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Transmission Lines

Overhead Transmission Lines 5 26

Under Ground Transmission Cables 8! - 7

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k"C- 0 i~ V ! # e• > 9~ J 'A *@9 kC- e 9 (> 9 #'e "ZZ`

[ # + ,K > ( A L• I A

[ &# + & # !c ! L * # I L # Q! I "ZZa

[ &Y ,8 9 (> 9 * 6r 9 (> 9 K > ( *; (P 0 (' "ZZb

[V # Y , 8 e 9 (> 9 *; (P 0 (' L "Z\d

K" 4 5 8-D ! I > C V 9# #A > ( Ž + *; (P L "Z\W

[V 0 ('
A #A G9 9 (> 9 oG ! H4I I D.C A.C J 'A $ "Z\X

[ # + , 9 (> 9

[ L s9 * ?@A 9 (> 9 A - "Z\Z


[ # + , • U H9 ~ 9 (> 9 + C P K G9 9 (> 9 A "Z\\

[ &# K 4- 9 (> 9 + •2V 0 & 0 2 - K G9 6 ! A "Z\]

[ ! + , 9 (> 9 A 9 (> 9 C, 5 #9 5 "Z\_

"L 8 " " I 9 (>" 9 " x "& 0 "& ˆ -8 eI e 5 "Z\`

[ $# H& >

[ # KH e 9 (> 9 w p9 0 , + , L "Z\a

[ # KH e 9 (> 9 I ! - ! "Z\b

[ # KH & ! I %- "Z]d

[ {$# '>! # 9 •* !• 2V I #& ~ 9 (> 9 & %- "Z]W

"Q " $ " #D "H9 &# '> 9 (> 9 Y D 0 2 & * >e "Z]X

[ 0 &
# "! ' 2 "L &# '- $ e ! 9 (> 9 #Œ4 *; (P & - B A "Z]Z

[* n >P

[ #! $ !*>2 oG ! 9 (> 9 & -B A L "Z]\

[ &# 0 (' V! A.C h J 'A ! A e R- !*>2 "Z]]

[ ‚ 'H> s9 # o p' N J 'A ! A - "Z]_

[* #9 5 L ‚ HA g # 7 "Z]`

f 5 -S Q & e #e +5 5 1 ! ! *>2 &3 # $ "Z]a

[ L [*& ! I i P K 'P *>2

*; (P $ e o '- 0 ' P c # c #'e # 2 ‚ ! $ "Z]b

[ & 9# L * , ! # N=e - 0 & c @9

[* ? L ! c A - I "Z_d

? L $# e ! - ! = # !c1 2 #9 H, ! ' "Z_W

[*
[ &# 0 (' V! 7 *; (P e "Z_X

[ Œe VA 0 9# ‚ P c !; "Z_Z

" " =" # c Q e R- !*>2 * * "Z_\


. ! l B 9 [V +G' &

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[ &# - j9 wI #I + , L 9 J# + , %I "Z__

. ! lB 9[ # j9 L H& (9 9 J - %- "Z_`

3 "- "!*>"2 c " *" #>" - ! A F =4 (Load Shedding) F{P "Z_a

[ &# 6 Q K C' N 9

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[* '

[ '- # 3 (9 # ! - L H& #> - A , +P "Z`W


R" ! "& " N=e $ 7L +P H& - *- i #'A _Z U = "Z`X

[ &# # 4 * iU =

[ $# e Q ' 2 L c ' 9 A "Z`Z

[ &# H @ Lc ' 9 c 5P 9 "Z`\

[* #'7I A c c ' 9 A "Z`]

[ !# e 0 (' L šr 4 c ' 9 ! A # "Z`_

[* + , #4e L "Z``

[ &# > C V! F D # !' 2 L "Z`a

[ &# wH #e (9 L +A 2 6 ! H& 9 J - H "Z`b

[ $# e 0 (' Q cL A "Zad

[ &# ? cL A (Phase Sequence) ! - #A 9 > As> L "ZaW

. H 6 K C' U = V7 !*; (P "ZaX

[ P 9 '> A & k # I P #A G9 I $ "ZaZ


. ! lB9 0 &V?9 ! * A h L • Q +5 A ~ 9 A "Za\

[* A L ^ 7, - K G9 + C k # 5 *; (P "Za]

[* A L ^ 7, k KD 8 - K G9 *; (P "Za_
[ &# 0 (' A L + U = *; (P "Za`

. H 6 '> fA ! GpR h "Zaa

[ $# 0 (' ? L High Impedance A "Zab

[ # + , A L # 2 #A 4' ! -8 - H& c # ! "Zbd

[* A h L '> A "ZbW

[* A 6 '> fA (Back up) H 'R2 "ZbX

[* ? L L#4 '> fA (Directional) *7I "ZbZ

[ &# $0 f 6 R & D # '> !* 6 #'7I ! A "Zb\

[*> L '> fA c Q + , "Zb]

