the verbs into the correct form (simple past).
Last year I (spend) _________________my holiday in Ireland.

It (be) _________________ great. I (travel) _________________ around by car with two
friends and we (visit) _________________ lots of interesting places. In the evenings we
usually (go) _________________ to a pub. One night we even (learn)
_________________ some Irish dances. We (be) _________________ very lucky with the
weather. It (not / rain) _________________ a lot. But we (see) _________________ some
beautiful rainbows. Where (spend / you) _________________ your last holiday?
Interview your friend about his/her last vacation.
Ask her the following questions take note of her answers:
Where did you go? ->
Where did you stay? ->
What was your reaction when you ->

arrived in the place?
What did you bring? ->
Who were with you in that ->

vacation?
What foods did you eat? ->
What places did you visit? ->
What was your reaction when you ->

arrived in the place?
Did you have any problems during ->

the trip?What was the problem?
Did you enjoy your trip? ->

Lesson 5: Simple Past (Used to)
Warm Up
Do you know someone who has experienced a very big change in their physical appearance?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Talk about your past habits. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What are the things that you used to do when you were a child?

Discussion
Function: Events/actions that often happen in the past, but no longer happen now
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“My brother used to play with barbie dolls.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“Anna didn’t use to drink orange juice every morning.”
QUESTION:
“Didn’t she used to live in the same street as us?”
“Did she used to live here?”
Functions: Things that were true but not anymore.

POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“I used to think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realized, he’s a very nice
person.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“I did not used to like eating vegetables, but now I eat them because it is
good for me.”
QUESTION:
“Did you used to live in the countryside? I can hear a different accent in your
speaking.”
REMEMBER: USED TO+base verb and AM USED TO+verb -ing are different
I used to live alone. (In the past I was alone in my apartment but now I have a roommate.)
I am used to living alone. (Now, I am comfortable with living alone it is okay for me to live by
myself.)
Exercise 1: Explain the difference of the two sentences.
I used to play basketball.

I am used to playing basketball.
I used to work overtime.

I am used to working overtime.
Exercise 2: Make sentences using used to.
Positive Negative Negative Question

1. 1. 3.
Simple Past
2. 2. 4.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What were the things you used to do when you were in college?
Task 2: Did you use to get good grades in high school? Why? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)
Homework
Complete the sentences about you and the people who are close to you. Share to your
teacher in your next meeting.
1. My mother used to ____________________________________ with me.

2. My father used to give me _____________________________________.
3. My siblings and I used to _______________________________________.
4. I used to _____________________________________ with my best friend.
5. My roommate used to ________________________________ in our room.
6. My whole family used to ___________________________ during weekends.
7. I used to _______________________________ on my birthday.
8. My high school teachers used to tell me _______________________________.
9. I used to make mistakes when I ______________________________________.
10. I used to love ____________________________________________________.
11. I used to hate_____________________________________________________.
12. I used to make ____________________________________________________.
13. I used to own _____________________________________________________.
14. I used to work as __________________________________________________.
15. I used to be _________________________________________ when I was younger.

Lesson 6: “Past Continuous”
Warm Up
What were you doing before you went to bed last night?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Talk about your last weekend experiences. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Teacher’s Comments:
Task 2: (answer Student’s Response:

immediately)
What were you doing
-at 7:00 PM last night?
-at 10:00 PM last night?
-at 3:00 AM?
-at 7:30 AM this
morning?

Discussion
Past Continuous
“I was doing”
Structure: WAS/WERE + PAST
“I started doing” “I was doing” “I finished doing”
PARTICIPLE
,
“now”
“past”
Function 1.: Talk about a situation or action Function 2: Actions that were both
that happening
continued for a period of time or at a at the same time in the past.
specific time
in the past and was completed in the past.

“The workers were repairing the roads at “My roommate was talking on the phone
7:00 PM.” while
I was watching the TV.”

“She was not paying attention during the “My friend wasn’t paying attention to the
discussion.” teacher while he was discussing.”
QUESTION: QUESTION:
“Were you sleeping at 2:30 PM?” “Were you sleeping while I was studying?”

Function 3: Talk about a first action in the past interrupted by another a second action in
the past.
Action 1: Sleep – interrupted action, first started (past continuous form)

Action 2: Call –interrupting action, happened in the middle of/during the first action (past
form)
POSITIVE: “I was sleeping when James called me on my phone.
NEGATIVE: I wasn’t sleeping when you called. I was taking a shower.
QUESTION: Were you sleeping when I called earlier?
Exercises: Make sentences using the three patterns for the “Past Continuous”
F1 F1 F1
Past
Continuous
F2 F2 F2
F3 F3 F3
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Talk about some activities you were doing yesterday which was interrupted by
another person. (answer immediately)

Task 2: Answer directly the following questions.
What were you doing while your teacher was teaching you in your previous class?
What were your friends doing while you were making your homework last night?
What subject were you studying before this class?
What were you doing before you went inside this cubicle?
Homework
Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive).
1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) _______________________ monopoly.

2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) _______________________ dinner.
3. The kids (play) _______________________ in the garden when it suddenly began to
rain.
4. I (practice) _______________________ the guitar when he came home.
5. We (not / cycle) _______________________ all day.
6. While Alan (work) _______________________ in his room, his friends
(swim) _______________________ in the pool.
7. I tried to tell them the truth but they (not / listen ) _______________________.
8. What (you / do) _______________________ yesterday?
9. Most of the time we (sit) _______________________ in the park.
10. I (listen) _______________________ to the radio while my sister
(watch) _______________________ TV.
Write correct sentences:
Yesterday at 6 pm your family were doing different things. Write positive sentences in past
progressive.
My mother / read / a novel ________________________________________________
My father / watch / a movie ________________________________________________
My elder sister / writing / in her diary _________________________________________
My two brothers / listen / to the radio _________________________________________
My little sister and I / not / watch / a movie _____________________________________
We / talk / about school ____________________________________________________

Lesson 7: “Present Perfect”
Warm Up
What are some strange foods you’ve eaten?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Have you ever done something really crazy? What was it?
Task 2: Have you ever experienced something very embarrassing?


Discussion
Present perfect is used in the following situations: Structure: HAS/HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
__________________________________________________________________________________
Experience: “I have eaten ‘balut’ in the Philippines.”

(I have experienced this action or situation in the past)
NOTE: The action is the important information in this sentence pattern not the
specific time it happened. If the time is more important for the conversation,
you must use ‘Simple Past”
“I ate balut in the Philippines last year.”
Recently Finished “I have just finished my homework! Finally, I can go to bed.”

Actions: “I have just eaten a heavy breakfast so I am full now.”
(The action finished recently, so present perfect must be used.)
Action for a “I have worked in Philinter for two years.”

period of time: “I have stayed here for two months.”
(The action started in the past but continues in the present)
NOTE: Only verbs related to LIVE and WORK can be used in this specific rule.
Present perfect Continuous must be used for other verbs that started in the
past continues in the present:
I have been studying here for three months. (until now I am still studying here)
I have worked here for two years. = I have been working here for two years.
(These two sentences are technically acceptable for the same situation.)
Unfinished “I haven’t seen her today.”

period of time: “I have eaten breakfast today.”
(“Today” is the period of time which is not yet finished, and if we talk about
actions that has not yet and has been we must use present perfect tense)
I haven’t done my report for this week.”

I have received my electric bill for this month.”

Exercises: Make real life sentence examples using the four rules of present perfect:
Experience:
Positive
Sentence:______________________________________________________________________
Negative
Sentence:_____________________________________________________________________
Question:__________________________________________________________________________
Recently Finished Actions:
Positive
Sentence:______________________________________________________________________
Negative
Sentence:_____________________________________________________________________
Action for a period of time:
Positive
Sentence:______________________________________________________________________
Negative
Sentence:_____________________________________________________________________
Question:___________________________________________________________________
Unfinished period of time:
Positive
Sentence:______________________________________________________________________
Negative
Sentence:_____________________________________________________________________
Question:___________________________________________________________________
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are some things you have done which are unforgettable?

Task 2: What are some tasks you must finish this week but you haven’t yet?
Task 3: What are some countries or places in other you have visited? Give at least three.
Describe them.
Homework
Interview some people and ask them these interesting “have you ever” questions. Give your
own answers too.
Questions: YOU Friend: Teacher:

____________ ___________
Have you ever travelled by yourself? Where?
Have you ever fallen in love at first sight? Who?
Have you ever stolen something? What was it?
Have you ever dumped someone?
Have you ever cheated on your bf/gf?
Have you ever cheated on a test?
Have you ever found money on the street?How
much?
Have you ever sung in a KTV bar?
Have you ever been rejected by someone you liked?
Have you ever gotten really drunk?
Have you ever been caught by your parents doing
something weird? What were you doing?
Have you ever danced in a clud?
Have you ever eaten bizarre foods?

Lesson 8:“Present Perfect Continuous”
Warm Up
What kinds of movies have you been watching recently?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What have you been doing with on your free time?
Task 2: Who have you been talking for the past days? Share some things you talked about.

Discussion
Present Perfect Continuous

“I have been doing”
Structure: HAS/HAVE + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Function 1: An action started in the past and continues in the present
Past Present Future

POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“I have been waiting for Jake.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“They have been paying attention to the professor.”
QUESTION:
“How long has it been raining?”
Exercises: Make sentences using the three patterns for the “Present Perfect Continuous”.

1. 1. 1.
Present Perfect
Continuous
Tense 2. 2. 2.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Have you been studying English hard? How? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Task 2: How long have you been using a mobile phone? What have you been using your
phone for? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 3: What are some things you have been doing that you want to change? Give at least
three. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Homework
Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect progressive).
He (work) in this company since 1985.

I (wait) for you since two o'clock.
Mary (live) in Germany since 1992.
Why is he so tired? He (play) tennis for five hours.
How long (learn / you) English?
We (look for) the motorway for more than an hour.
I (live) without electricity for two weeks.
The film (run / not) for ten minutes yet, but there's a commercial break
already.
How long (work / she) in the garden?
She (not / be) in the garden for more than an hour.

Lesson 8: “Past Perfect”
Warm Up
What happened to the boy?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What had you done

-before you ate breakfast?
-before you came here?
-before you slept last night?
-before you finished your homework last night?
Task 2: What are some things you had done which you hesitated at first? (30 seconds to

Discussion
Past Perfect
“I had done”
Structure: HAd + PAST PARTICIPLE
Had done
“now”
“past”
Function 1: Talks about things that happened before another action in the past.
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“You had studied English before you moved to New York.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“The house was dirty. They hadn’t cleaned it for weeks.”
QUESTION:
“How much had he drunk before you got him?”
Exercises: Make sentences using the three patterns for the “Past Perfect”
1. 1. 1.
Past Perfect
2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What had someone done to you that made you very happy? (30 seconds to prepare,
1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What had someone asked you that made you feel nervous? (30 seconds to prepare,
1 minute to answer)
Homework
Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple).
The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) ___________________.
He (not / be) ___________________ to Cape Town before 1997.
When she went out to play, she (do / already) ___________________ her homework.
My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make) ___________________.
The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) ___________________ six weeks before.
The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) ___________________.
I could not remember the poem we (learn) ___________________ the week before.
The children collected the chestnuts that (fall) ___________________ from the tree.
(he / phone) ___________________ Angie before he went to see her in London?
She (not / ride) ___________________ a horse before that day.

Lesson 10: “Past Perfect Continuous”
Warm Up
How long had you been studying English before you arrived in this school?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: How much of your salary had been going into your savings?
Task 2: What had you been doing before you came to the Philippines? (30 seconds to

Discussion
Past Perfect Continuous
“I had been doing”
Structure: HAD + BEEN + -ING
I had been doing

“now”
“past”
Function1: Something had been happening for a period of time before something else
happened.
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“The kids had been playing soccer before it started to rain.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“Marie went to the hospital last Tuesday. He hadn’t been feeling well for some time.”
QUESTION:
“Had they been drinking alcohol before I arrived?
Function 2: Present Evidence: Usually in positive sentence form.
“The street is wet. It had been raining.”

