Design of A Sustainable Power Source For Portable Electronic Applications

DESIGN OF A SUSTAINABLE POWER
SOURCE FOR PORTABLE ELECTRONIC

APPLICATIONS
A
Major project report
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of B.Tech Degree in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
of Cochin University of Science and Technology
By
AKASH VARGHESE (13142603)
JISHA R KRISHNAN (13142629)
SURYAMOL MS (13142638)
Under the guidance of

Dr. RAMESH P
Department of Electronics and Communication

College of Engineering Munnar-685612
April 2017
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MUNNAR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the content of the mini project entitled DESIGN OF A
SUSTAINABLE POWER SOURCE FOR PORTABLE ELECTRONIC
APPLICATIONS submitted by Akash Varghese, Jisha R Krishnan and Suryamol M S
for the award of degree of Bachelor of technology in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of the Cochin University of Science and Technology,
is a bonafide account of the work carried out by him /her in this department during the
academic year 2016-2017 under our supervision.
Project Coordinator Head of the Department
Date:
College of Engineering Munnar i Dept. of ECE

Declaration
I hereby declare that except where specific reference is made to the work of others, the
contents of this thesis are original and have not been submitted in whole or in part for
consideration for any other degree or qualification in this, or any other university. This
dissertation is my own work and contains nothing which is the outcome of work done in
collaboration with others, except as specified in the text and Acknowledgements. This
dissertation contains fewer than 65,000 words including appendices, bibliography, footnotes,
tables and equations and has fewer than 150 figures.
Akash Varghese
(Reg.No.13142603)
Jisha R Krishnan
(Reg.No.13142629)
Suryamol M S
(Reg.No.13142638)
April 2017
College of Engineering Munnar ii Dept. of ECE

Acknowledgement
It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledge the assistance and contributions of many

individuals in making this dissertation a success.
First and foremost, We would like to thank our Mentor,Guide, Dr. RAMESH P, Associate
Professor, College Of Engineering Munnar, for his assistance, ideas, and feedbacks during
the process in doing this dissertation. Without his guidance and support, this dissertation can
not be completed on time.
We express our sincere thanks to Mr. BIJU V G, our project coordinator, for giving us a
valuable guidance, suggestions and inspiration. We extend our sincere gratitude to Mr.
ANITH MOHAN, Mr. SREESH S and all faculties of our department for their valuable
suggestions.We deeply appreciate their helpfulness and willingness in providing the useful
information for this study.
Lastly, We wish to express my sincere gratitude to my family and friends for their
encouragement and moral support.
College of Engineering Munnar iii Dept. of ECE

Abstract
Portable power supplies finds many application in the present scenario as the usage of portable
devices increases day by day. The power supply should be sustainable, light weight and used
friendly. The proposed system combines the solar energy and wind energy along with battery
storage to provide supply to the low power portable electronic device. If the energy produced
from the renewable sources is surplus, then the excess energy is stored in a battery, and if the
energy is not enough, then the battery gives energy to the device. When the energy generated
sufficient enough to meet the load demand, the battery is neither recharging nor charging.
The power management unit which includes the pulse width modulation (PWM) for each
converter is designed in such a way that the optimized use of the sources is ensured and
selects the apt source according to the climatic conditions. The whole system is simulated
using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results are presented to show the response
of the system to low power devices. The power management unit ensures that the DC bus
is maintained at desired voltage level, proper switching of the sources, the voltage drawing
from the input sources like solar and wind is maximum.
Key words- portable device, sustainable power supply, solar cell, wind turbine, power
management
College of Engineering Munnar iv Dept. of ECE

Abbrevations
• PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
• BDC - Bidirectional Converter
• PID Controller - Proportional Integral Derivative Controller
• MATLAB - Matrix Laboratory
• PV- Photo Voltaic
• RAPS-remote area power supply.
• DC-Direct Current
• SOC- State of Charge
College of Engineering Munnar v Dept. of ECE

Table of contents
Abbrevations v
Abstract viii
Abbreviations viii
List of figures ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Research Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Thesis Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Portable power devices and power supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1.1 Primary batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1.2 Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 Alternate Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2.1 Solar Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2.2 Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.2.3 Fuel Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.3 Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.4 Power Converters and Power Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Design Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table of contents
3 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND METHODOLOGY 19

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 PV Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 Wind Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 DC to DC Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.5 Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.6 DC to DC Bidirectional Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.7 Power management unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 26

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2 Case 1: Solar Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.1 Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.2 Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Case 2 : Wind Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4 Case 3 : Battery Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.5 Case 4: Solar and battery Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.5.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 36

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2 Hybrid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.3 Hardware Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.1 Power supply Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.2 Driver Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.3 Power converter Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.4 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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Table of contents
6 CONCLUSION 44
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.2 Expected Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.3 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
References 47
Appendix A APPENDIX 51
A.1 Solar Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
A.2 TLP250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
A.3 Lead Acid Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
A.4 IRF540 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
A.5 7414 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
A.6 LM7812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
College of Engineering Munnar viii Dept. of ECE

List of figures
1.1 Energy consumption graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 MPP I-V, P-V Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.2 Wind Speed Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Bidirectional Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3.2 Electrical model of Solar panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Electrical Model of Wind Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4 Buck Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5 Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6 Bidirectional Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1 Solar panel and buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

4.2 Voltage output (blue-PV voltage, red - Load voltage) . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3 Load current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.4 Wind Generator and Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.5 Voltage output when wind is connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.6 Load current when wind is connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.7 Battery and Bidirectional Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.8 Voltage output when battery is connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.9 Solar panel and Battery Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.10 Output voltage for the combination of battery and solar . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.11 Current Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.1 Complete Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5.2 Voltage Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.3 Output Current Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.4 Power Supply Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
College of Engineering Munnar ix Dept. of ECE

List of figures
5.5 Driver Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5.6 Completed Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.7 Output voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
College of Engineering Munnar x Dept. of ECE

