ORIGINAL ARTICLES

T-loop position and anchorage control

Andrew J. Kuhlberg, DMD, MDS, a and Charles J. Burstone, DDS, MS b
Farmington, Conn.

The effect of off-center positioning on the force system produced by segmented 0.017 × 0.025-inch
TMA T-loops was measured. A T-loop was designed to produce equal and opposite moments in
the centered position. The spring was tested in seven positions, centered, 1, 2, and 3 mm toward
the anterior attachment, and 1, 2, and 3 mm toward the posterior attachments. The horizontal
force, vertical force, and alpha and beta moments were measured over 6 mm of spring activation.
The results showed that the alpha/beta moment ratio was dependent only on the spring position,
and independent of spring activation. Eccentric positioning of T-loop springs effectively produces a
consistent moment differential through the range of spring activation. (Am J Orthod Dentofac
Orthop 1997;112:12-8.)

T h e application of differential moments loops, including the composite T-loop (a 0.018-inch

between teeth is recognized as an effective means
for achieving desired tooth movement. These mo-
ments are termed alpha and beta moments for the
anterior and posterior teeth, respectively. Differen-
tial moments are used for obtaining differential
anchorage, intrusive or extrusive forces, and root
movement. ~-4
Precise control of tooth movement during clo-
sure of extraction spaces in three dimensions is of
paramount importance in meeting treatment goals.
This includes control of the anchorage units, vertical
forces, root positions, and rotations. Many methods
for controlling the posterior anchorage movement
in extraction space closure have been described. 5-12
Regulation of the space closure is ultimately deter-
mined by the biomechanical forces applied to the
teeth. Variation in the force and moment magnitude
and the moment-to-force ratio are important deter-
minants of the resulting tooth movement. Tweed
tip-back bends, Begg or Tip-edge mechanics, inter-
maxillary elastics, and headgear can produce differ-
ences in the moment-to-force ratios (and the mo-
ment differential) between the anterior teeth and
posterior teeth. This difference in the moment-to-
force ratio acting on the anterior versus the poste-
rior teeth is produced by either applying unequal
moments (a moment differential) or unequal forces
(i.e., use of a headgear or intermaxillary elastics).
Previously, other methods were described to pro-
duce the differential moments with segmented T-
From the Department of Orthodontics, University of Connecticut School
of Dental Medicine.
~Assistant professor.
bprofessor.
Reprint requests to: Dr. Andrew J. Kuhlberg, University of Connecticut
Health Center, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics,
MC 1725, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030.
Copyright © 1997 by the American Association of Orthodontists.
0889-5406/97/$5.00 + 0 8/1/72484
12
titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA) T-loop welded
to a 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA base segment), chang-
ing the angulation of the preactivation (gable)
bends, and placing the spring off center? 5,11,~2
The segmented T-loop has been extensively
studied for its mechanism of action. The force
system produced by a segmented T-loop spring
consists of several components--the alpha moment,
the beta moment, horizontal forces, and vertical
forces. These forces have three-dimensional effects,
however, the second order (the buccal aspect) is
most frequently considered in the analysis of space
closure mechanics. Command of the second-order
force system is a key to effective management of the
movement of the anterior and posterior teeth.
The purpose of this study is to examine the
effects of off-center positioning on the force system
produced by symmetric T-loop springs. It is hypoth-
esized that the moment differential (represented by
a ratio of the moments) is dependent on the spring
position and spring activation. Also, each compo-
nent of the entire force system (the alpha moments,
beta moments, horizontal forces, and vertical
forces) is dependent on two variables, spring activa-
tion and spring position.
MATERIALS and METHODS
Prefabricated 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA segmented
T-loop springs (Ormco Corp.) were used in this study. The
initial and preactivation shapes are shown in Fig. 1,A and
B. This design was based on the segmented T-spring for
symmetric space closure as described by Burstone? ,4
Specific design criteria were (1) production of equal and
opposite alpha and beta moments at full activation (6
mm), (2) moment-to-force ratio of 6 to 7 at full activation,
(3) smooth gradual curvature for the preactivation bends,
and (4) a neutral position with the vertical legs of the
spring touching.4 Preliminary testing was completed to
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Kuhlberg and Burstone 13
Volume 112,No. 1

