LE

Ccmpressibtluby 4Tiamadynamis

Grasdyhamics moton.
pecial fomm of id
yramics is the
as
Changes in he
a signifcant
that undugoes high speeds)
Study (at
Called gas dynamies
density PLuid ressiEle lotw ad
of
yra tniespF4 Compressible flow
PaAes
5imple fuid
e n s i t y remainS gases
Constant.

Compressíble gases
Volume
radurt
Compressi b ity:
mass
Sperftc2
/olume
lo Chang densty.
C T P ) T h i e two can
Speeilkie Chau
Yolume J D har9i ne< suwt =d
(Compresso) Epandl aga
raction dt d7 2 charge irieroru olne
Fi
'change pec
TC
(Heat(or) tool a g

yolure so
isehearnol
Epar

Gosat
heat a
wntprtis
This is impertant when Corrpre ssnE
is Co-etteuer a dp CompresSsiple ga4 tlow
Tem Thds t highy
7ocltonol chcr e
i t coulA Lve

Pregswe
( ) Sral
Charg e in
Tnterms
a dnsiry This is impent
The mast ef gasdyramics
OPT amt

compressibility:
Nay o k press
Bulkmeduuis.

to-etauicnt k.= - v
Compressibiuky
vT
(o
Bulkmedulus op SPead o
lompress ibilu ty

Machnumbel
M V heid element velo ntoronve ihe)
SPead O soLund
u the hcal point
ENampe.
ArCehernn nole ule s) tei lecala
attt te we vttete
(500tobcoNl)
 madns madnzs

moeues Aigha
ighe
t menns densiby
tompression na

ooprvbed lotalLoy S when hit Ln

oppr
Lentiruousb
Eporc1

aae c
C aa
ilied
3ourd w e s was
e
Ezpanaion
and
Compre6Ler

ound woes

Martt Moh =

Jet a

sourdOn) thn or Ly
waes )

which
wrich Skaris ro
Sharsrom
Loss opkystes Ary suer tifit an aysis matical
calulatton
mathe
mere
ara

LaS obphysics.
Revie o thuamodynamics
Basic

wniere We curenty
System c
Any epeny
Ary
Trtestecd
In that Called Sysbem.

closed system
NO mass transfe frem ts tuwrroundngs
NO rass oundarics af u
ezcharge etuen
t
Sysi em
open syStem:
mass kztharge betueen t h boundaries e the
Isolalaked. Sysm no interac hon

Tselalet System hane

bettu
Sunnoundirg!
cwit
othe System.
mas and Enang)

Ftae e Sstem:
to dA'Ne
a System.
We gelg calted stale o
Le Cescnible Systemn Ceompletely

In Srple Sushcn ES O2 tla

System.
rample: urtior PVT
E ECvT)
8-SCVT)
PU MRT}
Ewo P72erbues a a

any system dlerscibe eans ileast

heed

Pmess
Ohe Stale o anotha
T e chvarge bebueen
we CauledL P e cess

Path
In a Sequene of States the System goes its
ProcesS is Called path.

Jotens ive and Erensive poopartices:

kctensive Poepanhy
hose ProRaty depens
On mass, veluume+size.

Intensive: Poopary
TE aoes not deperds oh Ee max 4 volum
Size
 p l e

T1

Tvpeny
ntencie prny
anal sIS
Pitn
Inee a E tensiv
naddtiem tlem ExlcnsMe
het
s Analys's one É

7Theamvdy names:

aK:ilir
unt
2ot Law o hemo dynamics.
fe

TanatAnt
Fualurium ill
Thenmodyrtmic
Im pentart
ontain Fwaytitn TrsSue Vaniesl iorn

umical e a clt
s e
l e cel d

nenmal»eacéton.