[ $# 0 y '> ! A ! "Zb_

[ !# e 0 (' H& # ! A L *; (P '> fA "Zb`


[ H 'R2 A &# o >@ # 5 A D = *; (P '> fA "Zba

[ # 2 B #4=e '> ! A L # = "Zbb

[ $# 5 L '> fA "\dd

[ !# e C L šr 4 '> A T 'p ! "\dW

" k a] kC- L 2 * #r * ! '> A + , *, #'A P "\dX

• " i dm_ " "~ 6 C W] !# e •# N=e - ~ *>p *; (P

[ # K

[* 0 & ' # %I L š 9 , '> fA c "\dZ

[ # + , J 'A I j9 ! '> A 0 P "\d\

[ # L '> A #RQ P "\d]

[* 'R 0 9 K G9 I 9 ! #A G9 "\d_

[ & V! #'7I '> fA # %A "\d`

[*> L #> y h A MHO fA c 0 , (9 "\da


[* A L (Offset Mho) 7 *>- A " \db

[* L #> ' fA c GpR " \Wd

n >"P •8 " " "! - " #A G9 Q ~ #$ 2 k #A 4 '> ! A " \WW


[ #

[ # + , (Open Delta) | t fA # L "\WX

[* #, L 0 9 K G9 *A P 8 9 " \WZ

[*> L (Fault Locator) o 5 - fA " \W\

(Carrier or Pilot Wire Receive Relay) 2V Y D Š 9K *- fA " \W]

[*> L

. > '> A # I ! Ž " \W_

. ! l B 9 [*> L F 4 '> A # # @ " \W`

[ & # 0 (' ? L ! lB9 H 6 0 h & ! A h " \Wa

[ & #'7I '> A # %A " \Wb

[ 0 & H49 '> ! A 0 ! P L " \Xd


0 "7 * i ! + 4A ' 9 (> 9 + > ( '> ! A ANSI ' " \XW

[*> L 0 & :

. ! < & *; (P ˆ C " \XX

[* L A 7 ' A J 'A I * " \XZ

[ # + , L *> L Power Swing Blocking ? " \X\

[ & C L #'> # *; (P x 9 H& * C " \X]

. H 6 9 (> 9 # ! *; (P " \X_

6" (BACK UP) H 'R"2 "! *"; (P 0 A 6 e 9 (> 9 # 5 *; (P " \X`

. H

. H 6 9 (> 9 0 79 #I ! = " \Xa

[* L +> ( A , " \Xb

[*> L V # +> ( A 9 (> 9 *; (P + , " \Zd

[* CL + > ( A ,0 @ " \ZW


[* L ,0 @ # + , #4e L+> ( A " \ZX

[ & # # 'P *A _Z ! *>2 9 (> 9 0 7 *; (P A 6 " \ZZ

"L " W)W + "H9 *H>" " # +> ( A ƒ Gp Y H=9 9 (> 9 " \Z\
[ $ # 0 (' ?

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#" "A "L 0 7, 9 (> 9 + Q( #& ! $+ C 9 (> 9 *; (P " \\d

[ &

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[ # + , P L '7 fA " \\X


[* 5 L Q +5 k & '7 fA , 2 " \\Z

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*"@9 k"C-~ V " "e "C V % " Š"9 #'A P e 9 (> 9 $ " \\]

[ L[ I # ! A L , K 'P •V ! e >9

. ! lB9 K G9 + C 9 (> 9 *; (P " \\_

[* L *; (P K 9 A " \\`

"9#"" "5 "L " #"" +"" , #4e " "L (Tank Protection) " K G""9 "A " \\a

[ e š Q 9 (> 9

[ # + , L 0 7, 0 @ L *; (P R.E.F fA " \\b

0 (' L # C, 5 #& !J 'A - B + C 9 (> 9 *; (P "\]d

[ $#

[ &# 0 (' A L I -B + C 9 (> 9 *; (P "\]W

[ ! # 6Q L 9 (> 9 !x & !c & "\]X


#R"C "L 9 (>" 9 "e R- F D (E/F) 8 K G9 (Over Current) I A "\]Z

[ # + ,# L

c" "! 8" " K G"9 6 " ! " 9 - #I - (E/F) *A - ! A $ " \]\
[ # + ,0 ! Q 5 A 6 '>! = #9 % 7Q9 L + , !#I

[ '- # #e (9 L + , $ 6 L 9 (> 9 Q L Š9 *; (P " \]]