A B

10 mm

4mrn! 115mm
:q

BETA 5 mm ALPHA BETA ALPHA

Standard Form With Preactivation Bends

(without preactivation bends) for Equal and Opposite Moments

Fig. 1. A, Standard form and dimensions of 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA T-loop described by
Burstone 4,5,11 before placement of preactivation bends. B, T-loop with preactivation bends
placed, note that angulation of alpha and beta sides is produced by gradual curvature
placed in wire.

BETA POSITION ALPHA POSITION

Posterior Anterior

Fig. 2. Checking neutral position. Equal and opposite moments are applied to spring, no
horizontal forces are applied so that horizontal arms become parallel, position of vertical
arms are checked. In this study, vertical arms just touch in neutral position.

adjust the spring template design to meet these specifica-
tions. All preactivations bends were "overbent" to remove
residual stresses in the wire, and trial activations were
done to evaluate the stability of the spring shape. Figs. 2
and 3 show the neutral position and the trial activation.
The tests were performed on the spring tester appa-
ratus in the biomechanics laboratory of the University of
Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Orthodontics
Department. The design of this tester has been described
previously.13 This apparatus measures uniplanar forces
and moments acting on each end of the spring attachment.
Specifically, the alpha (anterior) and beta (posterior)
moments were measured, as well as the horizontal (attrac-
tive) and vertical forces (intrusive/extrusive). The force
system as measured by the spring tester is shown in Fig. 4.
Angular moment transducers measure the moments and
linear displacement transducers measure the forces. The
spring is activated by a computer controlled motorized
carriage. Output voltages were recorded by the computer
and transformed into force and moment values. The
accuracy of the spring tester was approximately +4 gm for
the forces and _+25 gm/mm for the moments. Calibration
was performed by the application of known forces and
moments with dead weights and cantilevers.
14 Kuhlberg and Burstone
]l||lr
BETA
Fig. 3, Trial activation. Horizontal arms are kept parallel by applying force and moment.
Trial activation adds to stability of spring shape.
A standard interbracket distance of 23 mm was used
(at full spring activation), this distance represents an
approximate average interbracket distance between a first
molar and canine before extraction of a premolar. The
force system was measured during activation from 17 to 23
mm at 0.5 mm intervals.
The springs were placed in seven positions: center, and
1, 2, or 3 mm off center toward each of the alpha and beta
attachments. Three springs were tested at each position and
each spring was used for three trials. The springs were
compared with the templates before and after each trial to
evaluate for deformation. Any springs exhibiting deforma-
tion during testing were discarded and replaced.
The output measurements included the alpha mo-
ment, the beta moment, the horizontal force, and the
vertical force. From these values moment-to-force ratios,
alpha/beta moments ratios, and the force/deflection
rate(s) were calculated. To test for accuracy, the sum of
the moments was calculated.
Statistical Analysis
The mean and standard deviations for the alpha mo-
ment, beta moment, horizontal force, and vertical force were
calculated. A linear regression model was used to calculate
the effect of spring position and activation (independent
variables) on the alpha/beta moment ratio. Also, multivari-
able linear regression equations were determined to predict
the magnitude of each the alpha moment, beta moment,
horizontal force, and vertical force for anteriorly and poste-
riorly positioned springs.
RESULTS
The measured force system for the centered
spring (the control spring) is shown in Table I.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
July 1997
_-
.J
ALPHA
The table lists the activation, alpha moment, beta
moment, horizontal force, vertical force, moment-
to-force ratio (alpha), moment-to-force ratio
(beta), and the ratio of the alpha moment/beta
moment. For convention, moments that would
move the roots of teeth mesially are r e p o r t e d as
positive ( + ) , moments that would move the roots
distally are negative (-). Horizontal forces that
would move the teeth mesially are reported as
negative (-), horizontal forces that would move
the teeth distally are positive (+). Also, vertical
forces that are intrusive are negative (-), extrusive
vertical forces are positive (+). The ratio of the
moments is r e p o r t e d as negative because the
alpha m o m e n t is negative.
For the symmetric (centered) spring, the alpha
and beta moments were found to be nearly equal
and the ratio of the moments was close to 1.0