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Energy is one of the most important building block in human development, and, as such, acts
as a key factor in determining the economic development of all countries. In an effort to
meet the demands of a developing nation, the Indian energy sector has witnessed a rapid
growth. Areas like the resource exploration and exploitation, capacity additions, and energy
sector reforms have been revolutionized. However, resource augmentation and growth in
energy supply have failed to meet the ever increasing demands exerted by the multiplying
population, rapid urbanization and progressing economy. Energy is the prime mover of
economic growth, and is vital to sustaining a modern economy and society. Future economic
growth significantly depends on the long-term availability of energy from sources that are
affordable, accessible and secure. A great amount of renewable energy potential,
environmental interest, as well as economic consideration of fossil fuel consumption and
high emphasis of sustainable development for the future will be needed Driven by the rising
population expanding economy and quest for improved quality life, the total primary energy
demand in India gross at 31%per annum on average in 2008-2035 and overall increase of
127%. The energy conservation scenarios include rational use of energy policies in all
economy sectors and the use of combined heat and power systems, which are able to add to
energy savings from the autonomous power plants. Electricity from renewable energy
sources is by definition the environmental green product. The use of renewable energy
sources and the rational use of energy, in general, are the fundamental inputs for any
responsible energy policy.
Alternative energy technologies, like wind- and solar based energy generation systems, are
receiving national and worldwide attention owing to the rising rate of consumption of
nuclear and fossil fuels.
College of Engineering Munnar 1 Dept. of ECE

1.1 Introduction
India’s has huge proven coal reserves, estimated at more than 90 billion tons, or about
Figure 1.1: Energy consumption graph
10total. Most of these reserves are relatively high ash bituminous coal and are located in
Bihar, West Bengal, and Madhya Pradesh states. At the current level of production and
consumption, India’s coal reserves would last more than two hundred years. India is
currently the third-largest coal producing country in the world (behind China and the United
States), and accounts for about 8.5% of the world’s annual coal production. India is also
currently the third largest coal consuming country (behind the China and the United States),
and accounts for nearly 9% of the world’s total annual coal consumption. More than half of
India’s energy needs are met by coal, and about 70% of India’s electricity generation is now
fuelled by coal. The annual demand for coal has been steadily increasing over the past
decade, and is now nearly 50% higher than it was a decade ago. Oil accounts for about 36%
of India’s total energy consumption. India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling nations in
the world and will soon overtake. India’s natural gas reserves have been estimated 1075
Billion Cubic meters or about 0.5% of the world total. There is a large potential for
renewable energy in India, an estimated aggregate of over 100,000 MW. As against the
estimated 84776 MWe renewable energy based grid connected power generation potential in
the country, so far only about 9372.5 MW installed capacity has been achieved. The
renewable energy based power generation capacity presently constitutes 7% of the total
installed capacity in the country for power generation from all sources. The country is
aiming to achieve up to 10% of additional Installed capacity to be set up till 2012 to come
from renewable energy sources.
In particular, drivers for solar/wind renewable energy systems are the environmental benefits
(reduction of carbon emissions due to the use of renewable energy sources and the efficient
use of fossil fuels), reduced investment risk, fuel diversification, and energy autonomy,
increased energy efficiency (less line losses) as well as potential increase of power quality
and reliability and in certain cases, potential grid expansion deferral due to the possibility of

1.2 Motivation
generation close to demand. In a recent report of the California Energy Commission, for
example, the state’s target is to generate from renewable sources the 33% of the energy
needed by year 2020, with about 70% of that energy being produced by wind and solar
systems many other states have similar goals. However, achieving such major renewable
energy production goals requires addressing key fundamental challenges in the operation and
reliability of intermittent (variable output) renewable resources like solar- and wind-based
energy generation systems. Specifically, unexpected drops in energy production of a solar or
wind energy system may require quick start units to cover the shortfall while unexpected
increases require the ability to absorb the unscheduled generation. One way to deal with the
variable output of wind and solar energy generation systems is through the use of integrated
energy generation systems using both wind and photovoltaic energy, which are also tightly
integrated with distributed energy storage systems (batteries) and controllable energy loads
that operates at controllable time intervals to meet specific demand.
1.2 Motivation
Energy requirement in day to day life is increasing year by year. There are possibilities that
the fossil fuels cannot satisfy the energy requirement in the coming future. It is shocking that
the fuel reserve left in the whole world will come to an end in a span of 100 to 200 years.
The electrical losses are very high in India and are about 4-5 times as compared to other
developed countries.
A sustainable source is the first essential thing to drive a device. There for an efficient
alternate system that can match the fossil fuels is found. Natural resources such as solar
energy, hydraulic energy, wind energy, geothermal energy are good sources of energy that is
readily available nowadays. Also these sources have the advantage that consuming this
energy produces no pollution, which is not the case for the fossil fuel it is well known that
renewable energy sources are attractive options for providing power. The use of utility grid
reduces the portability of the device.
In general, we act as having energy with no price or thinking that the energy available is
infinite. Lot of times we use the energy do not thinking about where is it produced or
originated. Energy is vital for the progress of a nation and it has to be conserved in a most
efficient manner. Not only the technologies should be developed to produce energy in a most
environment-friendly manner from all varieties of fuels but also enough importance should
be given to conserve the energy resources in the most efficient way. Energy is the ultimate
factor responsible for both industrial and agricultural development. Anyway, it is important

1.3 Research Objective
to prevent scenarios avoiding energy faults or absence. There is energy crisis all over the
world. But developing countries like Bangladesh suffer most for very limited resources and
technology. There are still lots of area where there are no supplies of electricity and some
areas which are grid connected but most of the time they are deprived of continuous supply.
In Bangladesh, a large percentage of villages remain to be un-electrified, most of them are
difficult to supply electricity due to inherent problems of location and economy. The costs to
install and service the distribution lines are considerably high for remote areas. Also there
will be a substantial increase in transmission line losses in addition to poor power supply
reliability. There is a growing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources since they are
naturally available, pollution free and inexhaustible. At present, standalone solar
photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted around the globe on a comparatively
larger scale. These independent systems cannot provide continuous source of energy, as they
are seasonal. For example, standalone solar photovoltaic energy system cannot provide
reliable power during non-sunny days. The standalone wind system cannot satisfy constant
load demands due to significant fluctuations in the magnitude of wind speeds from hour to
hour throughout the year. Therefore, energy storage systems will be required for each of
these systems in order to satisfy the power demands. Usually storage system is expensive
and the size has to be reduced to a minimum possible for the renewable energy system to be
cost effective. Hybrid power systems can be used to reduce energy storage requirements. In
this paper we apply the hybrid system for both on-grid and off-grid areas.
1.3 Research Objective

