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Application of Health Index Method for Transformer Condition Assessment

Conference Paper · October 2014

DOI: 10.1109/TENCON.2014.7022433

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 Application of Health Index Method for Transformer
Condition Assessment
I.G.N Satriyadi Hernanda, A.C. Mulyana, D. A. Asfani
Electrical Engineering Department
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
Surabaya, Indonesia
didit@ee.its.ac.id, anton@ee.its.ac.id
Abstract— Power transformer is one of the electrical
equipment that has a central and critical role in the power
system. In order to avoid power transformer failure, information
system that provides the transformer condition is needed. This
paper is present the information system for diagnostic
transformer condition based on health index. Health Index
method provides a comprehensive transformer condition
assessment. This method is resulting power transformer
condition that divided into several categories according to the life
time prediction and degradation level of transformer
components. Analysis on dissolved gas, oil, and furan (insulation
paper) are subjected to detect the faults types that could be
occurs in transformer. The outputs of the analysis are life time
prediction, types of possible faults, and recommendations for
future maintenance action. For practical application, this method
is applied to the transformer data test that provided by Indonesia
Power Electric Company or PT PLN. Results of the analysis
found that the smaller Transformer Health Index means greater
number of population failure probability. This relationship is
quite strong with the value of the correlation coefficient r is -0.63.
Keywords— Diagnostic system, health index, information
system, power transformer.
I. INTRODUCTION
Faults on power transformer will damage electric power
distribution system and cause major losses. To anticipate the
damage required monitoring and right maintenance on
transformer. In addition there is an increased demand for
technical performance of the transformer from owners.
According manufacturing power transformers estimated age
between 25-40 years, but sometimes there is a transformer
whose age is below the minimum age range has been broken
[1]. Although a few damage, but there is evidence that the
transformer was, or close to the end of its operating life.
The health condition of the transformer is influenced by
several factors, including the factor of chemical, electrical, and
mechanical. These factors cause different transformer testing in
accordance with the conditions and needs. Health Index
method offers a comprehensive transformer condition
assessment. This method is a scientific approach to objectively
and quantitatively. In addition, this method combines the
results of operating observations, field inspections and
laboratory testing. The challenge is how to interpret the test
measurement data with the level of importance to transformer
health condition.
978-1-4799-4075-2/14/$31.00 © 2014
I.M.Y Negara, Daniar Fahmi
Electrical Engineering Department
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
Surabaya, Indonesia
yulistya@ee.its.ac.id, daniarfahmi.elits@gmail.com
Transformer condition data used in Health Index method is
dissolved gases, oil, and furan. Dissolved gas is hydrogen (H2),
methane (CH4), ethane (C2H4), ethylene (C2H6), acetylene
(C2H2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
While the condition of oil is BDV (Break Down Voltage), IFT
(Interfacial Tension), acid, and water content. Then Furan is
furfural gas (2FAL).
There are several methods for assessment transformer
includes oil temperature / conductor monitoring, moisture, oil
quality, DGA, FRA, Recovery Voltage, Thermal Imaging, Tap
Changer Test, and Bushing Test [2]-[9]. However, there are no
methods of knowing the power transformers condition through
the entire combined data available. These problems lead to
different conclusions levels, as needed testing or not thorough
assessment of the health condition of the transformer.
Diagnosis of transformers condition using Health Index
method is a measure of transformer condition based on various
criteria conditions associated with degradation factors of long-
term cumulative effect on the age of the transformer operation.
This research aims to determine the health condition of
transformer, disturbance or faults occurs, and produce
recommendations action for transformer.
II. HEALTH INDEX
Health Index is one of assessment method on asset or
equipment. The result is describes the overall health condition
of an asset. Additionally Health Index is a tool to manage the
assets and identifier for investment needs, such as prioritizing
capital investment and maintenance programs.
The purpose of Health Index assessment is to measure the
condition of the equipment based on various criteria related
condition factors of long-term degradation that cumulatively
resulted in the end of the age of the operating assets. This
assessment includes identification of assets that are at or near
the end of the life of the operation and failure of high-risk
assets that require expenditures for asset replacement. Health
Index results differ from the test results condition-based
maintenance or diagnosis, which emphasizes the search for
damage and inefficiencies. In several studies literature, Health
Index method is referring to industry standards and expert
judgment [1].
In calculating the value of the Health Index, the value of
each parameter is searched based on international standard
limits and Equation 1. Any parameter values that have been Final calculation of Health Index is the multiplication factor
obtained are then summed up to obtain all final value Health between health index factor (HIFj) and the weighting of each
Index. The parameters are dissolved gas (DGA), oil insulation parameter (Kj) divided by the maximum score then multiplied
and furan. Assessment of dissolved gas refers to the IEEE 100. In determine (HIFj), the value of the assessment results of
standard C 57.104 -2008 and shown in Table 1. Assessment of each parameter A, B, C, D, E will be converted into numbers 4
the condition of the insulating oil like breakdown voltage, to 0. The value of A mean 4, B mean 3, C mean 2, D mean 2
water content, acid, and interfacial tension refers to the IEEE and E mean 0. Details of HIFj and Kj for each parameter are
standard C57.106-2006 and shown in Table 2. Assessment of shown in Table 5. This final result will divide the values into
furan or paper insulation is shown in Table 3. the index numbers from 0 to 100. A value of 0 indicates the
perfect degradation condition on transformer and 100 shows
To find the value of each parameter of Health Index can be the healthy conditions. This is shown as in Table 6 which
used the following formula. describes the final assessment of the transformer according to
n the methods of the Health Index transformer.
∑ Si ×Wi TABLE 2.
HI
each _ parameter
=
i =1
n
(1) OIL INSULATION SCORING [1]
∑Wi Voltage Score Weight
i =1 Oil Parameter
The number of parameters used is expressed by n. (69 – 230 kV ) (Si) (Wi)
Assessment scores of a parameter declared in Si. The value of Breakdown Voltage ≥52 1
(Si) can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Beside assessment scores (Si), (kV) 47-52 2
3
there are also weighting factors (Wi). The weighting factor 35-47 3
(Wi) value can be 1, 2, 3, and 5 depending on their importance ≤35 4
factors in every parameter. Scoring (Si) and weighting factors Water Content ≤20 1
(ppm) 20-25 2
(Wi) is already defined in the Health Index method, in 4
25-30 3
accordance to limitations in international standards.
≥30 4
Assessment of every parameter will result in a value of A, B, C,
Acid ≤0.04 1
D, E and shown in Table 4. Finding the final Health Index (MgKOH/mg) 2
0.04-0.1
value of transformer is using this formula below [1]. 0.1-0.15 3
1
n ≥0.15 4
∑ Kj × HIFj Interfacial Tension ≥30 1
HI
final
=
j =1
n
× 100% (2) (dyne/cm) 23-30 2
2
18-23 3
∑ 4Kj
j =1
≤18 4