Sustenm. ur seA
Lwnpamn9
B
zek aw Skates thatt System A ana B Ae

A nd also n e Ln
in Kqu illi' boium System
Kquaillibniim
fCnauay Bantc

uilibvium
Aiffenen PupLeys aw heodid to dJhe sy ste
arului boim.
Tharmal E2ulbmum S t e ms Sameiegrec.
htnes empcnat )
or
tkling o t
Mechanical pauäibrium: a l t h e Surfoe)
n e Same.
Force

Scabs tan w Substane s

is tha
Compressible
Simple S u b s t a ne
Lempressîble
3mple wosk
A

on
fom of work.

whea Comprrssion
be
rappen to
Substana

On it Pressune
mechanicauay tie

In hs Condition
I can Say
Rqual
Fual2

and B a
1A

ress u S .

B d p r o t
che
tte
gas
on

hion
Coreposis
should be
Fquiibrium:
Ccompositton of gas
chnnical
FQual)
te LomposiRon
hen o n o u ' R o n

Ct pasnliula
Fquilibrium
Shoue be q u d a brium
Caled chermical

CEnangy is
is Con Senveel)
Consenvecl
thermodpamicS.
CEnangy
FiTst Law oß
Wout
yOoA

Heat or col a g

*TU wenkTessib le

Compre ssible Systen he Eneyj

for a Sim ple
ao
Compre ss
become s (heat rihage,
changes IinSerathdings tolugi
Eponas Cnihe ysl-er2

Sr-Sa
cu er d r
Tn etaw at ad lek l-
Cen4e
 ntmpy
seond Law aThemodynamies: (olirectn
ncare f

Entropy unrd rtror

1 thePmiess it oocu naturally fn hatwe he

must be incmease. (Entnpy f He univense)

Fntpy
Frample
Rerigenator

TsolatedSystem
when P?oiess o c u Spotaneomhy

have Ocu in hatre.

prmocess will
wll
Becausbe naturalla occuing proas ntmpy Lec
be Neve decrease

Fquiuibriun with thoned,

The System A B 4C a

OveL a l ue Can
mechanical and ChonmiceL FAuiuiksítum
euilubrium. wtth ano than ystenm
Say it Fheamo dynamic Swandun E2padi
Lwork done enttae System
ve
ardormpressing.
th
( u! oTk dene by
First Law hamodynamic:
Sy st Cr (+ve) Lec

Work done by he Syste is

&N= Pdy
Out {POsÍtve) on the
Swroundings
Wo Workdaon bythe 5yskem.
Wi Suinoundings da uuorkdone on

he
Wast Systerm.(wmpres Sirg ga) W
lPad
d
simple Co mpressble Syskern Stored ngide the system
Heat (or) lcol a gas Eneay te
pori Vo lune-ve w-
Pdu Nork FirstLaw of thumody
Enagy de dE+dw =

dwput akentto Eneg t - namics

SyShem Stored
CycrfptvI SuAandings.

PresSwnzohuealok.is Cnsiderad
vS tchtal

Speipec heat atcbnst Yolume

Difterntial change in Enegy
Change in T e p e r a t a |v.

Coul chane irtenal Enengyby kapng T Volume is

chorgin
 6 alu
alu
aq
is a quu
aa ëty.
nn it
T h e m o d y n a m i c s :
Fnbery
n bry is
of temp)=T

Secord Law
n mauy
at olT
emP a t o l e n f o e
Temrera turz
n aira
T Re seT viow
Fnto py ds
prer2eay
Frtensive

Fquation)
Cwhele
Tds de+ Pdvv orgasdynamics

Relatton
Important

Cy a t + Pdv ualiy
Tds Ir#er / y e

TO ge fuartly.

