‫اﻟﺴ‪0‬﮵ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻨﻜ(''&﮵ﺔ )‪ (١‬أو‬

‫ﺳ‪0‬﮵ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻮت )‪(2‬‬

‫‪ +‬أ(﮳ﻮ رﺣﻤﺔ)‪- (٣‬‬ ‫‪( - +‬﮴ ﮳‬
‫ﺮﺣﻤﺔ‪ :‬أﻣﺎ‪ -‬﮲ *‬ ‫أﺷ‪5‬﮵ﻞ ﻣ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻤﱯ ‪5:; -‬﮵ﻠﺴﻮف ﰷﻣ‪5‬﮵‪ -23‬﮲ *‬
‫وﻣﺘﺮﺣﻤﺔ ;‪:‬ﻠﺴﻄ‪5‬﮵ﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫﮳‬ ‫(﮳ﺎﺣﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎرس ‪2020 ,1‬‬

‫‪Wa syo’ lukasa pebwe‬‬

‫‪Umwime wa pita‬‬

‫]أﺳﻠﻢ ‪$‬وﺣﻪ…‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ آ‪1‬﮶ﺎر أ‪,-‬ﺪاﻣﻪ‬

‫اﻟﺼﺤﺮ[‬
‫﮲‬ ‫‪1‬﮳ﺎ‪>,-‬﮵ﺔ ﻋﲆ‬

‫‪,-‬ﻮل ﻣﺄ‪1‬﮶‪G‬ر ‪C E F‬‬

‫‪ D‬اﻟﻼﻣ>﮳ﺎ‪ ،‬زاﻣ>﮳>﮵ﺎ‬
 ‫***‬

‫‪ +‬ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة (﮵ﻜﻤﻦ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ‬ ‫( ﮴ ‪W:‬ﺘﺮض ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎﻟﺔ)‪ (٤‬أن اﻟ‪S‬ﻌ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‪* ٔ -‬‬
‫‪ :+:‬اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ واﻟ ‪WV‬ﺪرة ﻋﲆ (﮴ﻌ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺬ(﮵ﻦ ;‪V‬ﺪ (﮵ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺸ^ن واﻟﺬ(﮵ﻦ ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﺐ‬ ‫ﻛ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ‪* a ،‬‬
‫أن (﮵ﻤ^(﮴ﻮا)‪ .(٥‬وﻣﻦ (﮶ﻢ ;‪:‬ﺄن ( ﮴ ‪SWV‬ﻞ أو أن (﮴ﺴﻤﺢ (﮳ﺎﻟﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺶ (﮵ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﺣﺪود‬
‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة وﺳﻤﺎ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ .‬أن (﮴ﻤﺎرس اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة (﮵ﻌﲏ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ (﮲ﺸﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻄﺮة ﻋﲆ اﻟﻮ;‪5:‬﮵ﺎت‪ ،‬وأن (﮴ﺤﺪد اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة ( ﮳‬
‫ﻠﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺬﻛ^رة أﻋﻼه ;‪5:‬﮵ﻤﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻄﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ‪( .‬﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺮء أن ( ﮵ ﮲‬‫﮲‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎل اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟﺬي ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻄﺮت‬ ‫(﮵ﻌﻨ‪5‬﮵ﻪ ﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺸ‪5‬﮵ﻞ ;‪:‬ﻮﻛﻮ (﮳ﺎﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ :‬﮳‬
‫ﻋﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻪ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪(6).‬‬

‫‪ +:‬اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﻤﺎح‬‫وﻟﻜﻦ (﮴ﺤﺖ أي ﮲ﻃ‪3‬وف ﻋﻤﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ( ﮵ُﻤﺎرس اﻟﺤﻖ ‪* a‬‬

‫(﮳ﺎﻟﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺶ‪ ،‬أو اﻟ‪S‬ﻌ‪(3‬﮵ﺾ ﻟﻠﻤﻮت؟ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬات اﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻤﺎرس ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﻖ؟‬
‫اﻟﺸﺤﺺ اﻟﺬي ( ﮵ ﮲ُﺤ‪S‬ﺎر ﻟﻠﻤﻮت‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫€ﻨ‪5W‬﮵ﺬ ﻣﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺤﻖ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا ( ﮵ ﮲ﺤ‪5‬﮳‪(3‬﮲ﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻮاﺣﻬﺔ ;‪V‬ﺎ(﮴ﻠﻪ؟ ﻫﻞ‬‫﮳‬ ‫‪+:‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﺤﺺ ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫وﻋﻦ ﻋﻼ;‪V‬ﺔ اﻟﻌﺪاوة اﻟﱵ (﮴ﻀﻊ ﻫﺬا‬
‫ﰷف ﻟﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻄ‪3‬ق اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة‪ ،‬اﻟﱵ ( ﮴ ﮳ﺤﻌﻞ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ﻣ‪W‬ﻬﻮم اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻜ‪W‬ﺎح ﺿﺪ اﻹرﻫﺎب‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ‪( ،‬﮴ﺤﺖ ﺳ‪S‬ﺎر اﻟﺤﺮب‪ ،‬أو اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎوﻣﺔ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﻌﻞ ;‪SV‬ﻞ اﻟﻌﺪو ﻫﺪ;‪:‬ﻪ اﻷﺳﺎﳼ واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ؟ اﻟﺤﺮب‪( ،‬﮳ﻌﺪ Œﻞ ﳾء‪،‬‬
‫( ﮳ ‪WV‬ﺪر ﻣﺎ أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ وﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻠﺔ (﮴ﺤ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻖ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‪ ،‬وﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﻖ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪.‬‬
‫( ﮵ ﮳ﺤ‪5‬﮳‪(3‬﮲ﺎ ( ﮴ ﮲ﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻞ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ ﻛﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﲀل اﻟﺤﺮب ﻋﲆ أن (﮲ﺴﺄل‪ :‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫وﺣﺴﺪ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن )وﻻ ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﲀن اﻟﺬي ( ﮵ُﻌﻄﻰ ﻟﻠﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬﮳‬
‫ﺤُﻮا ‪* a‬‬
‫‪( +:‬﮴‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮳ﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺜﺚ اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺘﺔ(؟ ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﻒ ( ُ ﮵ َ‬
‫ﺴ ﮳‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﺣﻰ أو ﮳‬ ‫﮳‬

‫اﻟﺴ>﮵ﺎﺳﺎت‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬وأن »‪1‬﮴ﺼ‪O‬﮳ﺢ ذا‪ ً 1‬﮴ﺎ«‬

‫ﻣ‪W‬ﻬﻮم‬‫اﻹﺣﺎ(﮳ﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‪( ،‬﮵ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎل ﻋﲆ ‪:‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫أﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﮳‬
‫ﻤ‪W‬ﺎﻫ‪5‬﮵ﻢ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة )اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪(2‬﮵ﺴﺘﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻼ;‪V‬ﺘﻪ ( ﮳ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ‪WV‬ﺔ( وﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء)‪( .(7‬﮵ﺜ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺤﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻞ ﻋﺪ ًدا ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻠﺴ‪5W‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﱵ أود أن أ€ﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ‪m‬﮳ﺈ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﺎز‪ .‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌ‪3‬وف‬
‫واﻟ‪: W‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤ‪(3‬﮵‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫﮳‬
‫‪ +:‬ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎن ;‪5:‬﮵ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣ‪W‬ﻬﻮم ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء ;‪V‬ﺪ (﮲ﻮ;‪V‬ﺶ ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮳ﺣ‪ 5‬﮵ ًﺪا‪:; ،‬ﺈن ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﺴﺮت‬‫(﮵‪S‬ﻌﻠﻖ (﮳ﺎﻟﻨﺎ™(﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮات اﻻﻋ‪WV S‬ﺎل واﻹ(﮳ﺎدة‪ .‬و ‪˜ ُ;:‬‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤ‪S‬ﻠﻒ ( ﮳‬
‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮص ﻋﲆ (﮲ﺤﻮ ﮲‬ ‫وﺣﻪ ﮲‬‫ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮات اﻟﻤﻮت ﻋﲆ ﮳‬
‫اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﺎرة اﻟﻤﺮﻛ›(﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻒ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدي واﻟﻤﺪﻣﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺼ^ى ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﻠ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ‪WV‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ +:‬ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮات اﻻﻋ‪WV S‬ﺎل‪ .‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﻮﺣﺪ (﮲ ﮲ﻄ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻟﻠﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة ‪* a‬‬

‫( ﮴ ‪WV‬ﻮل ﺣﻨّﺎ أ(﮲ﺪت‪» :‬ﻻ ( ﮵ ﮳‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎل أن (﮵‪5WV S‬﮳ﻞ رﻋ‪ ‬﮳ﻬﺎ (﮳ﺴ‪5‬﮳ﺐ أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ ( ﮴ ‪WV‬ﻒ ﮲ﺣﺎرج اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‬
‫(﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﮲‬
‫واﻟﻤﻮت«)‪ .(8‬وﻷن ﺳﲀ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ (﮵ﺴﻠ‪5‬﮳^ن اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ ‪ (2‬﮵ ﮲ﺤﺘﺰﻟ^ن إﻟﻰ‬
‫أﻋﺎﻣ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‪» ،‬اﻟﻤﲀن‬ ‫^رﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻮ ﮲‬
‫ﻟﺤ ﮳‬‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟﻌﺎ(﮵ﺔ‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮات‪( ،‬﮳ﺎﻟﻨﺴ‪5‬﮳ﺔ ﮳‬
‫اﻟﺬي €ﺘﺤ ‪WV‬ﻖ ;‪5:‬﮵ﻪ أﻛﺮ ﮲ﻃ‪3‬وف ﻻـــ إ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن ( ﮴ ﮲ﻄﻬﺮ ﻋﲆ ﮳‬
‫وﺣﻪ‬
‫‪ +‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺴﻜﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺘﺮﻛ‪5‬﮵ﺐ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ‪-‬اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^‪ -‬﮲ *‬ ‫اﻷرض ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق«)‪ .(9‬و‪* a‬‬
‫( ﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل‪€ ،‬ﺘﻮ;‪V‬ﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء ﻋﻦ أن (﮴ﻜ^ن (﮴ﻌﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻖ زﻣﲏ ﻣﺆ;‪V‬ﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻠ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^ن‪.‬‬

‫‪ +‬دا(ٔﻢ (﮵‪ 5‬﮳ ‪WV‬ﻰ (﮳ﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار‬‫ﻷﻋﺎﻣ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‪:; ،‬ﺈ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ €ﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ (﮴‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮵ﺐ ﻣﲀ‪ -‬﮲ *‬ ‫‪2‬و ‪WV ً ;:‬ﺎ ﮲‬
‫﮲ﺣﺎرج ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^ن اﻟﻌﺎد(﮵ﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎل ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺲ ﻣﻨﺎ;‪V‬ﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻮذﺣﺎ)‪ .(11‬ﻫﻨﺎ ﺳﺄ(﮳ﺪأ ﻣﻦ ;‪:‬ﻜﺮة أن‬ ‫﮳ً‬ ‫﮲ﺣﺼﻮﺻ‪5‬﮵ﺔ إ (﮳ﺎدة اﻟ‪ ‬﮵ﻬﻮد أو ﮳ﺣﻌﻠﻬﺎ ¦‪(¥‬﮲‬
‫ﺎﻟ‪S‬ﺎ§‪+‬‬
‫*‬ ‫ﻣ‪W‬ﺎﻫ‪5‬﮵ﻢ ﻣ‪S‬ﻌﺪدة ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة – ‪ (2‬﮳‬ ‫‪ +:‬أﺻﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ ﰷ(﮲ﺖ ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻄﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟ‪S‬ﻌﺪد(﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺢ اﻟﻨ ‪WV‬ﺪ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ (2 .‬﮳ ‪:‬ﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻟﻨﻄ‪(3‬﮵ﺎت ﻣﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮵ﺔ‬ ‫‪m +:‬﮲ﻬﺎ(﮵ﺎت ﺣ ‪5WV‬﮳ﺔ اﻟﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﻒ اﻣﺘ‪5‬﮵ﺎزات ﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﻣ‪W‬ﻬﻮم اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ أﺣﺪ أﻫﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ Œﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸ‪23‬ع‬ ‫وﺣﻌﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪ(﮵ﻤ ‪WV‬ﺮاﻃ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﮳‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄ^ر‪:; ،‬ﺈن ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ اﻟ‪S‬ﻌ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ وأﻣﺎﻛﻦ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ﻫﻮ إ‪Sª‬ﺎج ﻣﻌﺎ(﮵‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ;‪5V‬﮳ﻞ ﻫ‪5‬﮵ﺌﺔ )اﻟﺸﻌﺐ( €ﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺣﺎل واﻟﻨﺴﺎء ذوات ﰷﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫رﺣﺎل ‪(2‬﮲ﺴﺎء أﺣﺮار وﻣﺘﺴﺎ‪(2‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﻦ‪ .‬وﻫﺆﻻء‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ﺎﻟ‪S‬ﺎ§‪( ،+‬﮴ﺤﺪد اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪ (2 .+‬﮳‬‫واﻟﻮ«‪ +‬واﻟﺘﻤﺜ‪5‬﮵ﻞ اﻟﺬا‪ -‬﮴ *‬
‫*‬ ‫اﻟ‪W‬ﻬﻢ‬
‫;‪V‬ﺎدرة ﻋﲆ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫(﮳ﺄ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ ذات ﺷ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻦ‪ :‬ﻣﺸ‪23‬ع اﻻﺳ‪WV S‬ﻼﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪(2‬﮴ﺤ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻖ ا( ﮴ ‪W:‬ﺎق (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮳‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃ‪(3‬﮵ﻖ اﻻ(﮴ﺼﺎل واﻻﻋﺘﺮاف‪ .‬و;‪5V‬﮵ﻞ ﻟﻨﺎ إن ﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ (﮵ﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮب)‪.(12‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘﺄﺣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺻ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮲‬
‫ﺎﻋﺔ ;‪:‬ﻜﺮة‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ‬ ‫‪(2‬﮳ﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺎرة ﮲‬
‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‪( ،‬﮴ﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻨ ‪WV‬ﺪ ‪* a‬‬
 ‫واﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻊ واﻟﺬات أو‪( ،‬﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ أﺳﺎس‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎ (﮴ﻌﻨ‪5‬﮵ﻪ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‪5‬﮵ﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺪة وﻛ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪5W:‬﮵ﺔ (﮴ﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﻬﺎ وأن (﮴ﺼ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ; ً‬
‫‪:‬ﺎﻋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة ﮳‬
‫أﺣﻼ;‪ ¬ 5V‬﮵ﺎ (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﰷﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ أﺳﺎس اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ ﮲‬
‫وﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫واﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎل(‪ .‬اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج ﻫﻮ ﺣ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ اﻟﺬات‪،‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫)اﻟﻌﺎﻃ‪W‬ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫­‪+‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎل اﻟﻌﺎم‪ .‬وﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ *‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫‪+:‬‬
‫­‪ +‬ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ ‪* a‬‬ ‫واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ *‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﺮد(﮵ﺔ‪€ .‬ﺘ‪c‬ﺊ‬ ‫;‪5V‬﮵ﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺤ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺼﺮ أﺳﺎس ﻟﻼﺳ‪WV S‬ﻼﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ اﻻﻋ‪WV S‬ﺎد (﮳ﺄن اﻟﺬات ﻫﻮ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ(﮲ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‪* a ،‬‬
‫ﺎﻟ‪S‬ﺎ§‪+‬‬
‫*‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎص‪(2 .‬﮴ﺤﺪد اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ( ﮳‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺪ واﻟﻤﺆﻟﻒ اﻟﻤﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻄﺮ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻨﺎه ﮲‬
‫‪ +‬واﻟ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻮد اﻟﺬا(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ )(﮴ﺤﺪ(﮵ﺪ‬‫ﻣﺰدوﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻜ^(﮵ﻦ اﻟﺬا‪ -‬﮴ *‬
‫﮳‬ ‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫(﮳‬
‫ﻟﻨ‪W‬ﺴﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﺮد ‪:‬‬‫ﺣﺪود ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﲆ اﻹ(﮳ﺪاع‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫‪€2‬ﺘﻜ^ن ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة (﮳ﺪ‪2‬رﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ;‪V‬ﺪرة‬

‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﺎ(﮲ﺔ (﮳ﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت (﮴ﺴ‪S‬ﻠﻬﻢ دﻻﻻت ﮳‬ ‫اﻟﺬا‪ -‬﮴ *‬
‫وﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة)‪ .(13‬ﰷ(﮲ﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺮاءة اﻟﻤﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮵ﺔ ( ﮳ ‪WV‬ﻮة ﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ﻫﺪف اﻟﻌﺪ(﮵ﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻ‪WV Sª‬ﺎدات اﻟﱵ ﻟﻦ أﻛ‪3‬رﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ)‪.(14‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻫﺮ ‪2‬رﻣ^ز اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة اﻟﱵ ﻻ (﮵ﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﺸ‪3‬وﻋﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺎس‬ ‫‪:‬ﺸﺎﻋﲇ ﻫﻮ ﮲‬ ‫; ﮲‬
‫‪ +‬اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﻃ‪5‬﮵ﻒ اﻷدا‪ -‬﮴ *‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫أﺣﻞ اﻻﺳ‪WV S‬ﻼﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‪W‬ﺎح ﻣﻦ ﮳‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪+:‬‬ ‫‪* a‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺣﺴﺎد اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ واﻟﺴﲀن‪ .‬﮲‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻮد اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪3‬ي واﻟﺘﺪﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺮ اﻟﻤﺎدي‬ ‫﮳‬
‫اﻟﺤﻨ^ن اﻟﻤﺬﻫﻞ أو اﻟ‪S‬ﻌ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬ ‫ﻤﻮذﺣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﮳‬ ‫﮳ً‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ﻫﺬه (﮳ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺪة ﻋﻦ ﻛ^‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ (﮲‬
‫­‪ ،+‬ﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ‪* ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﻢ واﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ‪* a .‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ (﮴ﻤ›ق (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ دوا;‪:‬ﻊ وﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﮳‬
‫ﻣﻌﺴﻜﺮات اﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ (﮵ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ;‪V‬ﺎ(﮲^ن ‪ nomos‬اﻟﻤﲀن اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ اﻟﺬي ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺎرب اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫زﻟﻨﺎ (﮲ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺶ ;‪5:‬﮵ﻪ‪ .‬وﻋﻼوة ﻋﲆ ذﻟﻚ‪( ،‬﮴ﺸ‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬
‫اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪3‬ي إﻟﻰ أ(﮲ﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ (﮴ﻄ^(﮵ﺮ ;‪V‬ﺮاءة ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة واﻟﺬات‬
‫‪ 5;: .+‬﮳ ً‬
‫ﺪﻻ‬ ‫‪ ±‬اﻟﺤﺪا‪ -‬﮶ *‬ ‫ﻠﺴ‪* ²‬‬
‫اﻟ‪: W‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻄﺎب ‪:‬‬ ‫‪S‬ﻠ‪W‬ﺔ ﻋﻦ (﮴ﻠﻚ اﻟﱵ ‪³2‬ﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﮲‬ ‫ﻣﺤ ‪:‬‬ ‫﮲‬
‫‪ª‬ﻨﻄﺮ إﻟﻰ ;‪:‬ﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻋﺘ‪5‬﮳ﺎر اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ ﺣ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺬات‪( ،‬﮵ﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﮲‬
‫ﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻞ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة واﻟﻤﻮت‪ .‬وﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺣ‪3‬ى أ;‪V‬ﻞ ( ﮴ ﮳ﺤ‪ (3‬﮵ ًﺪا وأﻛﺮ ﻟﻤ ً‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﮲‬
‫اﻟﻤﻬﻢ (﮳ﺎﻟﻨﺴ‪5‬﮳ﺔ ﻟﻤﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﺸ‪23‬ع ﻣﻨﺎ;‪V‬ﺸﺔ ﻫ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻼ;‪V‬ﺔ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻤﻮت‬
‫و»أن (﮴ﺼ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ ذا( ً ﮴ﺎ«‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ‪W‬ﻬﻮم اﻟﺴﻠ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ً .‬‬

‫أوﻻ‪ ،‬اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن‬ ‫(﮵ﺘﺮﻛﺰ €ﻨﺎول ﻫ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮت ﻋﲆ ‪³‬ﻨﺎ(ٔ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬﮳ﺣﻬﻮد اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن ﻟﺘﻄ^‪m‬﮵ﻊ اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎرج ‪* a‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﻪ ﮲‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫‪±‬‬ ‫‪ ±‬اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌﺔ )(﮲ ‪* ²:‬‬ ‫(﮵ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻨ‪* ²‬‬
‫‪ ±‬ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‪* ²‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺻﺔ(؛ ‪(2‬﮶ﺎ(﮲‪ ً 5‬﮵ﺎ‪ ،‬أ(﮲ﻪ (﮵ﺤﻮل اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺎﺣﺎ(﮴ﻪ ﮲‬‫ﻻﺣﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳‬
‫‪+:‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎ؛ وﻟﻜﻦ ‪* a‬‬‫ً‬ ‫‪( +:‬﮴ﺤ^(﮵ﻞ اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌﺔ‪ ( ،‬﮵ ﮲ﺤﻠﻖ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻨﻀﺎل‪* a .‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻮت اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻀﺎ ﻟﺴﻠ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺘﻪ ﮲‬ ‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪( ،‬﮵‪S‬ﻌﺮض أ( ﮵ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﱵ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻷﺳﺎس‪ .‬وﻫﻮ ‪ª‬ﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮ«‪* a +‬‬‫*‬ ‫اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺎراد(﮵ﻢ اﻟﻬ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﲇ‪،‬‬
‫( ﮴ ‪W:‬ﺘﺮﺿﻬﺎ اﻟﺬات اﻟﻮاﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪2 .‬و ‪WV ً ;:‬ﺎ ﻟﻬ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ‪:; ،‬ﺈن »اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻮان« اﻟﺬي (﮵ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻃﺮ‪(2 .‬﮳ﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺎرة‬
‫﮲‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﻫﺬه‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‪5‬﮵ﻨ^(﮲ﺔ اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﺬات اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ ;‪V‬ﺪ ُ‬
‫ﻫﺰم ‪* a‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻨﻀﺎل‬ ‫ﻨ‪W‬ﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻮان – ‪* a‬‬ ‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‪( ،‬﮵ﺼ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن ذا( ً ﮴ﺎ ﺣ ¬ ‪WV‬ﺎ‪ -‬أي ( ﮵ ‪:‬‬ ‫﮲‬
‫ﻮاﺣﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼﻟﻪ اﻟﻤﻮت )( ﮵ ‪W:‬ﻬﻢ ﻋﲆ أ(﮲ﻪ ﻋﻨﻒ اﻟﺴﻠ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺬي ( ﮵ ﮳‬

‫ﺣ>﮵ﺎة ‪1‬﮴‪ EZ‬ﺘﺮض اﻟﻤﻮت ‪1W‬﮴ﻌ>﮵ﺶ ﻣﻌﻪ‬

‫‪ +:‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ‪m‬﮵ﺦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺣﻬﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮت ( ُ ﮵ ‪WV‬ﺬف اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن ‪* a‬‬

‫﮳‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل ﻫﺬه‬
‫ﺎﻟ‪S‬ﺎ§‪ ( ،+‬﮴ ‪W:‬ﺘﺮض ﺳ‪5‬﮵‪23‬رة )أن (﮴ﺼ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ ذا( ً ﮴ﺎ( دﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫*‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮة‪ (2 .‬﮳‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮت‪ .‬ودﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮت ﻫﻮ (﮳ﺎﻟﻀ‪5‬﮳ﻂ ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﻒ (﮵ﺤﺪد ﻫ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟ‪23‬ح‪.‬‬
‫­‪ +‬اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟﱵ ( ﮴ ﮲ﺤﺎف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮت‪،‬‬ ‫;‪:‬ﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟ‪23‬ح‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ( ﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل‪ ،‬ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺴﺖ *‬
‫‪ (2‬﮴ ﮲ﺤﻠﺺ (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪﻣﺎر‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ (﮴ﻠﻚ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟﱵ ( ﮴ ‪W:‬ﺘﺮض اﻟﻤﻮت‬
‫‪(2‬﮴ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺶ ﻣﻌﻪ‪:; .‬ﺎﻟ‪23‬ح ﻻ (﮴ﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺘﻬﺎ إﻻ ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل إ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﺎد (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫­‪ +‬اﻟﻤﻮت اﻟﺬي (﮵ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺶ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‬ ‫‪V; +:‬ﻄﻊ أو (﮳ﺘﺮ (﮴ﺎم)‪ .(15‬اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺎت إ ًذا *‬ ‫‪* a‬‬
‫إ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ .‬وﻫﺬا (﮵ﻌﲏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻞ (﮴ﻌ‪(3‬﮵ﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﺮ;‪:‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ‪WV‬ﺔ واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﺤﻤﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻃﺮة ( ﮳ ﮳‬
‫﮲‬
‫ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎة ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﺮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ ·ى (﮲ ‪WV‬ﺪ(﮵ﺔ‬ ‫( ﮵ ‪WV‬ﺪم ﮳ﺣ^رج (﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي أ( ﮵ ً‬
‫ﺣﻮل ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﻒ ‪m‬﮵ﻬ‪5‬﮵‪c‬ﻞ اﻟﻤﻮت ;‪:‬ﻜﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ واﻟﺬات‪.‬‬
‫ﻣ‪W‬ﻬﻮم ﻫ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫(﮵ﺴﺘ‪5‬﮳ﺪل (﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ‪3‬وا(﮳ﻂ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻤﻮت واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‬
‫واﻟﺬات (﮳ﻼث ﻃ‪3‬ق ﻋﲆ اﻷ;‪V‬ﻞ‪.‬‬
‫أوﻻ‪ ( -‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﺴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮت واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ً‬
‫واﻟﻌﺰارة‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﻤﺎ (﮲^(﮳ﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮳ﺎدﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺻﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺘﻮﻃ‪5‬﮵ﻒ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎ(﮴ﻪ ﮲‬ ‫‪-‬أو‪ ( ،‬﮳ ﮲‬
‫اﻟ‪5W‬﮵ﺾ‪( .‬﮳ﺎﻟﻨﺴ‪5‬﮳ﺔ ﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي‪ ،‬اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺄﺣﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫­‪ +‬ﻣﻌ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮳ﺔ ‪WV ;:‬ﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ( ﮵ ﮲‬ ‫*‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮت رﻫ‪5‬﮵ﻨﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ +:‬د ‪WV ;:‬ﺎت و‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮدة ‪WV ;:‬ﻂ ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ﻌ‪W‬ﻦ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‪ ،‬اﻟﺮا(ٔﺤﺔ‬ ‫(﮴‪5‬﮳ﺎدل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮت)‪ (2 .(16‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل‪ :‬إن اﻟﻤﻮت ﻫﻮ ( ﮴ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮ;‪V‬ﺖ (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫­‪ +‬اﻟﻤﺼﺪر واﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﻤ ‪5WV‬﮵ﺖ ﻟﻠﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة ‪* a‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺘﻨﺔ اﻟﱵ *‬
‫اﻟﺮﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ أ(﮲ﻪ (﮵ﺪﻣﺮ ﻣﺎ ﰷن‪(2 ،‬﮵ﻄﻤﺲ ﻣﺎ ﰷن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‪S‬ﺎ§‪ ،+‬وﻋﲆ‬
‫*‬ ‫‪ (2‬﮳‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﺮد اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﻮد‪ (2 ،‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﻠﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻻ ﳾء ‪:‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‪W‬ﺘﺮض أن (﮵ﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬﮳ﺣﻮﻫﺮه‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻮﺣﻮد‪( .‬﮳ﻞ ﻫﻮ ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫ﺄﺣﺬه‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﻤﻮت ﻻ (﮵ﻨﺤﺪر إﻟﻰ إ (﮳ﺎدة (﮲ ‪5WV‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫(﮵ ﮲‬
‫‪:‬ﺤﻢ ﺷ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﲀل اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .+‬وﻋﻼوة ﻋﲆ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ أ; ﮲‬ ‫و«‪ +‬ذا‪ -‬﮴ *‬
‫*‬
‫واﻟﻌﺰارة‪V; :‬ﻮة اﻻ‪ª‬ﺘﺸﺎر‪(2 .‬﮳ﻄ‪ (3‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ أﻛﺮ ﮳ﺣﺬ(﮵ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫(﮳ﻤﻌﲎ أ(﮲ﻪ اﻟﺘﺪ;‪:‬ﻖ‬
‫(﮵ﺴﺤﺐ (﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي اﻟﻤﻮت ﻣﻦ أ;‪:‬ﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﲎ‪ .‬وﻋﲆ اﻟﻨ ‪5WV‬﮵ﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻫ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻤﻮت؛ ;‪:‬ﺈن اﻟﻤﻮت ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫‪* a+‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﳾء (﮳ﺎﻟﻨﺴ‪5‬﮳ﺔ ﻟﻪ ( ﮵ ‪WV Wُ:‬ﺪ (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ‪* ٔ -‬‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ واﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ (﮵ﺤﻤﻞ دﻻﻟﺔ ﻛ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮة ( ﮳‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎل اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺬل )اﻹ(﮲ ‪W:‬ﺎق اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬﮳‬‫(﮶ﺎ(﮲‪ ً 5‬﮵ﺎ‪( -‬﮵ﺮﺳﺦ (﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي ( ﮳ ‪WV‬ﻮة اﻟﻤﻮت ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﺤ‪W‬ﺎظ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻤﻮت‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻦ (﮵ﺤﺎول ﻫ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺔ اﻻ ‪ ¥‬﮲ﺣ‪3‬ى ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة(‪* a ،‬‬
‫داﺣﻞ ا;‪V‬ﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﻌﺮ;‪:‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ‪WV‬ﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﲎ‪ .‬اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة أ(﮳ﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﺎ(ٔﺪة‪،‬‬ ‫﮲‬
‫‪ +:‬ﻫﺬه‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‪S‬ﺎ§‪:; ،+‬ﺈن اﻟﻤﻮت ‪* a‬‬
‫*‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎل اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‪ (2 .‬﮳‬
‫( ﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل (﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻮت ﻫﻮ ﮳‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ (﮲ ‪WV‬ﻄﺔ (﮵ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ‪ ;:‬﮵ﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺪﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺮ واﻟ ‪WV‬ﻤﻊ واﻟﺘﻀﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ( ﮳ ً‬
‫ﺬﻻ راد(﮵ﲀﻟ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‬
‫ﺎ¼‪( – ±‬﮳ﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺚ ﻟﻢ (﮵ﻌﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻨًﺎ أن (﮵ﺤﺪد‬ ‫رﺣﻌﺔ ;‪5:‬﮵ﻪ – أي ( ﮳ ً‬
‫ﺬﻻ د‪2‬ن اﺣﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ *‬ ‫ﻻ ﮳‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ ﺳﻠ‪5‬﮳‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫(﮳‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎص‪ ،‬ﺿﺪ اﻻ;‪V‬ﺘﺼﺎد‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‪5W‬﮵ﺾ ﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮت‪( ،‬﮴‪ 5‬﮳ ًﻌﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﻣ‪5‬﮳ﺪأ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺎﺣﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻮت‪( .‬﮶ﺎﻟًﺎ‪ ( ،‬﮵ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻢ (﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي ﻋﻼ;‪V‬ﺔ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬ ‫اﺳ‪S‬ﻌﺎرة اﻟﺘﺮف واﻟﻄﺎ‪m‬﮳ﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ‪ W‬﮲‬
‫ﺎﻃﺎ ‪(2‬﮶‪ 5‬﮵ ً ‪WV‬ﺎ (﮳ﺎﻟﻌﻨﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻨﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ ا(﮴‪ 5‬﮳ ً‬
‫واﻟﺤﻨﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪(2 .‬﮴‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮳ﻂ ﮳‬
‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮت واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‬
‫﮳‬
‫ﻣﺎﺣﻨﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻨ‪W‬ﺲ ﻋﻦ ﻃ‪(3‬﮵ﻖ (﮲‪5‬﮳ﻀﺎت‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪(2‬﮳ﺎ(﮲ﺤﻼل اﻟﺤﺪود (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮳‬
‫اﻟﺤﻨﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻦ (ٔ‪5‬﮵ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﻣﻦ (﮲‪5‬﮳ﻀﺎت اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن‬ ‫‪(2‬﮳ﺮا™(﮵ﺔ‪ .‬وﻫﻜﺬا ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺘﻢ ﮳‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴ‪WV S‬ﻄ‪5‬﮳ﺔ ــ اﻹ;‪:‬ﺮاز واﻻﺳﺘ‪5‬﮵ﻼء ــ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ (﮲ ﮲ﻄﺎم اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ(﮳ﻮﻫﺎت اﻟﻤﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻄﺔ‬
‫‪m‬﮳ﻬﺎ)‪.(17‬‬