TABLE 1. TABLE 3.
DGA SCORING [6] FURAN SCORING [1]
Gas 2 FAL
Score (Si) Weight Rating Code Condition
(ppb)
Gas
0 – 100 A Good
(ppm)
1 2 3 4 5 6 (Wi) 100 – 250 B Acceptable
250 – 500 C Need Caution
100 - 200 - 300- 500-
H2 ≤ 100 >700 2 500 – 1000 D Poor
200 300 500 700
> 1000 E Very Poor
75 - 125- 200- 400- TABLE 4.
CH4 ≤ 75
125 200 400 600
>600 3
ASSESSMENT EACH PARAMATER [1]
Rating Code Condition Description
65- 80 - 100- 120-
C2H6 ≤ 65 >150 3
Good < 1.2
80 100 120 150 A
B Acceptable 1.2 ≤ x < 1.5
50 -
80 - 100- 150- C Need Caution 1.5 ≤ x < 2
C2H4 ≤ 50 80
100 150 200
>200 3
D Poor 2≤x<3
E Very Poor ≥3
5
C2H2 ≤3 3-7 7-35 35-50 50-80 >80
TABLE 5.
HEALTH INDEX SCORE ASSESSMENT [1]
350- 700- 900- 1100-
CO ≤ 350
700 900 1100 1400
>1400 1 Transformer
No. Kj Rating Code HIFj
Parameter
2500- 3000- 4000- 5000- 1 DGA 10 A,B,C,D,E 4,3,2,1,0
CO2 ≤2500
3000 4000 5000 7000
>7000 1
2 Oil 8 A,B,C,D,E 4,3,2,1,0
3 Furan 5 A,B,C,D,E 4,3,2,1,0
 a little methane and ethylene. Carbon dioxide and carbon
TABLE 6. monoxide may also be formed if occurred in paper insulation.
HEALTH INDEX FINAL ASSESSMENT [1]
The dominant gas is acetylene.
Approximate
Health
Condition Description Expected
Index C. Doernenberg Ratio
Lifetime
Some aging or minor
More than 15 Doernenburg ratio method is to compare the concentration
85-100 Very Good deterioration of a limited of dissolved gases with limit concentration of L1 [10]. This
years
number of components
method uses the ratio of R1, R2, R3 and R4. R1 is the ratio
Significant deterioration More than 10 between methane (CH4) divided by hydrogen (H2). R2 is the
70-85 Good
of some components years
ratio between acetylene (C2H2) divided ethylene (C2H4). R3
Widespread significant is the ratio between acetylene (C2H2) divided methane (CH4).
deterioration or serious R4 is a comparison between ethane (C2H6) divided acetylene
50-70 Fair Up to 10 years
deterioration of specific
components (C2H2). The concentration limits (L1) refer to the IEEE
standard C 57.104 -2008 or look like in Table 8. Doernenburg
Widespread serious Less than 3
30-50 Poor
deterioration years
ratio values will result a diagnosis of faults as shown in Table 9.