Erter S e
21.othen

rars Easics Molas yolar

Pe ut

Tls =CydT+ Pdt*

N
Irersive uatton)
dT
Basics PAi7riersive E TOtl Saoundiras

TOS= orlral dared

Closed sys e Sysle
ou

Enthalpy: H F = E-Ts
opensystm Trt en r a
H E t P¥| cel
oles
G= H-Tds. uiefll £rdny
Basics)
En O C c w

(mas TDVÍLss

Intensive pr21ty Sethat

tha Nat waalla 2

- et P¥
g h-7s
P y a L Constart by
foces) a
oHaintd

(No
intermo lecu
rot Bie Thes tq ua
ton s

nmlcarh
irodel

Penbectgas: rt,
Y constzs

lols thaldalgas Fqualton

Llnivensal
gas
R= in volue
moles sitting
N= NoTertal vo lume
P : nRT Rer moe),
h mole dns1Y
Fquation
s bas0 1dtalga
Pe m Pertecg4 lwnstaut
P- PRT Spocupic gm
on gasR
ee
Lunives gas Constant

73.16 R R maeulah weight oB paliculon

which oeys H ratctio P densit ef fas

A gas a d c a l gas
s cal ed by
 spveat heat alailitys
P,Cv

rtErl raBvon
Eni
Ni mele fraélicn .

E F (VT; Ni)
E (VPT Xi) Xi e ole fration

Therrnall Pee 2: A gas don't Cane about pre s s wne

Cy- CT onl) T a qas doec t his Calted Thanmally

Pepect gas
Sreipikeat calom callay Tekect 2o ard
torst volunt
Caraciy a l Themalua Tenferi g which aay Ala
Tnterall nengy indepencderit af
Specipic heat
at tonst Preg.une
={(Tety) wit
Presme and it

tleperatwe
elated
Sucl
kind cf gaes a r Callad

calomcalloy Pereut 2as Themally Penpect gs

y= Constant and te
slaws ako obey bythe
gases P-pRT, PV= NRT

i for aluos assume

Simple gas dynaris thalpy|k- pT| Caloicallay perfect gaes
Tn Rol Lfe No
qases O Calurncalloy
pefect gases in alJa
O Tempe)at uras. (loe7emp mole cules a no vialir
at brd) (1ook to 4ook
Cp=uwnstant)
When tenp Lis beyon 400k to ocok thenallay Penpe.
ESpecialuy We go with hightempgandnamits a e choose

Calloricallay Pefet gas to

hemallay peye q
monoa t on onmiC
gas le, AY,we )
Impotant dia tom ic
untveual
astonstant TR-9-34 (r)k J
mk

RsR 3 314 mo letulanueighl

M
B:8 9 X10 aw Ma
specitie ganR m7J/k3.k
Constani.
 ()

Pemole Cx V =1 4 (For oit)

288
4

Cr 7218 3/a k

CP 7 R olO4 k
Y-

does nut Change in Caloncallay Penpett gas.

3as Jy Staled plos
und
Veniows process: (Gibbs bas ed functio
State ditagram ob a b o u t Fuillibrium
Const
TemPPrcess sothermalProcess
therroodynamicJ
2 r e r rala

ELplan State dagram

tthe
vaiables also Lsea
Some o
o ire ProcesS a n d r

S4S
TS a l e aiag1u
Engine y c e thaar
State vauable.
UAed

Fora

PmceSS
PV Constont

ea
P.
EntmP
ane
emp n P r s Sue
Speeifie volume Tds=Pda +CdT
P = RT IAeal gos Equatio Tsentopic process
Temp
ds=
Velue heu
wtbe Tmdue highe preSCute = Pv+CydT
ensive oExtensive ha Reanage th
wil be raled
d p + P o ¥ = RdT
O = +ap +pd¥) t Pdv = o

CVvP+CP dw) =o

vdp -7pdv
7
 Pv
P uY = lostant|

Zorta uru
T-S pIag ram Enioy urtt cal Lu

TA Tds= GdT +P
P7P
Pa
ds dT
T

On-(T
V7V

As
o
T Tre e
AST ASarf
PV T S) T Trefp e
GoUs rmoletu les go thmush Ths ows
Jiagram is ron tount
T ds= GpdT --tdp
e P