Energy requirement in day to day life is increasing year by year. There are possibilities that
the fossil fuels cannot satisfy the energy requirement in the coming future. It is found that the
solar energy can be used as the main alternate power source to meet the energy requirements
in the world. The aim of this project is to design a hybrid power supply for electronic portable
devices. It is a solar-wind-battery hybrid supply with a power management unit which can
be installed in remote areas such as forest areas for giving supply for certain electronic
devices. The combinations of different renewable sources are used so as to compensate the
limitation of individual systems. The hybrid source will provide energy to the device as per
its requirements without any interruptions and the system is adaptable to switch the sources
as per the climatic condition of the installed area.

1.4 Thesis Organisation
1.4 Thesis Organisation

The thesis is divided into five chapters and its outline is described as given below.
Chapter1 contain a brief overview of energy crises in the current scenario, and the
motivations.
Chapter2 starts with literature review and it also explain different design tools that are used.
Chapter3 includes the block diagram of the proposed system. and the design backgrounds of
all the converters used in the system.
Chapter4 contains the simulation results of different combinations of sources
Chapter5 contains the hardware implementation as well as the simulation results.
Chapter6 concludes the interim thesis with ideas of design and implementation of the whole
system.
1.5 Conclusion
Energy supply is now not considered a commodity but a service. In view of that the quality
of energy supply and reliability become much more a proposition for the user’s satisfaction
rather than a simple one time commodity sale. India’s strong economic performance of
recent years requires continuing effort from the newly formed Government to widen the
ambit of economic reform. Though the Government has given higher priority for the power
development projects, the Indian power sector is struggling with formidable difficulties of
meeting the heavy demands of electricity due to higher amount of power losses and energy
thefts.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Renewable energy sources have received greater attention during the past few decades and
considerable efforts have been made to develop efficient renewable energy conversion
system. The major goals of these approaches are to have reduced environmental damage,
conservation of energy, exhaustible sources and increased safety. The renewable energy
systems can be used to supply power either directly to a utility grid or to an isolated load [1].
The stand -alone system finds wide applications in isolated areas which are far away from
the utility grid. The devices installed in the remote area require a power supply which is
sustainable and light weight. The portable electronic devices include the wide variety of
hand held devices and also the equipments which are installed in the remote areas in order to
monitor the wild life if it is forest.
2.2 Portable power devices and power supplies

Portable devices are the devices which are hand held or wearable. These devices are small
in size and we can carry these devices from one place to another. The main portable device
which is familiar to human kind in this present scenario is mobile phone [2]. But by definition
any electronic equipment those can be carried from one place to another whose power supply
is attached to the same device, that is a stand-alone system can also be termed as a portable
device. Portable communication devices or the low power electronic devices which are
installed in remote areas such as forests, hilly region or even in navigational ships require
a power supply which is able to power up the device continuously [2]. In this electronic

era, the portable devices and its applications are increasing day by day. The main electrical
energy source in use is the utility grid. Grid connected systems and devices lack the property
of portability. The portable devices should contain an energy storage device along with it and
the storage devices are usually batteries. The commonly used portable power supplies are:
2.2.1 Batteries
An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and
electric cars [6]. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the
cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of
electrons that when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an
external device. When a battery is connected to an external circuit, electrolytes are able to
move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate
terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions
within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Batteries are of two types:
2.2.1.1 Primary batteries
Primary battery or single use battery is a type of battery which cannot be recharged and used
again. These batteries provide energy to the device continuously until the end of its lifetime
and these batteries should be replaced with another one. Primary batteries have no long life
period and then it leads to the frequent replacement of the battery and this will also leads to
the increment in e waste and consequently pollution if the discarded batteries are not recycled
or disposed properly[5]. Common examples of primary batteries are the alkaline battery used
for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices.
2.2.1.2 Secondary Batteries
Secondary (rechargeable) batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using
mains power from a wall socket; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored
by reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion
batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones. Lithium ion batteries
are more efficient, light weight and have more lifetime compared to lead acid and
non-rechargeable batteries.
Other portable rechargeable batteries include several sealed "dry cell" types, that are useful

in applications such as mobile phones and laptop computers. Cells of this type (in order of
increasing power density and cost) include nickel–cadmium (NiCd), nickel–zinc (NiZn),
nickel metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells. Li-ion has by far the highest
share of the dry cell rechargeable market. NiMH has replaced NiCd in most applications due
to its higher capacity, but NiCd remains in use in power tools, two-way radios, and medical
equipment. For rechargeable, it can mean either the length of time a device can run on a fully
charged battery or the number of charge/discharge cycles possible before the cells fail to
operate satisfactorily. Lithium–sulfur batteries were used on the longest and highest
solar-powered flight [20]. The recharging speed of lithium-ion batteries can be increased by
manufacturing changes.
Rechargeable batteries require frequent recharging, that is it should rely on the AC mains to
get recharged again. This reduces the utility of the portable device.
2.2.2 Alternate Energy Systems