‫‪ ( +:‬﮴ ﮳ﺤ‪(3‬﮳ﺔ ‪WV ;:‬ﺪان اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﱵ‬‫وﺣﺼﺎ(ٔﺼﻪ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮴ﻠﺔ ‪* a‬‬‫اﻟﺤﻨﺲ ﮲‬ ‫(﮴ﻜﻤﻦ ﺣ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ ﮳‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﻨ‪S‬ﺎ™(﮵ﺔ‪(2 .‬﮳ﺎﻟﻨﺴ‪5‬﮳ﺔ‬
‫( ﮴ ‪W:‬ﺼﻞ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ واﻷﺣﺪاث واﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪m +:‬﮲ﻬﺎ(﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ر;‪:‬ﺾ‬ ‫أﺷﲀﻻ ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﺮة‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ‪* a‬‬‫ً‬ ‫ﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي‪:; ،‬ﺈن ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺤﻮف ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮت ﻋﲆ اﻟﺬات اﺣﺘﺮاﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬إن‬ ‫;‪5V‬﮳ﻮل اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﱵ ( ﮵ ‪W:‬ﺮض ﮲‬
‫ُﻠﻌﻰ ;‪5:‬﮵ﻪ ﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﻮت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدي‪ ( ،‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل (﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي‪» :‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺬي ( ﮵ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻦ أن‬
‫‪2‬وﺣﻮده ( ﮵ُﻌﺮّف ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮد ;‪5:‬﮵ﻪ‪،‬‬
‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮت‬
‫¾‪( ±‬﮵ﺘﻢ إ(﮲ﲀره‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻟﴚء إﻻ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮد‪ ،‬إﻻ أ(﮲ﻪ ﻫﻨﺎك ‪WV ;:‬ﻂ *‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮت‬
‫﮳‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮ ًدا…‪ .‬ﻻ‬ ‫;‪:‬ﺎﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺪ‪ ( ،‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل (﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي‪» ،‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﺬي‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ أن اﻟﻤﻮت ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺲ‬
‫(﮵ﻀﻊ أي اﻋﺘ‪5‬﮳ﺎر ﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻬ^(﮵ﺔ أﻛﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ( ﮵ ‪W:‬ﻌﻠﻪ ﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬أو ﻟﻨ ‪WV‬ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺎ‪2‬ز أو اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻬﻚ ﻟ‪c‬ﻞ ﻫﺬه‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫­‪( +‬﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻬﺎ؛ ﻫﻮ‬
‫إن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺪود *‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪود«‪.‬‬

‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﻄﺮ (﮵ﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ أﻣ^ر ﮲‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎل اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪ 5‬﮵ *‬
‫‪±À‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫وﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺚ إن‬
‫اﻟﺤﻨﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺬارة‪ ،‬اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺮاز(‪€ ،‬ﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‬‫)ﻋﲆ ﺳ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻞ اﻟﻤﺎل‪ ،‬﮳‬
‫اﻟﺮﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ أن ﻫﺬا ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻜ^ن ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻄﺮ ﺿﺪ اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫»;‪V‬ﻮة ﻻ‪ª‬ﺘﻬﺎك‬
‫﮲ﻃﻞ ﮲ﻃ‪3‬وف (﮴ﺤﺪدﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﺎدات واﻟ‪WV S‬ﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺪ«‪.‬‬

‫﮳‬
‫واﻟﺤﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻀ‪23‬رة‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ﻣﺘﺤﺬرة ‪* a‬‬ ‫وﺣﻼ ‪;ً :‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﺘ‪5‬﮳ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﱵ *‬
‫­‪ +‬دا( ٔ ًﻤﺎ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫اﻟﻤﺰﻋﻮﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ ( ﮴ ﮳ﺤﻨﺐ اﻟﻤﻮت‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة (﮴ﺪﻋﻮ (﮳ﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛ‪5‬﮵ﺪ إﻟﻰ ﮲ﺣﻄﺮ‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻄ^رات‪( ،‬﮵ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺪ‬
‫﮲‬ ‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ ا‪ª‬ﺘﻬﺎك‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮت)‪(2 ،(18‬﮳ﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ( ﮳‬
‫‪ +:‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺴﺖ‬ ‫(﮳ﺎ(﮴ﺎي ;‪:‬ﺘﺢ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺣﺪود اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ‪* a ،‬‬
‫‪WS‬ﻰ أ(﮶ﺮ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ إﻻ‬‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﮳ﺣﺴ^رة ﮳ﺣﺪﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ‪ .‬ﻻ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن ( ُ ﮵ ‪: WV‬‬
‫اﻻﺣ‪S‬ﻼف اﻟﺬي (﮵ﺸﻮش ;‪:‬ﻜﺮة اﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ً‬
‫ا‪ª‬ﺘﻬﺎﰷ ﻟﻮﻟ‪5‬﮳‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻞ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫(﮳‬
‫اﻟ‪3W‬ق اﻟﺬي (﮵ﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫­‪: +‬‬ ‫اﻷ;‪V‬ﴡ‪ .‬اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ (﮳ﺼ^رة أﻛﺮ (﮴ﺤﺪ( ﮵ ًﺪا‪* ،‬‬
‫﮲ﺣﻼل ا‪ª‬ﺘﻬﺎك (﮴ﺎ(﮳ﻮ)‪.(19‬‬

‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ>﮵ﺎ‪1‬﮴>﮵ﺔ وﻋﻼ‪,-‬ﺔ اﻟﻌﺪاوة‬

‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬أ‪WV Sª‬ﻞ اﻵن إﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪(2‬﮳ﻌﺪ أن ;‪V‬ﺪﻣﺖ ;‪V‬ﺮاءة ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ ( ﮳‬
‫وﻷﻋﺮاض‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﻖ ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﺐ ( ﮳‬ ‫‪: +:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ُﻃﺮﺣﺖ ‪* a‬‬
‫آﺣ‪(3‬﮵ﻦ‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤ‪W‬ﻬﻮﻣ‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮲‬ ‫ﺣﺤﱵ‪ ،‬أ(﮳ﻂ ;‪:‬ﻜﺮة ;‪:‬ﻮﻛﻮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ ( ﮳ ‪:‬‬ ‫﮳‬
‫اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء وﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﺎر)‪ .(20‬وأدرس (﮴ﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﱵ (﮴ﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﻒ أن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء وﻋﻼ;‪V‬ﺔ اﻟﻌﺪاوة أﺻ‪5‬﮳ﺤﺖ اﻷﺳﺎس اﻟﻤﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺎي‬
‫‪ +:‬ﻣﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪( ،‬﮴ﺸ‪5‬﮵ﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ )وﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺲ‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪* a .‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻖ ‪* a‬‬
‫(﮳ﺎﻟﻀ‪23‬رة ﺳﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ( (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪(2 /‬﮴ﺪﻋﻮ إﻟﻰ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺪو‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ (﮴ﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ إ‪Sª‬ﺎج‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫واﻟ‪W‬ﻜﺮة‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫واﻟﻄﻮائ‬
‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‪:; ،‬ﺈن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻞ‪(2 .‬﮳ﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺎرة ﮲‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫(﮲ ‪W:‬ﺲ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء واﻟﻄﻮائ واﻟﻌﺪو‬
‫اﻟﻨﻄﻢ اﻟﱵ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫‪( +:‬﮴ﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺆال ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﻼ;‪V‬ﺔ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ واﻟﻤﻮت ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺎﻋﺔ ;‪:‬ﻮﻛﻮ‪( ،‬﮴ﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﺻ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮲‬‫‪ +:‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﻮائ؟ و‪* a‬‬ ‫(﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن (﮴ﻌﻤﻞ ‪WV ;:‬ﻂ ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎ (﮵‪5‬﮳ﺪو‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل ( ﮴ ‪WV‬ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻢ اﻟﻨﺎس إﻟﻰ أوﻟﺌﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺬ(﮵ﻦ ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﺐ أن (﮵ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺸﻮا واﻟﺬ(﮵ﻦ ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﺐ أن (﮵ﻤ^(﮴ﻮا‪ .‬وﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻦ (﮴ﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ‬
‫أﺳﺎس اﻻ(﮲ ‪WV‬ﺴﺎم (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺶ واﻟﻤﻮت‪:; ،‬ﺈن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ (﮴ﻌﺮف (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻮﻟﻮﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎ – اﻟﺬي (﮴ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻄﺮ ﻋﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻪ ‪€2‬ﺜ‪5‬﮳ﺖ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل اﻟﻌﻼ;‪V‬ﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣ ‪WV‬ﻞ اﻟ‪5‬﮳‪ 5‬﮵‬
‫(﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻬﺎ ;‪5:‬﮵ﻪ‪ ( .‬﮴ ‪W:‬ﺘﺮض ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻄﺮة (﮴^™‪m‬﮵ﻊ اﻷ(﮲ﻮاع اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻋﺎت ;‪:‬ﺮﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪2 ،‬إ(﮲ﺸﺎء ;‪V‬ﻄ‪5‬﮵ﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻋﺎت‪ (2 ،‬﮴ ‪WV‬ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻢ اﻟﺴﲀن إﻟﻰ ﮳‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ﺼ‪W‬ﻪ ;‪:‬ﻮﻛﻮ (﮳ﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ )(﮵‪5‬﮳ﺪو‬ ‫ﻮﻟﻮﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة واﻻ ‪ ¥‬﮲ﺣ‪3‬ى‪ .‬وﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ( ﮵ ‪:‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫(﮳‪ 5‬﮵‬
‫ﻣﺄﻟﻮ ‪;ً :‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﻫﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ( اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ أو اﻟﻌﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﺔ)‪ .(21‬ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻌ‪3‬ق )أو‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ ذات ﺻﻠﺔ ‪m‬﮳ﻬﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ( واﻟﺬي ( ﮵ ﮲ﻄﻬﺮ (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ (﮳ﺎز‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ ( ﮳‬
‫اﻟ‪WS‬ﺎﺿﻞ واﻟﺘﲀﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ (﮵‪5‬﮳‪3‬ره ( ﮴ ً‬
‫ﻤﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫‪* a‬‬
 ‫ﻮﻟﻮﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﱵ (﮴ﻌﺮف اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ‪m‬﮵ﺦ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫‪) ±‬اﻷ(﮵ﺪ( ﮵‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﻜﺮ اﻟﻄ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪* ²V‬‬
‫ﰷن ﻟﻠﻌ‪3‬ق‪ ،‬أﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﻜﺮ واﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪: +:‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ أ(﮲ﻪ (﮲ﻀﺎل ا;‪V‬ﺘﺼﺎدي ﻟﻠﻄ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪WV‬ﺎت(‪ ،‬﮲ﻃ ¬ﻼ دا( ٔ ًﻤﺎ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺘﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻞ ﻻ‪-‬إ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ /‬أو ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‪(3‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ (2 ،‬﮳ ﮲ﺤﺎﺻﺔ إذا (﮴ﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ ( ﮳ ﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻷﺣﻨ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪( .‬﮳ﺎﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﻀ^ر اﻟ‪c‬ﲇ واﻟﺸ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻪ (﮳ﺎﻟﺸ‪ 5‬﮳ *‬
‫‪±Æ‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻮب‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺸﻄ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮳ﺮة‬
‫‪ +:‬﮲‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌ‪3‬ق (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﻋﺎم‪( ،‬﮴ﻤﻮﺿﻊ أ(﮲ﺪت ﮳ﺣﺬ‪2‬ره ‪* a‬‬
‫‪m +:‬﮲ﻬﺎ(﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف‬ ‫)اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮵‪(3‬﮵ﺔ( ‪ (2‬﮴ ‪WV‬ﺘ‪3‬ح أن ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻌ‪3‬ق ﻣ‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮳ﻄﺔ ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻶﺣ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫﮲‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ‪(2 ،‬﮳ﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت ;‪:‬ﻮﻛﻮ‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫(﮳ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻮت)‪ .(22‬و‪* a‬‬
‫­‪ ( +‬﮴ ‪WV‬ﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح (﮳ﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ »اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫;‪5V‬﮳ﻞ Œﻞ ﳾء‪* ،‬‬
‫‪ +:‬ا;‪V‬ﺘﺼﺎد‬‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ«‪ ،‬و»اﻟﺤﻖ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدي اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺪ(﮵ﻢ (﮳ﺎﻟﻤﻮت«)‪ (23‬و‪* a‬‬
‫€ﻨﻄ‪5‬﮵ﻢ (﮴^™‪m‬﮵ﻊ اﻟﻤﻮت‬ ‫­‪ +‬﮲‬ ‫وﻃ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ *‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪:; ،‬ﺈن ﮲‬
‫­‪ ،+‬ﻛﻤﺎ ( ﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل‪» ،‬ﺷﺮط اﻟ ‪5WV‬﮳ﻮل‬ ‫وﻃ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﺔ اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪* .‬‬
‫‪(2‬﮴ﻤﻜ‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﮲‬
‫(﮳ﺎﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ«)‪.(24‬‬

‫‪ +:‬اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ )‪(droit de glaive‬‬ ‫( ﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل ;‪:‬ﻮﻛﻮ (﮳ﻮﺿ^ح‪ :‬إن اﻟﺤﻖ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدي ‪* a‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻄ‪ (3‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ اﻟﱵ (﮴ﻌﻤﻞ ‪m‬﮳ﻬﺎ‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ﻣﺪرﺣﺔ ‪* a‬‬ ‫وﻣ‪5‬﮵ﲀ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺰﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫﮳ﺣﻤ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ اﻟﺪول اﻟﺤﺪ(﮵ﺜﺔ)‪(25‬؛ (﮳ﻞ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ (﮴ﺄﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻟ‪W‬ﻮﻛﻮ‪ ،‬ﰷ(﮲ﺖ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﺎ™(﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﺎل اﻷﻛﺮ‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ‪ .‬و ‪WV ً ;:‬ﺎ ‪:‬‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺪ«‪ ،+‬﮳ﺣﻌﻠﺖ‬ ‫*‬ ‫اﻛ‪S‬ﻤﺎﻻ ﻟﻠﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﱵ (﮴ﻤﺎرس ﺣﻖ اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ( ﮵‬ ‫ً‬
‫اﻹدارة‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻤﺎ(﮵ﺔ‪5WV €2 ،‬﮵ﻒ أو ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺬ(﮵ﺐ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة €‪S‬ﻌﺎ(﮵ﺶ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺤﻖ‬
‫‪ +‬ﺣﻮل ﻣﻮﺿ^ع‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ﻮﻟﻮ‪* È‬‬‫‪ +:‬اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪(2 .‬﮳ﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻻﺳ‪WV S‬ﺮاء اﻟ‪5‬﮳‪ 5‬﮵‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدي ‪* a‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮ;‪V‬ﺖ (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪€2‬ﻨﻄ‪5‬﮵ﻢ اﻟﺤﺮب ﺿﺪ ﮲ﺣﺼﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬و‪* a‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪو اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ‪،‬‬
‫(﮴ﻌ‪(3‬﮵ﺾ ﻣﻮاﻃﻨ‪ ‬﮵ﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺮب‪ ،‬دﺷﻨﺖ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﺎ™(﮵ﺔ اﻟﻄ‪(3‬﮵ﻖ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻃ‪5‬﮵ﺪ‬
‫‪ (2 .«+‬﮳ ‪W:‬ﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬‫‪ +:‬اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ اﻟﺬي ( ُ﮴ﻮج (﮳ﻤﺸ‪23‬ع »اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‪* ٔ -‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎ(ٔﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻖ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﻫﺬا أﺻ‪5‬﮳ﺤﺖ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻷﺻﲇ ﻟﺘﺸﻜ‪5‬﮵ﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﱵ ( ﮴ ﮳ﺤﻤﻊ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬
‫﮲ﺣﺼﺎ(ٔﺺ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮴ﻠﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻻ‪ª‬ﺘﺤﺎ(﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻠﻂ اﻟﲀﻣﻞ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺤﺮب واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ )واﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ واﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ُ (2‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺎل‪ :‬إن ﮲‬
‫اﻵﺣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ أﻣﺮ ;‪(3:‬﮵ﺪ‬
‫﮲‬ ‫واﻻ‪ª‬ﺘﺤﺎر(‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻟﻤﺎ أ(﮲ﻪ ﻻ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ (﮴ﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ (﮳ﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻵﺣﺮ ﻛﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻋﺘﺪاء‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﻣﻦ (﮲ﻮﻋﻪ ﮲ﺣﺎص (﮳ﺎﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﺎ™(﮵ﺔ‪ .‬إن (﮴ﺼ^ر ﮳‬
‫وﺣﻮد‬
‫‪ ،+‬ﻛ‪S‬ﻬﺪ(﮵ﺪ ﻣﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺖ أو ﮲ﺣﻄﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄن إ;‪V‬ﺼﺎ(ٔﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎ‪ -‬﮴ *‬
 ‫‪ ،+‬واﺣﺪ‬‫‪ +:‬رأ‪ -‬﮵ *‬
‫‪ +‬ﻋﲆ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة واﻷﻣﻦ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪ +‬أن (﮵ﻌ›ز ;‪V‬ﺪ‪ -‬﮴ *‬
‫اﻟ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻮ;‪5:‬﮵›(﮵ﺎ‪* ٔ -‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺪ(﮵ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎﻻت اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة اﻟﻤﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺰة ﻟ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮳ﻜﺮة‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﻢ‬
‫﮲‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺘﺄﺣﺮة (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻬﺎ‪( .‬﮵ﺪﻋﻢ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف ‪m‬﮳ﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﺼ^ر إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫اﻻ‪WV Sª‬ﺎدات اﻟ‪WV S‬ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺪ(﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ﰷ(﮲ﺖ €‪S‬ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫واﻟ‪W‬ﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﺸ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﱩ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫﮳‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﻮد؛‬ ‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ ﮳ﺣﻮﻫﺮ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪2‬إﻋﻼ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ إرادة اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ( ﮳‬
‫إﺣﻀﺎع Œﻞ ﳾء ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻺ(﮲ﺴﺎن (﮳ﺘﺤ^(﮵ﻠﻪ إﻟﻰ ﳾء أو ﻣﻮﺿ^ع؛ أو ﮲‬
‫اﻟﺸﺤﴢ‪ ،‬وﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻄﺮة اﻟﺤﺴﺎ(﮳ﺎت واﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻼ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻷدا(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ)‪.(26‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬

‫‪ ،+‬أن ﻣﺎ (﮴ﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺬه اﻻ‪WV Sª‬ﺎدات ﺿﻤﻨًﺎ‬ ‫﮳‬

‫ﻮﻟﻮ‪* È‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄ^ر أ‪ª‬ﺜ‪ (23‬﮳‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫واﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻮ (﮴ﻌ‪(3‬﮵ﻒ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ (﮳ﺄ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﻼ;‪V‬ﺔ اﻟﺤ‪(3‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ (﮳ﺎﻣﺘ‪5‬﮵ﺎز‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ €ﺘﺤﺪى‬
‫اﻟ‪WS‬ﺎﺿﻞ واﻟﺘﲀﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة (﮵ﻤﺮ (﮳ﺎﻟﻀ‪23‬رة ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫;‪:‬ﻜﺮة أن ﺣﺴﺎب‬
‫اﻵﺣﺮ؛ أو أن اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة €ﺘﻜ^ن ﻣﻦ اﻹرادة واﻟ ‪WV‬ﺪرة ﻋﲆ أن ( ﮴ ‪SWV‬ﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﻣﻮت‬
‫وﺣﻬﺔ (﮲ ﮲ﻄﺮ (﮴ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲ﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬﮳ﺣﺎدل ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻦ (﮳ﺄن‬ ‫أﺣﻞ أن (﮴ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺶ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﮳‬ ‫﮳‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻹﻣ‪5‬﮳‪(3‬﮵ﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎ(﮵ﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﲎ اﻟﻤﺎد(﮵ﺔ ﻟﻺ(﮳ﺎدة اﻟﻨﺎ™(﮵ﺔ ( ﮴ ﮳‬
‫ﻮﺣﺪ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪( +:‬﮴ﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮵ﲀ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺰﻣﺎت اﻟ‪WV S‬ﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻣﻦ (﮲ﺎﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫(﮲ﺎﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬و‪* a‬‬
‫أﺣ‪3‬ى ــــ اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮵ﲀ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺰﻣﺎت اﻟﱵ ﮳ﺣ‪3‬ى (﮴ﻄ^(﮵ﺮﻫﺎ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺜ^رة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫واﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪2 .‬و ‪WV ً ;:‬ﺎ ﻹ(﮵ﻨ›و (﮴ﺮا;‪:‬ﺮﺳﻮ‪ ،‬ﰷ(﮲ﺖ ﮲ﻋﺮف ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎز‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤ‪(3‬﮵ﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫ﺤﺎ ﻟﻌﻤﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻃ^(﮵ﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻷ;‪:‬ﺮان €ﺘ^( ﮵ ﮳ ً‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬اﻟﱵ ﰷ(﮲ﺖ إﺣﺪى ﺳﻤﺎ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ دﻣﺞ اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻼ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻷدا(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪) +‬اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻊ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ +‬اﻟﺤﺪا‪ -‬﮶ *‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‪- 3‬﮳ *‬
‫اﻹ‪Sª‬ﺎﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ واﻹدا(﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪:‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻼ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺶ(‪(2 .‬﮳ﻌﺪ أن أﺻ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ ‪Í‬ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ُ ،‬‬
‫ﺣ ˜ﻮ ل‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫﮳‬
‫واﻟﺴﺤﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵‪3‬و;‪V‬ﺮاﻃ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺤﴢ وﺻﺎﻣﺖ وﺳ‪m3‬﮵ﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫إﺣﺮاء ;‪:‬ﲏ (﮳ﺤﺖ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﮲‬ ‫اﻹﻋﺪام اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ إﻟﻰ ﮳‬
‫‪ +:‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻄ^ر اﻟ ‪WV‬ﻮاﻟﺐ اﻟﻨﻤﻄ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ وازدﻫﺎر‬ ‫و;‪V‬ﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﮳ﺣ›(ٔ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺮﺣﻤﺔ اﻟﺼﺮاﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(ٔﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻄ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪WV‬ﺔ اﻟﱵ أدت‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪ ( ﮴ ﮳‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎ«‪( +‬﮳ﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﻣ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲ﺔ‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮳‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬‫اﻟﺤﻨﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺔ« ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪ ±Î‬﮳‬ ‫»اﻷﺷﺤﺎص ﻋﺪ( ﮵ *‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪WV‬ﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ و‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎي)‪.(27‬‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻼظ« ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎ«‪( +‬﮳ـ»اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺣﺸ‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬ ‫*‬

‫اﻟﺤﺪا‪1‬﮶ﺔ واﻹرﻫﺎب‬
 ‫واﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ أن اﻟ‪3‬وا(﮳ﻂ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ واﻹرﻫﺎب €ﻨ‪ ‬﮳ﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣ‪S‬ﻌﺪدة‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﻄﺎم اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺪ(﮵ﻢ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮد ‪* a‬‬ ‫(﮳ﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫وﻣ‪W‬ﺎﻫ‪5‬﮵ﻢ اﻟﺜﺄر واﻻ‪WV Sª‬ﺎم‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻬ^ر (﮳ﺎﻟﺪم‬‫ﺷﻌﻒ ﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄ^ر‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﺘ^(﮴ﺮ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫﮲‬
‫‪) +:‬اﻟﻤﺮا;‪5V‬﮳ﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺎ;‪5V‬﮳ﺔ( ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﻒ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ أﻣﺮ (﮳ﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪( .‬﮵‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ;‪:‬ﻮﻛﻮ ‪* a‬‬
‫أن إﻋﺪام داﻣ‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺬي ﰷن ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻜ^ن ;‪V‬ﺎ(﮴ﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻚ اﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت ﻟﻨ‪5‬﮵ﻞ‬
‫رﺿﺎ اﻟﺤﺸﺪ)‪ .(28‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌ‪3‬وف ﮳ﺣ‪ 5‬﮵ ًﺪا اﻟﻤﻮﻛﺐ اﻟﻄ^(﮵ﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪا(﮲‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺴﻢ ‪-‬اﻟﻄ ‪WV‬ﺲ اﻟﺬي‬ ‫أﺣﺰاء ﮳‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨ‪5W‬﮵ﺬ‪ ،‬واﺳ‪S‬ﻌﺮاض ﮳‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺸﻮاع ;‪5V‬﮳ﻞ‬
‫‪* a‬‬
‫‪ +‬ﻟﻠﺮأس اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﻄ^ع‬ ‫أﺻ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ ﺳﻤﺔ ;‪5V‬﮵ﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﻒ اﻟﺸﻌﱯ‪ -‬واﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‪* ٔ -‬‬
‫‪(3:; +:‬﮲ﺴﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﮳ﺣﺪ(﮵ﺪة ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜ‪5‬﮳‪ًS‬ﺎ ﻋﲆ رﻣﺢ‪( .‬﮵ﻤﻞ ﮲ﻃﻬ^ر اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺼﻠﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ أﻋﺪاء اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﺮا¼‪ «±‬ﻋﲆ وﺳﺎ(ٔﻞ‬ ‫*‬ ‫»إﺿ‪W‬ﺎء اﻟﻄﺎ‪m‬﮳ﻊ اﻟﺪ(﮵ﻤ ‪WV‬‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺴﺎ(﮳ﻖ ﺣ ¬ ‪WV‬ﺎ‬‫واﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﲀل اﻹﻋﺪام اﻟﺬي ﰷن ‪* a‬‬
‫ﻣ ‪WV‬ﺼ^رًا ﻋﲆ اﻟﻨ‪5‬﮳ﻼء اﻣﺘﺪ إﻟﻰ ﮳ﺣﻤ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨ‪5‬﮵ﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ أ;‪V‬ﻞ ﻣﻬﺎ(﮲ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻨﻖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨﻄﺮ ;‪5:‬﮵ﻪ إﻟﻰ ;‪V‬ﻄﻊ اﻟﺮأس ( ﮳‬‫‪ +:‬ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺎق ( ﮵ ﮲‬
‫و‪* a‬‬
‫‪ ( +:‬﮴ ‪WV‬ﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺎت اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ ﻻ ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺪف ‪WV ;:‬ﻂ إﻟﻰ »‪m‬﮴ﻬﺬ(﮵ﺐ أو‬ ‫;‪:‬ﺈن اﻻ(﮳ﺘﲀرات ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻛ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﻀﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫(﮴ﻤﺪ(﮵ﻦ« ﻃ‪3‬ق اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺪف أ( ﮵ ً‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮ;‪V‬ﺖ (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻪ‪ ( ،‬﮴ ﮲ﻄﻬﺮ‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﻣﺪة زﻣﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ;‪V‬ﺼ‪5‬﮵ﺮة (﮲ﺴ‪5‬﮳‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪ .‬و‪* a‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺤﺎ(﮵ﺎ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ( ﮶ ‪WV‬ﺎ;‪5:‬﮵ﺔ ﮳ﺣﺪ(﮵ﺪة (﮵ﻜ^ن ‪ ;:‬﮵ﻬﺎ ;‪SV‬ﻞ ﻋﺪو اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻣﺘﺪا ًدا ﻟﻠﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﻬﺮ أﺷﲀل ﻣﻦ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺴﻮة أﻛﺮ ﺣﻤ‪5‬﮵ﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪2 ،‬رﻫ‪5‬﮳ﺔ‪(2 ،‬﮳ﻄﺌًﺎ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻢ (﮵ﺘ‪ 5‬﮳ ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫‪ +:‬أي ﻣﲀن ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺪا ‪* a‬‬‫اﻟﺤﻠﻂ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ واﻹرﻫﺎب (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ واﺿﺢ ﮳ﺣ ¬‬ ‫﮲‬
‫اﻟ‪(3W‬﮲ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺔ)‪ ( .(29‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﺴﺮ اﻹرﻫﺎب ﮲ﺣﻼل اﻟﺜ^رة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎل ﮲ﺣﻼل اﻟﺜ^رة ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ‪(3W‬﮲ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ أ(﮲ﻪ ﮳ﺣﺰء ﺿ‪23‬ي ( ﮴ ‪(3WV‬﮵‪5‬﮳¬ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ‪(2 .‬﮵ﺰﻋﻢ أن‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ ;‪:‬ﺌﺔ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮدة (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ واﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ (2 .‬﮳‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‪W‬ﺎ;‪5:‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ‪WV‬ﺔ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪( ،‬﮵ﺘﺤﻮل »اﻟﺸﻌﺐ« (﮴ﺪ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ ﻣﻦ وا;‪V‬ﻊ ﻣﻠﻤﻮس إﻟﻰ رﻣﺰ (﮳ﻼ ﮲« *‬
‫‪.+‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﻤﻮ اﻹرﻫﺎب أ(﮲ﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫وﻛﻤﺎ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ د( ﮵ ‪5W:‬﮵ﺪ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﺘﺲ‪( ،‬﮵ﻌ‪WV S‬ﺪ‬
‫(﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟ‪S‬ﻌ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮات اﻷﺻ‪5‬﮵ﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة وأﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﺪو‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ (﮵ﻌ‪WV S‬ﺪ‪2‬ن أ(﮲ﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫و»ﺣ‪(3‬﮵ﻤﺔ« اﻟﺜ^رة اﻟﻤﻀﺎدة ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫»ﺣﻄﺄ« اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮲‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎل اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ‪ .‬وﻫﻜﺬا (﮵ﺼ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ اﻹرﻫﺎب وﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻠﺔ ﻟﻮﺳﻢ اﻻ(﮲ﺤﺮاف ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﻮة اﻟﻤﺘﻨ ‪WV‬ﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﻢ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ‪ُ (2 ،‬﮴ ‪WV‬ﺮأ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ ( ﮳‬ ‫﮳‬
 ‫»اﻟﺤﻄﺄ«‪ُ (2 ،‬﮴ﻌ›ز‬‫﮲‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻠﻖ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺚ ( ُ ﮵ ‪WV‬ﻠﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ‪ٔm‬ﻬﺔ ﮲‬
‫وأﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺮًا‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻹرﻫﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ‪ (2 ،‬﮵ُﻄﺮد ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻌﺪو ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء)‪ .(30‬﮲‬
‫ﻻ (﮵‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮳ﻂ ‪WV ;:‬ﻂ (﮳ﺎﻻﻋ‪WV S‬ﺎد اﻟﻄ^(﮳ﺎ‪2‬ي (﮳ﺎﻟ ‪WV‬ﺪرة ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ اﻟﻤ ‪5WV‬﮵ﺪة ﻟﻠﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ‬
‫‪S‬ﻠ‪W‬ﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ واﻟﺘﺤ‪3‬ر‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ،+‬وﻟﻜﻨﻪ (﮵‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮳ﻂ (﮳ﻮﺿ^ح (﮳ﺴﺮد(﮵ﺎت ﮲‬ ‫اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎ‪ -‬﮲ *‬
‫‪«±‬‬‫واﻟﺤﻄﺄ‪» ،‬اﻟﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪* ²V‬‬
‫﮲‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ ;‪:‬ﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻨ^(﮵ﺮ ﻟﻠﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫(﮵‪(3‬﮴ﻜﺰ‬
‫واﻟﺮﻣ›ي‪ ( .‬﮵ ﮲ﺤﻠﻂ ﻣﺎرﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ ﺳ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻞ اﻟﻤﺎل‪( ،‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻜﺪح )د‪2‬رة ﻻ ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ(﮵ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤ‪W‬ﺎظ ﻋﲆ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن(‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻹ‪Sª‬ﺎج واﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‬
‫)ﺣﻠﻖ اﻟﺘﺤﻒ اﻟﺪا(ٔﻤﺔ اﻟﱵ (﮴ﻀ‪5‬﮵ﻒ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻷﺷ‪5‬﮵ﺎء(‪ (2 .‬﮵ ﮲‬
‫ﻨﻄﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﮲‬
‫‪ ±‬ﻟﻠ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬‫‪ +‬اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲‪* Æ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻖ اﻟﺬا‪ -‬﮴ *‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ أداة ﮲‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺪح ( ﮳‬

‫‪ +:‬ﺣﺪ ذا(﮴ﻪ ﺻﺮاع اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‬ ‫‪ ±‬ﻟﻠ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ ﻫﻮ ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪ +‬اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲‪* Æ‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﻠﻖ اﻟﺬا‪ -‬﮴ *‬ ‫إن ﮲‬
‫‪ ±‬أن (﮴ﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺣ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬أي ﺻﺮاع ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺎرات اﻟﱵ (﮵ﻨ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪* À:‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﻠ‪ ±À‬واﻟﺘﻨﺎ;‪V‬ﻀﺎت‬ ‫*‬ ‫اﻟ‪S‬ﻌﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ واﻟﺸ‪c‬ﻞ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ‪m‬﮵ﺦ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬إﻟﻌﺎء ﻋﻼ;‪V‬ﺎت‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮳ﻄﺔ ‪m‬﮳ﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬و ‪WV ً ;:‬ﺎ ﻟﻤﺎرﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﮲ﻃﻬ^ر اﻟﺸ‪5‬﮵ﻮﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ؛ وﺳ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺪم‬ ‫­‪ +‬ﻋﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻪ ‪* a‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘ‪5‬﮳ﺎدل‪ ،‬ﺳﻮف ( ﮴ ﮲ﻄﻬﺮ اﻷﻣ^ر ﻛﻤﺎ *‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ‪ ،‬وﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺘﻢ ( ﮴ ﮳ﺤﺎ‪2‬ز اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬ ‫‪( «±‬﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪* a‬‬ ‫»اﻟﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪* ²V‬‬
‫واﻟﻮ«‪ .(31)+‬وﻟﻜﻦ ( ﮳ ﮳ﺤﻌﻞ اﻟﺘﺤ‪3‬ر اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪3‬ي‬ ‫*‬ ‫﮳‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺬات واﻟﻤﻮﺿ^ع أو‬
‫إﻟﻌﺎء إ‪Sª‬ﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪( ،‬﮵ﻄﻤﺲ ﻣﺎرﻛﺲ اﻻ(﮲ ‪WV‬ﺴﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫(﮵ﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ ‪:‬‬
‫وﻣﺤﺎل اﻟﻀ‪23‬رة اﻟﺬي (﮴ﺤﺪد‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫(﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺤ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﺬي ﺻﻨﻌﻪ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن‪،‬‬
‫ﺈﻟﻌﺎء إ‪Sª‬ﺎج اﻟﺴﻠﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺷﺮﻃ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ‪m‬﮵ﺦ‪ .‬إن اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ‪ m‬﮳ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ( «±‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه‬ ‫وﺣﻠﻢ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮳ﺎﺷﺮ ود‪2‬ن وﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻂ إﻟﻰ »اﻟﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪* ²V‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻨﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺎت ‪(-‬﮴ﺤ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻖ ﻣﺎ (﮵ﺴﻤﻰ (﮳ﻤﻨﻄﻖ اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ‪m‬﮵ﺦ ‪(2‬﮴ﺼﻨ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ ﮳‬
‫اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪3‬ي‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺎت ﻋﻨ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﺔ (﮳ﺎﻟﻀ‪23‬رة ( ﮴ ‪(3WV‬﮵‪5‬﮳ًﺎ‪ .‬وﻛﻤﺎ (﮳‪ ّ 5‬﮵ﻦ ﺳﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﻦ ﻟﻮ‪:; ،‬ﺈن‬
‫اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮳ﺎدئ اﻟﻤﺮﻛ›(﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎرﻛﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟ‪c‬ﻼﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻜ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻻ €ﺘﺮك أي ﮲ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎر ﺳ^ى‬
‫إدﺣﺎل اﻟﺸ‪5‬﮵ﻮﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃ‪(3‬﮵ﻖ اﻷواﻣﺮ اﻹدا(﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ (﮵ﻌﲏ‬ ‫»ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﮲‬
‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ( ﮳ ‪WV‬ﻮة«)‪.(32‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ أ(﮲ﻪ ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﺐ (﮲›ع (﮴ﺴﻠ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ اﻟﻌﻼ;‪V‬ﺎت‬