throughout the range of activation. At full activation
(6 mm), the spring delivered nearly equal and
opposite moments (alpha = 2079 + 73 gm/mm,
beta = 2126 + 177 gm/mm). The alpha moment
decreased to 1234 (+89) gm/mm at 0 activation. The
beta moment decreased to 1194 (_+92) gm/mm at 0
activation. The moment/deactivation rate approxi-
mated 95 gram/ram for both the alpha and beta
moments.
The horizontal force measured 344 _+ 20 gm at
6 mm activation with a force/deactivation rate of
approximately 60 gm/mm. The centered spring
also delivered small vertical forces (intrusive to
the anterior attachment) despite the equal alpha
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Volume 112, No. 1
and beta moments. These forces balance the
moment of the horizontal force produced because
of the 1 mm offset (posterior more inferior or
gingivally positioned) incorporated into the spring
design.
The Effect of Positioning on the Moment
Differential With a Standard Spring Shape
Off-center positioning produced a moment dif-
ferential. The higher moment was associated with
the attachment closer to the center of the spring
(i.e., a spring positioned more anteriorly produced a
higher alpha moment, whereas a spring positioned
more posteriorly produced a higher beta moment).
The alpha/beta moment ratio was found to be
determined by the spring position, independent of
spring activation. The ratio of the moments was
analyzed with a multivariable linear regression. Sep-
arate models for springs positioned more anteriorly
and for springs positioned more posteriorly were
analyzed. Regression analysis revealed that the
spring position was the only statistically significant
determinant of the alpha/beta moment ratio for
springs positioned off center. The slope parameters
(position) were 0.58 (p < 0.000) for the anteriorly
positioned springs, and 0.21 (p < 0.000) for poste-
riorly positioned springs.
Effect of Spring Positioning on the Force System
The components of the force system produced
by a T-loop are the alpha moment, the beta mo-
ment, the horizontal force, and the vertical force.
For off-centered positioning, the magnitude of the
alpha moment, the beta moment, and the horizontal
force was dependent on both the activation and the
position. The horizontal force ranged from approx-
imately 340 gm at full activation to 0 gm at zero
activation. Eccentricity had a small but statistically
significant effect on the horizontal force magnitude.
The horizontal force increased with increased ec-
centric positioning by approximately 6 to 8 gm/mm
off centering. The alpha and beta moment magni-
tudes also increased with activation. The moments
were also dependent on the spring position, with the
moment increasing for the side closer to the T-loop
and decreasing for the further side.
The vertical forces (extrusive or intrusive forces)
increased with greater off centering. The vertical
forces on anteriorly positioned springs (extrusive
forces on the anterior teeth) were dependent on the
spring position and independent (statistically) of the
springs activation. The vertical forces increased ap-
proximately 26 gm/mm off centering toward the
Kuhlberg and Burstone 15
Beta Moment
-Iorizontal Force
BETA --(
POSITION ~Vertical Force (Extrusive)
ALPHA Vertical Force (Intrusive)
POSITION ~ -
-torizontal Force
Alpha Moment
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of force system measured
by spring tester. Vertical forces shown as intrusive or
extrusive are labeled to indicate direction. However,
actual measured forces could be intrusive or extrusive
on either position depending on alpha/beta moment
difference. Spring is oriented vertical in this diagram as
it was in tested in spring tester, for clinical usage spring
would be directed horizontally.
anterior (extrusive to the anterior teeth). The verti-
cal forces produced by posteriorly positioned springs
(intrusive forces to the anterior teeth) were depen-
dent on the spring position and activation. The
vertical forces increased approximately 24 gin/ram
of off-center positioning (intrusive to the anterior
teeth).
Table II summarizes the multivariable regres-
sion coetticients determined for predicting the mag-
nitude of these force system components.
Table III lists the moment-to-force ratios for
off-center springs for both the alpha and beta mo-
ments. The greater the eccentricity of the spring, the
greater the difference in the moment-to-force ratios
for the alpha and beta moments. The moment-to-
force ratios increase with decreasing activation of
the springs.
DISCUSSION
The force system produced by T-loop springs
depends on many variables, including, wire size and
material, spring shape (preactivation shape), spring
16 Kuhlberg a n d Burstone American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
July 1997