Natural resources such as solar energy, hydraulic energy, wind energy, geothermal energy
are good sources of energy that is readily available nowadays. Also these sources have the
advantage that consuming this energy produces no pollution, which is not the case for the
fossil fuels.
2.2.2.1 Solar Energy
It is found that the solar energy can be used as the main alternate power source to meet the
energy requirements in the world. The available photovoltaic cells can convert 30 - 40% of
the incident solar energy into electrical energy. It is clear that we are unable to utilize most
of the available solar energy. Solar panel conversion efficiency is very much less compared
to other sources. The solar energy is dependent on the climatic conditions like temperature
and irradiation. The optimum output from the panel can be obtained during day time. A
Photovoltaic (PV) system consists of a PV array, DC-DC converter, DC-AC Inverter and
load. The development of suitable algorithms to control the power converter is essential,
for the efficient operation of the PV system. The use of the power control mechanism,
called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in a PV system, leads to an increase in
the efficiency of operation of solar modules [1]. The MPPT is basically an operating point
matching between the PV array and the power converter. Because of the non-linear P-V and
I-V characteristics of the PV array, and the consequences of varying environment conditions,

particularly irradiation and temperature, tracking the correct Maximum Power Point (MPP)
is a challenging task.
Figure 2.1: MPP I-V, P-V Curve
. The efficiency in a photovoltaic solar panel measures the ability of the panel to convert
sunlight into usable energy and it is fairly easy to calculate =efficiency,
E=incident radiant heat flux,
Pm=maximum power output,
Ac= Area of collecter
The maximum efficiency of a photovoltaic solar panel is given by
= Pm/(E ∗ Ac)
In order to perform this calculation it is safe to assume an incident radiation flux of 1000
W /m2 . Since we know that our solar panel is rated at a maximum power of 100 W and that
the area of the collector is approximately 0.6 m2 we get:
= Pm/(E ∗ Ac)
= 100/ (1000 x 0.6)
= 0.17 or 17 %
Considering that most solar panels are 11-20 % efficient this panel is considered very
efficient. This value only represents the maximum efficiency under ideal conditions, however,

is important to consider that the actual efficiency will depend on other factors, such as the
panel orientation, panel pitch, temperature and shade.
The amount of electrical power generated by a photovoltaic system depends on solar
irradiance (solar energy per unit area of the solar panel’s surface)&other conditions such
as temperature& cloud cover. The current & voltage at which a solar module generates the
maximum power is known as the maximum power point. The location of the maximum power
point (MPP) is not known in advance. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) modifies
the electrical operating point of a solar energy system to ensure we extract the maximum
amount of power. This involves finding the current or voltage of the solar panel at which
maximum power can be generated. MPPT improves the electrical efficiency of a solar energy
system, thus reducing the number of solar panels or arrays required to generate a desired
output. The duty cycle of the boost converter is controlled based on MPPT algorithms. The
total irradiated energy per year, including seasonal changes, times of overcast sky, and night
time, amounts to about 1000kWh/m2 in Europe. The storage an d the required area. Daily
and seasonal changes affects the output from the solar panel. The capacity of the solar panel
in Watts will directly affect the cost, as solar panels are usually priced per watt. Watts are
related to the output of each module. The output of the panel also affects the physical size of
the panel. There are three main types of panels are available.
• Monocrystalline Silicon : It poffers high and good heat tolerance characteristics in a
small footprint.
• Polycrystalline Silicon : Commonly used and popular choice for house hold
applications.
• Thin Film : It uses the least amount of silicon. Thin film panels are generally less
efficient than other solar types.
LIMITATIONS
• Efficiency Issues
Solar panels are currently not highly efficient although efficiency continues to improve
with technological advances. The efficiency can be dramatically affected by many
factors, including regular, everyday issues like the amount of shade (from trees,
structures...), wind, dust, snow, angle of the panels, amount of daylight, access to
direct sunlight, solar intensity, and so on.
• Energy Storage

Storage is suggested, adding extra costs. You can use the solar energy generated
from your panels directly (and even sell it to the grid, if your municipality has such a
program in place) - but since the sun doesn’t shine 24 hours a day, every day, then the
solar energy needs to be "stored" in batteries for later use. Otherwise you would need
to be connected to the grid as backup, or own a generator.
• Amount of Energy Generated
A relatively small amount of energy is generated by solar panels. Providing 100% of

the energy required by the average home, for example, would require a vast array of
solar panels. Not only is this impractical, it’s very costly. Even if you were to build
your own solar panel the costs would still be a challenge for many homeowners (a big
reason why there’s currently a lack of support for solar power).
• Lots of Direct Sunlight Required
Access to direct sunlight is needed for solar panels to performance at their best. Often,
commercial installations of solar panels will readjust during the day to maintain an
angle that provides them with direct sunlight - best for converting into energy. However,
most home owners simply mount solar panels in a rigid, fixed position, which means
that the panels only have access to direct sunlight for a limited amount of time each
day. Solar trackers are available to automatically re-orient the panels, however they
can add significantly to the cost of the entire system.
2.2.2.2 Wind Energy
Wind power is another most competitive renewable technology and, in developed countries
with good wind resources, onshore wind is often competitive with fossil fuel fired generation.
Wind power generation has experienced a tremendous growth in the past decade, and has
been recognized as an environmental friendly and economically competitive means of
electric power generation. The wind energy system generates power in the form of AC with
different voltage and frequency levels in case of variable speed operation. Solar energy
system generates power in the form of dc voltage, the level of which varies depending on
temperature and irradiation levels. Both these systems require power electronic interface for
inter-connection with the grid. In order to power up an electronic device which runs on DC,
the AC output from the wind generator is rectified to get the DC voltage and current. Power
converters are used to draw maximum power from the source to the load. The output voltage

from the wind turbine also depends on the climatic conditions as it requires an optimum
wind speed to rotate the blades of the wind turbine. For the application of portable devices, a
big turbine cannot be used. Micro wind turbines or Pico wind turbines are used to produce
the minimum voltage required by the portable electronic device. The voltage from the wind
turbine is fluctuating and this cannot be connected to the device alone.
Wind turbines are used to convert the wind power into electric power. Electric generator
Figure 2.2: Wind speed curve
inside the turbine converts the mechanical power into the electric power. The energy
production by wind turbines depends on the wind velocity acting on the turbine. Wind
power is used to feed both energy production and consumption demand, and transmission
lines in the rural areas. The selection of the motor is the most important part of any wind
turbine system. There are many industrial motors in the market that can be used as a wind
generator. When selecting a motor it is very important to choose a motor that is capable of
producing the battery voltage at low RPM. Permeant Magnet Motors are considered the best
choice for small wind turbines since they are widely available, inexpensive and require low
RPM to start producing electricity. There are Permanent Magnet Motors that generates either
AC or DC current and they both can be used in wind turbines. Permanent Magnet Motors
with an AC output are called Permanent Magnet Alternator (PMA) and are considered more
efficient then motors with DC output.