‫أﺷﲀﻻ ﻣﻞ ﻋﺴﻜﺮة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وا‪m‬﮲ﻬ‪5‬﮵ﺎر‬ ‫ً‬ ‫(﮴ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲ﺤ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪ ،‬ا( ﮴ ﮲ﺤﺬت ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻻت‬
‫واﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬واﻹرﻫﺎب اﻟﺜ^ي)‪(2 .(33‬﮵ﻤﻜﻦ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﻮل‪:‬‬‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬
‫إن ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﺪا(﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺌﺼﺎل ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟ‪S‬ﻌﺪد(﮵ﺔ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
 ‫اﻟ‪S‬ﻌﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ اﻻ(﮲ ‪WV‬ﺴﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻄ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪5WV‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬وذ‪(2‬﮳ﺎن‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ‪:; ،‬ﺈن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪* a .‬‬
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وازدﻫﺎر اﻹرادة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ( ﮵ ‪W:‬ﺘﺮض ﻣﺴ‪ 5‬﮳ ً ‪WV‬ﺎ أن اﻟ‪S‬ﻌﺪد(﮵ﺔ اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫‪ً:‬‬
‫ﺳﻠ‪W‬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ(﮵ﺎت اﻟ‪S‬ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲ﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺪدة‬
‫­‪ +‬اﻟﻌ ‪5WV‬﮳ﺔ اﻟ‪5ٔ(3‬﮵ﺴﺔ أﻣﺎم (﮴ﺤ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻖ ‪:‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻷﺳﺎس‪،‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺤﺪا(﮶ﺔ اﻟﻤﺎرﻛﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺔ *‬
‫­‪* a ،+‬‬ ‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﺬات ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪(2‬﮳ﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺎرة ﮲‬
‫ذات (﮴ﻌﺘﺰم إ(﮶‪5‬﮳ﺎت ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺎد‪m‬﮴ﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل ﺷﻦ ;‪SV‬ﺎل ﺣﱴ اﻟﻤﻮت‪ .‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎل ﻣﻊ ﻫ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ‪:; ،‬ﺈن ﺳﺮد(﮵ﺔ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻄﺮة واﻟﺘﺤ‪3‬ر ﻫﻨﺎ (﮴‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮳ﻂ (﮳ﻮﺿ^ح‬
‫(﮳ﺴﺮد(﮵ﺔ اﻟﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ واﻟﻤﻮت‪ .‬إن اﻹرﻫﺎب واﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ (﮵ﺼ‪5‬﮳ﺤﺎن وﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺤ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻖ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎ(﮵ﺎت اﻟﺤﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ (﮴ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲ﺤ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪.‬‬‫‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻄﻞ‬
‫ﻣ‪a‬ﺎ`‪ D‬﮲‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ>﮳ﺪ‪ ،‬رﻣﺰ‬

‫‪ +‬إﻟﻰ €ﻨﺎول اﻟ‪3‬ق أو‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻬ^ر اﻹرﻫﺎب اﻟﺤﺪا‪ -‬﮶ *‬ ‫‪ ±‬﮲‬ ‫(﮵ﺤ‪S‬ﺎج أي €ﻨﺎول (﮴ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲‪* Æ‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤ‪(3‬﮵ﺐ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫و­‪ +‬ﻣﺎ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺪه أوﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت‬ ‫*‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮳ﻮد(﮵ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟ›را«‪ +‬وﻋﻮا;‪5V‬﮳ﻪ اﻟﺸ‪c‬ﻞ اﻟﺮﻣ›ي‬ ‫*‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎم‬‫﮲‬ ‫‪ ( .+‬﮵ ﮲ﻄﻬﺮ ﻫ‪5‬﮵‪c‬ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ‪ -‬﮴ *‬
‫واﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎ;‪V‬ﺾ ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء)‪ .(34‬وﻫﺬا اﻟﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﺎ;‪V‬ﺾ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﺴ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ؛‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺎق اﻟﻤ›رﻋﺔ‪ ( ،‬﮴ ﮲ﻄﻬﺮ إ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ )اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺪ( ( ﮳‬ ‫أوﻻ‪* a -‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫€ﻨﺤﻢ ﻋﻦ ﮲ﺣﺴﺎرة (﮶ﻼ(﮶‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻞ‪ .‬واﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ أن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ ﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎ§‪ +‬﮲‬
‫*‬
‫‪WV ;:‬ﺪان »اﻟﻮﻃﻦ«‪ ،‬و ‪WV ;:‬ﺪان اﻟﺤ ‪^WV‬ق ﻋﲆ ﮳ﺣﺴﺪه‪ ،‬و ‪WV ;:‬ﺪان اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎرة اﻟﻼ(﮶‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎ( ﮳ ‪WV‬ﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻬ‪5‬﮵ﻤﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ‪WV‬ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ .‬وﻫﺬه ﮲‬
 ‫ﺘﻤﺎ«‪) +‬اﻟﻄﺮد ﻣﻦ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫*‬ ‫﮳‬
‫اﻻﺣ‬ ‫واﻻﻋﺘﺮاب ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻮﻻدة‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮت‬ ‫﮲‬
‫‪c‬ﻼ ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ و;‪V‬ﺎ(﮲^(﮲‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪* ،‬‬
‫­‪+‬‬ ‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ ﻫ‪ 5‬﮵ ً‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫Œﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ(‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﻛﺪ أن اﻟﻤ›رﻋﺔ‪ ( ،‬﮳‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻤ ًﻌﺎ ﻷن‬ ‫‪ ±Ñ:‬ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺴﺖ ﮳‬ ‫ﻨﺘ‪5:; ±Î‬﮵ﻪ اﻟﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ ﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺪ‪* ; .‬‬‫*‬ ‫اﻟﻤﲀن اﻟﺬي ( ﮵‬
‫واﻟ‪W‬ﻜﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻊ (﮳ﺤﻜﻢ (﮴ﻌ‪ (3‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﻪ (﮵ﻨﻄ^ي ﻋﲆ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ اﻟ‪c‬ﻼم‬ ‫﮳‬
‫وﻛﻤﺎ ( ﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل (﮳ﻮل ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﻠ‪23‬ي‪» :‬إن أ(﮲ﻤﺎط اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮ;‪:‬ﺔ اﻟﱵ (﮴ﺤﺪدﻫﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤ ﮳‬
‫ﺎرﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ›را«‪( +‬﮴ﻤﲇ ﻋﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻨﺎ أن (﮲ﻌﺘﺮف (﮳ﺎﻟﺘﺪاﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺎت ﮲‬ ‫*‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺎد‬
‫‪( +:‬﮴ﺸﻜ‪5‬﮵ﻞ اﻷ;‪:‬ﻌﺎل‬ ‫اﻟ‪W‬ﺎﻋﻠﺔ ‪* a‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻄﺎب ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﮲‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪V; .‬ﺪ ﻻ (﮵ﻜ^ن ﻫﻨﺎك‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ اﻹﻃﻼق‪ ،‬أي ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ (﮴‪5‬﮳ﺎدﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬
‫واﻟ‪W‬ﺮار‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺪاد اﻟﺼﺎﻣﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤ›رﻋﺔ ﮲ﺣﺎرج إﻣﲀ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺎت اﻟﺘﻤﺮد واﻻ‪ª‬ﺘﺤﺎر‪،‬‬
‫وﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك (﮳ﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛ‪5‬﮵ﺪ أي وﺣﺪة ;‪V‬ﻮاﻋﺪ(﮵ﺔ (﮲ﺤ^(﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠ‪c‬ﻼم ﻟﺘﻜ^ن وﺳ‪ 5‬﮵ ًﻄﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮا‪( ،+È‬﮵ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺶ ﺳﲀن اﻟﻤ›رﻋﺔ‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻌﺪ(﮵ﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌ ‪WV‬ﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﲇ‪ .‬و‪* a‬‬
‫(﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻣﺘﺰاﻣﻦ«)‪.(35‬‬

‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤ‪S‬ﻠﲀت ;‪:‬ﺈن ﻟﻪ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ أداة ﰷدﺣﺔ‪:; ،‬ﺈن ﻟﻠﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺪ (﮶ﻤﻨًﺎ‪ (2 .‬﮳‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬﮳‬
‫ﺎﻟ‪S‬ﺎ§‪( +‬﮵‪ 5‬﮳ ‪WV‬ﻰ‬
‫*‬ ‫اﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪ (2 .‬﮳‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬ﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ‬‫ﺣﺎﺣﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ‪ً ; .‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫;‪5V‬﮵ﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫‪ +:‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺷ‪5‬﮳ﻪ ﺷ‪ 5‬﮳ *‬
‫‪ ±Æ‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮳ﻦ ‪2‬إﻫﺎ(﮲ﺔ‪* a ،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺪ ﺣ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ وﻟﻜﻦ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﲆ اﻻ( ﮴ ﮳ﺤﺎه اﻟﻌﻨ‪5‬﮵ﻒ ﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‬ ‫اﻷﻫﻮال واﻟ ‪WV‬ﺴﻮة اﻟﺸﺪ(﮵ﺪة واﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺬاءة‪ (2 .‬﮵ ﮳‬
‫وﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻣﻌ‪S‬ﺎدة‬ ‫رﻋ‪5‬﮳ﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺮف أن (﮵ﺘﺼﺮف (﮳ﻄ‪ (3‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ ;‪V‬ﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل ﮲‬
‫‪ +:‬ﻣﺸﻬﺪ اﻷﻟﻢ اﻟﺬي (﮵ﻠﺤﻖ ( ﮳ ﮳ﺤﺴﺪ اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺪ)‪(2 .(36‬﮵ﺼ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ اﻟﻌﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫و‪* a‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻋﻤﻼ‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﺣﺪ ذا(﮴ﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﺪ أو ;‪SV‬ﻞ اﻟﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺴﻠﻮك)‪ ،(٣٧‬ﻣﻞ ﮳‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮًا ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺺ اﻟﺬي ‪m‬﮵ﻬﺪف إﻟﻰ €ﺜ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺖ اﻟﺮﻋﺐ)‪.(٣٨‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺪﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﮲‬

‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‪.‬‬‫­‪ +‬ﺷ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﲀل اﻟﻤﻮت ‪* a‬‬ ‫ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ‪( ،‬﮳ﻄ‪3‬ق ﻋﺪ(﮵ﺪة‪* ،‬‬
‫ﻀﺎ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬‫وﻛﻤﺎ ( ﮴ ‪WV‬ﺘ‪3‬ح ﺳ^زان (﮳ﺎك‪ -‬ﻣ^رس‪:; ،‬ﺈن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ €ﻨﺘﺞ €ﻨﺎ;‪ً V‬‬
‫اﻟ‪W‬ﺮد‪€ .‬ﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻼ;‪V‬ﺔ ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻣﺘﲀ;‪:‬ﺌﺔ (﮴ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﮳ﺣﻨ‪5‬﮳ًﺎ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺣ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻚ وﺣ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‪ .‬ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫﮳ﺣﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة ‪* a‬‬
‫﮳‬
‫درﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﺎرة‪€ :‬ﻨﺤﻞ إ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎن إﻟﻰ‬
‫﮳‬ ‫ﺄﺣﺬ ﺷ‪c‬ﻞ‬ ‫ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎة ﮲‬
‫أﺣ‪3‬ى ( ﮴ ﮲‬
‫(﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﻮل‪ :‬إن ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺪ (﮵ﻤ‪S‬ﻠﻜﻬﺎ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺪ)‪ .(39‬وﻷن ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎة‬
‫وﺣﻮد اﻟﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ‬ ‫آﺣﺮ‪ ( ،‬﮵ ﮲ﻄﻬﺮ ﮳‬
‫ﺷﺤﺺ ﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺪ ﻣﻞ »ﳾء«‪ُ ( ،‬﮴ﻤ‪S‬ﻠﻚ ﻣﻦ ;‪5V‬﮳ﻞ ﮲‬
‫اﻟﺮﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻹرﻫﺎب واﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺮﻣ›ي‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻞ‪ .‬وﻋﲆ‬‫ﻣﺎ§‪ +‬﮲‬
‫*‬ ‫ﻛﺸ‪c‬ﻞ أو ﻛﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫واﻟﻨ‪W‬ﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻮﺣﻬﺎت (﮲ ﮲ﻄﺮ (﮳ﺪ(﮵ﻠﺔ (﮲ﺤﻮ اﻟﻮ;‪V‬ﺖ واﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺤ‪WS‬ﻆ ( ﮳ ﮳‬‫ﻟﻠﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ‪:; ،‬ﺈ(﮲ﻪ ( ﮵ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻪ دﻟ‪5‬﮵ﻼ ﻋﲆ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺰاع ( ﮳‬ ‫‪ +‬اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎ;‪V‬ﺾ ‪* a‬‬‫وﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻟﺎ‪ -‬﮲ *‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮد إﻻ أداة‬‫﮳‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺮﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ أ(﮲ﻪ ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء؛ إذ ( ﮳ ﮲‬
‫ﻟ‪W‬ﺘﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺔ أو ‪:‬‬ ‫إ‪Sª‬ﺎج‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﺮ;‪5V‬﮵ﻖ ;‪V‬ﺎدر ﻋﲆ ﮳ﺣﺮ أي ﻣﻮﺿ^ع أو أداة أو ‪:‬‬
‫اﻷداء وﻣﻦ (﮶ﻢ أﺳﻠ‪5‬﮳ﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺺ اﻟﺬي ﻫﻮ ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺲ إﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺬ‪2‬ر وﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻷﺷ‪5‬﮵ﺎء ﮲‬ ‫ُﻣ ﮲ﺤﺘﺮ ً;‪V‬ﺎ (﮳ﺎ;‪SV‬ﻼع ﮳‬
‫ﺷﻄ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪( ،‬﮵ﺴﺘﻄ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ اﻟﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺪ أن (﮵ﺜ‪5‬﮳ﺖ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺪرات اﻟﻤ‪S‬ﻠ^(﮲ﺔ ﻟﻠ‪3‬وا(﮳ﻂ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫واﻟﺤﺴﻢ (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻪ اﻟﺬي ( ﮵ ‪Wُ:‬ﺘﺮض أ(﮲ﻪ ﻣﻠﻚ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸ‪(3‬﮵ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﮲ﺣﻼل اﻟﻤﻮﺳ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻵﺣﺮ)‪2 .(40‬إذا ﰷ(﮲ﺖ اﻟﻌﻼ;‪V‬ﺎت (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة واﻟﻤﻮت‪ ،‬وﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺴﻮة‬ ‫﮲‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮة‬ ‫‪2‬رﻣ^ز اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺬاءة ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ واﺿﺤﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪( +:‬﮲ ﮲ﻄﺎم اﻟﻤ›رﻋﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أ(﮲ﻪ ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﻮد (﮴ﺸﻜ‪ 5‬﮵ ًﻼ إرﻫﺎ(﮳‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‬
‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟ‪W‬ﺼﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪3‬ي ( ﮵ ﮲ﻄﻬﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺰ‬ ‫‪ +:‬﮲ﻃﻞ (﮲ ﮲ﻄﺎم ‪:‬‬ ‫و‪* a‬‬
‫‪+‬‬‫ﺻﺎ ﺳﺄ‪WV Sª‬ﻞ إﻟ‪5‬﮵ﻪ اﻵن)‪ .(٤١‬ﺳﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎت ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺸﻜ‪5‬﮵ﻞ اﻹرﻫﺎ‪-‬﮳ *‬ ‫﮲ﺣﺎ ¬‬
‫ﻫﻮ (﮴ﺴﻠﺴﻞ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ وﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء وﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺼﺎر‪ .‬وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣ^ر‬
‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‪ ،‬اﻟﻌ‪3‬ق)‪.(٤٢‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮة ﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ ‪* a‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤ‪S‬ﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟ‪S‬ﻌ ‪5WV‬﮵ﻢ‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫وﺣﻄﺮ اﻟ›( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﺎت‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﺣﺘ‪5‬﮵ﺎر اﻷﻋﺮاق‪،‬‬ ‫وﺣﺪ ﮲‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ‪ ،‬﮳‬ ‫و‪* a‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻄﻢ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‪ ،‬أول‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺴ‪3‬ي‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ إ (﮳ﺎدة اﻟﺸﻌﻮب اﻟﻤﻬ›وﻣﺔ‪* a ،‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎي‪ .‬وﻫﻨﺎ (﮲‪3‬ى أول اﻟﺘﻮﻟ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﺎت‬ ‫أرﺿ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ( ﮴ ﮳ﺤ‪(3‬﮵‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻪ ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤ›رة واﻟ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵‪3‬و;‪V‬ﺮاﻃ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻮﻟ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﺔ اﻟﱵ ( ﮴ ﮳ﺤﺴﺪ اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻼ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫(﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌ‪(3‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ)‪ .(43‬وﺿﻌﺖ أ(﮲ﺪت أﻃ‪3‬وﺣﺔ ( ﮴ ‪WV‬ﻮل إن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺻﻠﺔ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻌ›و‬‫اﻻﺷﺘﺮاﻛ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﻮﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ واﻹﻣ‪5‬﮳‪(3‬﮵ﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟ‪WV S‬ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺪ(﮵ﺔ‪2 .‬و ‪WV ً ;:‬ﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ‪:; ،‬ﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎي ﻛﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل و;‪^V‬ع ﻋﻨﻒ ﻟﻢ (﮵ﻜﻦ ﻣﻌ‪3‬و ‪;ً :‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ;‪5V‬﮳ﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻫﻮ (﮴ﻮﺳ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ (﮲ﻄﺎق‬ ‫;‪:‬ﻤﺎ ﺷﻬﺪه اﻟﻤﺮء ‪* a‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺤ^زة ﺳﺎ( ﮳ ً ‪WV‬ﺎ ﻟﻠـ »ﻣﺘﻮﺣﺸ‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺮا(﮳ﺮة ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺐ اﻟﱵ ﰷ(﮲ﺖ‬
‫‪ +:‬أ‪(2‬﮳ﺎ‪W:: ; .‬ﻜﺮة أن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺪ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﻦ« ﻟﺘﻄﻮل اﻟﺸﻌﻮب »اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻀﺮة« ‪* a‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻤ›رﻋﺔ أو‬ ‫‪ ±‬أن €ﻨﺸﺄ ‪* a‬‬ ‫اﻟ‪WV S‬ﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺎت اﻟﱵ ا‪ª‬ﺘﻬﺖ ‪m‬﮳ﺈ‪Sª‬ﺎج اﻟﻨﺎ™(﮵ﺔ ﰷن (﮵ﻨ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪* À:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬أﻃ‪3‬وﺣﺔ ;‪:‬ﻮﻛﻮ‪ -‬أن‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮة‪ ،‬أو‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ‪-‬ﻛﻤﺎ ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪* a‬‬
‫ﻀﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻢ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻵﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺎت اﻟﱵ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎ™(﮵ﺔ واﻟﺴ‪S‬ﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻢ ( ﮴ ‪W:‬ﻌﻞ أﻛﺮ ﻣﻦ ( ﮴ ﮲‬
‫‪ +:‬أ‪(2‬﮳ﺎ‬
‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ واﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺘﺸﻜ‪5‬﮵ﻼت‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‪W‬ﻌﻞ ‪* a‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮدة ( ﮳ ‪:‬‬
‫﮳‬ ‫ﰷ(﮲ﺖ‬
 ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺴﻢ‪ ،‬واﻟﻠﻮا‪ٔm‬ﺢ اﻟﺼﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺪا‪(2‬﮵ﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‪(3‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﮲‬
‫)إﺣﻀﺎع ﮳‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫واﻟﻨﻄ‪(3‬﮵ﺎت اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟ^را(﮶ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻨﻜﺲ أو‬
‫﮲‬ ‫‪(2‬﮴ﺤﺴ‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻨﺴﻞ‪،‬‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻨﻬﺎ(﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ ذات ﺻﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫­‪* a ،+‬‬
‫اﻻ(﮲ﺤﻄﺎط‪ ،‬واﻟﻌ‪3‬ق( *‬