“The little boy’s clothes are dirty. He had been playing in the mud.”
Exercises: Make sentences using the three patterns for the “Past Perfect” Function 1
1. 1. 1.
Past Perfect
Continuous
2. 2. 2.

Exercise: Look at the pictures, what had they been doing?
The girl lying on the floor had been

____________________________.
The sleeping girl had been

____________________________.
The man had been

____________________________.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What had your mom been doing the last time you saw her very tired? What did you
do for her that time? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What had you been feeling after your first week here? Why had you been feeling
that emotion?
Homework
Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect progressive).
We (sleep) ________________________ for 12 hours when he woke us up.

They (wait) ________________________ at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally
arrived.
We (look for) ________________________ her ring for two hours and then we found it in the
bathroom.
I (not / walk) ________________________ for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.
How long (learn / she) ________________________ English before she went to London?
Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he (sing) ________________________ in the rain too long.
He (drive) ________________________less than an hour when he ran out of petrol.
They were very tired in the evening because they (help) ______________________on the farm all
day.

Lesson 11: Simple Future
Warm Up
What do you think is the future of the world?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What will your life be like in 5 years? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: How will education change in the future? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Discussion
“Will” is used to talk about the future. When using the modal will, they are expressing
intentionality or certainty. In speech and informal writing will is often shortened to ‘ll for
affirmative or won’t for negative.
Functions of “Will”
Make predictions and certainty Promises, request, and warnings

“The sun will rise tomorrow.” “We’ll help your paint your house.”
“Humans will not land on the moon again in “Do your homework or you’ll get a bad
the next 10 years.” grade in class.”
“Will aliens visit us?” “Will lock the door, please?”
Offers and suggestions Agreeing to do something

“I will help you with your bags.” “Fine, I will tell him about it.”
“I’ll take you to the airport.” “Sure, I’ll give it to you.”
“Will you take this gift as a sign of love?”
Exercises: Make sentences using the “Will”.
Predictions Offers and Suggestions Promises Warnings
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: Will you be able to speak English fluently in the future? How will you do it?
Task 2: Talk about some predictions about your own future.

About: Your career
Your love life
Your personal attitudes and characteristics
Task 3: Talk about the future of your country? What are some things that you think will happen?

Homework
Use “will” in making the positive, negative, and question form of the sentences.
1. Harry / cause / trouble
Positive: ___________________________________________
Negative: __________________________________________
Question: __________________________________________
2. Yuu / copy / the homework
Positive: __________________________________________
Negative: __________________________________________
Question: __________________________________________
3. The clouds / disappear
Positive: __________________________________________
Negative: __________________________________________
Question: __________________________________________
4. He / marry / his girlfriend
Positive: __________________________________________
Negative: __________________________________________
Question: __________________________________________
5. The snowman / melt
Positive: __________________________________________
Negative: __________________________________________
Question: __________________________________________

Lesson 12: “Modals”
Warm Up
What are the things that you must do as a student?
Talk about some things that foreigners should not do when they visit your country.

Discussion
MODAL RULES:
CAN
present ability “I can dance ballet.”
present possibility “I can join the party because I have no homework.”
request “Can I use your phone?”
suggestion “We can go to Ayala, there are many restaurants

there.”
expressing disbelief “You can’t be serious!”
“You can’t be Filipino! Your skin is too light!
List down 5 abilities you have:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ask your teacher if he/she has the same abilities.
COULD
past ability “My grandmother could dance ballet when she was
young.”
present possibility “I could join the party because I have no

homework.”
polite request “Could I use your phone?”
polite suggestion “You could ride the bus instead of using the
subway.”
List down three things you could do this weekend.

1.
2.
3.

MAY
possibility 50% “I may go to a grocery store later.”
asking and giving A: “May I sit on this chair?”

permission
B: “Yes, you may sit there. Nobody has taken that
seat.”
wishes “May you have a healthy baby.”
MIGHT
possibility 50% “I might go to a grocery store later.”
(less probable)
unreal situation “If I had one million dollars, I might buy a car.”
List down 50% possible actions after you finish all your class:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MUST
necessity “have “You must go to the hospital! You are burning up!”
to/need to”
strong “You must read this book.”
recommendation
strong advice “You must practice speaking every day.”
assumption based on “Your eyes are red, you must be sleepy.”
evidence (must be+adj)
List down some strong recommendations of the following:
TV Show:
Movie:
Song:

Book:
SHOULD
advice “You should get a part-time job to solve your
financial challenges.”
recommendation “You should try this, it tastes good!”
giving person “I believe we should learn to protect our
environment.”
List down some things a student should do to improve their English Skills:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HAD BETTER
expresses action that “I had better go home, it is already past midnight!”
must be followed; if not
there will be a
consequence
NEED NOT
“don’t need to” “You need not help me. I can handle things by
myself.

Speaking Activity
What are some rules in your country that must be followed by foreigners?
Explain the reasons why you have to study English?

What are the things you must do in order to be successful? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer
Why do we have to work hard? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)


What are some obligations of parents towards children?
What are some things a person ought to do to get a job?

What are some things parents had better teach their children?
(30 seconds to prepare 1 minute to answer)
What are two things a person ought to do at work?


What are some things you should do to improve your English skills?
What can a government possibly do to end poverty?

What are some goals you might accomplish in the future?

What are some things your parents told you when you were young that might not be true?

Homework
Use the correct modal for the following sentences.
1. I ________ eat out with my friends or just go home immediately.
2. _________ I borrow your pen for a moment sir?
3.You __________ study. You have a long test tomorrow in school.
4.You__________ help me. I have just finished my homework.
5.You __________ read Nicholas Sparks novels! They are the best.
6.My brother __________ play the piano until he got into an accident.
7.Mother, ___________ you help me with my homework?
8.Everyone ___________ exercise daily.
9.Your hands are very cold, you _________ nervous.
10. I ___________ sing but my brother ___________.
Ask someone about his abilities in the present:

_______________________________ _______________________________
________________________________ _______________________________
Ask your teachers about his/her possible plans (50%):
________________________________ ______________________________
_________________________________ ______________________________
Ask your roommate about the things you should do when you visit his/her
house/country:
_______________________________ _______________________________
________________________________ _______________________________
Ask a person of opposite sex what you must do to be noticed by him/her:

_______________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________ ________________________________

Lesson 13:“Conditionals Real with the Present (Zero Conditional)”
Warm Up
What would you if you receive a bad service in a restaurant?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What do you do if you’re bored? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: Who do you talk to if you have a problem? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Discussion
Zero conditional is used to talk about things that always happen or things that happen
same way every time.
Structure: If + Present Simple + Present Simple
Example:
If I forget my homework, my teacher gets angry.
IF + CONDITIONAL + CONSEQUENCE
CLAUSE CLAUSE
(Present Simple) (Present Simple)
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“If I am bored, I read a book.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“If you don’t heat water to 100 degrees, it doesn’t boil.”
QUESTION:
“When do you wake up if you have to work?”
“Where do you go if you want to read a book?”
Exercises: Make sentences using the three patterns for the First Conditional Structure.
1. 1. 1.
Zero
Conditional
2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: If a friend asks for love advice what do you tell them?? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)
Task 2: What do you do if your boss gives you a lot of tasks? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)
Task 3: What do you do when you are stressed? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Homework
Finish the sentences logically using Zero Conditional.
What do you do if …
1. … you run out of food in your house?

____________________________________________________________________.
2. … have a big test the next day?
____________________________________________________________________.
3. … your siblings use your stuff?
____________________________________________________________________.
4. … you fail at doing something?
____________________________________________________________________.
5. … you have no money?
____________________________________________________________________.
Ask the same questions to your closest friend here in Philinter and write down his/her
answers below.
1._________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 14: “Conditionals Real with the Future (First Conditional)”
Warm Up
What will you do if you win the jackpot?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: If humans continue to develop technology, what will happen?
Task 2: What will you do if World War III happens? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Discussion
First Conditional is common when talking about possible plans, promises, warnings, threats or
for persuading someone. We are predicting a likely result in the future if a condition is fulfilled.
Structure: If + Present Simple + Future Simple
Example:
If I finish my homework, my teacher will be happy.
IF CONDITIONAL CONSEQUENCE
+ +
CLAUSE CLAUSE
(Present Simple) (Future Simple)
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
If I go to Paris next month, I will visit the Eiffel Tower.
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
If you walk slowly, you won't catch the bus.
QUESTION:
What will you do if the train is full tomorrow?
What will you do if you miss your family and friends?
Exercises: Make sentences using the three patterns for the First Conditional Structure.
1. 1. 1.
First Conditional
2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What will you do first if there is an earthquake? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: What will you do if you have fluent English skills? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute
to answer)
Task 3: What will you do if you have fluent English skills? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute
to answer)

Homework
Complete the table by using First Conditional.
PLANS WARNINGS PROMISES

Lesson 15: “Conditionals Unreal with the Present (Second Conditional)”
Warm Up
Where would you go if you could fly?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: If you had only one week to live, what would you do?
30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What year would you travel to if you had a time machine?

Discussion
Second Conditional is used to talk about imaginary situations that are not true or
unlikely. The unreal condition does not refer to the past but refers to the present or
future.
Structure: If + Simple Past + would + Present Tense
Example:
If I had a longer vacation, I would travel around Asia.
CONDITIONAL CONSEQUENCE
IF CLAUSE + CLAUSE
+
(Simple Past) (Would + Present
Tense)
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
If I won a lot of money, I would buy a big house in the country.
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
If you didn’t smoke, you would feel a lot better now.
QUESTION:
Where would you live if you could live anywhere in the world?
If you could go on a date with anyone in the world, who would it be?
Exercises: Make sentences using the three patterns for the Present Perfect Tense.
1. 1. 1.
Second
Conditional
2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What would you do if you were elected the leader of your country? (30 seconds to
Task 2: What would you tell yourself if you could go back in time and talk to your younger
self? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Homework
Provide imaginary situations that are impossible to happen. Use the structure of second
conditional.
1. If I _________________ (be) you, I _________________ (get) a new job.

2. If he _________________ (be) younger, he _________________ (travel) more.
3. If we _________________ (not / be) friends, I _________________ (be) angry with you.
4. If I _________________ (have) enough money, I _________________ (buy) a big house.
5. If she _________________ (not / be) always so late, she _________________ (be)
promoted.
6. If we _________________ (win) the lottery, we _________________ (travel) the world.
7. If you _________________ (have) a better job, we _________________ (be) able to buy a
new car
8. If I _________________ (speak) perfect English, I _________________ (have) a good job.
9. If we _________________ (live) in Mexico, I _________________ (speak) Spanish.
10. If she _________________ (pass) the exam, she _________________ (be) able to enter
university

Lesson 16: “Conditional Unreal with the Past (Third Conditional)”
Warm Up
Would you have been happier if you had been born in another country? Which country
would you have wanted to be born in?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What would you have done if you had heard some footsteps in your house while
you’re alone?(30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: If you had been born a different gender, would your personality be different? (30
seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Discussion
Third conditional is used to talk about past imaginary situation and the possible
outcomes of that imaginary situation.
Structure: If + Past Perfect + would have + Past Participle
Example:
If I had studied a different major in the university, my life would have been very different.
CONDITIONAL CONSEQUENCE
IF + CLAUSE + CLAUSE
(Past Perfect) (Would have + PP)
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad.
QUESTION:
Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?
If you hadn't come to the Philippines, where would you have studied?
Exercises: Make sentences using the three modal of advice.
1. 1. 1.
Third
Conditional
2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: Think of a time when someone helped you with something, what would you have
done without their help? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What piece of knowledge would have changed your life if you had known it? (30
Homework
In this exercise, you will practice forming the Third Conditional. Based on the example
sentence, complete the third conditional sentence by filling in the spaces.
Sample situation: I didn't pass the test, because I hadn't studied hard enough.
Answer: "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test."
1. He crashed his car, because he fell asleep while driving.