2.2.2.3 Fuel Cell
The advantage of using this technology is its use of nonhydrocarbon fuel to produce clean
power, with hydrogen fuel generated on site using electrolyzer. The fuel cells (proton
exchange membrane fuel cells) used in the simulation consisted of 21-kW stack units
(Ballard FCvelocity-9SSL) with 10 000 h operation life at an efficiency of 52 percent [12].
Fig. 5 illustrates the fuel cell operation schedule as it relates to the modeled utility rate
schedule. It was decided that the fuel cell should have forced operation during hours of no
sun, with exception given to the most expensive months as determined by the utility company
rate schedule. Use of fuel cell is very expensive and the storing of the hydrogen fuel is
difficult. Hence they are not preferred here.
2.2.3 Hybrid System

The integration of different energy sources and energy storage systems have been one of the
new trends in renewable energy technology,[10]. Stand-alone wind with Solar Photovoltaic is
known as the best hybrid combination of all renewable energy systems and suitable for most
of the applications taking care of seasonal changes. They also complement each other during
lean periods, for example additional energy productions by wind during monsoon months
compensate less output generated by solar. Similarly, in the post winter months when wind is
dull, solar photovoltaic (SPV) takes over. Stand-alone hybrid generation systems are usually
used to supply isolated areas or locations interconnected to a weak grid. They combine
several generation modules, typically assimilating different renewable energy sources. In
this work, a wind-solar system is considered as the main energy sources. Lithium-ion battery
bank is used to overcome the periods of poor production. In fact, the battery operates as
an auxiliary source for supplying the power deficit caused by the dynamic power balance.
Hybrid system can compensate the limitations of one another.
Hybrid systems are mainly used as an alternate energy system, which is solution for the
energy crises in the society. The renewable energy systems are combined together to form an
alternate system and they can be connected as a stand-alone system as well as grid connected
system. Hybrid systems are normally installed to make high power energy systems and in
order to feed this power to the hose hold devices as well as to feed back to the utility grid.in
order to power up the low power devices small solar panels can be used along with batteries
and another source like wind or fuel cell can be added along with the source to increase
its efficiency. In those places where enough wind speed is available, wind turbine can be
integrated with the system.
These systems find application in the places where the electronic devices are installed in

remote areas like forests, hilly regions, or even in the navigational ships. In navigational
ships consists of lot of electronic devices which has to powered and there solar panels, wind
turbines and batteries can be used for energy harvesting and storage. Furthermore, due to
the intermittence of the wind and solar energies taken separately, the association of this
sources gives a good solution for this kind of isolated system. However, a storage system like
battery or superconductor remains indispensable to ensure power supply of the load without
interruption. Consequently, the storage system based on lithium-ion battery is considered.
Due to their advantages like light weight, low self-discharge rate, and high specific energy,
Lithium-ion batteries have become one of the most popular types of batteries in various
applications such as portable devices, electric vehicles and renewable energy systems.
Normally used hybrid system solar power system which is equipped with battery. The power
from the solar is converted and conditioned by power control unit and the battery will get
charged. The load is connected to the battery and hence it will receive continuous power.
The battery should be rechargeable and the solar panel which is connected to the battery
recharges the battery. The battery
2.2.4 Power Converters and Power Management

DC to DC converters are used in portable electronic devices such as cellular phones and
laptop computers, which are supplied with power from batteries primarily. Such electronic
devices often contain several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level requirement
different from that supplied by the battery or an external supply (sometimes higher or lower
than the supply voltage). Additionally, the battery voltage declines as its stored energy is
drained. Switched DC to DC converters offer a method to increase voltage from a partially
lowered battery voltage thereby saving space instead of using multiple batteries to
accomplish the same thing.
Most DC to DC converter circuits also regulate the output voltage. Some exceptions
include high-efficiency LED power sources, which are a kind of DC to DC converter that
regulates the current through the LEDs, and simple charge pumps which double or triple the
output voltage[36].
DC to DC converters developed to maximize the energy harvest for photovoltaic systems
and for wind turbines are called power optimizers.
Transformers used for voltage conversion at mains frequencies of 50–60 Hz must be

large and heavy for powers exceeding a few watts. This makes them expensive, and they are
subject to energy losses in their windings and due to eddy currents in their cores. DC-to-DC