‫‪±‬‬
‫ﻠﺴ‪* ²‬‬
‫اﻟ‪: W‬‬ ‫اﻟ‪W‬ﻜﺮ ‪:‬‬‫‪: +:‬‬ ‫­‪ +‬أن اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮة ‪* a‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪* ،‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ‬
‫‪( +‬﮴ﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﲀن اﻟﺬي‬ ‫واﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎل اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﳼ اﻷ‪- 2‬﮳ *‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫‪ +‬واﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪا‪ -‬﮶ *‬
‫€ﺘﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ;‪5:‬﮵ﻪ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ أﺳﺎس ﻣﻦ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﮲ﺣﺎرج اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^ن‬
‫وﺣﻪ »ﺣﺮب‬ ‫ﺄﺣﺬ »اﻟﺴﻼم« ﮳‬ ‫واﻟﻤﲀن ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺚ اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت اﻟﻜ‪5‬﮳‪3‬ى ﻷن ( ﮵ ﮲‬
‫‪WS‬ﻖ ﻣﻊ (﮴ﻌ‪(3‬﮵ﻒ ﰷرل ﺷﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺖ‬ ‫(﮳ﻼ ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ(﮵ﺔ«‪ .‬واﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮأي ( ﮵ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ +:‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫‪( +:‬﮳ﺪا(﮵ﺔ اﻟ ‪3WV‬ن اﻟﻌﺸ‪(3‬﮵ﻦ‪ ،‬أي ﺳﻠﻄﺔ اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺖ ‪* a‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺷ‪c‬ﻼ ﻣﻦ أﺷﲀل‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫وﻟ‪5WV S‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﻢ ;‪:‬ﺎﻋﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮة (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﺻﺤ‪ ‬﮵ﺢ ( ﮳‬
‫‪( +‬﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎل اﻷ‪- 2‬﮳ *‬ ‫ﻠ‪WS‬ﺖ إﻟﻰ ﮲‬ ‫اﻹرﻫﺎب‪( ،‬﮵‪S‬ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﻋﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻨﺎ أن (﮲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺪﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺤﺮب ‪2‬إ(﮲ﺸﺎء (﮲ ﮲ﻄﺎم‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺘﻪ (﮳ﺎﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪ ( +:‬﮴ ﮳‬
‫‪.+‬‬‫‪ +‬أ‪- 2‬﮳ *‬‫;‪V‬ﻀﺎ‪* ٔ -‬‬

‫وﻋﲆ أﺳﺎس ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘ‪(3‬﮴‪5‬﮵ﺐ ﰷن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣ‪5‬﮳ﺪآن (ٔ‪5‬﮵ﺴﺎن‪ ( .‬﮵ ‪W:‬ﺘﺮض أوﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮳ﺣﻤ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ اﻟﺪول‪ .‬و;‪V‬ﺪ ﻃ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪WV‬ﺖ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺴﺎواة‬
‫)أﺣﺬ اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة(‪ .‬واﻟﺤﻖ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﺷﻦ اﻟﺤﺮب ﮲‬ ‫(﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺤﻖ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺷﻦ اﻟﺤﺮب (﮵ﻌﲏ أﻣ‪(3‬﮵ﻦ‪:; .‬ﻤﻦ (﮲ﺎﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬﮳ﺣ‪3‬ى اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف (﮳ﺄن اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ أو‬
‫وﺣ‪3‬ى ذﻟﻚ ﮳ﺣﻨ‪5‬﮳ًﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إ (﮳ﺮام اﻟﺴﻼم ﻫﻮ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﻬﺎم اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺎزة ﻷي دوﻟﺔ‪ .‬﮳‬
‫﮳ﺣﻨﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻻﻋﺘﺮاف (﮳ﺤ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ أ(﮲ﻪ ﻻ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﻷي دوﻟﺔ أن (﮴ﻄﺎﻟﺐ (﮳ﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ اﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺪوﻟﺔ أن‬ ‫﮲ﺣﺎرج ﺣﺪودﻫﺎ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ أ( ﮵ ً‬
‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‪( ،‬﮴ﻌﻬﺪت‬ ‫داﺣﻞ ﺣﺪودﻫﺎ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ (﮲ﺎﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﮲‬ ‫(﮴ﻌﺘﺮف (﮳ﺄي ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ;‪:‬ﻮ;‪V‬ﻬﺎ ﮲‬
‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﮳ﺣﺎ(﮲‪ ‬﮳ﻬﺎ (﮳ـ »(﮳ﺘﻤﺪ(﮵ﻦ« ﻃ‪3‬ق اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ ‪2‬إﻋﻄﺎء أﻫﺪاف ﻋ ‪WV‬ﻼ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫‪ ±Î‬ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺈﺿ‪W‬ﺎء اﻟﻄﺎ‪m‬﮳ﻊ اﻹ;‪V‬ﻠ‪ 5‬﮵ *‬
‫‪m +‬﮳ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟ‪W‬ﻌﻞ اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ ذا(﮴ﻪ‪(2 .‬﮵‪S‬ﻌﻠﻖ اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮳ﺪأ اﻟﺎ‪ -‬﮲ *‬ ‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟ‪:; ±Î‬ﺮض‬‫*‬ ‫‪ +:‬إﻃﺎر (﮲ ﮲ﻄﺎم‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ذات اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة‪ ،‬أي (﮴ﺤﺪ(﮵ﺪ ﺣﺪودﻫﺎ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﺣﺪ(﮵ًﺎ‪.‬‬

‫أﺣﺬ (﮲ ﮲ﻄﺎم اﻟﺤ ‪^WV‬ق اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﱵ (﮵ﺘﻤ‪S‬ﻊ ‪m‬﮳ﻬﺎ Œﻞ‬

‫‪ +:‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎق‪ ،‬﮲‬
‫و‪* a‬‬
‫﮳‬
‫اﻷﺣﺰاء‬ ‫»ﺣﻮس (﮳‪5‬﮳ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻜﻮم« (﮳ﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺷ‪c‬ﻞ اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ (﮴ﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨ‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮳‬
 ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤ‪S‬ﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘ‪5‬﮵ﻼء ﻣﻦ ;‪5V‬﮳ﻞ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎي ﻣﻦ (﮲ﺎﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻮس‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‪W‬ﺘﺮض أن (﮵ﺴﻮد ﮳‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‪ ،‬أ‪(2‬﮳ﺎ (﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻬﺎ )ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺚ ﰷن ﻣﻦ‬ ‫(﮲ﺎﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﮲‬
‫ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺚ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫(﮳‪5‬﮳ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻜﻮم()‪ ( .(44‬﮵ُﻌﺪ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻨ‪3‬ى‪ ،‬أﻣﺮًا‬
‫ﺷ‪c‬ﻼ إرﻫﺎ(﮳‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪5;: .‬﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﻋﺎم‪(2 ،‬﮴ﺤﺖ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻮﺻ‪W‬ﻬﺎ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫( ﮴ ‪(^WV‬﮵ﻢ ;‪:‬ﻌﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮة ( ﮳‬
‫»اﻟﺤﻮس (﮳‪5‬﮳ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻜﻮم« (﮴ﻜ^ن اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻤﺸ‪3‬وﻋﺔ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣ‪ (3‬﮳ًﺎ ( ﮴ ‪WV‬ﻮم‬ ‫﮳‬
‫وﺣﻪ أدق‪ ،‬ﺣ‪ (3‬﮳ًﺎ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ دول‬
‫أﺣ‪3‬ى‪ ،‬أو ﻋﲆ ﮳‬ ‫‪m‬﮳ﻬﺎ دوﻟﺔ ﺿﺪ دوﻟﺔ ﮲‬
‫»ﻣﺘﺤﻀﺮة«‪.‬‬

‫اﻟ‪WS‬ﺎﺿﻞ واﻟﺘﲀﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺮب ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺪة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫إن ﻣﺮﻛ›(﮵ﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻄ‪5‬﮵ﻢ‬
‫﮲‬ ‫­‪( +‬﮲ﻤﻮذج اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣ‪5‬﮳ﺪأ‬ ‫ﺣ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ أن اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ *‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎق‬ ‫واﻷﺣﻼ;‪5V‬﮵ﺔ‪ .‬و‪* a‬‬
‫﮲‬ ‫‪ (2 ،+‬﮴ ﮳ﺤﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺪ ;‪:‬ﻜﺮة اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ‪WV‬ﻼ‪ -‬﮲ *‬
‫(﮲ ‪W:‬ﺴﻪ‪( ،‬﮴ﺸ‪5‬﮳ﻪ اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮات اﻟﺤﺪود‪ ( .‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﻄﻨﻬﺎ »اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺣﺸ^ن«‪ .‬إن ﻫﺬه‬
‫‪ +:‬ﺷ‪c‬ﻞ دوﻟﺔ وﻟﻢ €ﻨ‪ Ø‬ﻋﺎﻟﻤ× ً (﮳ﺸ‪ (3‬﮵¬ﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻤﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮات ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺴﺖ‬
‫وﻻ (﮴ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ﮳ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻮﺷﻬﺎ ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮲ًﺎ ﻣﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺰًا‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن ﺣ‪m23‬﮳ﻬﺎ ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺴﺖ ﺣ‪ (23‬﮳ًﺎ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬
‫‪ ±Ñ:‬ﻻ (﮴ﻌﲏ (﮴ﻌ‪5‬﮳ﺌﺔ اﻟﺬوات اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎد(﮵ﺔ )اﻟﻤﻮاﻃﻨ‪5‬﮵ﻦ(‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪* ; .‬‬
‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻮش‬ ‫﮳‬
‫وﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬‫اﻵﺣﺮ Œﺄﻋﺪاء‪ .‬وﻻ (﮴ﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺰ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮴ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮲‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺬ(﮵ﻦ (﮵ﺤﺘﺮﻣ^ن (﮳ﻌﻀﻬﻢ‬
‫و»اﻟﻤﺤﺮم«)‪ .(45‬وﻣﻦ (﮶ﻢ‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫أﺣ‪3‬ى (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ »اﻟﻌﺪو«‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮴ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻦ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺮة ﮲‬
‫ﺎﺣﺘﺼﺎر‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮات *‬
‫­‪+‬‬ ‫(﮵‪S‬ﻌﺬر اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺳﻼم ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ (2 .‬﮳ ﮲‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺣﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬
‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﱵ ( ﮴ ‪WV‬ﻒ ‪ ;:‬﮵ﻬﺎ اﻟﺤﺮب واﻻﺿﻄﺮا(﮳ﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﺮﻣ^ز‬
‫اﻵﺣﺮ‪.‬‬
‫﮲‬ ‫ﺎرﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎﺳﺔ‪ ،‬﮳ﺣﻨ‪5‬﮳ًﺎ إﻟﻰ ﮳ﺣﻨﺐ أو (﮳ﺎﻟﺘ‪5‬﮳ﺎدل ﻣﻊ (﮳ﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺤ ﮳‬ ‫﮲‬
‫­‪ +‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄ ‪WV‬ﺔ (﮳ﺎﻣﺘ‪5‬﮵ﺎز ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺚ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫وﻋﲆ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪:; ،‬ﺈن اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮة *‬
‫‪ – +‬اﻟﻤﻨﻄ ‪WV‬ﺔ ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺚ (﮵ﻌﺘ‪5‬﮳ﺮ أن‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎم اﻟ ‪WV‬ﻀﺎ‪* ٔ -‬‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫و;‪V‬ﻒ ﺿﻮا(﮳ﻂ وﺿﻤﺎ(﮲ﺎت‬
‫‪ +:‬﮲ﺣﺪﻣﺔ »اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة«‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﺜﻨﺎء (﮵ﻌﻤﻞ ‪* a‬‬

‫﮲ﻋ>﮵ﺮ وا‪,-‬ﻌ>﮵>﮵ﻦ ‪1‬﮵ﺸ‪O‬﮳ﻬ‪G‬ن اﻷ‪$‬واح‬

‫‪(2‬﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن (﮴ﺤﻜﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮات ‪* a‬‬