Revew of Mechanics Lausotmechanies

D ConSavation c m a
Conseuaton of mmeTtum Aton si Some
3CD nsehwaton Enag Nuclea ealron
em we dial
9Newtors Lau of motion
I additon to
he kuakion.
Contolvelume: Enclose o ystern)
Pfe rlr al
Suupae a a

AStnophysis people lovld

1hunk.
Chet outfen het a e o
S Time vate o _
decrcase mam f ma mons

Un v auoo the Psudued

Surta
2rles
 (u)

teDem The net fluo He Gualty

GTaus divegne
Out t t e luhau
J(V pu) d r vokm
et diegaes c
Fndosed > t a Swfae

By ombinng ue

Se+Tpd]
Certinuty Equaron

terer tral ono ortruil

momertum Faualon:

het oud fun e t for

Crime rate aincreasesunt fmomernt on
mometun aLIUYSs he
SurpouLe

- J p a y u A ) ds t T . n d s - (P.nds + F
@ud
Shza Ten
so
Ten sovno-enn
nutens aws v i csity
By oft diagoat l m

-phds t n d s
dy s d a k a

asumpËons
invisccdPlou

S-phds= - v pdv
S Tenr

Spi(dnds= (pa)+ pit (vv))d

XtE)= #(A*7)E + 6A. v4)

uPu) - Puv)ut d(uvP]
 irAit
ou +u+ u(Tvp)+ pu(v.T) P (u-v)u + vpf c r0

Toup temy

Tr+Pva?
25t
rA
e
u e r e r.

Final Ezpression:
momentum Equalion
for ompressib le flou
Ths press ion for ceTSSible lO uw
Consenuabion of Energy:
rale
Rate of increase2 het xke Out un rale cf
w
Rin
e
'gat 1an,-rorled du
C dds
S t lemp 91adiert
lau of ordutttor
-kevT H2a
Pouri e LW Cor.dutticr
gien huat to the volume gas Radidion alko
anetha One posiibilikes
X Chemecal Reaition ez othamic (o) Ento

h miC

Acumulation gadrrt yeclor

outnu
ive the dineet torof

gent chonge
Rake o Frnengj aLnstthe Surfare
het out
S
Rabe of wok out;

Ccalo
C vertuyOT dut rodertt
 (13)

(PCh.t)ds + Wouteler
e d+ Je+eP n d s +

ridst rad)n
owue Lao
By wa

JOw

ATv) e+g)+ vpT) -V. =

S(e+)+
Fnegy Equation o r

Simple Canpressible System

may be
ohe dimensional)
One dimenSional low: (Reality No flow ressu2 - Ploe)
-

Temeoane T
(1-P) apraeimation
eperdicula oftla datt density P
elouiry ul
Localat (that povnt)
Obumption not
more Crazssunpaa 1-DD

Valid

2 e rOre
Ptet oculatiors
Franple
Steamtube. s a Imaginany ube a bunch t u ' d
t. Ond it ma hot mak e)
lernunts oune moving along khmu
Coress to eadu otlher t a m t u b e

Qusi- One dinursional low

Specify vaniation alsng the C ection A ACo)

qlso
These 4uatites may^ be D I Haw is non sbtiaruy, mskead
 TYpES o cy

Consewalion a mass -D FLow

Pd +(Ped)s =e
S ino

Steady flow. A:Aa kres

u lr gth/te ma
uA + Aau =O hmasltme
yA A tonditions ane

not unierm

Same m PuA - Constant

Crosssezlton Tore ternt
unißor m ondHon

Now Ne appy the Small Contel volume

A+dA
PuA (P+dp) (uidu) (Atdu
Pdp LAdp t PAdu t pudA = o-(0)

u) by PuLA
Pdp

7ricese eyfhir -o
re dr

Consenuation a momentum

rnomen Eum Eualton

plHv +Jpatd hds-- pfs

Presstw Can aross tt
Srom line.
Steady le w .
Ush hgela ted but
vaniate nene p tb)ds -SPrds
- AuyA t Su uy A, A 2 *A
+RA +A4A,= Aa+uA2
S p e c i a l case.