techniques that use transformers or inductors work at much higher frequencies, requiring
only much smaller, lighter, and cheaper wound components. Consequently these techniques
are used even where a mains transformer could be used; for example, for domestic electronic
appliances it is preferable to rectify mains voltage to DC, use switch-mode techniques to
convert it to high-frequency AC at the desired voltage, then, usually, rectify to DC[8]. The
entire complex circuit is cheaper and more efficient than a simple mains transformer circuit
of the same output.
Practical electronic converters use switching techniques. Switched-mode DC-to-DC
converters convert one DC voltage level to another, which may be higher or lower, by storing
the input energy temporarily and then releasing that energy to the output at a different
voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage components (inductors,
transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors). This conversion method can
increase or decrease voltage. Switching conversion is more power efficient (often 75% to
98%) than linear voltage regulation, which dissipates unwanted power as heat. Fast
semiconductor device rise and fall times are required for efficiency; however, these fast
transitions combine with layout parasitic effects to make circuit design challenging.[5] The
higher efficiency of a switched-mode converter reduces the heatsinking needed, and
increases battery endurance of portable equipment. Efficiency has improved since the late
1980s due to the use of power FETs, which are able to switch more efficiently with lower
switching losses at higher frequencies than power bipolar transistors, and use less complex
drive circuitry. Another important improvement in DC-DC converters is replacing the
flywheel diode by synchronous rectification[6] using a power FET, whose "on resistance" is
much lower, reducing switching losses [25]. Before the wide availability of power
semiconductors, low-power DC-to-DC synchronous converters consisted of an
electro-mechanical vibrator followed by a voltage step-up transformer feeding a vacuum
tube or semiconductor rectifier, or synchronous rectifier contacts on the vibrator.
Most DC-to-DC converters are designed to move power in only one direction, from
dedicated input to output. However, all switching regulator topologies can be made
bidirectional and able to move power in either direction by replacing all diodes with
independently controlled active rectification. A bidirectional converter is useful, for example,
in applications requiring regenerative braking of vehicles, where power is supplied to the
wheels while driving, but supplied by the wheels when braking.
Switching converters are electronically complex, although this is embodied in integrated
circuits, with few components needed. They need careful design of the circuit and physical
layout to reduce switching noise (EMI / RFI) to acceptable levels[7] and, like all

2.3 Design Tool
high-frequency circuits, for stable operation. Cost was higher than linear regulators in
voltage-dropping applications, but this dropped with advances in chip design.
DC to DC converters which are used in power electronics is buck converter, boost

converter and buck boost converter. These converters are unidirectional and there are
bidirectional converters are alos present. The bidirectional converters allows the flow of
current in both directions. The main BDC is the DC to DC buck boost coverter. These
circuits ar mainly used dfor the battery charging and discharging to a common bus.
Bidirectional converter Bidirectional DC-DC converters allow transfer of power
between two dc sources, in either direction. Due to their ability to reverse the direction of
flow of current, and thereby power, while maintaining the voltage polarity at either end
unchanged, they are beneficial when use in applications like dc uninterruptable power
supplies, battery charger circuits, telecom power supplies and computer power systems [1].
Generally, the voltage difference between the battery and DC bus is large. So bidirectional
DC-DC converter with steep voltage conversion ratio is required for the above applications.
Theoretically, high voltage conversion ratio can be achieved by power converter in very high
or very low duty ratio. But, the efficiency of power converter is reduced at very large or very
small duty ratio due to the effect of parasitic elements [2]. For the different applications,
bidirectional DC-DC converters may be isolated type or non-isolated type. High voltage
conversion ratio in bidirectional DC-DC converters is able to be achieved easily by adjusting
turns ratio of the isolated transformer. The bidirectional flyback DC-DC converter is a
simple and low-cost configuration [3]. However, it has some drawbacks about high voltage
stress and low efficiency due to the leakage-inductor. The bidirectional half-bridge/push-pull
DC-DC converter and the bidirectional full-bridge/push-pull DC-DC converter are the other
configurations [4]. But more components increase the cost and size of converters. The
nonisolated bidirectional DC-DC converters can not achieve high voltage conversion ratio
easily.
The bidirectional converter uses transformers and the design aspects are very difficult.
The normal DC to DC buck converter can be converted to bidirectionalconverter by replacing
the switch
2.3 Design Tool

Computer simulation has become an essential part of science and engineering. The whole
circuit system is simulated using SIMULINK software which is an integral part of the

2.3 Design Tool
Figure 2.3: Bidirectional Converter
MATLAB software. Simulink, developed by MathWorks, is a graphical programming

environment for modeling, simulating and analyzing multidomain dynamic systems. Its
primary interface is a graphical block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block
libraries. It offers tight integration with the rest of the MATLAB environment and can either
drive MATLAB or be scripted from it. Simulink is widely used in automatic control and
digital signal processing for multi domain simulation and Model Based Design. MathWorks
and other third party hardware and software products can be used with Simulink. For example,
State flow extends Simulink with a design environment for developing state machines and
flow charts. MathWorks claims that, coupled with another of their products, Simulink can
automatically generate C source code for real time implementation of systems. As the
efficiency and flexibility of the code improves, this is becoming more widely adopted for
production systems, in addition to being a tool for embedded system design work because of
its flexibility and capacity for quick iteration. Embedded Coder creates code efficient enough
for use in embedded systems. The modelling of the sources like battery, solar panel and
wind turbine are done using the predefined blocks included in the SIMULINK. The power
converters and the power management unit is programmed by including the Embedded TI
(Texas Instruments) C2000 packages in the SIMULINK platform.
MATLAB Coder™, Simulink Coder™, and Embedded Coder® generate ANSI/ISO C/C++
code that can be compiled and executed on Texas Instruments™ (TI) C2000 microcontrollers
using Code Composer Studio IDE. Embedded Coder lets you easily configure the code
generated from MATLAB® and Simulink® algorithms to control software interfaces,
optimize execution performance, and minimize memory consumption. The predefined
modules in the Embedded C2000 coder can be programmed to generate PWM for the power
converters.

2.4 Conclusion
2.4 Conclusion
The main ideas derived from the literature survey are a hybrid solar-wind energy system
in combination with a rechargeable battery to supply continuous power to the device. The
main combination used for standalone hybrid system is the solar and wind turbine. The
battery can be used only for a storage and supply purpose and it again reduces the life of
the battery and this can be rectified by providing the battery as a source and connect to the
DC link using a bidirectional converter. The benefit of the suggested method includes the
improved prediction ability and the lesser complexity in attaining the optimal values. A more
sustainable and efficient system is proposed by us which is a hybrid system with the use of
renewable energy include a pv cell, wind generator, and battery.
The power supplies usually used to power up the portable low power device are studied and
it is found that the battery powered system is the efficient one as the battery can provide
continuous power to the device but the battery should be recharged when it is needed and
the should allow the battery to discharge beyond a 40% of its SOC. The discharge of battery
beyond the 40 % will reduce the life of the battery and hence it is not efficient method. The
battery should be supported with another source like solar to make it a stand alone system.
The solar panel itself cannot ensure the battery life and also there is need of another source.
It can be wind or fuel cell depending upon the constraints like cost and the environmental
conditions like wind availability.