If he ____________________asleep while driving, he ____________________ his car.
2. We couldn't go to the concert, because we didn't have enough money.

If we ____________________ enough money, we ____________________ to the concert.
3. I lost my job because I was late for work.

I ____________________ my job if I ____________________ late for work.
4. The wind was so strong that the bridge collapsed.

If the wind ____________________ so strong, the bridge ____________________.
5. I couldn't call Sally because I had lost her number.

I ____________________ Sally if I ____________________ her number.

Lesson 17: “Gerunds and Infinitives 1”
Warm Up
What do you miss most about your childhood?
Speaking Activity
Task 1:What are some things you started to do but didn’t finish?
Task 2: What are some activities you dislike? Why? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Discussion
Gerund Examples
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
Jogging is a hobby of mine.
Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:
Daniel quit smoking a year ago.
Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:
I look forward to helping you paint the house.
Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses also apply to gerunds.
Some verbs and verb phrases are directly followed a gerund:

Paul avoids using chemicals on the vegetables he grows.
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive without causing a change in
meaning:
Some people prefer getting up early in the morning.
Some people prefer to get up early in the morning
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive but with a change in meaning:
He remembered sending the fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax)
He remembered to send the fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)
Infinitive Examples
Infinitives can be used as an object following the verb:
Jim always forgets to eat.
a subject at the beginning of a sentence:
To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money.
an adverb modifying a verb:
You promised to buy me a diamond ring.
an adjective modifying a noun:
Tara has the ability to succeed.
Some verbs are directly followed by an infinitive:
Do you want to call your family now?
Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an infinitive:
He convinced Catherine to become vegetarian.
He advised me to sell all my shares of stock.
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a change in
meaning:
Will you continue working after you give birth?
Will you continue to work after you give birth?
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund but with a change in meaning:
He stopped drinking coffee. (He never drank coffee again.)
He stopped to drink coffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank some coffee.)

Verbs commonly followed by a Gerund
1- After verbs that express likes/dislikes :
 like
 love
 enjoy
 dislike
 hate
 can’t bare
 can’t stand
Example:
" I like playing soccer but I hate boxing."
Note "like/love/hate..." can be also followed by an infinitive:
I like to watch TV in the evening.
2- After verbs such as :

Verbs Examples
admit He admitted stealing the wallet.
advise I wouldn't advise buying a used car.
allow They don't allow smoking here. (Note that when an object is introduced an
infinitive is used instead of a gerund: they allowed us to leave early.)
anticipate He anticipated passing the exam.
avoid She avoided meeting him.
appreciate I appreciate working with you.
complete They completed building their house.
consider She considered starting a new business.
delay She delayed doing her homework.
deny He denied stealing the money.
fancy Fancy meeting you here!
finish She finished writing the letter.
go go swimming.
imagine He imagines meeting her.
involve the job involves working in teams.
keep He keeps complaining about his girlfriend.

mention He mentioned working in that company.
mind Would you mind helping me?
miss He misses talking to her.
permit The don't permit smoking here. (Note that, like allow, when an object is
introduced an infinitive is used instead of a gerund: they permitted us to leave
early.)
postpone They postponed traveling to Japan.
practice She practiced painting.
reject He rejected working with them.
resist He couldn't resist eating the cake.
risk She risks losing her job.
suggest I suggest leaving early.
waste Don't waste my time complaining.

time/money
3- After prepositions
 aim at
 keep on
 interested in
 instead of
 good at
 before ...
 after ...
Example:
"I am interested in collecting stamps."

"After playing football I drank an orange juice".
4- After some expressions :
 It's no use ...

 It's no good ...
 There's no point in ...
 I can't help...
 I don't mind...
 I can't stand/bear...
" It's no use convincing him to meet her. "

Verbs that can be followed by an infinitive
1- After verbs that generally refer to a future event:
Verbs Examples
afford We can't afford to buy a new car.
agree She agreed to help him.
aim The government aims to reduce illiteracy rates
arrange He arranged to stay at a hotel.
attempt He attempted to join them.
choose He chose to stay at home.
consent She consented to marry him.
decide They decided to go to the movies.
deserve He deserves to be punished.
demand He demanded to speak to Mrs. Lynch
endeavor They endeavor to provide the best possible service
expect They expected to arrive early.
fail He failed to convince him.
happen They happened to be at the theatre when we met them.
help She helped me to do the exercise. (Note, help is also followed by a bare infinitive: She
helped me do the exercise.)
hope I hope to join you as soon as possible.
intend She intends to write an autobiography.
learn He learned to play the guitar when he was young.
manage He managed to do his homework without his mother's help.
need I need to find a job.
offer He offers to help us.
plan He plans to follow a career as an engineer.
pretend The child pretended to be asleep.
proceed He proceeded to show us how to use the machine.
promise She promised to come on time.

refuse She refused to forgive him.
seem He seemed to be unhappy.
swear I swear to tell the truth.
threaten He threatened to reveal her secret.
volunteer He always volunteers to help the needy.
want I want to finish my work early.
would He would hate to lose.

hate
would like He would like to drink a cup of tea.
would I would love to meet you.

love
2- After adjectives
 be determined
 be disappointed
 be glad
 be happy
 be pleased
Examples:
"I'm glad to know that you passed the exam."

"I'm pleased to meet you."
"I'm disappointed to hear that you flunked maths."
3- After "too" & "enough":
too difficult
easy enough
Example:
"It's too difficult to convince him to be helpful."

" But it's easy enough to fool him to get what you want."

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are some things you enjoy doing every day? How about every week?
Task 2: What do you miss most about your childhood? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Homework
Choose the correct gerund or infinitive from the parenthesis at the end of the sentence.
She likes to get up early in the morning.
1. 1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)

2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)
3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals _______. (fighting / to fight)
4. As the famous saying goes, there’s no use ______ over spilt milk. (crying / to cry)
5. Jim stopped _________ his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie)
6. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake)
7. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to complain)
8. Eva is having trouble _________ on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate)
9. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)
10. You won’t forget _________milk on your way home, will you? (picking up /to pick up)

Lesson18: “Gerunds and Infinitives 2”
Warm Up
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are some things you forgot doing in the past?
Task 2:What are some things you regret doing in the past?(30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute
to answer)

Discussion
forget
GERUND INFINITIVE
looks back in the past looks into the future
He'll never forget spending so much money on his first Don't forget to spend money on the
computer. tickets.
action was not done/action was

action was done in the past but was forgotten
forgotten by the doer
I forgot talking to her last week. I forgot to talk to her.
go on
GERUND INFINITIVE
to continue with the same thing to change the activity
Go on reading the text. Go on to read the text.
mean
GERUND INFINITIVE
sth. has to be done to get a result intend to do sth.
You have forgotten your homework again. I meant to phone your mother, but my mobile
That means phoning your mother. didn't work.

regret
GERUND INFINITIVE
you did sth in the past and you are not

to tell bad news and you are not happy about it
happy about it
We regret to inform you that the flight has beeen

I regret being late for school.
delayed for another two hours.
remember
GERUND INFINITIVE
looks back in the past looks into the future
I remember switching off the lights when I Remember to switch off the lights when you go
went on holiday. on holiday.
stop
GERUND INFINITIVE
to stop with an activity to stop in order to do sth.
I stopped smoking. I stopped to smoke.
try
GERUND INFINITIVE
to see if doing something will be successful or

to see the result of doing something
not
-completed action with result
-usually action was not completed

GERUND INFINITIVE
to see if doing something will be successful or

to see the result of doing something
not
-completed action with result
-usually action was not completed
It was really hot last night. I tried opening I tried to open the window last night but it
the window but it didn't help was jammed.
The following words are a little more tricky.
LIKE
I like reading books. = I like to read books.

There is normally no difference in meaning.
Use the Gerund when like is used in the sense of 'enjoy'.
Example: I like riding my bike.
Use the Infinitive when you do sth. in the sense of a habit.
Example: I like to do my homework in the afternoon.
(I think, it is good to do my homework in the afternoon).
Mind the following examples:
I like watching films.
I would like to watch the film.

BE AFRAID
Use the Gerund when you worry about sth.
I'm afraid of having an accident.
In other cases there is no difference in meaning whether we use Gerund or Infinitive.
I'm afraid to go by bike on this road. = I'm afraid of going by bike on this road.
NEED
If we use a Gerund after need, then the sentence has a passive meaning:
The window needs cleaning.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are some things you are afraid of? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: What are some things you like doing and you like to do?

Lesson 19: “Relative Clauses”
Warm Up
What is an intelligent person for you?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What is an interesting person for you? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What is a good president for you?(30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Discussion
A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing the speaker
means.
Relative clauses:
Who/ That– used when we are talking about people (not things)
The woman - she lives across the street – is a lawyer.
The woman who lives across the street is a lawyer.
Note: You can also use “that” (instead of who) but you can’t use “which” for people:
The woman that lives across that street is a lawyer.
That/Which – used when talking about things.
Where is the charger? – it was on the table
Where is the charger was on the table?
That/Where- used when talking about places
The restaurant has a cheap menu. -> I ate a lot of salad in that restaurant.
The restaurant where I ate a lot of salad has a cheap menu.

Exercise: Make your own sentences in the three patterns for each tense.
Who Where Which
1. 1. 1.
Relative Clause
2. 2. 2.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Describe what a good teacher is for you. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: Describe your ideal husband/wife. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Homework
Explains what the words mean.

1. (an architect) – an architect is someone who designs buildings.
2. (a police) - __________________________________________________________.
3. (coward) - __________________________________________________________.
4. (lawyer) - ___________________________________________________________.
5. (teacher) - __________________________________________________________.
6. (an atheist) - _________________________________________________________.
7. (a chef) - _____________________________________________________________.
8. ( a wrestler) - _________________________________________________________.
9. (a broadcaster) - _______________________________________________________.
10. ( a soldier) -
___________________________________________________________.
Ask your friend the following questions. Don’t forget to ask some details and take note of
his answers.
Do you know someone who has eaten exotic food?

___________________________________________________________________________
Do you know a restaurant where the food taste great but is cheap?
___________________________________________________________________________
Do you know an application which can help you study English?
___________________________________________________________________________
Have you met someone who was famous?
___________________________________________________________________________
Have you visited a place where people still wear traditional clothes?
___________________________________________________________________________
Have you used a TV which can connect to the internet?
___________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 20: “Reported Speech/ Indirect Speech”
Warm Up
What is the funniest/ scariest thing someone told you?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What was a surprising question that someone asked you?

Task 2: What’s something strange someone said to you recently?

Student’s Response:

Discussion
Study the diagram.
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

She said (that) she liked ice cream. (if now she
doesn’t like it anymore)
present
“I like ice cream.”
simple
She said (that) she likes ice cream. (if she still
likes ice cream until now)
She said (that) she was living in London.(if you

know she is not living there anymore)
present “I am living in
continuous London.”
She said (that) she is living in London. (if you
know that she is still living in that place)
past simple “I bought a car.” She said (that) she had bought a car.
past “I was walking She said (that) she had been walking along the
continuous along the street.” street.
present “I haven't seen

She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
perfect Julie.”
“I had taken
She said (that) she had taken English lessons
past perfect* English lessons
before.
before.”

will “I'll see you later.” She said (that) she would see me later.
“I would help,
would* She said (that) she would help but...
but..””
“I can speak perfect

can She said (that) she could speak perfect English.
English.”
“I could swim when She said (that) she could swim when she was
could*
I was four.” four.
shall “I shall come later.” She said (that) she would come later.
“I should call my
should* She said (that) she should call her mother
mother.”
might* “I might be late.” She said (that) she might be late
“I must study at the She said (that) she must study at the weekend
must
weekend.” OR She said she had to study at the weekend

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What is something your parents said that you always remember?
Task 2: What is something your country’s current leader said that touched the people?
Task 3: What is something your boss said which motivated you to work?