AFA2

2r1u 9ttalor
P+p - Constaunt teraoroe mon

Const Anta low

Dlo
ycisw bete
C) ana) ( )

t anqupA
pjau+ (A)pu
Adp+(d
Pa P A +
Adp+ M( 2 +da) o
muntum
Equalton or
dp +pudu =o
me

-Dlow.
ouEuoluo n
pvessible

Momenhum EAUation:
fullconn

(lange conto) volume)

P+ P Constant.

Relakcon Fmall thin tontol ve lume)

Betuethi dp + pudu = o

I n t e g a l e above EqualiOn

P+ udu =o.

SdP+ udu = 12Comprr e vcu

ave Jus i ke lvert

+ = Constant.
B e r n o l l i u ' s Equalion.
becomes aa
ut
= Const

ASS umpon () Said

puA = C

dp+pujdul = o

P+
P+u =o|
 inaly the pul momentum Fquaton

2+PAI+ RA= A2+ A A2u

Fnana Equation:
= Qiun Wout
J(PCet)drt P(e)EA)ds
S
PCuds

et ws apply Ams FAUabion C.V =

uno because he s no
Eng
u oug tt Feckton.
nuu

Steady inWout SPCTA)ds

Pet Xü Apds
m
r 2 ee d
Qm 4e1+A(ezt u)
avenito actottnt
+ PuA PA

Sa
By Rearangirg ths above Rualton

Sa
h: e+PV e+

in= m (hat à)- m(h+)

- y a'mea rss
tio
ho Stagnatton Eothalpy .

kE pen unit
ho =
h +u mA
h CpT
Heat kTansten in my vo lume zro iCan asuma bh aboe
qua ten beums heaho
Fo a Calloricallay perert Jas:
Toa To 1 im
mcp
volume
TAnln slish contvl
AHdA

A
( h 4 d h )+ (u 4du
Pad
d
PTdtT
u+du
Negelating d
clh+udu 4un
Becaube SmaUl
C o n m l velumne

CpdT+ udu- d e n "

Froullt tth osm EGualion

Tds =o - dh ydp
= dh - adp

CpdTd -o
bualton
Sub th momentum

C u duu =

-udl
)Sentopic low
)masS E7tecli On
pdT u du =o 3 m o r n en t u qualton
T d s Équo Fren
4)P-PPT
tt
independe nt Qec beon but
Equatton is not
Enengy ualrons
othen
he tombin r l
on
ef
hoth

e l a t e tliet
u n t ton Cannot
 Shock waue
vaniable ab low.
Remember:(Nan isentopic)
Shoclk haprer resnA t la
PT, PU need not be sentupic then Entm

nt PY S eyQ:?, Jump Continuiy, momuntumf

Equaion ara
Ehmgy and ete
massS ro more Caupled Fhs way
momentun
Sor
3Fnera9
intepy Relaion
5)ideal gas Auation

oß suasi o n z dimunsional low:

Summay Euation

mas E puA Constant A

momntum

ztPA+9ufA= R AteuA2 dp PLcu =o

A-Az
P+ Pu= con st

oa-hel udu dan

CpdT =

Ccal n'coll oy

o Const
 waue Torauelln9 mko gas)
r>SPeed of Sound: (Press u n e hecauuse
it
C n
t h i n

ootes

P-+dp P.T,P P+dp

T+dT
P+dp
Ptd T+dT
o+duu)

Sound uae pmPaurg

wth a velotty a" into
Ta-du)
a skagnat as a= $pead af moming veloity
.lave Whiuh is Stattonany ko me
a Spead of Pressuoe wave.