Extensive serious D. TDCG (Total Dissolved Combustile Gas)

0-30 Very Poor At end of life
deterioration
TDCG (Total Dissolved Combustible Gas) analysis is used
to monitor the degradation of the transformer insulation
III. ANALYSIS material by calculating the total volume of gas that is formed
At this section is design several methods for identifying [10]. The total volume of gas produced is used as an indicator
possible faults that occurred and recommended actions to of the failure. The state of the transformer is marked by the
power transformer. The faults analysis parameter is consist of condition level of the transformer which is shown in Table 10.
oil comparison, key gas, and Doernenburg ratio. As for Condition 1 explains that at this level, TDCG indicates the
diagnosis recommendations action used TDCG method and condition of the transformer is not problematic. If the value of
comparison of the minimum oil limit. The flowchart design of one of the gas is out of the condition, TDCG rate can be used
analysis method is shown in Figure. 1. for additional investigation. Condition 2 explains that TDCG
level on this scale indicates a mild decomposition and require
A. Oil Comparison resampling DGA. Condition 3 explains that the TDCG level on
Oil comparison analysis is to compare the maximum or this scale is indicates the high degree of decomposition and
minimum value of parameter oil with oil test data results. If require re-sampling DGA. Condition 4 explains that the TDCG
these values are at the limit, then the value will indicate the level at this level indicates severe decomposition. If continue
type of faults that may occur. There are four types of faults that the operation allows failure. Re-sampling DGA is required
may occur in the comparative analysis of this oil. First is the quickly. If there is a previous history of testing, we must
fault of the breakdown voltage due to the BDV value below the calculate TDCG rate. It can be seen that the transformers are in
minimum limit. The second is caused by moisture, water a stable condition (amount of gas tends to remain or increase in
content values that exceed the maximum limits. Then the thirds small amounts) or unstable (the amount of gas increases
is corrosion of internal components transformer due to the high significantly). Table 11 is used when there are more than one
acid value. The latter is due to the appearance of sediment that result of test data or have a history testing.
passes the value of the minimum IFT. The transformer oil limit
shown in Table 7. TABLE 7.
TRANSFORMER OIL LIMIT [11]
B. Key Gas
Voltage Classication
Oil Parameter
Key Gas method used to determine the faults of the
transformer by dissolved gas levels are the most dominant in ≤ 69 kV 69-230 kV > 230 kV
the insulating oil [10]. The dominant gas called Key Gas. Breakdown Voltage
Classification of transformer condition based on the dominant kV (minimum)
1 mm gap 23 28 30
gas content generated is thermal decomposition of oil, thermal 2 mm gap 40 47 50
decomposition of insulation paper, partial discharge and arcing.. Water Content
The result of the thermal decomposition of the oil is in the form ppm (maximum) 35 25
20
of ethylene and methane gas. Moreover, there are also small
amounts of hydrogen gas and ethane. The dominant gas is Acid
ethylene. The increases amount of carbon dioxide and carbon MgKOH/mg
0.2 0.15 0.10
(maximum)
monoxide is an indicator of the thermal decomposition of the
excessive heat insulating paper. The dominant gas is carbon Interfacial Tension
monoxide. Partial discharge or low energy electrical discharge dyne/cm (minimum) 25 30 32
will produce hydrogen gas and methane, with a small amount
of ethane and ethylene. The dominant gas is hydrogen. Amount
of hydrogen and acetylene gases is high when the arcing, with
 TABLE 11.
ACTIONS BASED ON TDCG IN OIL INSULATION [10]

