Cell cycle and Cancer

formation
• The human Haploid gametes (n = 23)

life cycle
Egg cell

Sperm cell
MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)
Multicellular
diploid adults
(2n = 46)

Mitosis and
development

Figure 8.13
 Sister chromatids

• Chromosomes contain a
very long DNA molecule
with thousands of genes
– Individual chromosomes are
only visible
during cell division
– They are packaged as Centromere
chromatin
• Before a cell starts
dividing, the
chromosomes are
duplicated

– This process produces

sister chromatids Figure 8.4B
• When the cell
divides, the sister
Chromosome
chromatids duplication

separate
Centromere Sister
– Two daughter chromatids

cells are
produced
– Each has a
complete and Chromosome
distribution
to
identical set of daughter
cells
chromosomes
Figure 8.4C
For Mitosis and Meiosis, chromosomes
replicate only once, during interphase
Cell division is a continuum of dynamic
changes
• In mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are
distributed into two daughter nuclei
• After the chromosomes coil up, a mitotic spindle
moves them to the middle of the cell
• The sister chromatids then separate and move
to opposite poles of the cell
• The process of cytokinesis divides the cell into
two genetically identical cells
 INTERPHASE PROPHASE
Centrosomes Early mitotic Centrosome Fragments Kinetochore
(with centriole pairs) spindle of nuclear
Chromatin envelope

Centrosome Spindle
Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma Chromosome,
envelope membrane consisting of two microtubules
sister chromatids
Figure 8.6
 METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Metaphase Cleavage Nucleolus

plate furrow forming

Spindle Daughter Nuclear

chromosomes envelope
forming
Figure 8.6 (continued)
Meiosis, like mitosis, is preceded by chromosome
duplication
However, in meiosis the cell divides twice to form four
daughter cells

• In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are

paired
– While they are paired, they cross over and exchange genetic
information
– The homologous pairs are then separated, and two daughter
cells are produced
• Meiosis II is essentially the same as mitosis
– The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate
– The result is four haploid daughter cells
 MEIOSIS I: Homologous chromosomes separate

INTERPHASE PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I

Centrosomes Microtubules Metaphase Sister chromatids

(with Sites of crossing over attached to plate remain attached
centriole Spindle kinetochore
pairs)

Nuclear Chromatin Sister Tetrad Centromere Homologous

envelope chromatids (with kinetochore) chromosomes separate

Figure 8.14, part 1

 MEIOSIS II: Sister chromatids separate

TELOPHASE I TELOPHASE II
PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II
AND CYTOKINESIS AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage
furrow

Sister Haploid
chromatids daughter cells
separate forming

Figure 8.14, part 2

• At fertilization, a sperm fuses with an egg,
forming a diploid zygote
– Repeated mitotic divisions lead to the
development of a mature adult
– The adult makes haploid gametes by meiosis
– All of these processes make up the sexual life
cycle of organisms
Meiosis reduces the chromosome
number from diploid to haploid
 MITOSIS MEIOSIS
PARENT CELL Site of MEIOSIS I
(before chromosome replication) crossing over

PROPHASE PROPHASE I
Tetrad formed
Duplicated Chromosome Chromosome by synapsis of
chromosome replication replication homologous
(two sister chromatids) 2n = 4 chromosomes

Chromosomes Tetrads
METAPHASE align at the align at the METAPHASE I
metaphase plate metaphase plate

ANAPHASE Sister chromatids Homologous ANAPHASE I

TELOPHASE separate during chromosomes TELOPHASE I
anaphase separate
during
anaphase I; Haploid
sister n=2
chromatids Daughter
remain together cells of
meiosis I
2n 2n No further
chromosomal MEIOSIS II
Daughter cells replication; sister
of mitosis chromatids
separate during
anaphase II n n n n
Daughter cells of meiosis II
Figure 8.15
ALTERATIONS OF CHROMOSOME
NUMBER AND STRUCTURE
Chromosome number Chromosome structure
• Polyploid • Deletion
• Aneuploid • Duplication
• Inversion
• Reciprocal
Translocation
An extra copy of chromosome 21
causes Down syndrome

Figure 8.20A, B
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder. It is also
called Trisomy 21

It includes Delayed physical growth, characteristic

facial features, mild to moderate intellectual
disability
A child with Down syndrome also may have heart
defects and problems with vision and hearing.
• The chance of having a Down syndrome
child goes up with maternal age

Figure 8.20C
Table 8.22
 A man with
Klinefelter syndrome
has an extra
X chromosome
• Poor beard
growth
• Breast
development
• Underdeveloped
testes
• A woman with Turner syndrome lacks an X
chromosome
Characteristic
facial
features

Web of
skin
Constriction
of aorta

Poor
breast
development

Under-
developed
ovaries

Figure 8.22B
 Alterations of chromosome structure can
cause birth defects and cancer
• Chromosome breakage can lead to
rearrangements that can produce genetic
disorders or cancer
– Four types of rearrangement are deletion,
duplication, inversion, and translocation
 Deletion

Duplication

Homologous
chromosomes

Inversion

Reciprocal
translocation

Nonhomologous
chromosomes Figure 8.23A, B
• Chromosomal changes in a somatic cell can
cause cancer
– A chromosomal translocation in the bone
marrow is associated with chronic myelogenous
leukemia
Chromosome 9

Reciprocal
Chromosome 22 translocation

“Philadelphia chromosome”

Activated cancer-causing gene Figure 8.23C

 The Cell Cycle multiplies cells
• The cell cycle consists of two major phases:
– Interphase, where chromosomes duplicate
and cell parts
are made
– The mitotic
phase, when
cell division
occurs

Figure 8.5
 Growing out of control, cancer cells
produce malignant tumors

• Cancer cells have abnormal cell cycles

– They divide excessively and can form abnormal
masses called tumors

• Radiation and chemotherapy are effective as

cancer treatments because they interfere
with cell division
• Malignant tumors can invade other tissues
and may kill the organism

Lymph
vessels

Tumor

Glandular
tissue

Metastasis

1 A tumor grows 2 Cancer cells invade 3 Cancer cells spread

from a single neighboring tissue. through lymph and
cancer cell. blood vessels to other
parts of the body.

Figure 8.10
Thank you