Chapter 3
PROBLEM DEFINITION AND

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The portable electronic devices which are mainly operates on 5V is powered using batteries
which can be primary or secondary type. The Continuous usage of battery reduces the life
time of the corresponding battery and primary batteries have to replaced and the secondary
batteries should be charged frequently. It reduces the utility of the device. Hence an alternate
energy source should be connected along with the battery to charge the battery when needed.
The normally used type is that the renewable energy source preferably solar is connected to
the battery and the battery then supplies the charge to the device. This practice also increases
the using of battery. The role of battery in powering up the device should be reduced and
hence the battery is connected as an extra source to the DC link. The hybrid system which
consists of a solar panel, wind turbine and battery is developed and the block diagram is
shown in figure 3.1 The system consists of three primary sources which are PV panel, wind
turbine and battery. Three sources are connected to the load parallelly through their
corresponding converters. The PV panel is connected to the load through a DC to DC buck
converter to give a voltage output of 5V. Buck converter down converts the input voltage to a
low voltage Because of the non-linear P-V and I-V characteristics of the PV array, and the
consequences of varying environment conditions, particularly irradiation and temperature,
tracking the correct Maximum Power Point (MPP) is a challenging task [9][10]. Using the
information provided (MPP current or voltage) by MPPT, the duty cycle of the DC-DC buck
converter is adjusted using PID controller to match the MPP, which in turn forces the

3.2 PV Model
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram
converter to extract the maximum power from the PV array [1].
3.2 PV Model
Solar panels are the medium to convert solar power into the electrical power. Solar panels
can convert the energy directly or heat the water with the induced energy. PV (Photo-voltaic)
cells are made up from semiconductor structures as in the computer technologies. Sun beam
is absorbed with this material and electrons are emitted from the atoms that they are bounded.
This release activates a current. Photovoltaic is known as the process between beam absorbed
and the electricity induced. With a common principle and individual components, solar power
is converted into the electric power The PV system consists of PV arrays and corresponding
DC/AC converter modules. When exposed to sunlight, photons which have energy greater
than the band gap energy of the semiconductor are absorbed and create some electron hole -
pair proportional to the incident radiation [2]. The equations of the output current is given by,
• I ph = (Iscr + ki ∗ (T − Tr )) ∗ (s/1000)
• Irs = Irr ∗ ((T /Tr )3 )
• I0 = N p ∗ i ph − N p ∗ Irs ((e( q/k ∗ T ∗ A) ∗ v0 /Ns) − 1)
• P0 = V0 ∗ I0

3.3 Wind Model
Figure 3.2: Electrical model of Solar panel
The solar panel can be modelled mathematically as well as electrically. The

mathematical model can be obtained by implementing the equations that are described in the
chapter3 using the SIMULINK mathematical block. By theoretically the PV cell can be
modelled as shown in figure, which consists of a controlled current source, diode, series and
parallel resistance. The current drawn from the source is controlled by a parameter called
irradiance. This states the fact that the solar cell output depends on the irradiance which is
the intensity of the solar light and temperature. The forward voltage of the diode is set in
such a way that Vf = (open circuit voltage of PV) / (knee voltage of diode).
3.3 Wind Model

The wind direction is an important factor, because if we have sudden changes in the direction
meaning that we have strong winds, it is mandatory to stop the wind energy production to
not damage the equipment. Knowing the predominant wind direction we can select the ideal
spot for the wind turbine. In addition, we cannot convert all the wind energy into electricity;
we can only convert 59%, according to Betz limit. When using an optimized system, the
power available is:
Pw = 0.5 ∗Cp ∗ ∗A ∗V w3
Where is the air density, which is equal to 1.225 kg/m2 , Cp is the power coefficient, Vw is
the wind speed in (m/s) and A is the area swept by the rotor in (m2 ). [4]
The amount of aerodynamic torque Tw in (N-m) is given by the ratio between the power

3.4 DC to DC Buck Converter
extracted from the wind Pw and turbine rotor speed Ww in (rad /s) as follows
•Tw = Pw ∗ ww
Figure 3.3: Electrical Model of Wind Generator
The wind generator can also be modelled both mathematically and electrically. The
electrical model of the wind generator is shown in the figure4.3. Wind generator is replaced
as an AC source it can be controlled so as to define the relation between the output of the
wind generator and the wind speed. It again relates the dependency of the renewable source
to the climatic conditions. The output from the wind generator is fluctuating and it has to be
maintained to a constant value
3.4 DC to DC Buck Converter

DC to DC Buck converter consists of dc input voltage source VS, controlled switch S, diode
D, filter inductor L, filter capacitor C, and load resistance R. It can be seen from the circuit
that when the switch S is commanded to the on state, the diode D is reverse-biased. When
the switch S is off, the diode conducts to support an uninterrupted current in the inductor.
Output Voltage, Vo = dVg

3.5 Boost Converter
Design of inductor (L)= L = ((1-d)RTs)/I

Design of Capacitor(C) = C = ((1-d)Ts*Ts)/8Lv
Where d is duty cycle, Ts is switching time, I is the current ripple and v is the voltage ripple.
Figure 3.4: Buck Converter
3.5 Boost Converter

It consists of dc input voltage source VS, boost inductor L, controlled switch S, diode D,
filter capacitor C, and load resistance R. The DC to DC boost converter up converts the input
voltage to a higher voltage. When the switch S is in the on state, the current in the boost
inductor increases linearly and the diode D is off at that time. When the switch S is turned
off, the energy stored in the inductor is released through the diode to the output RC circuit.
Output Voltage Vo =Vg/(1 – d)
Design of inductor (L)= L = (d((1 − d)2 )RT s)/I
Design of Capacitor(C) = C = dTs/Rv
3.6 DC to DC Bidirectional Converter