Homework
Change the direct speech into reported speech:
1. “Please help me carry this”

She asked me ______________________________________________________
2. “Please come early”

She ______________________________________________________________
3. “Please buy some milk”

She ______________________________________________________________
4. “Could you please open the window?”

She ______________________________________________________________
5. “Could you bring the book tonight?”

She ______________________________________________________________
6. “Can you help me with my homework, please?”

She ______________________________________________________________
7. “Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?”

She ______________________________________________________________
8. “Would you mind passing the salt?”

She ______________________________________________________________
9. “Would you mind lending me a pencil?”

She ______________________________________________________________
10. “I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?”

She ______________________________________________________________

Lesson 21:“Passive”
Warm Up
What’s your favorite book? Who was it written by?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Talk about when you were given bad service at a restaurant.
Task 2: What social media application is widely used in your country? Why?

Discussion
The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather
than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person
becomes the subject of the sentence.
Subject Verb Object
The baby ate the cake.
PASSIVE : the object in the active sentence becomes the subject in a passive sentence.
The cake was eaten by the baby.
Tense Active Passive Active sentence Passive equivalent

voice voice
Simple keep is kept I keep the butter in the fridge. The butter is kept in the fridge.
present
Present is is being John is keeping my house My house is being kept tidy.

continuous keeping kept tidy.
Simple past kept was kept Mary kept her schedule Mary's schedule was kept
meticulously. meticulously.
Past was was The theatre was keeping a A seat was being kept for you.
continuous keeping being seat for you.
kept
Present have have I have kept all your old letters. All your old letters have been
perfect kept been kept.
kept
Past had had He had kept up his training His training regimen had been
perfect kept been regimen for a month. kept up for a month.
kept

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What is the most important building in your country’s history? Who was it built by?
When was it built? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: In your opinion, what’s the greatest invention? Who was it invented by? When
where was it invented? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 3: What are some products exported by your country? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)

Homework
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. Make passive questions about the sentences as well.
1. The president gave John Brown an award.
Passive:______________________________________________________
Passive Question:______________________________________________
2. Everyone watches that show.
Passive:______________________________________________________
3. The police brought him.
Passive:______________________________________________________
4. The fire-fighters are saving the woman.
Passive:______________________________________________________
5. All the students did not understood the explanation.
Passive:______________________________________________________
6. Mrs. Richardson have made two complaints.
Passive:______________________________________________________
7. That man stole my wallet.
Passive:______________________________________________________
8. The family did not recognize the boy.
Passive:______________________________________________________
9. A snake bit him.
Passive:______________________________________________________
10. Thomas and his brother built that house.
Passive:______________________________________________________

Lesson 22: “Adjectives ending in –ing & -ed”
Warm Up
Are you satisfied with your life? Why or why not?
Who is the most inspiring person you know? Why are you inspired?

Speaking Activity
Task 1: Who is the most annoying person you know? Why is he/she annoying? (30 seconds
to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What exciting things can you do in your town? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Discussion
Adjectives are word or phrases naming an attribute, added to or grammatically

related to a noun to modify or describe it. Most of the time, adjectives ending in –ed and –
ing are often confused. An adjective that ends in -ING is used to describe:
the characteristic of a person, a thing or a situation.
An adjective that ends in -ED is used to describe: a feeling (or how a person feels) or
an emotion. It is used to describe a temporary thing. Since only people (and some animals)
have feelings, -ed adjectives cannot be used to describe an object or situation.
Compare the difference:
 My girlfriend is bored. (My girlfriend feels bored)

 My girlfriend is boring. (My girlfriend is a boring person)
-ED ADJECTIVES -ING ADJECTIVES

Sample sentences: Sample sentences:
 “I am confused.”  “I am confusing.”
 “I was very bored during the lesson. I almost  “Have you seen that film? It’s absolutely
fell asleep.” terrifying.”
 “He was surprised to see Helen. She’d told  “I could listen to him for hours. He’s one of the
him she was going to Australia.” most interesting people I’ve ever met.”

 “Feeling tired and depressed, he went to  “I can’t eat this! It’s disgusting! What is it?”
bed.”
Example sentences of adjectives ending in -ED and -ING
 This grammar lesson is boring. I am bored reading all about these grammar rules.
 I am tired right now. My flight was tiring (because it was a twelve-hour flight).
 Public toilets are usually disgusting. I am disgusted by the smell in some of them.
 Your speech was very inspiring. I am now inspired to do wonderful things with my life.
 I was shocked by how shocking the accident was last night.
 They were frightened by the frightening roller-coaster ride!
 I am annoyed by how annoying that person in front of us is.
Exercises: Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word in brackets + -ing or –
ed.
1. Donna teaches young children. It’s a very hard job, but he enjoys it. (exhaust)
a. She enjoys her, but it’s often ______________________________.
b. At the end of a day’s work, she is often ______________________________.
2. The movie wasn’t a good as we had expected. (disappoint)
a. The movie was ______________________________.
b. We were ______________________________ with the movie.
3. It’s been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress)
a. This weather is ______________________________.
b. This weather makes me ______________________________.
c. It’s silly to get ______________________________ because of her.
4. She is planning to go to Panama next month. She has never been there before. (excit…)
a. It will be an ______________________________ experience for her.
b. Going to new places is always ______________________________.
c. She is really ______________________________ about going to Panama.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What is one of the most exciting jobs you can think of? How about one of the most
boring jobs? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Task 2: What things in life are confusing? Why do you think so? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)
Homework
Choose the correct adjective (-ed or –ing) in each sentence.
1. You look really _______________ (tired/tiring). Why don't you go to bed?

2. Sit down - I've got some very _______________ (excited/exciting) news for you.
3. He's got a very _______________ (annoyed/annoying) habit of always interrupting
people.
4. I'm very _______________ (disappointed/disappointing) by your behavior.
5. Kids! You're _______________ (disgusted/disgusting)! Don't talk with your mouths
full!
6. Dogs often feel _______________ (frightened/frightening) during fireworks.
7. The metro can be _______________ (confused/confusing) the first time you use it.
8. Satoru was _______________ (shocked/shocking) to hear about the earthquake.
9. I think that rainy days in winter are _______________ (depressed/depressing)
10. She's _______________ (bored/boring) of doing the same thing every day.
11. It was the most _______________ (excited/exciting) I have been watching a film.
12. The meals at Immigrant's Cafe are _______________ (satisfied/satisfying)

Lesson 23: “Superlatives”
Warm Up
What is the most difficult thing about studying English?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Who was the most important inventor in history? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: What is the saddest movie you have seen? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Discussion
Superlatives are used when comparing something to a collective.

For adjectives with one syllable: For adjectives with two or more syllables:
adjective + est + than most/least + adjective + than

“Rona is the richest homeowner in Golden She is the most intelligent in the group.
Gate Village.”

“Aina doesn’t own the longest swimming Macy is wearing the least beautiful dress in
pool. “ the party.
QUESTION:
QUESTION: “Were they awarded as best
“Is Camille tallest girl in the class?” cinematography?”
For adjectives ending in “y”: Exceptions:

drop “y” and add -iest + than  Good – best
 Bad – worst
POSITIVE SENTENCE:  Far – furthers/ farthest
“Yomi is looking for the prettiest shoes she
could find in the mall.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
Marvin is not the funniest person I know.”
QUESTION:
“Does she really have the filthiest room of
all?”

Exercise: Make your own using superlatives.
1. 1. 1.
Superlatives
2. 2. 2.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What is the best thing you’ve done in your life? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: What is the worst thing you’ve ever done in your life? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute
to answer)

Homework
Complete the sentences.
Use the superlative form of the adjectives in brackets.
1. Who is the ______________ (tall) person in your family?
2. My mum is the ______________ (good) cook in the world.
3. December is the______________ (cold) month of the year in my country.
4. What's the______________ (dangerous) animal in the world?
5. Ethan is the______________ (happy) boy that I know.
6. Where are the______________ (nice) beaches in your country?
7. She bought the______________ (big) cake in the shop.

8. Who is the______________ (famous) singer in your country?
Who is the…..person you know?
1.tallest ->________________________
2.shortest->________________________
3.most beautiful->________________________
4.most hardworking->________________________
5.coolest ->________________________
6.funniest ->________________________
7.smartest->________________________
8.sweetest->________________________
9.cutest->________________________
10. most courageous ->________________________

Lesson 24: “Comparatives”
Warm Up
Which is worse for your health, smoking or drinking?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Does technology make the world better or worse? Why?

Task 2: Is it better to study English in face to face or online?


Discussion
Comparatives are used when comparing two things.
For adjectives with one syllable: For adjectives with two or more syllables:
adjective + er + than more/less + adjective + than
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“His bag is bigger than mine.” POSITIVE SENTENCE:
This ring is more expensive than that one.
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“Aira is not taller than Anna.” NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
Leslee is less intelligent than Newton.
QUESTION:
“Is she smarter than a 5th grader?” QUESTION:
“Who is more energetic, yellow team or red

team?”
For adjectives ending in “y”:
drop “y” and add -ier + than
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
Kevin Heart is funnier than James Corden. Exceptions:
 good – better
 bad – worse
NEGATIVE SENTENCCE:  far – farther/ further
She doesn’t look happier now.
QUESTION:
Is she better than me?

Exercises: Make sentences using COMPARATIVES.
1. 1. 1.
Comparatives
2. 2. 2.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Which is more important in choosing a job, salary or passion?

Task 2: Who is more influential, politicians or celebrities? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute
to answer)

Homework
Write the comparative form of the adjectives.
Finding an Apartment
My wife and I need a new place to live. We spent the past week-end looking at
apartments. We found two apartments that we like but we can’t decide which one we
like ________________ (good). I like the first apartment that we saw. It
is ________________ (close) to work. It is in a ________________ (new),
________________ (clean) building. The inside is ________________ (bright) because it
has________________ (big) windows. The view is ________________ (nice) too.
Unfortunately, it is ________________ (expensive). The rent is too high. My wife likes the
second apartment that we saw. It is in an ________________ (old) building and it is in
a ________________ (interesting) neighborhood. The apartment has ________________
(larger) rooms. The rent is ________________ (cheap). Unfortunately, it is
________________ (far) from work than the other apartment. It would take both us
________________ (long) to get to work.
Complete the ideas of each sentence.
1. ____________________ is better than me at ________________________.
2. My mother can ________________________ better than my father.
3. My sister/brother is worse at _______________________ than me.
4. ___________________ is more difficult than ______________________.
5. ___________________ is more painful than _______________________.
6. I am more emotional than _____________________________.
7._____________________ is more efficient in my workplace than

________________________.
8.____________________ is a better idea for an outing than

___________________________.

Lesson 25: “As … As (Equatives)”
Warm Up
What is something that is as difficult to learn as math?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Are books as entertaining as movies? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: Are your friends as supportive as your parents? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Discussion
Equatives are used to compare two things that are equal in the quality that you are
describing. For things or people are not the same, we use not as … as. We can use adjective,
adverb, or a quantifier with (not) as … as.
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS QUANTIFIERS
 Greg makes as much

 Dan is as tall  Jack eats as quickly as money as Mick
as his father. Susan. but not as much
as Neil.
 Dan's cat has  You have to unwrap it as  They try to give
eyes as blue carefully as you can. It’s them as much
as sapphires. quite fragile. freedom as they can.
 My sister's hair  There weren’t as
 She’s not singing as
is as long many people as I
loudly as she can.
as mine. expected.
Exercise: Make your own sentences using AS … AS
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS QUANTIFIERS
1. 1.
1.
as … as
(Equitives)
2. 2. 2.
Exercise: List down some similarities between you and your teacher. And make sentences
using as……as
Physical appearance:
Attitude:

Speaking Activity
Task 1: Who is as important as the president of the United States?

Task 2: Is happiness as important as money?