V "? 9 # I L šr 4 # 9 (> 9 *; (P ? # I fA " \]_

[ &#

. H 6 # I #'; (P ! A h "\]`

[ &# 9 (> 9 *A Xd _Z 6… 9 N=e |, # !*; (P h L "\]a

. ! l B 9 8g •2V P I K' ! A , "\]b

[*> L Q( 1 D ”2 9 (> 9 "\_d

[ # + , L 9 (> 9 #I h x ' - - V'> "\_W

. ?@A I fA f( ; "\_X

. ?@A 8 K G9 fA f( ; "\_Z
. s9 I fA f( ; "\_\

. n >P 8 K G9 fA f( ; "\_]

. e w B fA f( ; "\__

[*> L J 'A - B fA "\_`

. (Trip Relay) N=e - fA f( ; "\_a

[ &# A L ^ 7, Š9 K ' Y D ! 9 (> 9 i J 'A 8'& * i f( ; "\_b

[*> L 9 (> 9 8g l= 0 K ' fA "\`d

. ! < & #A 4 IV % ! A #'7I IV % A (9 "\`W

. ! <& I -B A , 0 @ "\`X

[ '>! # ! A h L (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) I.D.M.T ! A "\`Z

L 9 I H, 0 I šr 4 * # ! A h L H& '- (O/C) * fA "\`\

[ !# P

[#> y 0 fA # + , 9Y e #' 0 A "\`]


[ 0 (' '> fA 0 , * A 9# "\`_

[ # + , R.E.F fA ! # • #! 9 K G9 #I -c "\``

[*> L ! - *; (P *i * A K & "\`a


[ # # ! A L #I ! - *; (P "\`b

*"A " _Z Xd 2 " n " #"I ! " - *" ! A , V ? 9 "\ad

[* L

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[ & 9# k Q s9 I A wG +@ "\aX

[*> L &# ! + A # N=e wI B + , "\aZ

. H 6 9 (> 9 # ' A !*; (P L "\a\

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[ L[ ! - N=e e A 8 {$# - &

[ # '> %L L N=e s9 A A c "\a_

[ L[ + ,% A A c I 9# * A c "\a`
. H 6 Q !Ž T 49 8 V'> "\aa

[ # 0 (' DC J 'A *; (P ! A {j9 L "\ab

. H 6 DC *A WWd ! 9 *; (P "\bd

[ # 7( L Inter Trip *A Xd _Z ! 6 r "\bW

[ I # !*; (P L AC *A XXd {j9 *; (P "\bX

[ & 9# L !*>2 D 6r AC & N=e * , "\bZ

[ &# q 2 & !; 4 (Fuse Failure) - w , L "\b\

"! ' † " U" • " x"" ! ! 6 ", " "(9~ Discrepancy 9 " "& 8""& ""\b]

[ !# #4 L - 9 ! >

[*> L e "\b_

[ $# wG Q e R- !*>2 e "\b`

[ &# 6 Q L C, 5 V C'> + C *>2 *; (P "\ba

[ ! # K C' 8 y # P T 4B I #4 HD *A P #= g ! e "\bb
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[ H 6 e h "]dW

[ & # #9 % 7Q9 L + & y Y H=9 0 ' "]dX


. ! < & 5S D P.L.C "]dZ

. H 6 P.L.C V'> # 5 M %I "]d\

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. ! < & 5S D P.L.C "]d_

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[*> L (Analoge) ‰ A U C ? "]db

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[*> L R.T.U "]WX


V'>" *" N 9 3 - *>2 c #D C L K ' V'> c šr 4 "]WZ

[ &# 0 ,SD

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[ &# 0 C L šr 4 V'> c "]W]

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[* L 3 H& l= x L y> % w9 > "]Wa

[ N 9 3 - x L y> % L 79 C= 3 * & l= "]Wb

[* #9 % 7Q9 L + & N 9 3 - x L y> % c ! 9 y H& "]Xd

[ '>! #, L N 9 3 - x L y> % ! %- 6 "]XW

[*> L Alarm Event (9 !V'> "]XX

[* L N 9 3 - x L y> #, - % N 9 3 - x L y> # 5 % U H9 ^ @ "]XZ

. T 49 (Scada) V'> * 2 , "]X\


[* L V'> K' % 2 U H9 "]X]

[ $# 0 (' ? L (Marshaling Rack) q x A & 9 "]X_

[* # 5 * >e L 2 %- *p "]X`
. H 6 &# h L% 28 ,SD K H9 *7I K C' k @ "]Xa

. * 2 Ž 2+ e !0 h "]Xb

[* 0 & + R9 # !* >e L *> L H - "]Zd

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) = -/0 @ :

‚ "H C9 #" - +"‡r 2 5 $0 #'; (P !0 ' * ? "X_a


"y ] " W '" "C " H"& I 9 (> 9 8 {A & # G'e g 8 g

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*"; (P "!V'>" 0 (' $0 ? J 'A 8 2 J 'A 9 (> 9 "X_b


. # • H& 9 J U= +A 2 ~ % 8 1 !