ASSumption
) Constant arLa
hun lontoo Volur

mass Con kinuity.

m= PAu -C (i)
Pu = pa - (Ptdp) (a-du)
A
Constart S r a pu= CorAvved

Fach ec ConizJUEA

Pa= Pa+adp -pouu-dpdu

Small charge naglect .
O =
adp- pdu (Small auarity)
ad pdu
Which Can be e wntten as

de Thistha dilerer tia2 om

rma 5uaton

d du dAo
momuntum
P+pu=Fo .. ere

otheom at momernt ug dpu

dppudu-o
p tpaduu = o a dp
P
 P pa -(Ptdpt (P+dp) (a-du)
dp--adp
P pa= (phdp)+ (p+ dp) (a-ch)2
Pa dp+pa-3adup +adp J df)(pAd

fa22a.d J
dp 2.aadp +adp
dp- aa*dp+ adpP Pdu-adp
O dp- adp
For ntnitisimal raisr
changes a Rate of chanR pressume
with density.
then Baplain he sound Sound
Remaring two Vaniables.
Termp corstant
Entopy Constant equlat accoutic Mehod
)6bbs free Enengy tonst. ComectMethod finding e d
Sourd Bu! her2
appmimate os a
"isentwpie pmess" Ove
whith T pick
pedofa= ap) -

alroas sentopfe Pressulensy Charge Srra

erop
Ternp Hea
ea ar4er Sral
Th valid Ony
a
'nonn isentropic waues. T thue b
isentmpie waue Ftts in own
flou shocks"
PreSe in he
Systenm.
ana

T we link the kwo bemns A3Sume gas should Caloitallay

Pfeet then PPRT
Iserdropic Relatlon says
when
)(%) it becornesP-kp
dift above. Equation
G-

=k2p-1
dp
P-
P:
dp
= YRT= a

a7, = eT.
 (19)

r m squation stake

RT
deperdson
So, Finala SPeed of Sound bot
a RT Pressue and density
SPeed o sourd, a RT Tressu2
Waue s ane P
Closel to
eN to be
eni picallay
Spe2d at which Pessug
R Speuif qasmovesconstant. So that We take CACusl-oi people)-poved
c'ose +o LsentropiC.
(Important) pard o Se d
Caloncally Deapectgas
is He uncon Eemp ehattane only.
G10ses Communicak One
poit ko anothen pomt ust portec)e Ertwr me y
presswL Pulse) liqht
Spaed o sound at Staandand Reason.Crmosouio not catchalt
Sea leve Conditton.
matm M 288
Temp Louw I Will get
2s - RT o t tog a =7RT R 288.
a less 4 X228 x300
Fach 9o h a r difhent
Rahe whic hask to
348 mls
3409 m/s = II 7 #ls
Lach o tho
348 /ms

Wate: lbo mls (at Rao Temp 2c))

we)
Stecl boooms.ulk m odulu alo e o7 2
1Sec- 5km.
Ihorge orrethina What thElec o . alre anes Ccom pressionuwae)

intve oes (Ezpansion Haues)

not Case oma

d 5irty
St rd Sorne o he he:t UOI be
dirnir ish ed

roPS irthe dire cti on C laue t nonagatioOn

nhedirelror osi

F+dp P,TP
TdT
14
udo
4du

nledt
Flow is emptssible Whun 3t0 T
Flow s Compessible hok only Mach numbe2
n e
Sound s not o an ase uia
SPed of N e eathis
World 5Men Solid 8 paad o 8ound molucallas are

Boundd wil be L s
comprcsit easil spaad of
S o l e

veloccty uwhich is
Lesser hansa2
t h a t : waue

(No low velority travel

Da (Subsenic)
rouned
hCro?d han2 ANAothsiiz

on apat from the side

Navenaereachs h poLnt
(-)
ta)
Sonic tlw (Trade mi!l)
HOi t ourdune Casied by 2low

ane rcstictecl
means allthe unves
Wedge Lie ana

3p-means a l t h e
uaue asremesticted
Cohe S k e anea

urd uc yealer }han agration

ro:ib7y to ee h t
ore
 tommunication ah ses, Stagnabronstabei d ga4,
slagratior, stale