Task 3: In your life who is a person outside of your family who is as important as your kin?
Task 4: Describe a person who ha a similar characteristic as you? (“He/ She is as……..as me”)

Homework
Write the comparison of equality for the sentences below. Use the words in brackets ().
1. John is 32 years old. Dave is 32 years old. (is/old)

Answer: John is as old as John.
2. John is 1 metre 80cms tall. Dave is 1 metre 80cms tall. (is/tall)

John ___________________ Dave.
3. Seville is 40ºC in summer. Cordova is 40ºC in summer. (is/hot)
Seville ___________________ Cordova.
4. John is not very clever. Mary is cleverer. (is/clever)
John ___________________ Mary.
5. The blue car is not expensive. The red car is more expensive. (is/expensive)
The blue car ___________________ the red car.
6. Mrs. Jones talks very quietly. Mrs. Smith talks more loudly. (talk/loudly)
Mrs. Jones ___________________ Mrs. Smith.
7. The brown house is 100 years old. The green house is 100 years old. (is/old)
The brown house ___________________ the green house.
8. Steve did not do well in the English test. Melissa did better in the English test.
(do/well)
Steve ___________________ Melissa.
9. The impala runs 90km per hour. The cheetah runs 120km per hour. (run/fast)
The impala ___________________ the cheetah.
10. The first exam was difficult. The second exam was difficult too. (was/difficult)
The first exam ___________________ the second exam.

Lesson 26: “Would Rather & Prefer”
Warm Up
Would you rather speak or listen?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Would you rather be book smart or street-smart?

Task 2: Would you rather marry someone who is simple and nice or someone who is
adventurous and exciting? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Discussion
Would rather and prefer is used to talk about general preferences and specific preferences.
Would rather Prefer

Structure: would rather + Structure: prefer +
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
POSITIVE SENTENCE: “Roy prefers hiking.”
“I would rather drink coffee.”

“She would rather not clean her room.” “They prefer not to face the problem.”
QUESTION: QUESTION:
“Would you rather own a cat or a dog?” “Do you prefer eating lobster or shrimp?”
“Would you rather be a celebrity or a “Does she prefer drinking vodka or brandy?”
politician?”
When comparing general preferences, to

When comparing general preferences, than must be used with prefer
must be used with would rather  Lucky and Troy prefer swimming to
 Denise would rather eat lasagna biking.
than spaghetti.
 Lewis would rather sleep all day than
go to school.
Exercises: Make sentences using WOULD RATHER & PREFER.
Would rather Prefer
1. 1.
Would rather &
Prefer
2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: Who would you rather be, your mother or your father? Why? (30 seconds to
Task 2: Which do you prefer, having fluent language skills in English or having basic
communication skills in five different languages? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 3: Would you rather have an easy job working for someone else or work for yourself
but work incredibly hard? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Homework
Write your answer on the space provided. Choose between “would rather” or “prefer”
1. She ________________ eat a salad than a hamburger.

2. They ________________ dogs. They don't like cats.
3. I ________________ stay home today.
4. We ________________ watching basketball.
5. Usually people ________________ warm weather.
6. I ________________ buy the blue shirt.
7. Why do you ________________ going out with Tom?
8. I ________________ have the meeting at 6 pm.
9. Normally, we ________________ going to the beach.
10. I ________________ watch the football game.
Encirecle your answers:
Would you rather…
sing or dance?
eat dessert or drink soda?
find true love or achieve your dream career?
be a student or be a teacher?
be a celebrity or a politician?
Which do you prefer...
money or happiness?
romance or friendship?
family or soulmate?
studying or experience?
drinking beer or eating barbecue?

Lesson 27: “Adverbs of Frequency”
Warm Up
What do you usually do during your birthday?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What is something you usually do in your free time?Why? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)
Task 2: What is something you never do around your parents? Why? (30 seconds to

Discussion
Adverbs of frequency are used to tell how often an event/action happens. It is also
used to talk about habits and how often we do things in the present or have done them in
the past. Here are some common adverbs of frequency:
100% Always
90% Usually
80% Frequently
70% Often
50% Sometimes
30% Occasionally
10% Seldom
5% Rarely
Never
0%
Rule 1. Adverb of Frequencies goes before Rule 2. “Sometimes” and “Usually” can be
the main verb put at the beginning of the sentence.
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:
“He never eats vegetables.” “Sometimes they watch movies late at
“They always read commercial news.” night.”
“Sasha often buys comics.”
“Usually he gets up early.”
“Sometimes I go swimming.”
Rule 3. Between the auxiliary verb and the Rule 4. After the verb “be”
main verb
EXAMPLES:
EXAMPLES: “Melanie is always late for work.”
“I have rarely thought of standing for “Michael and John are rarely invited to
election.” speak for public meetings.”
“They shall never explore to such extreme “I am often ready for work at 6 am.”
sport.”
“Natalie and Reena are never ready for
compromise.”

Exercise: make your own sentences using the different Adverbs of Frequency.
Rarely Sometimes Always
1. 1. 1.
Adverbs of
Frequency
2. 2. 2.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What do you never do, but you would like to? Why?
Task 2: What do you always do, but you actually don’t want to?Why?

Homework
Rewrite and complete the sentences using the adverb of frequency.
1. They go to the They often go to the movies.

_______________________________________________.
movies. (often) _______________________________________________.
2. She listens to classical _______________________________________________.
music. (rarely) _______________________________________________.
3. He reads the
_______________________________________________.
newspaper. (sometimes)
_______________________________________________.
4. Sara smiles. (never)
5. She complains about her
_______________________________________________.
husband. (always) _______________________________________________.
6. I drink coffee. (sometimes) _______________________________________________.
7. Frank is ill. (often) _______________________________________________.
8. He feels terrible. (usually) _______________________________________________.
9. I go jogging in the
morning. (always)
10. I eat vegetables and
fruits. (seldom)
Interview some people, take note of their names and their answers. Use the following questions:
What are events you occasionally attend?

Name:_____________________ Answer:_____________________________
What are things you often do when you are alone?
Name:_____________________ Answer:_____________________________
What are foods you seldom eat?
Name:_____________________ Answer:_____________________________
What are beverages you sometimes drink?
Name:_____________________ Answer:_____________________________
What is something you never share with others?
Name:_____________________ Answer:_____________________________
What is something you always forget to do?
Name:_____________________ Answer:_____________________________
What is something you rarely do with others?
Name:_____________________ Answer:_____________________________
Who is someone you constantly miss?
Name:_____________________ Answer:_____________________________

Lesson 28: “Conjunctions”
Warm Up
Enumerate the reasons why you like/love your best friend.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Why are you studying English? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: How long has it been since you first meet your special someone?(30 seconds to

Discussion
Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal parts of a sentence. The parts can
be words, phrases, or clauses. We call these conjunctions “FANBOYS” to make it easy to
remember.
Coordinators Use Examples
Connects reason to a
For I am a bit hungry, for I didn’t eat.
result
Connects equal similar
And Jack likes to eat fish, and he often goes fishing.
ideas
Connects two negative
Nor She doesn’t eat meat, nor does she take fish.
sentences
Connects equal different
But The soup was good, but it wasn’t hot.
ideas
You can renew a driver’s license by mail, or
Or Connects equal choices
you can do it in person.
connects equal She feels hungry, yet she doesn’t want to eat
Yet
contrasting ideas anything.
Connects a result to a I didn’t take breakfast this morning, so I am a
So
reason little hungry now.
Subordinating conjunction is the first word in a dependent clause. Common subordinating

conjunctions include the following:
Subordinators Examples:
After
He goes to school after he finishes his work.
As soon as She felt better as soon as she took the medicine.
Before you apply to college, you have to take an

Before
entrance exam.
Since It has been a year since I left home.
To tell a time
Until We can’t leave the room until everyone finishes test.
When you start college, you usually have to take
When
placement tests in Math and English.
Whenever Whenever I don’t sleep well, I feel sick the next day.
Several overcrowded buses passed while they were

While
waiting.
Because Jack excels at sports because he trains hard.
To give a reason
Since Since she works out daily, Jill is in great condition.

If If you eat too much sugar, you will gain weight.
To state a
condition Unless We will not play football unless the rain stops.
Where I like to shop where prices are low.
Wherever I like to shop wherever there is a sale.

To state a place
Anywhere You can find bargains anywhere you shop.
Everywhere I use my credit card wherever I go.
As just as I love to get flowers, as most women do.

To show manner As if You look as if you didn’t sleep at all last night.
– “how”
As though She acts as though she doesn’t know us.
To show
As often as I call my parents as often as I can.
frequency
I was so tired last night that I tell asleep at dinner.
So … that She talks so softly that the other students cannot
hear her.
To show result Such a(an) + It was such as easy test that most of the students got
noun + that A’s.
He’s taking so many classes that he has no time to
So much/many
sleep.
So that Many people emigrate so that their children can have
a better life.
To show purpose
In order that Many emigrate in order that their children can have a
better life.
To show Although I love my brother although we disagree about almost
concession everything.
To show contrast While My brother likes classical music, while I prefer hard
rock.
Whereas He dresses conservatively, whereas I like to be a little
shocking.
Correlative conjunctions are always in pair. Like coordinating conjunction, they connect
grammatically equal elements.
Conjunction Pairs Examples
Both … and Both Hong Kong and Singapore have beautiful harbors.
Not only … but Japanese food is not only delicious to eat but also beautiful to look at.
also

You can either stay here to do you work or go to the library to read a
Either … or
book.
My grandmother could neither read nor write but she was a very wise
Neither … nor
person.
The newlyweds could not decide whether to live with her parents or to
Whether … or
rent an apartment.
Exercises: Make sentences using the following “Conjunctions”.
nor
yet
so
while
until
as soon as
since
unless
anywhere
as if
so that
in order to
although
whereas
not only but

also
either or
neither nor
whether or
both and

Speaking Activity
Task 1: If you found out that your best friend is in love with you, what would you do? (30
Task 2: Talk about the cause and results of overpopulation.

Homework
Rewrite the sentences by using the suitable coordinating conjunction.
1. James smokes. His brother does not smoke.

______________________________________________.
2. Alice hasn’t come. Mary hasn’t come.
______________________________________________.
3. She speaks English. She speaks Spanish.
______________________________________________.
4. I like him. He is very sincere.
______________________________________________.
5. He did not win. He worked hard.
______________________________________________.
Directions: Choose from among these subordinating conjunctions to complete each

sentence:
although as long as because even if so that unless until while
1. She has decided to move to Portland _______________ there are more opportunities for
employment in that city.
2. You can borrow my car ________________ you agree to be very careful with it.
3. They'll have a good corn harvest this year _______________ it rains a lot and prevents
them from harvesting their crops.
4. Our neighbor is going to buy a gun ________________ she can protect herself from
intruders who break into her apartment.
5. _______________ he can save a lot of money by taking the bus, Russ still drives his car
into the city every day.
6. Ronald is going to finish his homework ________________ it takes him all night.
7. My daughter can't wait _____________ she gets her new bike.
8. Stay in the car _______________ I go into the store. I'll be right back.
9. It's a good idea to go to college for four years _______________ it's possible to get a good
job without a degree.
10. ________________ he's overweight, Tony eats a lot of food before he goes to bed.
That's not healthy.

Lesson 29: “Prepositions”
Warm Up
Talk about the most famous festival in your country.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: When were you born? Do you know the specific time? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)
Task 2: Where is your school located? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Discussion
Preposition of Time
Ago On Past
“We’re having a party on “We has to sleep now! It’s 10
“I saw you 5 years ago.”
September 7th.” past 12.”
“Tim graduated from

“Sarah will take the “She didn’t stop, she kept
college 3 years ago.”
progress test on Friday.” talking until 15 past 5.”
Since For To
“We haven’t seen you “Lucia was in Japan for “”Where is she? It’s already 5
since 1999.” two months.” to 8.”
“Nika has had that bicycle “It rained during the night “He said he might arrived at
since 2015.” for two hours.” 10 to 6”
At Before Till
“She will arrive here at 7 “Have you seen this lady “Jon will have to work until
am.” before?” 9:00.”
“She usually eats her “I usually go to sleep “The meeting will last till
dinner at 5:00 pm” before 10 p.m.” Thursday.”