Table I. Force system produce by symmetric T-loop spring in centered position

Alpha Moment Beta Moment Horizontal Force Vertical Force *

Activation
(turn) Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD M/F Alpha M/F Beta Ratio Alpha~Beta

0 -1234.1 89.2 1194.7 92.0 -16.0 18.3 -6.1 7.3 -- -- 1.03

0,5 -1329.1 88.1 1303.8 95.5 24.7 19.3 -8.8 7.4 -53.9 52.9 1.03
1 -1428.1 80.1 1406.7 104.8 54.1 19,1 -11.1 9.4 -26.4 26.0 1.02
1.5 -1518.9 86.1 1496.4 113.7 82.1 14.2 -11.4 9.4 -18.5 18.2 1.02
2 -1605.1 79,0 1588.9 122.7 115.2 17.8 -13.4 6.1 -13.9 13.8 1.01
2.5 -1687.1 76.5 1672.8 130.4 140.3 16.9 -12.9 7.0 -12.0 11.9 1.01
3 -1766.1 87.0 1750.9 136.3 170.9 19.8 - 14.6 7.4 - 10.3 10.2 1.01
3.5 -1841.1 87.0 1829.9 143.1 20•.7 17.7 -14.7 9.2 -9.1 9.1 1.01
4 -1901.9 82.6 1894.7 155.5 229.9 21.0 -16.4 8.2 -8.3 8.2 1.01
4.5 -1950.1 74.3 1956.1 159.6 254.6 16.9 -17.6 5.1 -7.7 7.7 1.00
5 -1986.2 71.4 2018.0 168.2 283.4 18.8 -19.6 5.5 -7.0 7.1 1.00
5.5 -2033.7 72.0 2072.8 176.3 316.3 20.5 -21,1 6.8 -6.4 6.6 0.98
6 -2079.2 73.2 2126.8 176.8 344.3 20.6 -21.4 9.8 -6.0 6,2 0.98

*( - ) Value for vertical force indicates intrusive force acting on anterior.

Table II. Multivariable regression coefficients for determining Magnitudes of forces and m o m e n t s produced by off-centered T-loops

Variable of Activation Position Constant Mean Squares

force system (IV) (Slope 1) (Slope 2) (Intercept) (Variance, 0-2) S.D. (Error) (or) R2

Anteriorly positioned springs

Alpha moment - 194.56 227.41 - 1149.41 8816.75 93.90 0.96
Beta moment 115.59 286.25 1348.41 4883.14 69.88 0.97
Horizontal force 60.45 -6.55 -13.11 35.04 5.92 1.00
Vertical force 0.01" 26.04 12.30 25.86 5.09 0.97
Posteriorly positioned springs
Alpha moment -90.26 303.04 - 1349.89 14306.73 119.61 0.91
Beta moment 209.65 169.11 1165.04 12815.46 113.21 0.94
Horizontal force 62.16 8.15 - 11.32 60.25 7.76 1.00
Vertical force -5.27 -24.95 -6.70 82.86 9.10 0.92