InoYmatfon
n e e nioiha Velou try vertor foudd
h p at t u l a h

Rrot hard dirdfon

Zone o Point

Outside At mntcular ime

3ilen Ce Point:A
This reaion inside atl
A a inunabupoint A. a:Speea at Pessune
Zore c acion puse propaale
a Sheed oß wae

ut
re. ot irluere

M- Mach ange. SinM ut

Lde know that
Because
Mu
M=sin M
that olistwnbante
T any aisturbante Cneabed a pont A

mored a t a cirulan manner

hoie
A moves faster le feal a Lt9gen circde
tus

ny
ny hange T make 1n B wiu be Ezperien e d

gton ond (no ony othe gien)

Bdeperds onas A and c what tupe of
Bourdaly Conditn
imposed hea.that depens or Lz
b'em
cort macino'o rla 'a Suth a Sones cle a
Toint depe nds or AC callect zone ot lepenclence
A

Thee are the poms Zone c

B-depends on 2 dependonto
D depends o n

h Cone
deperdje R2al care
lou may be ctu

Valid enly e r Sunersonie las

xample: Real ieflou:

ICar rot a

Ca ou:
rad b
 case
Some S peial

Importan

Zore ngnca ard 2o o

case
sher a a drawn Heady
only
Sonictlow: (M4) (Thene is ho Zong dot Supeso nic low: (only valia)tor
silena Supensoniclow)
M Zone Zonot
Inguena
dapen
MSin'(T9
So Jene hecomes vekcak MB
The i s N Zone siure M valaid
Th rot valid may Case Ow uaHonS

Ttt is Subsoni there No 6oluubion

Rememben
IM<IJ

la t a t e becaune
untroM
Caied by fuid
row

di stuubar
( Lorg tinne)

Equation:
Enuay adu'ow
Acliobako
9tagnation) ho h+
Enthapy
Calori calay Pet as caloricallay pentect gos
To +t u Not CallorCal Pejat gas
2Cp
R: MasS acs hecaue h s/mam hasies
RSpeufe gu Constant
Cp Cv t R

cp
 To T+ -1) w (M headed)
R

To T+(P-1)u*T xT
RT T=a
To T+ (7-)M*T

To + M Important Relakon
Ti Statie Temperatu"
to
to Staic Ten
Ternperateur
oelates
he "Shaqnaion

Salie bemp: (T) n the fluld

TLfollow theuid. e sillg
thal tme measwe he temperalusn
#he
Stagnaton Temp (To oint make t e
stagra Bet
at
am sitergStagnaMon
ene

femp (
tt
u i d conmetmestrandmeosue
the l o est Tenbropicallay )
Bringing whole PwceSS
mus E
0 LT To be adiabatic
Condiition subsenit, Supeusonie eny
(Any lou Stag natton 7emp
meas . ctoi TernP.
Case: Pul i to k f
al tte ireg1
h o = h+u
T o t a l

umaeJ-3ho

ho CpTo
' u t t TemD
and ro
aBune Stcnt a,9a4
Zqo ms . acLanale i
tur Velocu"
To =3lo k.
o le 3ve Etga already
To Pre Sent orel

M 0 M Si =o nour4 7oM

Mo meon U Gs1naighl uhe

,

Prissne:

sentmwpic prwcess
: eversble t Acliahalte
1Lue Con Say Proce ss may be senlolc P-*Po
Adiahlcallay)T+To
cletesc
velo tity i adeed
ible enl vopy ds
PPo 19entopiccally 4 hot eves

oss happen Cpe 2.)-

S,
mevenhle sntraylos