In To/till/untill By
“She retired in May.” “Zac waited for her from “I will finish all the homework
4:00 pm till 8:00 p.m” by 8:30 pm.”
“Paul was born in !997.”

“She had no choice. Camille By 8:00 am, the teacher will
needs to help her from 6 start the class.”
pm to 7 pm.”
Preposition of Location and Movement
Over In
“The brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.” “They are studying in the library.”
“She put the the steak over a hot pan. “My mother is doing something in the
kitchen.”
Into Next to
“The snake went into the tunnel.” “The guy is standing next to the flower
shop.”
“The girl crawl into a mysterious hole.”
“Amy had to stay next to the café.”
In front On
“Travis is waiting in front of my house.” “The books are on the table.”
“There is a monster in front of me.” “She put all her things on my bed.”

Down from Under
“The child goes up the slide and comes down “She is eating under an old Oak tree.”
from the slide.”
“She found her phone under the sofa.”
“Maria fell down from the stairs.”
Around Between
“She was running around the house.” “My house is located between Lisas’ and
Brook’s house.”
“They jogged around the plaza.”
“The guy was sitting between two noisy
teenagers.”
Behind Through
“She’s hiding behind that bush.” “Ghosts can pass through walls.”
“Alexander hid the remote behind TV.” “She was listening to their conversation
through the wall.”
Other preposition includes the following:
Preposition Meaning Example

across on the other side of My friend lives across the street from me.
along beside The ducks are eating along the river.
among within a group The girl was sitting among her friends.
around in a circular way They told stories around the campfire.
close to near The flowers are close to the produce section.
toward in the direction of The man started walking toward the exit.
up from low to high The store is right up the road.
near close by The movie theater is near the interstate.
onto moving on top of something The dog climbed onto the bed.
off away from Don’t jump off that wall.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: In what months are the important holidays in your country? (30 seconds to prepare,
1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What year did you graduate: elementary, secondary and tertiary school? (30
Task 3: “Complete the sentences and explain orally to your teacher later.”
(10 minutes to answer)

Homework
I. Fill the gaps with the correct prepositions.
1. We live ______________________ London.

2. Would you like to go ______________________ the cinema tonight?
3. No, thanks. I was ______________________ the cinema yesterday.
4. We are going ______________________ holiday next week.
5. There is a bridge ______________________ the river.
6. The flight from Leipzig to London was ______________________ Frankfurt.
7. ______________________ my wall, there are many picture postcards.
8. Who is the person ______________________ this picture?
9. Come ______________________ the sitting room, we want to watch TV.
10. Munich lies 530 meters ______________________ sea level.

II. Choose the correct preposition from the choices.
1. I'm off for two weeks ________ August. (on, in, at)
2. The dog is asleep ________ the tree. (over,against,under)
3. I have lived in this apartment ________ 2008. (in, since, at)
4. My friend ________ work is from Japan. (at, in, around)
5. I wake up ________ 6 AM every morning. (around, on, in)
6. Thank you ________ telling me about this. (in, by, for)
7. Who did you buy this ________? (from, on, in)
8. The factory workers have been ________ strike since January. (on, in, about)
9. ________ you and me, I don't think he's a very good teacher. (though, between, among)
10. P1: Did you do it ________ purpose? P2: No, it was an accident! (by, in, on)

Lesson 30: “Imperatives”
Warm Up
Give five tips to have a happy marriage.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What should someone do if there is an earthquake? (30 seconds to prepare, 1

minute to answer)
Task 2: Tell me how to make your favorite dish. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Discussion
Imperatives are used to tell someone to do something or how to do something. It is

also possible to use signal words such as first, next, & then. To make an imperative, drop
the subject and use the base form of the verb. For example, “Add four cups of flour.”
Functions of Imperative
To give instructions and orders Direct commands, request, and
“Click the green icon.” suggestions
“Take the 2nd turning on the left and then “Follow me.”
turn right.” “Shut the door (please).”
To warn somebody Prohibitions (E.g public notices)

“Look out! There’s a bus! Don’t panic.” “Keep of the grass.”
“One more noise coming from you and you “Do not feed the animals.”
will see yourself outside!”
Invitations
To give advice “Come and have dinner with us soon.”
“Find a job.” “Eat lunch with us.”
“Never talk to strangers.”
Expressing rudeness
To offer something “Shut up!”
“Have a cup of coffee.” “Push off!”
“Help yourself. Have a biscuit.”
Exercises: Make sentences using “Imperatives”.
Instructions Orders Advice Offer
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: What are your best tips to live a happy life? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: What were some commands of your parents to you when you were young? (30
Task 3: Pretend to be a boss or CEO of a company. What are some commands you would say
to your secretary? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Homework
Fill in the gaps with the correct verb from the line below:
lock turn on watch go be bring drinks open turn off
Hello Anna, I have to go now, here are the keys for the house, do
not _________________ the door to any body please, you can _________________ TV until
late if you wish but remember to _________________ all the lights
and _________________ the alarm before you _________________ to bed. Make sure my
son Todd is asleep before you _________________ to bed, and _________________ the
doors, we will _________________ back by two in the morning. Ahh, and I forgot, Todd's
milk is inside the refrigerator in a small bottle, he always _________________ it before
falling asleep, _________________ a good girl and don't _________________ any people
in the house. I will see you at two.
Match the first column to the second one:
_________________ 1. don`t accept a. the door to Mike

_________________ 2. brush your teeth b. to bring the Cds
_________________ 3. turn off the lights c. candies from strangers
_________________ 4. don't step d. before you go to bed
_________________ 5. bring your e. adult programmes
dictionaries
_________________ 6. don't open f. when you go to bed to save energy
_________________ 7. don't watch g. for language arts class
_________________ 8. don't forget h. on the lawn

Lesson 28: “Types of Questions”
Warm Up
You don’t like cats, do you? Why do you like/dislike it? Do you like a specific breed of cat?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Why do people ask questions? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What questions do you usually ask someone you just met?

Discussion
WH Question
We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word

questions).
We often refer to these words as WH words because they include the

letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).
question word function example sentence
what asking for information about What is your name?

something
asking for repetition or What? I can't hear you.

confirmation You did what?
what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that
for?
when asking about time When did he leave?
where asking in or at what place or Where do they live?

position
which asking about choice Which colour do you

want?
who asking what or which person or Who opened the door?

people (subject)
whom asking what or which person or Whom did you see?

people (object)
whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?

Whose turn is it?

why asking for reason, asking Why do you say that?
what...for
why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you?
how asking about manner How does this work?
asking about condition or quality How was your exam?
how + adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below
how far distance How far is Pattaya from

Bangkok?
how long length (time or space) How long will it take?
how many quantity (countable) How many cars are

there?
how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do

you have?
how old age How old are you?
how come asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see
(informal) her?

Yes / No questions are also called closed questions because there are only two
possible responses: Yes or No. When forming a Yes / Noquestion, it must include one of
these verbs: BE, DO, HAVE, or a modal verb. It is impossible to ask a Yes / No question
without one of these verbs.
Correct incorrect
Are elections next year? Elections next year?
Does he want to stay? He want to stay?
Have the boys eaten? The boys eaten?
Can the dog swim? The dog swim?
Use the verb BE to ask Yes / No questions about the identity or description of a person,
place, or thing.
Question Response
Am I your friend? Yes. / Yes, you are. / Yes, you are my friend.
Is this a good restaurant? No. / No, it is not. / No, it is not a good restaurant.
Are these islands Greek? Yes. / Yes, they are. / Yes, these islands are Greek.
Was his idea interesting? No. / No, it wasn’t. / No, his idea was not interesting.
Were they happy? Yes. / Yes, they were. / Yes, they were happy.
Note that the response can be short (Yes. / No.), or long: Yes or No followed by the subject and
verb.
Use the verb BE with a preposition to ask Yes / Noquestions about a present or past location.
Question Response
Am I at the correct location? No. / No, you aren’t.
Are the keys under the books? No. / No, they are not.
Was his house on an island? Yes. / Yes, it was.
Were the demonstrations in the center of town? No. / No, they weren’t.

Tag questions
Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often
used for checking information that we think we know is true.
Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a
subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually
contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not')
Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main
clause is negative, it's positive. For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)?
And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)?
There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I.

For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I?
Postive sentences, with negative tags
Present simple 'be' She's Italian, isn't she?

Present simple other verbs They live in London, don't they?
Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't we?
Past simple 'be' It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?
Past simple other verbs He went to the party last night, didn't he?
Past continuous We were waiting at the station, weren't we?
Present perfect They've been to Japan, haven't they?
Present perfect continuous She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?
Past perfect He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?
Past perfect continuous We'd been working, hadn't we?
Future simple She'll come at six, won't she?
Future continuous They'll be arriving soon, won't they?
Future perfect They'll have finished before nine, won't they?
Future perfect continuous She'll have been cooking all day, won't she?
Modals He can help, can't he?
Modals John must stay, mustn't he?

Negative sentences, with positive tags
Present simple 'be' We aren't late, are we?

Present simple other verbs She doesn't have any children, does she?
Present continuous The bus isn't coming, is it?
Past simple 'be' She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?
Past simple other verbs They didn't go out last Sunday, did they?
Past continuous You weren't sleeping, were you?
Present perfect She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?
Present perfect continuous He hasn't been running in this weather, has he?
Past perfect We hadn't been to London before, had we?
Past perfect continuous You hadn't been sleeping, had you?
Future simple They won't be late, will they?
Future continuous He'll be studying tonight, won't he?
Future perfect She won't have left work before six, will she?
Future perfect continuous He won't have been travelling all day, will he?
Modals She can't speak Arabic, can she?
Modals They mustn't come early, must they?

Embedded/Indirect Questions
An embedded question is a question included in another question or
statement. Embedded questions feel less abrupt, and so have a softening effect. For
example, compare the following:
A: What time is it? (simple question)
B: Sorry. I don't know the time. (simple statement)
A: Do you know what time it is? (embedded question in a question)
B: Sorry. I don't know what time it is. (embedded question in a statement)
What is the sentence structure?

Embedded questions in statements and questions follow the same pattern. This is true
for both wh-questions and yes/no embedded questions. Let's look at the following:<b/p>
main question/statement | interrogative | subject | verb | object/complement
A: Do you know | what | time | it | is?
B: I don't know | what | time | it | is.
A: Do you know | if | it | is | 2:00?
B: I don't know | if | it | is | 2:00.
Notice the sentence structure following the interrogative (question word). Because
embedded questions are noun clauses, they follow the structure of a statement and not
a question. In other words, always use: subject + verb + object/complement.
Do you know | what | time | is | it? (incorrect)
I don't know | what | time | is | it. (incorrect)
How are embedded questions used?

The speaker can use the following phrases when asking a question or providing a
statement:
main questions / statements embedded question
Do you know what
Do you remember where
Can you tell me when
Could you tell me who
subject + verb + object
I don't know why
I can't remember how
I'm not sure
Please tell me
Here are some examples of questions:

Do you know what the housing market will be like next year?
Do you remember when President Clinton got impeached?
Can you tell me the way to the nearest bus stop?
And here are some examples of statements:

I don't know how I'll be able to retire at 65. It's so hard to save money nowadays!
I can't remember why I decided to get an MBA.
He's not sure if he can fly in for the wedding next month.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: You can speak three languages, can’t you? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 2: Why do you use your phone a lot? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 3: Could you tell me why you are studying English? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)
Task 4: Are you an interesting person? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Homework
Make sample questions and ask someone the questions you have made. Take note of the
name of the person and his/her answer. Ask different people for each question.
WH questions:
1._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________
Yes/No Question
1._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________
Embedded/Indirect Questions
1._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________________________
Name&Answer:______________________________________________________________

Lesson 32: “For and Since”
Warm Up
How long do you plan to live?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What is your most prized possession? How long have you had it? 30 seconds to
Task 2: What’s the longest time you’ve spent alone?What did you do when you were alone

Discussion
Both “For” and “Since” are used to express how long an action/event has been
happening.
FOR SINCE
Rule: Use for + the period of time (E.g. 2 months, Rule: Use since + the start of a period (E.g
eight weeks, 3 days et cetera) Sunday, 2015, 3 o’clock)
For 9 months Since 2012
9 months ago now 2012 now

Rona has been working in Microsoft for 6 Melanie has been trying to contact Dan since
years. last Friday.
NEGATIVE SENTENCE: NEGATIVE SENTENCE

I haven’t seen Sheena for 3 years. I don’t like Lily since elementary.
QUESTION: QUESTION:
Are you going away for the weekend? Since when do you have the right to tell me
what to do?
Exercises: Make sentences using “For” and “Since”
FOR SINCE
1. 1.
FOR and SINCE
2. 2.