Model Equation:
IV = (Slope 1) x Activation + (Slope 2) × Position + Intercept -+ Error
p. < 0.000 that all other slopes 4:0.00 except*.
*p > 0.05 that slope parameter = 0.00
Activation range = 0 to 6 millimeters
Position range = - 3 mm (closer to anterior) to + 3 mm (closer to posterior)

position, and activation. Controlling the force sys-
tem produced by an orthodontic appliance or spring
is essential to precise tooth movement. Force mag-
nitude, direction, moment-to-force ratio, and force
constancy are important variables determined bythe
orthodontist during treatment?
This study demonstrates another method that
may be used for controlling the forces and moments
produced by segmented 0.017 × 0.025-inch TMA
T-loop springs or closing loops in general. Previ-
ously, the approach described for achieving differ-
ential alpha/beta moments with segmented T-loops
used asymmetric angulation of the preactivation
bends. 3-5 However, with this method the moment
differential does not remain constant with spring
activation, i.e., the moment differential is dependent
on both spring activation and the differences in the
preactivation angulations. This is in contrast to the
findings of this study where only eccentric position-
ing with a symmetric shape was used to achieve a
moment differential, not spring shape. Off-center
positioning maintains the constancy of the moment
differential throughout the range of spring deactiva-
tion (space closure). This concurs with Burstone and
Koenig 5 who demonstrated a moment differential
and vertical forces with off-center vertical loops.
Faulkner et al. 14 evaluated the effects of spring
height, preactivation angulation, spring position,
and the addition of helices on the force/moment
systems produced by segmented T-loops. The T-
loops were symmetric in shape (without the 1 mm
offset in height between the anterior and posterior
sides of the T) but otherwise similarly designed to
the present T-loops. They also found that off-center
positioning had a significant impact on the moments
produced with the higher moment occurring at the
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Kuhlberg and Burstone 17
Volume 112, No. 1

!
A B C

Offset
(1 ram)

~t~at~n IdTsten~e]- ~I ~ d i ~
Inteforackel Distance

Interbracket Distance 4 Interbraeket Distance

Fig. 5. Illustration of placement of T-loop. A, Spring in passive form after insertion into
molar auxiliary tube. B, Spring in neutral position, activation is horizontal distance spring
must be pulled for insertion into canine vertical tube. C, Spring activated and inserted into
canine tube.

Table III. M o m e n t - t o - f o r c e r a t i o s f o r o f f - c e n t e r T - l o o p s r e t r a c t i o n s p r i n g s

Springs off-center to anterior (alpha) Springs off-center to posterior (beta)

- 1 mm* - 2 mm* - 3 ram* 1 mm 2 mm 3 mm

Activation M/F Alpha M/F Beta M/F Alpha M/F Beta M/F Alpha M/F Beta M/F Alpha M/F Beta M/F Alpha M/F Beta M/F Alpha M/F Beta

0.5 53.3 38.2 59.7 29.2 58.3 22.3 24.6 41.9 24.1 48.7 18.9 46.6
1.0 26.8 19.1 30.7 14.8 26.7 10.1 14.6 25.1 12.8 26.5 9.6 24.3
1.5 19.4 13.8 20.8 10.0 20.5 7.7 10.4 17.8 9.0 18.7 6.9 18.2
2.0 15.3 10.9 16.9 8.0 16.3 6.0 8.4 14.4 7.1 15.1 5.5 15.0
2.5 13.2 9.5 14.3 6.8 14.1 5.1 7.2 12.4 6.1 13.2 4.5 12.7
3.0 11.4 8.1 12.9 6.1 12.6 4.6 6.3 10.9 5.3 11.4 4.1 11.5
3.5 10.4 7.4 11.4 5.4 11.6 4.3 5.7 9.9 4.8 10.4 3.6 10.5
4.0 9.2 6.6 10.4 4.9 10.5 3.8 5.1 9.0 4.3 9.6 3.2 9.6
4.5 8.5 6.2 9.8 4.7 9.8 3.5 4.6 8.2 4.0 9.0 2.9 9.0
5.0 7.8 5.7 8.9 4.2 9.2 3.3 4.4 7.8 3.6 8.3 2.6 8.5
5.5 7.3 5.3 8.3 3.9 8.5 3.1 4.0 7.2 3.3 7.8 2.4 8.1
6.0 6.9 5.0 7.8 3.7 8.1 2.9 3.7 6.8 3.1 7.4 2.2 7.6