‫‪ +:‬﮲ﻃﻞ ا(﮲ﻌﺪام ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻟﻠ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^ن‬
‫اﻟﻌﺰاة واﻟﺴﲀن‬‫(﮵ﻨ‪ ‬﮳ﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻹ(﮲ﲀر اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‪3‬ي ﻷي را(﮳ﻄﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫آﺣﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮد ﺷ‪c‬ﻞ ﮲‬‫­‪ +‬﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰاة‪ ،‬اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟﻮﺣﺸ‪5‬﮵ﺔ *‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﻦ‪* a .‬‬
‫‪( +:‬﮲ ﮲ﻄﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎل أو‬
‫أﺷﲀل اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎة اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻮا(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ ( ،‬﮴ ﮳ﺤ‪(3‬﮳ﺔ ﻣﺮﻋ‪5‬﮳ﺔ‪ ،‬ﳾء ﮲ﻋ‪(3‬﮵ﺐ ‪2‬راء ﮲‬
 ‫‪S‬ﻠ‪5W‬﮵ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ‪ ،‬و ‪WV ;:‬ﺎ ﻷ(﮲ﺪت‪:; ،‬ﺈن ﻣﺎ ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺣﺸ‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮲‬ ‫اﻟ‪W‬ﻬﻢ‪* a .‬‬‫‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺤﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌﺔ أﻛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻮف ﻣﻦ أن (﮵ﺘﺼﺮ;‪:‬ﻮا ﮳‬ ‫اﻵﺣ‪(3‬﮵ﻦ ﻫﻮ ﮲‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫ﻋﻦ اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻟ^ن (﮳ﺸ‪m3‬﮴ﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وأ‪m‬﮲ﻬﻢ (﮵ﻌﺎﻣﻠ^ن اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺪﻫﻢ (﮳ﻼ ﻣﻨﺎ™ع‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﻜﺬا ( ﮴ ﮲ﻄﻞ اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌﺔ‪( ،‬﮳‪c‬ﻞ ﮳ﺣﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣ ‪ 5WV‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺔ ﺳﺎﺣ ‪WV‬ﺔ ﻣ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲ﺔ (﮳ﻤﺎ (﮵‪5‬﮳ﺪو‬
‫وﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ وا;‪V‬ﻌ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﻦ ‪(2‬﮵ﺸ‪ ‬﮳ﻬ^ن اﻷواح‪ .‬إن اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺣﺸ‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﻫﻢ‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﻢ أﺷ‪5‬﮳ﺎح ﮲‬
‫وﺣﻪ‬‫‪ +‬ﻋﲆ ﮳‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﻢ‪( ،‬﮳ﺸﺮ ﻃ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌ‪5‬﮵^ن »( ﮵ ‪23WV SW:‬ن إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺎ‪m‬﮳ﻊ اﻹ(﮲ﺴﺎ‪ -‬﮲ *‬
‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮص«‪» ،‬وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ذ(﮳ﺤﻬﻢ اﻷ‪(2‬﮳‪5‬﮵^ن ﻟﻢ (﮵ﻜ^(﮲ﻮا ﻣﺪرﻛ‪5‬﮵ﻦ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﻢ ;‪V‬ﺪ ا(﮴ﻜ‪5‬﮳ﻮا ﮳ﺣ‪(3‬﮵ﻤﺔ ;‪SV‬ﻞ«)‪ .(46‬ﻟ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳ‪5‬﮳ﻖ ;‪:‬ﺈن اﻟﺤﻖ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدي‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮات‪،‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮات‪* a .‬‬ ‫‪ +:‬اﻟ ‪SWV‬ﻞ ﻻ ( ﮵ ﮲ﺤﻀﻊ ﻷي ;‪V‬ﺎﻋﺪة ‪* a‬‬ ‫‪* a‬‬
‫‪ +:‬أي و;‪V‬ﺖ أو (﮳ﺄي ﺷ‪c‬ﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺷﲀل‪:; .‬ﺎﻟﺤﺮب‬ ‫;‪V‬ﺪ ( ﮵ ‪SWV‬ﻞ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺪ ‪* a‬‬
‫و­‪ +‬ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺴﺖ‬ ‫*‬ ‫اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎ(﮵ﺔ ﻻ ( ﮴ ﮲ﺤﻀﻊ ﻟ ‪WV‬ﻮاﻋﺪ ;‪V‬ﺎ(﮲^(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ وﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪( ،‬﮵ﺘﺸﺎ(﮳ﻚ اﻹرﻫﺎب اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎي‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﻣ ‪WV‬ﻨﻨًﺎ ;‪V‬ﺎ(﮲^(﮲‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪ ( .‬﮳ ً‬
‫(﮲ ً‬
‫واﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺎل‬
‫﮲‬ ‫(﮳ﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻣﻊ اﻷوﻫﺎم اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ اﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎ( ﮵¬ﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟ‪5‬﮳‪(3‬﮵ﺔ واﻟﻤﻮت‬
‫ﻟﺤﻠﻖ (﮴ﺄ(﮶‪5‬﮵ﺮ اﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ)‪ .(47‬اﻟﺴﻼم ﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺲ (﮳ﺎﻟﻀ‪23‬رة اﻟﻨﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﺔ اﻟﻄ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﻌ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮب اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎ(﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻨ‪W‬ﻊ‪ .‬واﻟﺤ‪3‬وب اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎ(﮵ﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻮا;‪V‬ﻊ أن اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ اﻟﺤﺮب واﻟﺴﻼم ﻻ ( ﮵ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻮاﺣﻬﺔ ﻋﺪو‬‫﮳‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ™ي ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫(﮴ﺼ^ر ﻋﲆ أ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ (﮴ﻌ‪5‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪا(ٔ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻣﻄﻠ ‪WV‬ﺔ (﮴ﻀﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺖ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫ﻫ ˜ﻤ َ‬
‫ﺸ ْ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻫﺮ اﻟﺤﺮب واﻟﻌﺪاء اﻟﱵ ُ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻖ)‪ (2 .(48‬﮴ ﮳ﺤﺪ ﮳ﺣﻤ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ ﮲‬
‫‪ +:‬اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺮات‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻬ^ر ‪* a‬‬‫اﻟﻤﺤ‪5‬﮵ﻠﺔ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ(﮲^(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ اﻷ‪(2‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻣﲀ(﮲ًﺎ ﻹﻋﺎدة ﮲‬
‫﮲‬
‫»ﻋﺎ(﮵ﺎت اﻟﺤﺮب« و»وﺳﺎ(ٔﻞ اﻟﺤﺮب«؛ وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫€ﻨﻬﺎر ;‪V‬ﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻤ‪5‬﮵‪5‬﮵ﺰ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﻦ ﮲‬
‫ﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬ‪m‬﮳ﺢ‬ ‫;‪V‬ﺼﺔ أن اﻟﺤﺮب (﮴ﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻨﺎ;‪:‬ﺴﺔ (﮴ﺤﻜﻤﻬﺎ اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎﻋﺪة‪ ( ،‬﮳ ً‬
‫﮳‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪي‬ ‫‪ .+‬وﻣﻦ (﮶ﻢ‪( ،‬﮵ﺼ‪ ‬﮳ﺢ ﻣﻦ ﮲ﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺮ أو (﮴‪5‬﮳‪(3‬﮵ﺮ أدا‪ -‬﮴ *‬
‫‪ ±‬د‪2‬ن ﮲‬ ‫اﻟﻨ ‪* ²V‬‬
‫اﻟﻤ‪W‬ﺎر;‪V‬ﺎت اﻟﻤﺴ‪S‬ﻌﺼ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮب اﻟﱵ اﻟ‪WV S‬ﻄﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﺣﻞ إﺣﺪى‬
‫ﻨﻮﻟﻮﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺎ اﻟ‪23‬ح(‬
‫﮳‬ ‫‪ +:‬إﻋﺎدة ( ﮴ ‪W:‬ﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺮه ﻟـ);‪5:‬﮵ﻨﻮﻣ‪ 5‬﮵‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻒ ‪* a‬‬ ‫﮳‬ ‫(﮳‪5‬﮳ﺮاﻋﺔ أﻟﻜﺴﻨﺪر‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻫﺮة)‪.(49‬‬ ‫و­‪( +‬﮴ﺰاﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺔ واﻟﻼ‪-‬إ(﮲ﺴﺎ(﮲‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﮲‬ ‫*‬ ‫ﻟﻬ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮاﻣﺶ‪:‬‬
 ‫ﻟﺤﻼ(﮵ﺎ ﮳‬
‫اﻟﺤﺴﻢ‬ ‫)‪(١‬اﻟﻨﺤﺮ )(﮳ﺎﻟﻼ(﮴‪5‬﮵ﻨ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ [nocrosis :‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻮت اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮳ﻜﺮ ﮲‬ ‫﮲‬
‫ﺎرﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﰷﻹ‪Sª‬ﺎن واﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﺮ ‪ª‬ﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﺔ أﺳ‪5‬﮳ﺎب ﮲ﺣ ﮳‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪( ،‬﮵ﺤﺪث‬
‫واﻟﺴﻤﻮم واﻟﺮﺿﺢ‪( ،‬﮳ﻌﻜﺲ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﻮات )اﻟﻤﻮت اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮳ﺮﻣﺞ( اﻟﺬي (﮵ﻜ^ن‬
‫اﻟﻨﺤﺮ إﺷﺎرات‬‫﮲‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻼ(﮵ﺎ اﻟﱵ (﮴ﻤﻮت ‪ª‬ﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﺔ‬
‫داﺣﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺔ‪ .‬ﻻ (﮴ﺮﺳﻞ ﮲‬ ‫ﻷﺳ‪5‬﮳ﺎب ﮲‬
‫اﻟﺤﻼ(﮵ﺎ اﻟﱵ (﮴ﻤﻮت ‪ª‬ﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺎ(ٔ‪5‬﮵ﺔ إﻟﻰ ﮳ﺣﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ( ﮴ ‪W:‬ﻌﻞ ﮲‬
‫اﻟﺤﻼ(﮵ﺎ اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬‫اﻟﺤﻼ(﮵ﺎ اﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ إزاﻟﺔ ﮲‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻤﻮات‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ (﮵ﻌﺮ;‪V‬ﻞ ﮲‬
‫ﺴﺘﺪ«‪+‬‬
‫*‬ ‫(﮵ﺆدي إﻟﻰ (﮴ﻜ^ن (﮲ﺴ‪ ‬﮵ﺞ ﻣ‪5‬﮵ﺖ (﮵ﻜ^ن (﮳‪5‬﮵ﺌﺔ ﮲ﺣﺼ‪5‬﮳ﺔ ﻟﻺ‪Sª‬ﺎ(﮲ﺎت ‪ (2‬﮵‬
‫إزاﻟﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﺴ‪ ‬﮵ﺞ اﻟﻤ‪5‬﮵ﺖ ﮳ﺣﺮاﺣ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ‪ .‬واﻟ‪5‬﮳ﺎد(ٔﺔ ‪ necro‬ﺳﺎ( ﮳ ‪WV‬ﺔ (﮳ﻤﻌﲎ اﻟﻨ ﮲ َ‬
‫ﺤﺮ؛‬
‫‪.(+‬‬‫اﻟ‪5‬﮳ِﲆ؛ اﻟﻤﻮت؛ اﻟﺮ ˜ ﻣﺔ‪) .‬أﻣﺎ‪ -‬﮲ *‬

‫‪(2) NecropoliticsJ.-A. Mbembé, Libby MeintjesPublic‬‬

‫‪Culture, Volume 15, Number 1, Winter 2003, pp. 11-40‬‬
‫‪(Article)Published by Duke University Press‬‬

‫﮳‬
‫واﻟﺘﺮﺣﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪ +:‬﮳‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﺔ )اﻟ ‪WV‬ﺎ;‪:‬ﺔ(‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎل ﻣﻨﺸ^ر (﮳ﺎﻹ(﮲ ﮳ﺤﻠ‪5‬﮵›(﮵ﺔ ‪* a‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﺤ‪5‬﮵ﺲ ‪ (2 .Libby Meintjes‬﮴ ﮳‬
‫ﺮﺣﻤﺘﻪ أ(﮲ﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻹ(﮲ ﮳ﺤﻠ‪5‬﮵›(﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠ‪ ‬﮵ﱯ ﻣ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳‬
‫اﻹ(﮲ ﮳ﺤﻠ‪5‬﮵›(﮵ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫أرﺣ^ن أ(﮳ﺎد‪2‬راي‪،‬‬ ‫)‪ (٤‬ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎل ﻫﻮ ‪ª‬ﺘ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﺔ ﻣﺤﺎد(﮶ﺎت ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻣﻊ ﮳‬
‫ﺘﻄ‪W‬ﺎت ﻣﻨﻪ ‪* a‬‬
‫‪+:‬‬ ‫ﺮﺣ‪5‬﮵ﺲ‪ .‬وﻋﺮﺿﺖ ﻣ ‪: WV‬‬ ‫ﰷول (﮳‪(3‬﮵ﻜﻨ‪(3‬﮵ﺪج‪ ،‬و ;‪:‬ﺮا(﮲ﺴﻮاز ;‪ 5:‬﮵ ﮳‬
‫ﲀﻋﻮ‪( ،‬﮲‪5‬﮵^(﮵^رك‪( ،‬﮲‪5‬﮵ﻮ‬‫‪ +:‬إ( ﮵ ‪W:‬ﺎ(﮲ﺴﺘ^ن‪ ،‬ﺷ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮲‬
‫ﺣﻠ ‪WV‬ﺎت دراﺳ‪5‬﮵ﺔ وﺣﻠ ‪WV‬ﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ ‪* a‬‬
‫وﺣﻮﻫﺎ(﮲ﺴ‪5‬﮳‪3‬غ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ;‪V‬ﺪم (﮳ﻮل ﮳ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻠ‪23‬ي ود(﮵ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺐ (﮳ﺎراﻣﺸﻮار ﮲ﻋﺎ‪(2‬﮲ﲀر‬ ‫ﻫﺎ;‪:‬ﻦ‪ ،‬﮳‬
‫§‪(2 +‬﮴ﺸﺎرﻟﺰ (﮴ﺎ(﮵ﻠ^ر وﻛ‪3‬و;‪^:‬رد (﮵^‪m‬﮲ﻎ وﻋ‪5‬﮳ﺪوﻣﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﻚ‬ ‫‪(2‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺖ (﮳ﻮ;‪5:‬﮵ﻨﲇ ‪(2‬﮳ﻦ *‬
‫ﺎﻋﻦ وﰷرﻟﻮس ;‪^:‬رﻣﻨﺖ وأ(﮴ﻮ‬ ‫ﻨﺪﺣ^ن وﺳﻠ‪5‬﮵ﻤﺎن (﮳ﺸ‪5‬﮵ﺮ د( ﮵ ﮲‬ ‫ﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻤ^ن وﻟﻮك ﺳ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳‬
‫‪ ±Ü‬ﻛ‪5‬﮵ﺴﺘﻨﺮ ود( ﮵ ‪5W:‬﮵ﺪ (﮶‪5‬﮵ﻮ ﮲ﻋﻮﻟﺪ(﮳‪3‬غ ود(﮵‪5‬﮳^را (﮳ﻮﺳ‪5‬﮵ﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﰷ(﮵ﺴ^ن وأوﻟ‪ (3‬﮵ *‬
‫‪:‬ﺎ§‪ +‬وﺳﺎرة (﮲^(﮴ﺎل (﮴ﻌﻠ‪ 5‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﺎت‬
‫ﻣ‪5W‬﮵ﺪة‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ;‪V‬ﺪﻣﺖ (﮵ﺤﺎ(﮲ﺔ إ (﮳ﺮ; *‬ ‫ا‪WV Sª‬ﺎدات ‪:‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﺸﺤ‪ ‬﮵ﻊ‪ .‬وأﻫﺪي اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎل‬‫﮳‬ ‫وأ;‪:‬ﲀرًا إﺿﺎ;‪5:‬﮵ﺔ (﮳ﺎﻹﺿﺎ;‪:‬ﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸ‪5‬﮵ﲀﻻ ﰷ(﮵ﻤﱯ (﮳‪5‬﮵ﺎ(﮵ﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪( (٥‬﮴‪5‬﮳‪S‬ﻌﺪ اﻟﻤ ‪WV‬ﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺎوﻻت اﻟ‪WV S‬ﻠ‪5‬﮵ﺪ(﮵ﺔ ﻟﻠﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ﻛﻤﺎ (﮴ﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ‬
 * a .‫ﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬WS‫اﻟﻤ‬
+: : ‫﮵ﺔ‬5‫ﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟ‬V;‫ واﻟﻌﻼ‬،‫﮵ﺔ‬5‫﮵ﺎﺳ‬5‫( ﮴ ﮲ﺤﺼﺼﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺴ‬
‫داﺣﻞ ﺣﺪود اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ‬ ‫﮵ﺎدة ﮲‬5‫ (﮴ﺤﺪد ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻨﺎوﻻت اﻟﺴ‬،‫﮵ﺎن‬5‫ﻣﻌﻄﻢ اﻷﺣ‬ ‫﮲‬
‫﮳ﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ أو ﮲‬5V; ‫داﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫داﺣﻞ‬ ‫ ﮲‬،‫﮵ﺔ‬5‫ﻮﻣ‬WV ‫اﻟ‬
،‫﮵ﻞ اﻟﻤﺎل‬5‫﮳‬5‫ ﻋﲆ ﺳ‬،‫ ا(﮲ ﮲ﻄﺮ‬.‫﮵ﺔ‬5‫^ق اﻟﻮﻃﻨ‬:; ‫﮳ﲀت‬5‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت واﻟﺸ‬
Sovereignty at the Millennium, special issue, Political
‫ﻮﻛﻮ‬:; ‫﮵ﻞ‬5‫﮵ﺸ‬5‫ﺪ ﻣ‬WV ‫اﻟﺤﺎص إﻟﻰ (﮲‬ ‫ ﮲‬± ‫﮲ ﮳‬m ‫(﮵ﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬2 ..(Studies 47 (1999
* Æ‫ﻬ‬
* a ‫﮵ﺔ‬5‫﮵ﺎ(﮴‬5‫ﺘﻪ (﮳ﺎﻟﺤﺮب واﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﺤ‬V;‫﮵ﺎدة وﻋﻼ‬5‫ﻬﻮم اﻟﺴ‬W‫ﻟﻤ‬
Il faut :+: :
défendre la société: Cours au Collège de France, 1975–
1976 (Paris: Seuil, 1997), 37–55, 75–100, 125–48, 213–
Giorgio Agamben, Homo ‫﮵ﻦ‬5‫﮳‬5‫أﻋﺎﻣ‬ ‫﮵ﻮ ﮲‬5‫^رﺣ‬
‫ ﮵ ﮳‬5‫ﻀﺎ ﮳ﺣ‬
ً ‫ ا(﮲ ﮲ﻄﺮ أ( ﮵‬..44
sacer. Le pouvoir souverain et la vie nue (Paris: Seuil,
.1997), 23–80

(6) Foucault, Il faut défendre la société, 213–34.