Speaking Activity
Task 1: How long have you been a fan of your favourite singer? ( 30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)
Task 2: What is your favourite restaurant? How long has it been open? How long have you
been going to it? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Homework
Write the correct answer using “For” or “Since”.
1. I haven't been to Italy _________ July 2005.

2. She has lived in Paris _________ January.
3. Jim has studied _________ three hours. Now he is tired.
4. My friend has been ill _________ a long time.
5. It has been raining _________ more than four days.
6. I haven't seen him _________ Eastern.
7. He hasn't had a holiday _________ last summer.
8. He hasn't done any work _________ a month.
9. We have had this car _________ 1998.
10. We have been here _________ two hours.

Lesson 30: “Pronouns and Determiners”
Warm Up
Do you talk to yourself in front of the mirror? Why?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Talk about your hobbies. (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What will you do if our planet is visited by aliens? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute
to answer)

Discussion
Pronouns and Determiners
Possessive Pronouns
I - mine / you - yours / he - his / she - hers / it - its
we - ours / you - yours / they - theirs
 They show that something belongs to someone ( That book is mine ).
 They inform you of a person or being who possesses or owns something

without saying the name of the person or being.
 The form mine, yours, ours... cannot be used before a noun.
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
The laptop is mine.
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
The tailoring shop is hers.
QUESTION:
Is this shirt yours?
Reflexive Pronouns
I - myself / you - yourself / he - himself / she - herself / it - itself
we - ourselves / you - yourselves / they – themselves
 They are used to express that you are doing something on your own.
Example: I built this big house by myself.
 They can be used to emphasize the object or the subject.
 We cannot use them after: feel, meet, concentrate, relax and: wash, dress …

POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“Amy had a really great holiday. She enjoyed it herself.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“You can’t blame yourself for what happened.”
QUESTION:
“Do you talk to yourself sometimes?
Possessive Determiners
I - my / you - your / he - his / it - its
we - our / you - your / they – their
 They are sometimes named possessive adjectives.

 They are a part of speech.
 They modify a noun by attributing possession to someone or something
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
“My sisters are twins.”
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
“Your friend is not studying in my school.”
QUESTION:
“What is his major in the university?

Exercises: Make sentences using “Pronouns and Determiners”.
Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Possessive

1. 1. Determiners
1.
Simple Past
2. 2.
2.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: Think of a person you know and talk about his/her worst habit. (30 seconds to
Task 2: Give some tips to break our bad habits? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 3: What are your friends’ weird habits? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Homework
Write the suitable determiner or pronoun on the space provided.
1. My name is Steve. This is ___________________ sister Susan.

2. This old woman often talks to ___________________ when she is all alone.
3. My sister has got a black dog. ___________________ name is Rex.
4. This computer is ___________________ . Don't use it!
5. This bed is mine. That is ___________________ . Fortunately, my bed is more
comfortable than your bed.
6. I hurt ___________________ when I was fixing my car and I needed to visit a
doctor.
7. We prepared the dinner ___________________ . Help yourself.
8. He has some interesting computer games. This one is ___________________
favourite.
9. She lives with ___________________ grandparents in this small village.
10. A friend of ___________________ works in Warsaw. He teaches English.
11. The town ___________________ was so small that it only had two shops.
12. Tom and Robert ate ___________________ dinner and went to the cinema.
13. We will visit ___________________ friends when we go to Spain.
14. My hobby is tennis. What's ___________________ ?
15. He blames ___________________ for the accident.

Lesson 34: “Quantifiers”
Warm Up
What is something you have too much of?
Speaking Activity
Task 1: How much free time do you have? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)
Task 2: What are few ways to save a lot of money? (30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to
answer)

Discussion
Quantifiers are used to provide information about quantity (how much/how many)
Function: Use nouns after a quantifier when talking about things in a group in general.
POSITIVE SENTENCE:
There are some books on the desk.”
I have many postcards.
NEGATIVE SENTENCE:
He doesn’t have much time.
There aren’t many people in the streets.
QUESTION:
Has Eric got much cash?
Is there much rain in Istanbul?
List of quantifiers that can be used for count nouns and noncount nouns are the following:
All Any Enough
Less A lot of More
Most None Some
List of quantifiers that can only be used for noncount nouns are the following:
A little Much A bit of
A great deal a large amount of
A large quantity of
List of quantifiers that can only be used with count nouns are the following:
Many Both Each
Several Few Either
Neither A large number of

Exercises: Make sentences using the three patterns for the Present Perfect Tense.
1. 1. 1.
Quantifiers
2. 2. 2.
Speaking Activity
Task 1: What is something that you government spends too much money on? (30 seconds to
Task 2: What is something that you can never have too much of? (30 seconds to prepare, 1
minute to answer)

Homework
Complete the following exercise with correct quantifiers.
1-3. We are going to be late. There is too ______________ (much / many) traffic.
Yeah, the ______________ (amount / number) of people driving is incredible.
I've never seen this ______________ (much / many) cars.
4-5. Can you bring soda to the picnic? I don't have ______________ (some / any).
Yeah, I think I've got ______________ (some / any) left over from the party.
6-9. How do you feel about your new job? Do you have as ______________ (much /
many) responsibilities as you used to?
The job is great. I have about the same ______________ (amount / number) of
work to do as before, but I have ______________ (less / fewer) stress and
______________ (less / fewer) problems.

APPENDIX 1
List of Uncountable Words
money work
luggage leather
baggage wool
currency wood
equipment coal
information oil
travel gas
soap weather
toothpaste homework
food cotton
sugar silk
rice furniture
butter patience
flour impatience
advice talent
knowledge energy
progress experience
research vinegar
clothing polish

APPENDIX 2
LIST OF COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Groups of people working together
Army: an organized military force equipped for fighting on land.

Cast: the actors in a certain movie or play.
Crew: all the working members on a ship or plane.
Family: a group of people usually related by blood.
Gang: an organized group of criminals.
Staff: the people who work in a company or place of work.
Team: a group of individuals playing on the same side generally with
the same objectives.
Groups of people in general
Audience: spectators or listeners at a public event.

Crowd: a group of people, gathered together.
Mob: a large disorderly crowd.
Movement: a group of people with similar political/musical/social
ideals.
Throng: a busy group of people or animals.
Groups of animals
Herd: a herd of cows, a herd of goats, a herd of deer

Flock: a flock of sheep, a flock of birds
Litter: a litter of kittens (usually of baby animals)
Pack: a pack of wolves, a pack of dogs
Shoal / School: a shoal of fish, a school of fish
Swarm: a swarm of bees (swarm is used for a group of flying insects)
Groups of things
Batch: a quantity or consignment of goods produced at one time - a

batch of bread / a batch of letters.
Bunch: a number of things, typically of the same kind, growing or
fastened together - a bunch of flowers / a bunch of grapes / a bunch of
bananas.
Bundle: a collection of things or material tied or wrapped up together -
a bundle of newspapers / a bundle of sticks.
Collection: a group of objects or works to be seen, studied, or kept
together - a collection of stamps.
Fleet: a collection of ships or vehicles - a fleet of fishing boats / a fleet

of taxis.
Pack: a small cardboard or paper container and the items contained
within it - a pack of cards / a pack of cigarettes.
Heap / Pile / Stack: a quantity of objects stacked or thrown together -
a pile of clothes / a heap of bodies / a stack of plates.
Set: a collection of things that belong together - a set of tools / a set of
underwear / a set of compasses, a set of cutlery.
Stash: a group of hidden things - a stash of cash, a stash of beer, a
stash of weapons.

APPENDIX 3
LIST OF TYPES OF PRONOUNS
Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them.
There are two kinds of personal pronouns: Subjective pronouns and
objective pronouns.
Subjective pronouns
I, you, he, she, it, we, they, what, who.
Objective pronouns
me, him, her, it, us, you, them, whom.
Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.
Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those.
Interrogative Pronouns: who, whom, which, what, whose, whoever, whatever,

whichever, whomever.
Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that, what, whatever, whoever,
whomever, whichever.
Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
Intensive Pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
Reciprocal Pronouns: Each other, one another.
Indefinite Pronouns (this is not a complete list) :

Anything, everybody, another, each, few, many, none, some, all, any, anybody,
anyone, everyone, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, none, other, others, several,
somebody, someone, something, most, enough, little, more, both, either, neither,
one, much…

APPENDIX 4
Verbs whose SIMPLE,PAST, and PAST PARTICIPLE forms are the same:
PRESENT FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
put put FORM
bet bet put
burst burst bet
hurt hurt burst
cost cost hurt
cast cast cost
split split cast
thrust thrust split
set set thrust
quit quit set
wet wet quit
cut cut wet
rid rid cut
shed shed rid
shut shut shed
shut
Verbs with the same form in PAST and PAST PARTICIPLE:

weep wept FORM
stand stood wept
sell sold stood
build built sold
creep crept built
keep kept crept
find found kept
meet met found
fight fought met
speed sped fought
strike struck sped
feel felt struck
bring brought felt
buy bought brought

catch caught bought
caught
Verbs which have the same vowel in the PAST and PAST PARTICIPLE, but
which add a variant of
–n (-n,-en, or-ne) to the past participle):
PRESENT FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM
bear bore borne
bite bit bitten
break broke broken
swear swore sworn
wear wore worn
freeze froze frozen
weave wove woven
steal stole stolen
speak spoke spoken
choose chose chosen
forget forgot forgotten
tear tore torn
Verbs which has different vowels in each forms:

PRESENT FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTCIPLE FORM
begin began begun
drink drank drunk
ring rang rung
shrink shrank shrunk
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
spring sprang sprung
swim swam swum
fly flew flown

Verbs which have the same written vowel in the past participle and the present
form but change the vowel pronunciation in the past participle and add –n, -en,
or –ne,
drive drove FORM
ride rode driven
rise rose ridden
write wrote risen
be was/were written
go went been
do did gone
done
Verb which have the same shape vowel in the simple form and in the past
participle form except that the past participle adds –n or –en.
PRESENT FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE FORM
blow blew blown
grow grew grown
know knew known
throw threw thrown
shake shook shaken
take took taken
draw drew drawn
give gave given
see saw seem
fall fell fallen
eat ate eaten

APPENDIX 5
ADJECTIVES IN COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS
Adjectives which are irregular in form when used in comparative and
superlative form:
POSITIVE FORM COMPARATIVE FORM SUPERLATIVE FORM
bad worse worst

good better best
far further furthest
much more most
some more most
many more most
Adjective which use more(comparative) and most (superlative) in their

comparative and superlative forms:(this is only a list of the somecommon
adjectives used in English)
generous important accurate popular
capable significant severe reasonable
beautiful expensive suitable aggressive
difficult competitive practical logical
interesting educational usual desperate
boring informative consistent impressive
common comfortable valuable confident
frequent amazing ordinaru dependent
remarkable certain necessary unique
specific professional effective ideal