)+ A "X`d

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.# K #2 #9 p 0 ' $0 7 •o

" e D V! D V! ' D P.T. D C.T. "X`W

. &# 0 e D

*"; (P 8 1 ! ' 9 ' 9 Cos ϕ J 'A I L # !* $0 "X`X

. $# e 0 ('

" E.M.T. *"& "! Œ"P " A I kC- 8 P C.T. i & 5 "X`Z

"= "Q 0 S, & ! !; i 7A 9 A9 i #$ % 9 ' A

" i " A • "2 V " "! 90 H, . ! KH i #C , 6 7 # I


. '>"! V"! FS " " "&#" " A 9 (Magneto Motive Force) M.M.F #>" D j @

" 8 " ! *" q " 8" Q' * A M.M.F ' L e i M.M.F

" i #" J "'A 0 cL C.T , *A P &8 # Q & '>! *

" A M.M.F " A P &# (5 i M.M.F & KP C.T i #'e . # I

8" .*" ‰ %" > & ! A M.M.F M.M.F Q ' .* 0 #e * i

J 'A 8, . &# 8'- h H& |, # C.T '>! & M.M.F

J "'A . " 6 7 I 9 (> 9 9# {$# #C , + @9 P # Q i

0 "& " %" '> ! - ! I * 4B 8 . & q = 9# % 0 I

V! "- C.T 6 "7 "HI "$ +‡ >" 8 ! . &# C.T 8'- $ 9 wH #9 P (9 Q

. &# = %- + H9 *H> j9 C.T * ( ! |, ‚S

" #" "A % •*" r " I J 'A ~ A i I 9 (> 9 "X`\

#"= "= ‚ " i 0 " " $0 " + e ‚r # V! - C A r I 8 B

C.T c" .*>" #'; "(P C.T " ! " $0 " C.T "C "'HA . "& "A C w '
H"& #A G"9 5 # A w ' C k ,k & kC- $0

. " #" $ "I " $0 " +‡ 8' i I 8'& 7 * i # h H&

"A " " A "C w ' i I C #A G9 Ne ( ; #'; (P C.T c AP


#'" #A ' ! A •# p' ~ ' , &# |, #'; (P C.T Ge $ !. +C'

" *"e " " @ o p' #'; (P V'> w 9 #'; (P C.T 8 . 5

. I # *; (P ‚ … 9 0 YH= ! A

"A " I 0 "@ + "H9 *H>" &# #P D D I 9 (> 9 c "X`]

*" #H B *C CP 8 L 8 1 ! .* # I 8 L 0 @ 8 . #e * i

. &# 0 *e Pw B # C.T *e P

*" # I !# * *e P I C.T # I *e P w B o Π5 P "X`_

= T 49 Y = . &# *, + H9 *H> = # h H& C.T 'R

)*& 9#

(A.L.C) = In. (A.L.F)

) = 8
(A.L.C) = ACCURACY LIMIT CURRENT } *e P I

(A.L.F) = ACCURACY LIMIT FACTOR } *e Pw B

#A G9 *A P i 0 & Q I "X``

400/5 = 80

600/80 = 7.5 AMP

= •F G ~ *e Pw B I 9 (> 9 c 0 & '> F G "X`a

A.L.F = 1/Zload ) n 4

#- G" • "y ~ " *"e "P w B = V ?- 5k !V is9 $ # =

)*& 5 9# ('

Z2 × Z1 = (A.L.F)2 × (A.L.F)1

) = 8

Z1 *e P w B )(A.L.F)1

Z2 *e P w B )(A.L.F)2
r G"9 " " 7- 9# {A . # 2 ! *e Pw B & 'R y L !8

*& ! I 9 (> 9 8'- h H& # p is9 L i (Loose Connections) +&

. %- ! i y +& r G9 8

"I *>"2 " ~r" "!J 'A M CA i 8 *H> + > '2 7; $ I *7I "X`b

" I 9 (>" 9 " i &8 * #4 HD &8 i ! * 6r •

"= ! 8 #A G9 ! I &8 =C c 1 L $ & =C c kC-

*- ! 0 9 > U C 8 8 (Stray Currents) *>2 8 0 2 $ ! I

. & ! A # c @9 |,

) H h C.T •TA "Xad

. $0 !0 ' ‚ P ! ' y "W

. '> A "X

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) M h C.T •o

*A - * *; (P "W
+ > ( *; (P "X

) U h C.T •ˆ

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+> ( A *; (P "X

$0 !' y "Z

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)* !* >e + & &# 0 (' T 4B R- H& e R- H& A%