TDCG
TDCG Sampling
Rate Operating Procedures
Level Interval
(ppm/day)
< 10 Annual Continue normal operation.
< 720 ppm 10-30 Quarterly
> 30 Monthly
Exercise caution.
< 10 Quarterly
Analyze for individual
721-1920
10-30 Monthly gases.
ppm
Determine load dependence.
> 30 Monthly
< 10 Monthly Exercise extreme caution.
1921-4638 Analyze for individual
10-30 Weekly gases.
ppm
> 30 Weekly Plan outage.
Advise manufacturer.
< 10 Weekly
> 4639 Consider removal from
10-30 Daily
ppm service.
> 30 Daily Advise manufacturer.

Figure 1. Power Transformer Flowchart Analysis

TABLE 8. TABLE 12.

DISSOLVED GAS CONCENTRATION LIMIT [10] RESULT OF HEALTH INDEX ASSESSMENT

Gas L1 Concentration (ppm) Category Sub Total

Hydrogen 100 Very Good 149
Methane 120 Good 48
Carbon Monoxide 350 Fair 39
Acetylene 1 Poor 30
Etylene 50 Very Poor 9
Ethane 65 Total 275

IV. DIAGNOSTIC RESULT

TABLE 9. Transformer data test is provided by Indonesia national
DOERNUNBERG RATIO TABLE [10]
Electric Company (P.T. PLN-PUSLITBANG) [12]. In this
Diagnotic R1 R2 R3 R4
research, to obtain the health condition of a power transformer,
graphical user interface (GUI) based on Matlab® is designed.
Figure 2 is screen shoot of transformer assessment tools with
1. Thermal Health Index method. The number of data that used for design
> 1.0 < 0.75 < 0.3 > 0.4
Decomposition
analysis of Health Index is 275 unit power transformer test
2. Partial Discharge < 0.1
Not
< 0.3 > 0.4 results. There are five categories condition of the power
Significant transformer. The value acquired from these calculations that
3. Arcing 0.1 - 1.0 > 0.75 > 0.3 < 0.4 varies between the lowest value is 11,9 and the highest value is
100. Dominant transformer condition in very good category is
149 units. Transformer with good category is 48 units. While
for fair category is 39 units. There are 30 and 9 units
TABLE 10. transformer in poor and very poor categories respectively.
DISSOLVED GAS CONCENTRATION CLASSIFICATION [10]
The proposed method is resulting transformer condition
Status TDCG Level based on analysis of transformer test report. From this analysis,
Condition 1 < 720 ppm there are nine type of deterioration can be detected. The faults
Condition 2 721-1920 ppm can be identified by Key Gas analysis are cellulose
decomposition, oil decomposition, partial discharge and arcing.
Condition 3 1.921-4.630 ppm
While breakdown voltage, humidity, corrosion, sediment, and
Condition 4 > 4.630 ppm aging on paper insulation problem can be detected by oil test
and furan analysis. Cellulose decomposition is identified when
the carbon monoxide content above the 350ppm. While oil
decomposition indicated by ethylene content that exceed the TABLE 13.
limit level that is 50ppm.Moreover, hydrogen content that more FAULT TYPES POSSIBILITY ON TRANSFORMER
than 100ppm can be used as indication of partial discharge
Sub
activity. Arcing is occurs in the transformer if number of No Fault Types Possibility
Total
acetylene is higher than of other gases. Breakdown voltage 1 Arcing 1
occurs if breakdown voltage is less than threshold 28 kV. High
2 Oil Decomposition 3
moisture is detected when the amount of water content exceed
3 Cellulose Decomposition 5
the maximum limit of 25 ppm. Corrosion is occurs if acid
values exceeding the maximum limit of 0.15 mgKOH/mg. 4 Cellulose Decomposition and Sediment 23
Sediment is occurs when the amount of the minimum required Cellulose Decomposition, Sediment, and
5 5
Corrosion
30 dyne/cm is exceeded. Aging on paper insulation can be Cellulose Decomposition, Sediment, and
detected from gas 2 furfural analysis. If gas 2-furfural level 6 1
Breakdown Voltage
more than the limitation standards then the insulation paper is Cellulose Decomposition, Sediment,
7 1
already deteriorated. Table 13 describes the types of possible Corrosion, and High Aging on Paper Insulation
failures that occur in power transformer database Table 12 Cellulose Decomposition, High Humidity,
shows the assessment result of transformer data based on the 8 Sediment, and Aging on Paper Insulation Not 2
Normal
proposed methods or scoring as described in Table 6. Cellulose Decomposition, High Humidity,
9 9
Based on the fault probability that occurred, it produces three Sediment, and Corrosion
Cellulose Decomposition, High Humidity, and
types of actions that should be done to the transformer. This 10
Sediment