*Negative indicates spring positioned closer to the anterior attachment.

bracket closer to the T-loop. They did not evaluate greater moment acts on the tooth closest to the
the moment differential. V-bend. Analogous results were found here because
The constancy of the ratio of the moments the angulation bends and the angulation of the
independent of the spring activation for a particular curves behaved similar to V-bends.
spring position is an important finding. Maintenance The variance of the measurements of the alpha
of the moment differential as the spaces close im- and beta moments (different variations as demon-
proves the opportunities for anchorage control and strated by the standard deviations) indicates the
force system predictability. The moment differential variation of the spring tester rather than the spring
remains approximately the same as the spring deac- itself. Newer spring tester improvements demon-
tivates and the space closes which ensures that the strate markedly lower variance for the same springs.
moment-to-force ratio acting on the anchorage The alpha/beta moment differential obtained by
unit(s) will always be greater, reducing the likeli- eccentric positioning underscores the importance of
hood of anchorage loss. careful clinical placement of the position of loop
These results are consistent with the effect of the placement. Even 1 mm of eccentricity produced
placement of V-bend activations in arch wires for marked difference in the alpha and beta moments.
obtaining differential moments. 15 The position of With the vertical forces, positioning a loop off center
the V-bend determines the magnitude (and direc- for convenience may result in undesirable results. If
tion) of the moments produced. Positioning a V- these moment differentials were found with a 17 to
bend off center results in differential moments. The 23 mm interbracket distances, positioning may be
18 Kuhlberg and Burstone
even more critical with smaller interbracket dis-
tances, which is typical in closing loops in continu-
ous arch wires.
Spring positioning can be readily used as an
effective means of obtaining differential moments.
Fig. 5 depicts the placement of an off-center
T-loop spring for space closure. This technique of
obtaining a desired force system may be useful in
selected clinical situations, especially in the con-
trol of anchorage. The force system produced by a
spring placed 2 mm closer to the beta (distal)
attachment with 3.5 to 4.0 mm of activation is
very similar to that produced by a composite
T-loop. 3'4,12 A significant advantage of this spring
over previous types is that the use of spring
position creates a more universal template for use
in a variety of clinical applications.
The results of this study clearly show the
dangers of placing the T-loop spring off center
simply for convenience. The effects of even 1 mm
displacement on producing differential moments
can be great enough to produce significant clinical
side effects. The moment differential can produce
two types of side effects that significantly impact
on the treatment. First, the moment-to-force ratio
acting on each segment may be changed enough to
produce unexpected tooth movement. The seg-
ment closer to the loop may exhibit greater trans-
lation/root movement, while the more distant
segment tipping or dumping into the extraction
space. The second side effect is the vertical forces
produced as a result of the differential moments.
The vertical forces could result in significant
changes in the overbite relationship. This may be
particularly detrimental when a loop is placed
closer to the anterior teeth, extrusion may lead to
a rapid increase of overbite. This in part may
explain some of the difficulties experienced in this
method of space closure. It is important that one
properly positions the springs to achieve predict-
able and desirable treatment results.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
July 1997
CONCLUSIONS
This study examined the effect of off-centerplacement
of T-loops with a standard shape at a standardized
activation and interbracket distance.
1. A centered T-loop produces equal and opposite
moments with negligible vertical forces.
2. Off-center positioning of a T-loop produces dif-
ferential moments. More posterior positioning
produces an increased beta moment. More ante-
rior positioning produces an increased alpha
moment.
3. A standard shaped T-loop can be used for dif-
ferential anchorage requirements by altering the
activation and mesial-distal position of the
spring.
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