Y ,• '>! •ˆ i•2V •o A •2V •TA

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.* y *A w>P

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*>"9 ""] #C , *>9 "\ # =C *>9 "Z ' S2 *>9 "X + H9 *H> *>9 "W "XaZ

e R- *>9 "` # * C *>9 "_ h H& # @


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. $# e H& % 7Q9 ' r * >e

* >"e "A " i • "2 V '>! ! 9 (> 9 $8 )8 2 I 9 (> 9 •o


. $# e8 2

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.V %! * #P D '>!

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•# e - * >e 9 (> 9 8'- $ e*, ~#

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)* 5 c 9 & +H

P.C.T #H 9 9 (> 9 c 9 & +H


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N"H c V P Q $# 5 •* 7 y ~ * 4B J 'A 9 (> 9

V " o : |", 0 "& "e #"$ % >" I i &09 K G9 5 * J 'A

.*R$ ! J 'A 9 (> 9 & +4'R i !• 2

" ! J "'A 9 (>" 9 c" " i K G9 # L > y # I A c "Xab

.*& ! KH P.T K 4'& ! P.T i 0 9 K G9 Q

? " o = J 'A 2 wI y 8 ! * > P.T c i y "Xbd

#" 4 . * 4"B 8" " , C.T . " #" ! ; J 'A NH c G &# P.T i

• " I N"H R" " ~ " I "e *A 7" wI 8 ! '& i # y

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. & o p' cL > # C.T i 0 & +G' 0 FG y #A P &

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" 8 h Q J 'A * #4 HD • + &Y =~ =C c @ 7 ! i


J "'A 8" H& 8 J 'A #A 4' 2 5 . & (5 K 4' 0 - H& c J 'A

8" 0 .* F 4 #A 4' J 'A *- ! C 0 R (5 | t J 'A h Q

6r " - & 9 ? P #A 4' C $ 9 !# e c ' 'A A c h Q J 'A


. 5 N=e

"$ 0 "& 8 " V QP > #> D j J 'A 9 (> 9 +A r J 'A < = "XbX

n " . "&#" 0 (' (Capacitance Voltage Tr. = C.V.T) # J 'A 9 (> 9 &# 6 9

" $0 " "&#" K , R ‚S 49 A J 'A * C.V.T

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. ! #A 4 J 'A 9 (> 9 c H& C $# +C' J 'A 9 (> 9 c

) $0 p , Q + # * - ; *H>
C + C2
K1 = 1
C
V
V1 = 1
V2
)# 9 (> 9 0J 'A *H>
V
K2 = 1
V3
)+ *H>

K = K1 × K2
22KV
"!J 'A l=" C.V.T #P D 8 . & E2 = &# o p' D ‚r 4 K1
3
#" 9 (>" 9 c" "9#" J "'A < =" # " 9 " # j9 C1 kC- T 'p

. 0 (' '

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k "& '> ! - #Œ4 + C '>! (Xc) # ' (XL) #( ' #H 9

. " #" Iw 0 & Q( &# - #4e L H&

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k ! ' 'A "W

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+ # @(5 0 (' # K #2 h 0 p 0 ' "Z


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. # (V.A)

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.V = •] # I Xd "X

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. # + , H 'R2 5 STANDBY EARTH FAULT RELAY

N=e AC '- $ e ]X o ' 0 N=e XX

A.C. CIRCULT BREAKER


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. # + , POWER FACTOR RELAY

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" "I 8"g N " L 0 & Q BUCHHOLTZ RELAY

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. # + , I 8 a`N RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

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. # + , ! %- # ? 9 P OIL LEVEL RELAY

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. # + , I #A & TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION RELAY

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TELEPROTECTION OPERATING RELAY

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+" , #" ? 9 0 @ ˆ 5 PHASE ANGLE MEASURING RELAY

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. # FREQUENCY RELAY

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. &# o p' • P - K C' ~ AUTOMATIC SELECTIVE RELAY TRANSFER

OR CONTROL

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"= " #& 9 (> 9 #I TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

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. $# c @9 ' † N=e + Y D TRIP RELAY

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