Adjective which changes to –er (in comparative) and –est (in superlative form):
angry dense hard pretty sour
bad dirty harsh proud spicy
big dry healthy pure steep
bitter dull heavy quick stingy
black dumb high quiet strange
bland dusty hip rare strict
bloody early hot rich strong
blue easy humble ripe sunny
bold faint hungry risky sweaty
bossy fair icy roomy sweet
brave fancy itchy rough tall
brief fair juicy rude tan
bright fancy kind rusty tasty
broad far large sad thick
busy fast lazy safe thin
calm fat light salty thirsty
cheap few likely sane tiny
chewy fierce little scary tough
chubby filthy lively shallow ugly
classy fine lonely sharp warm
clean firm long shiny weak
clear fit loud short wealthy
close flaky lovely shy weird
cloudy flat low silly wet
clumsy fresh mad simple wide
coarse friendly narrow sincere wild
cold full nasty skinny windy
crazy funny naughty sleepy wise
creamy gentle near slim worthy
creepy gloomy neat slimy young
crispy grand needy slow
cruel grave new small
crunchy greasy nice smart
curly great noisy smelly
curvy greedy add smoky
cute gross oily smooth
damp guilty old soft
dark hairy plain soon
deadly handy polite sore
deep happy poor sorry

APPENDIX 6
LIST OF COMMON ADVERBS
Adverb of time
An adverb of time tells us when something is done or happens. We use it at the beginning or at the
end of a sentence. We use it as a form of emphasis when we place it at the beginning. Adverbs of
time include afterwards, already, always, immediately, last month, now, soon, then,
and yesterday.
Adverb of place
An adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. We use it after the verb, direct
object or at the end of a sentence. Adverbs of place include words such
as above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs.
Adverb of manner
An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of manner end in –
ly such as badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include well, hard, fast..
Adverb of degree
An adverb of degree tells us the level or extent that something is done or happens. Words of adverb
of degree are almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc.
Adverb of frequency
An adverb of frequency tells us how often something is done or happens. Words used as adverbs of
frequency include again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly
always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, and weekly.

APPENDIX 7
BASIC SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. This is the cornerstone rule that forms the
background of the concept. In these examples the subject is underlined and the verb is in
italics
The dog growls when he is angry. The dogs growl when they are angry.
2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not
affect agreement.
The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.
3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect agreement.
The colors of the rainbow are beautiful.
4. When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the subject will always be placed after the
verb, so care needs to be taken to identify it correctly.
There is a problem with the balance sheet. Here are the papers you requested.
5. Subjects don't always come before verbs in questions. Make sure you accurately identify
the subject before deciding on the proper verb form to use.
Where are the pieces of this puzzle?
6. If two subjects are joined by "and," they typically require a plural verb form.
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.
7. The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by "and" refer to the same person or thing.
Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.
8. If one of the words "each," "every," or "no" comes before the subject, the verb is singular.
No smoking or drinking is allowed. Every man and woman is required to check in.
9. If the subjects are both singular and are connected by the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor,"
"either/or," and "not only/but also" the verb is singular.
Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident.
10. The only time when the object of the preposition factors into the decision of plural or
singular verb forms is when noun and pronoun subjects like "some," "half," "none," "more,"
or "all" are followed by a prepositional phrase. In these sentences, the object of the
preposition determines the form of the verb.
All of the chicken is gone. All of the chickens are gone.
11. The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement or time.
Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.
12. If the subjects are both plural and are connected by the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor,"
"either/or," and "not only/but also" the verb is plural.

Dogs and cats are both available at the pound.
13. If one subject is singular and one plural and the words are connected by the words "or,"
"nor," "neither/nor," "either/or," and "not only/but also", you use the verb form of the
subject that is nearest the verb.
Either the bears or the lion has escaped from the zoo. Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped
from the zoo.
14. Indefinite pronouns typically take singular verbs. *

Everybody wants to be loved.
15. * Except for the pronouns "few," "many," "several," "both," "all," and "some" that always
take the plural form.
Few were left alive after the flood.
16. If two infinitives are separated by "and" they take the plural form of the verb.
To walk and to chew gum require great skill.
17. When gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence, they take the singular form of the
verb; but, when they are linked by "and," they take the plural form.
Standing in the water was a bad idea. Swimming in the ocean and playing drums are my hobbies.
18. Collective nouns like "herd," "senate," "class," and "crowd," usually take a singular verb
form.
The herd is stampeding.
19. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and take a singular verb.
The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hanks.
20. Final Rule – Remember, only the subject affects the verb!

APPENDIX 8
Basic Rules for Using Articles

“Where should I use the articles a, an, and the in my sentences? Which one should I use? When should I
omit an article?” Most ESL students become confused and frustrated by the usage of these three small
words because there are so many rules to learn as well as exceptions to the rules. Hopefully, this short guide
will give you a clearer understanding how to use articles.
Definition: The words a, an, and the form a special group of adjectives called articles.
Articles have only one function: they signal that a noun is coming.
Examples (Nouns are underlined.):
The brightly colored birds are from Brazil.
An unwelcome guest arrived at the party.
The movie had a surprise ending.
Use a if the following word (the noun or adjective modifying the noun) begins with a consonant;
use an if the following word begins with a vowel. This rule allows the article and the next word to be
spoken together easily.
Types: There are two types of articles: definite and indefinite.
Definite article: The is called a definite article because it precedes a noun which names a
specific member of a group. This type of noun is called a specific (definite) noun. Both the
writer (or speaker) and the reader (or listener) know the identity of this noun.
Examples: The order for our office supplies was sent today.
The sun provides energy to help plants make food.
Indefinite Article: A and an are called indefinite articles because they refer to any member
of a group, rather than to a specific member of the group. Neither the writer nor the
reader knows the identity of the member.
Examples: The couple visited a new restaurant.
To split wood safely, an axe must be sharpened often.

Basic Uses of the Definite Article The:
1. Use the before singular or plural definite (specific) nouns. Their identity is already
known to the reader for one of the following reasons:
a. The noun has already been mentioned.
b. The noun is followed by a phrase or clause which identifies the noun.
Example: A journalist interviewed the engineer who designed the plane.
c. A superlative adjective precedes the noun.
Example: John is the fastest runner on the team. (There can be only one
fastest runner.)
Note: An adjective before a plural or non-count noun does not make the noun
specific (definite). The noun is specific because it is preceded by the.
d. The noun is unique; there is only one in existence.
Example: Thousands of tourists visit the Statue of Liberty yearly.
e. The context makes the noun’s identity clear.
Example: My friends bought movie tickets at the box office.
2. Do not use the before
a. Plural nouns meaning “all” or “in general:”
Example: People look forward to vacations from their jobs.
b. Most singular proper nouns (See “Special Rules” for exceptions).
Example: Remember to call Maria in two hours.
Basic Uses of the Indefinite Article A/An:
1. Use a/an before singular nouns when the noun is general (indefinite, non-specific, one of
many).
Examples: A small salmon rested on the stream bottom.
The traveler ordered an egg and toast for breakfast.
2. Use a before the first mention of a singular noun.

3. In order to use a/an with noncount nouns you must include a quantifier (“a little,”
“a great deal of”) or a unit phrase (“a piece of,” “a quart of”) before the noun.
Examples: A little encouragement can make a big difference.
The cook bought a large piece of ginger.
Use of Articles when an Adjective Precedes a Noun:
1. Do not use an article before an adjective which precedes a general non-count noun.
Example: He earned more money this year than last year. (No article is used before
“more.”)
Exception to this rule: Do use the before an adjective preceding a non-count noun
if the noun is made specific (definite) by a following phrase or clause.
Example: Mike painted the house which he had recently purchased.
2. Use the before an adjective which describes a group of people but is not followed
by a noun. The adjective takes the place of the noun.
Example: The nurse was trained to care for the elderly.
Special Rules:
1. Places:
a. Names of countries: Do not use the unless the name refers to a group or has the
word “of” within the name.
Examples: I traveled to China last summer.

The United States of America was established in 1776.
b. Cities and streets: Do not use articles before cities and streets.
Example: The shop is located at 3572 Travert Avenue in Seattle.
c. Rivers, oceans, seas, groups of mountains and islands: Use the before nouns
naming these geographical features.
Example: The Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled up the
Missouri River.

d. Schools: Use the when “of” is part of the school’s name. Otherwise, omit the
article.
Examples: She plans to attend the University of Washington.
My two friends both received scholarships to Whitman College.
e. Location vs. Activity (for a few nouns):
1) When a noun naming a place is used in a phrase referring to an activity,

no article is needed before the noun.
. Examples: “to school”: Most children ride the bus to school.
“to church”: The family goes to church regularly.
2) When the same noun is used simply to name the location, use either a
definite or indefinite article as usual.
Examples: The workers arrived to remodel the school.
The new family visited a church in their neighborhood.
2. Titles of People:
a. A title followed by a name: Do not use an article.
Example: On Monday, President Hosford will meet with his advisors.
b. A title without a name: Use the.

Example: The committee members met with the president of the
company.
3. Numbers:
a. Cardinal numbers: Do not use an article before cardinal numbers (number words
that name a quantity) when the number word functions as a noun.
Examples: The customer admired the artist’s paintings enough to buy one.
He removed thirty of the fifty trees on his property. (In this

sentence “thirty” is a noun whereas “fifty” is an adjective
modifying trees.)
b. Ordinal numbers: Use the before ordinal numbers (number words such as “first,”
“second,” and “third” that indicate order in a sequence.

Examples: The fifteenth page is missing. (“Fifteenth”functions as an
adjective.)
Mary was the third to drop out of the race. (“Fifteenth” functions
as a noun.)
4. Things shared by a family or community: Use the before these nouns.
Examples: Many homes have a microwave in the kitchen.
Citizens are invited to speak to the city council about problems.
The mayor visited the library.
5. Expressions that identify part of a larger group: Use the before the nouns in these expressions.
Examples: “one of the (plural noun)” One of the students was absent.
“both of the (plural noun)” She enjoyed both of the performances.
“some of the (plural noun)” The instructor returned some of the essays
today.
“some of the (noncount noun)” Some of the stolen money was recovered.
6. Second mention as a synonym: Use the before a noun used as a synonym for a word or words
that have already been mentioned.
Example: Please buy fruit, vegetables, meat, and milk; deliver the groceries to your
uncle.

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Parts of Speech: Overview

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 1

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 2

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 3

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 4

It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types

A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing,

A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something)

An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you

An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells

A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the

A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 5

An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often

An article is used to introduce a noun.

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 6

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 7

Describe the picture below.

Task 1: Describe what a friend of yours is probably doing at the moment.

(30 seconds to prepare, 1 minute to answer)

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments:

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments:

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 8

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Positive: Negative: Question:

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 9

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 10

John: Hi, Rosanna. I ______________________ (work) in a hotel near the beach.

Rosanna: Yes. I ________________________ (not like) it very much because we have to

John: OK, speak to you tomorrow. Bye.

Interview someone and ask this person the following questions:

Name of interviewee: ______________________________

What course are you studying?

What is the number of the room

What are you feeling now? (at the

Why are you studying Enlish?

Do you think you are improving

Are you enjoying your time with

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 11

What’s the next big decision you’re going to make?

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments:

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments:

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 12

POSITIVE SENTENCE: POSITIVE SENTENCE:

NEGATIVE SENTENCE: NEGATIVE SENTENCE:

Rule 3. Giving commands or state that something is obligatory

“You are not going to that party!”

I am going to visit my parents. I’m not I am visiting my parents in Singapore next

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 13

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 14

Interview two people about their future.

Questions: Person 1: _______________ Person 2:________________

1.What are some plans for

2.What are some happenings

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 15

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments:

Task 2: What are the things you do before you go to bed?

Student’s Response: Teacher’s Comments:

Speak Right: Fundamental Workbook Page 16

Questions: Person 1: _ Person 2:__

Maureen is a model. _

_ _ Don’t they drive?

She writes every day. _ _

_ _ Does she sleeps at night?

_ He is not okay. _

_ Dylan isn’t a softball player. _

Liz yells at her. _

_ _ Do you buy vegetables?