(7) On the state of exception, see Carl Schmitt, La

dictature, trans. Mira Köller and Dominique Séglard
(Paris: Seuil, 2000), 210–28, 235–36, 250–51, 255–56; La
notion de politique. Théorie du partisan, trans. Marie-
Louise Steinhauser (Paris: Flammarion, 1992).

(8) Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New

York: Harvest, 1966), 444.

(9) Giorgio Agamben, Moyens sans fins. Notes sur la

politique (Paris: Payot & Rivages, 1995), 50–51.

(10) On these debates, see Saul Friedlander, ed., Probing

the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the “Final
Solution” (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992);
and, more recently, Bertrand Ogilvie, “Comparer
l’incomparable,” Multitudes, no. 7 (2001): 130–66.

(11) See James Bohman and William Rehg, eds.,

Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997); Jürgen Habermas,
Between Facts and Norms (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996).

(12) James Schmidt, ed., What Is Enlightenment?

Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century
Questions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).

(13) Cornelius Castoriadis, L’institution imaginaire de la

société (Paris: Seuil, 1975) and Figures du pensable
(Paris: Seuil, 1999).

(14) See, in particular, Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic:

Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1993), especially chap. 2.

(15) G. W. F. Hegel, Phénoménologie de l’esprit, trans. J.

P. Lefebvre (Paris: Aubier, 1991). See also the critique by
Alexandre Kojève, Introduction à la lecture de Hegel
(Paris: Gallimard, 1947), especially Appendix II, “L’idée de
la mort dans la philosophie de Hegel”; and Georges
Bataille, Oeuvres complètes XII (Paris: Gallimard, 1988),
especially “Hegel, la mort et le sacrifice,” 326–48, and
“Hegel,l’homme et l’histoire,” 349–69.

(16) See Jean Baudrillard, “Death in Bataille,” in Bataille: A

Critical Reader, ed. Fred Botting and Scott Wilson
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1998), especially 139–41.
(17) Georges Bataille, Visions of Excess: Selected
Writings, 1927–1939, trans. A. Stoekl (Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, 1985), 94–95.

(18) Fred Botting and Scott Wilson, eds., The Bataille

Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 318–19.

See also Georges Bataille, The Accursed Share: An Essay

on General Economy, vol. 1, Consumption,trans. Robert
Hurley (New York: Zone, 1988), and Erotism: Death &
Sensuality, trans. Mary Dalwood(San Francisco: City
Lights, 1986).

(19) Bataille, Accursed Share, vol. 2, The History of

Eroticism; vol. 3, Sovereignty.

(20) On the state of siege, see Schmitt, La dictature,

chap. 6.

(21) See Foucault, Il faut défendre la société, 57–74.

(22) «Race is, politically speaking, not the beginning of

humanity but its end… , not the natural birth of man but
his unnatural death.» Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism,
157.

(23) Foucault, Il faut défendre la société, 214.

(24) Foucault, Il faut défendre la société, 228.

(25) Foucault, Il faut défendre la société, 227–32.

(26) See Jürgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse
of Modernity: Twelve Lectures, trans. Frederick G.
Lawrence (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987), especially
chaps. 3, 5, 6.

(27) Enzo Traverso, La violence nazie: Une généalogie

européenne (Paris: La Fabrique Editions, 2002).

(28) Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of

the Prison (New York: Pantheon, 1977).

(29) See Robert Wokler, “Contextualizing Hegel’s

Phenomenology of the French Revolution and the Terror,”
Political Theory 26 (1998): 33–55.

(30) David W. Bates, Enlightenment Aberrations: Error

and Revolution in France (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University
Press, 2002), chap. 6.

(31) Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy,

vol. 3 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1984), 817. See also
Capital, vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes (Harmondsworth,
England: Penguin, 1986), 172.

(32) Stephen Louw, “In the Shadow of the Pharaohs: The

Militarization of Labour Debate and Classical Marxist
Theory,” Economy and Society (29) 2000: 240.

(33) On labor militarization and the transition to

communism, see Nikolai Bukharin, The Politics and
Economics of the Transition Period, trans. Oliver Field
(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979); and Leon
Trotsky, Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl
Kautsky (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1961).
On the collapse of the distinction between state and
society, see Karl Marx, The Civil War in France (Moscow:
Progress, 1972); and Vladimir Il’ich Lenin, Selected Works
in Three Volumes, vol. 2 (Moscow: Progress, 1977). For a
critique of “revolutionary terror,” see Maurice Merleau-
Ponty, Humanism and Terror: An Essay on the Communist
Problem, trans. John O’Neill (Boston: Beacon, 1969). For
a more recent example of “revolutionary terror,” see
Steve J. Stern, ed., Shining and Other Paths:War and
Society in Peru, 1980–1995 (Durham, N.C.: Duke
University Press, 1998).

(34) See Saidiya V. Hartman, Scenes of Subjection:

Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century
America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); and
Manuel Moreno Fraginals, The Sugarmill: The
Socioeconomic Complex of Sugar in Cuba, 1760–1860
(New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976).

(35) Gilroy, Black Atlantic, 57.

(36) See Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of

Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, ed. Houston A.
Baker (New York: Penguin, 1986).

‫ق ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬3‫« اﻟﻮﺳﺎ(ٔﻞ أو اﻟﻄ‬manners» ‫ﺴﺘﺤﺪم ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫( ( ﮵ ﮲‬٣٧)

‫ﺎ‬WV ً ;: ‫ و‬.‫﮵ﺔ‬5‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋ‬
‫﮳‬ ‫﮵ﻄﺮة‬5‫ واﻟﺴ‬+«‫ﺘﻤﺎ‬
* ‫﮳‬
‫اﻻﺣ‬ ‫﮵ﻦ اﻟﺮﺿﺎ‬5‫ﻋﲆ اﻟﺼﻼت (﮳‬
 ‫ﺳﻠﻮﰷ ﻣ ‪ 5WV‬﮳ ً‬
‫ﻮﻻ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻟﻨ^(﮳ﺮت إﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺎس‪ ( ،‬﮴ ﮳ﺤﺴﺪ اﻟﻄ‪3‬ق أو اﻷﺳﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺐ ﻣﺎ »(﮵ﻌﺘ‪5‬﮳ﺮ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻋ‪ ¬ 5‬﮵ﺎ« »ﻣ‪5‬﮳ﺎدئ اﻟﺴﻠﻮك«‪2 ،‬إﻃﺎر »‪ .«conviviality‬ا(﮲ ﮲ﻄﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫﮳‬

‫»‪The History of Manners», vol. 1, The Civilizing Process,‬‬

‫‪trans. Edmund Jephcott (New York: Pantheon, 1978),‬‬
‫‪.chap. 2‬‬

‫ﺻﺮاﺣﻬﺎ‪Œ ،‬ﻠﻤﺎ ﮳ﺣﻠﺪﻫﺎ ( ﮳ ‪WV‬ﺴﻮة أﻛ‪5‬﮳ﺮ‪ .‬وŒﻠﻤﺎ ﺳﺎل اﻟﺪم‬ ‫﮲‬ ‫)‪» (٣٨‬وŒﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻼ‬
‫‪ +:‬وا(﮵ﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ‬
‫دوﻋﻼس ‪* a‬‬‫﮲‬ ‫(﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ أﺳ‪3‬ع‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎك ﮳ﺣﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﻷﻃﻮل ﻣﺪة‪ ( ،‬﮵ ‪WV‬ﻮل‬
‫﮳ﺣﻠﺪ ﻋﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ;‪5V‬﮳ﻞ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺪ (﮳ﻠﻮﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﰷن ( ﮵ ﮳ﺤﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﻟ‪ 5‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﻌﻠﻬﺎ (﮴ﺼ‪3‬خ‪،‬‬
‫‪ (2‬﮵ ﮳ﺤﻠﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﺖ‪ .‬وﻟ‪5‬﮵ﺲ ﺣﱴ ( ﮵ ‪:‬ﻌﻠ‪5‬﮳ﻪ اﻟ‪S‬ﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﺣ‪5‬﮵ﻨﻬﺎ (﮵ﺘﻮ;‪V‬ﻒ ﻋﻦ ﮳ﺣﻠﺪ‬
‫﮳ﺣﻠﺪ اﻟ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪WV‬ﺮة اﻟﺬي ( ﮴ ﮲ﺤﺜﺮ (﮳ﺎﻟﺪم…‪ .‬ﰷن أﺷﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻫﺪ ; ﮲‪:‬ﻄﺎﻋﺔ«‪.‬‬

‫‪Douglass, Narrative of the Life, 51. On the random killing‬‬

‫‪of slaves, see 67–68.‬‬

‫‪(39) Susan Buck-Morss, «Hegel and Haiti,» Critical‬‬

‫‪Inquiry 26 (2000): 821–66.‬‬

‫‪(40) Roger D. Abrahams, Singing the Master: The‬‬

‫‪Emergence of African American Culture in the Plantation‬‬
‫‪South (New York: Pantheon, 1992).‬‬

‫)‪ (٤١‬و;‪5:‬﮵ﻤﺎ (﮵ﲇ‪ ،‬أدرك أن اﻷﺷﲀل اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎ(﮵ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴ‪5‬﮵ﺎدة ﰷ(﮲ﺖ‬

‫ﺈﺿ‪W‬ﺎء اﻟﺸﺮﻋ‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻋﲆ‬
‫اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ‪ m‬﮳ ‪:‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺰأة‪ .‬وﰷ(﮲ﺖ ﻣﻌ ‪WV‬ﺪة‪» ،‬أ;‪V‬ﻞ‬ ‫دا( ٔ ًﻤﺎ ﮳‬
‫ﻣ‪W‬ﺮط ﻣﻦ أﺷﲀﻟﻬﺎ اﻷ‪(22‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ«‪ .‬واﻷﻫﻢ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨ‪W‬ﺎ (﮳ﺸ‪c‬ﻞ ‪:‬‬‫‪ً:‬‬ ‫وﺣﻮدﻫﺎ وأﻛﺮ‬ ‫﮳‬
‫ذﻟﻚ أن »اﻟﺪول اﻷ‪(22‬﮳‪5‬﮵ﺔ ﻟﻢ (﮴ﻜﻦ ‪m‬﮴ﻬﺪف أ( ﮳ ًﺪا إﻟﻰ ﺣﻜﻢ اﻷ;‪V‬ﺎﻟ‪5‬﮵ﻢ‬
‫ﻨ‪W‬ﺲ اﻟﺘﻤﺎ(﮶ﻞ واﻟﻜﺎ;‪:‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄ‪ 5‬﮳ ‪WV‬ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺳﲀ‪m‬﮲ﻬﺎ«‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳ‪S‬ﻌﻤﺎ(﮵ﺔ ( ﮳ ‪:‬‬

‫‪T. B. Hansen and Finn Stepputat, «Sovereign Bodies:‬‬

‫»‪Citizens, Migrants and States in the Postcolonial World‬‬
(paper, 2002).

Malden, Mass: Blackwell,)) ‫(﮵ﺔ‬3‫﮵ﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‬5‫ﻀ‬V; +: * a‫( و‬٤٢)

،‫ﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‬S‫ن اﻟ‬3WV ‫غ إ(﮲ﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟ‬3‫﮵‬5‫﮵ﻮ ﮲ﻋﻮﻟﺪ(﮳‬5‫﮵ﺪ (﮶‬5W: ‫ﻮل د( ﮵‬WV ‫ ( ﮵‬،((2002
‫﮵ﺔ‬5‫ﻼ(﮲‬WV ‫ﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌ‬:;‫﮵ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎ‬5‫ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲ﺤ‬S‫﮵ﺪ اﻟ‬5‫ﺎﻟ‬WV S‫ﻨﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟ‬³‫ﻞ ا‬V;‫ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﲆ اﻷ‬
historicism ‫﮵ﺔ( و‬5‫(﮲‬2‫ )ﻋﲆ أﺳﺎس ادﻋﺎء اﻟﺪ‬naturism ‫ ا‬:‫(﮵ﺔ‬3‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼ‬
+§‫ﺎ‬S‫ﺎﻟ‬
* ‫( ﮳‬2 – ± * Æ‫ﺎ( ﮵ ﮲‬S‫)ﻋﲆ أﺳﺎس اﻻدﻋﺎء (﮳ـ »ﻋﺪم اﻟﻨﻀﺞ« اﻟ‬
/ ‫ آب‬23) ‫ (﮴ﻮاﺻﻞ ﮲ﺣﺎص‬+: * a‫ و‬.(‫﮵ﻦ‬5‫﮵‬5‫﮵ﻢ« ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﲀن اﻷﺻﻠ‬5‫ﻌﻠ‬S‫»اﻟ‬
‫﮵ﻦ‬5‫ﺘ‬WV ‫( ﮵‬3‫ﺎ (﮳ﻄ‬WV ‫ ﮳‬5‫﮵ﺪ(﮵ﻦ ﻃ‬5‫ﻠ‬WV S‫ﻮل إن ﻫﺬ(﮵ﻦ اﻟ‬WV ‫ ( ﮵‬،(‫م‬2002 ‫أﻋﺴﻄﺲ‬ ‫﮲‬
،‫ﺜﻨﺎء‬S‫ وﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﺳ‬،‫﮵ﺎدة‬5‫ﻌﻠﻖ اﻷﻣﺮ (﮳ﻤﺴﺎ(ٔﻞ اﻟﺴ‬S‫﮵ﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ (﮵‬5‫ﺘ‬W‫ﻠ‬S : ‫ﻣﺤ‬‫﮲‬
ً
‫أﺷﲀﻻ‬ ‫€ﺘﺤﺬ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻮت‬ ‫ (﮵ﻤﻜﻦ أن ﮲‬،‫ رأ(﮵ﻪ‬+: * a‫ و‬.‫وأﺷﲀل ﺳﻠﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻮت‬
‫﮳ﺔ« – اﻟﺬي (﮵ﻨﺘﺞ‬5‫﮵‬5‫ﻞ »أﻛﺮ ﻃ‬c‫ﻌﲇ؛ أو ﺷ‬W‫اﻟ‬ : ‫ رﻋﺐ اﻟﻤﻮت‬:‫ﻌﺪدة‬S‫ﻣ‬
.‫ﺴﻪ‬W: ‫ﺎذ اﻟﺸﻌﺐ« ﻣﻦ (﮲‬WV ‫أﺣﻞ »إ(﮲‬ ‫ﺔ ﻣﻦ ﮳‬:;‫ﺎ‬WV ‫﮵ﺮ ( ﮶‬5‫ﻋﻨﻪ (﮴ﺪﻣ‬

(43) Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, 185–221.

(44) Etienne Balibar, «Prolégomènes à la souveraineté:

La frontière, l’Etat, le peuple,» Les temps modernes 610
(2000): 54–55.

(45) Eugene Victor Walter, Terror and Resistance: A

Study of Political Violence with Case Studies of Some
Primitive African Communities (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1969).

(46) Arendt, Origins of Totalitarianism, 192.

(47) For a powerful rendition of this process, see Michael

Taussig, Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A
Study in Terror and Healing (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987).
(48) On the «enemy,» see L’ennemi, special issue,
Raisons politiques, no. 5 (2002).

(49) Kojève, Introduction à la lecture de Hegel.