3
result is obtained by TDCG analysis. Three kind of Cellulose Decomposition, High Humidity, and
11 1
recommendation action that apply to the transformer are Breakdown Voltage
continue the normal operation, continue the operation with a Cellulose Decomposition, High Humidity,
12 Sediment and Aging on Paper Insulation Not 3
note, testing resampling for ensure the function fault never Normal
occur. For further transformer testing suggestion is obtained in 13
Cellulose Decomposition, High Humidity,
1
3 month and 12 month interval. [10]. There are two kinds of Sediment, Corrosion, and Breakdown Voltage
Cellulose Decomposition, High Humidity,
transformer oil treatment suggestions, there are recondition 14 Sediment, Corrosion, and End of Life Paper 1
and reclamation. Transformer oil suggestion obtained from Insulation
analysis oil comparison minimum. If the values of breakdown 15 Thermal Decomposition 1
voltage or water content are worse, the action is recondition or 16 Sediment 47
filter. If the values of acid and interfacial tension are worse, 17 Sediment and Corrosion 5
the action reclaimed. Worse here means the set has crossed the 18 High Humidity 2
line [11]. If we count the number of faults divided by the 19 High Humidity and Sediment 2
number of power transformers in each value in the category of High Humidity, Sediment, and High Aging on
20 1
Paper Insulation
health index and multiplied by 100, then we will get the
21 High Humidity, Sediment, and Corrosion 4
probability of a faults population occurring in percent. By the
22 Partial Discharge 3
calculation of correlation techniques obtained a correlation High Humidity, Sediment, and Aging on Paper
coefficient of r = - 0.63. R value (negative) expressed a strong 23 1
Insulation Not Normal
relationship between faults populations with health index Total 125
value is inversely proportional relationship. Smaller value of
Health Index, then more greather the population faults that
occurred. This relation is shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 2. Simulation Assessment with Health Index on GUI Matlab Figure 3. Health Index Value vs Faults Population Probability (%)
 V. CONCLUSION
Information system for power transformer diagnostic
system is presented in this paper. Health index method is used
to calculates the health index score and divide the transformer
into five category based on transformer condition. The
categories are very good, good, fair, poor, and very poor. In
order to confirm the real application of the proposed method,
data-set of power transformer test result is used to be testing
cases. This data-set is provided by Indonesia National Electric
Company (PT PLN) that consists of 275 unit data. The analysis
results shows power transformer condition in very good
category are 149 units, good category are 48 units, fair
category are 39 units. For power transformer in poor and very
poor category are 30 and 9 units respectively. Based on healthy
index the result can summarized as; healthy transformer is
72 % consists of very good and good category, warning or fair
14 %, while the unhealthy transformer is 14 % consist of poor
and very poor category.
From the analysis found faults possibility that occur in
power transformers. There are nine types of faults that may
occur, which is cellulose decomposition, oil decomposition,
partial discharge, arcing, breakdown voltage, humidity,
corrosion, sediment, and aging on paper insulation. The faults
that occur can be various from a combination of the above
faults. There are three types of transformer action
recommendations from diagnostic results. The three types of
recommendations that further action transformer is operating
normally, continue to operate with notes, and re-sampling test.
Health Index method of Transformer has a deficiency that
does not know the kind of faults that occurred, but it provides a
diagnosis of the transformer in general health conditions.
Therefore additional analysis is required to determine the type
of possible faults that occur on a power transformer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by Directorate General of
Higher Education, Department of Education and Culture
(DIKTI), Indonesia under BOPTN-ITS research scheme 2013-
2014 and JICA-PREDICT under Joint-Research Program
Batch-2, B-2-4, 2013.
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