DC to DC bidirectional buck boost converter can control current flow in both directions.
Hence this circuit is commonly used to charge and discharge a battery storage connected to a
DC link. If the State of Charge (SOC) of the battery is more than 80% then, the battery can

3.7 Power management unit
Figure 3.5: Boost Converter
discharge energy to the DC link and if it is less than 40%, then the battery charges by Taking
energy from the DC link. Here the synchronous buck converter is used as the bidirectional
converter. The circuit will work in buck mode, while it is discharging its energy to the DC
link and will work in boost mode while charging from the DC link to battery. In the circuit,
when switch S1 is ON the battery will discharge and when switch S2 is ON the battery will
charge. The switches S and S2 are provided with complementary PWMs
Figure 3.6: Bidirectional Converter
3.7 Power management unit

Power management unit is mainly comprises of a controller which generates the PWMs
for the power converters. The output voltage supplied to the load is kept constant by feed
backing the output voltage[5]. The output voltage is fed back and compared with the desired
voltage level. The error voltage is given to the PID controller whose Kp, Ki, Kd constants
are tuned in such a way that it generates a control voltage which can be compared with ramp

3.8 Conclusion
signals to generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for the DC to DC converters. The boost
converter is controlled by the PWM which is generated by feed backing the output voltage[3].
The switches in the DC to DC bidirectional converter (DBC) are controlled by checking the
state of charge of the battery as well as the surplus energy in the DC link.
3.8 Conclusion
The block diagram of the proposed system is designed and each block specification, its design
and its function in the whole system is identified. The system is seems to be good for the
circuit design and simulation. The simulation can be done by using SIMULINK/MATLAB
and the design of the each the circuit elements.

Chapter 4
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Introduction
The design of the sustainable power source for portable electronic applications includes the
renewable sources like photovoltaic panel and wind turbine along with the battery storage.
Appropriate power converters are used to derive optimum power from the sources and also
in order to maintain the DC link voltage to 5V. The system is designed in such a way so as
to power up an electronic portable low power portable device. Solar panel of 6 V or 12 V
is utilized as the primary source. The wind turbine is a micro wind turbine which is made
from a DC motor and small blades which gives about 3 -5V DC output. The battery storage
used can be a lithium ion type or lead acid type rechargeable battery of 12V and capacity
about 1Ah. The battery capacity is designed such that the battery should drive the load in the
absence of both solar and wind. The circuit can be analysed and designed sequentially by
selecting the different sources alone and its combinations. Solar panel, wind turbine and the
battery storage are connected to the load and tested independently.
4.2 Case 1: Solar Alone

AS the solar irradiation is free of cost and most cheap source, the solar can be considered as
the primary source. The load is connected to the solar panel and analyse the performance.
4.2.1 Simulation Model

As the DC link voltage is set as 5V which is much lower than the open circuit voltage of 6V
or 12V panel and hence in order to down convert the higher DC voltage, a buck converter is
used. Buck converter is a combination of switch, inductor, diode and capacitor which are

4.2 Case 1: Solar Alone
arranged as shown in the simulation model. The values of the components are calculated
from the equation shown in the chapter 3, section buck converter. 3mH inductance and 160uF
capacitor is used for the buck converter. The Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) pulses are given
to the switch for the proper working of the circuit. The output of the DC to Dc buck converter
depends on the duty cycle ratio of the Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) pulses. In order to
derive maximum power from the PV panel, the voltage corresponding to the Maximum
Power Point (MPP) is given as the voltage reference and the voltage output from the PV
panel is compared with it and the resulting error voltage is given to the PID controller and
the resulting control voltage is compared with a repetitive saw tooth wave form to generate
the Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) pulses. The PWM pulses having the different duty ratio
triggers the switch and the input voltage is boosted and also the voltage from the Photo
Voltaic panel settles at the voltage at which the PV provides maximum power. The Buck
converter will work effectively and the bus voltage will be maintained at 5V itself. The
output current from the solar will be varied and the power remains constant.
Figure 4.1: Solar panel and buck converter
4.2.2 Result
The electrical model of the solar panel with 7V Vmax is connected with load 75 ohms and the
output wave forms are shown in the figure 4.2 and 4.3. In figure 4.2, the output voltage across
the load resistance is shown which settles at 5V after a delay about 0.2 s. The voltage across
the solar panel is settles on 8 V and the control loop is given in such a way that it extracts the

4.3 Case 2 : Wind Alone
maximum power from the source. The solar cell itself provides the current required to drive
the load. The higher voltage from the solar panel is down converted using the buck converter
effectively. Even if the solar panel can provide energy to the load during the day time, and
the system is inefficient to meet the load requirements of the load during the night time. As
the irradiation curve is at maximum during the noon and minimum during the night.
Figure 4.2: Voltage output (blue-PV voltage, red - Load voltage)
Figure 4.3: Load current

Wind turbine is a device which is used to convert the mechanical energy to the electrical
energy. The output from the wind turbine depends the available wind speed at the location.

The electrical model of the wind turbine is used for the simplicity of the system. In the
hardware in order to avoid the need of rectifier circuit, the micro wind turbine is made with a
DC motor and the output voltage is considerably low. In order to make it to 5V, which is the
bus voltage, the voltage is up converted using a DC to DC boost converter, which is shown in
Figure4.4
Figure 4.4: Wind Generator and Boost Converter
The Boost converter consists of a switch, diode, inductor, and capacitor. The value of the
capacitor is 5400uF and inductor is 3mH which is calculated using the equations given is
chapter 3. The input voltage is up converted using this circuit to 5 V. As the voltage output
from the wind generator is fluctuating the output voltage also will be variant if the switch is
triggered with constant duty cycle. To rectify this the duty cycle of the switching pulse is
varied by providing Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) pulses. The output voltage is compared
with the voltage reference which is 5V. If the voltage output is greater or less than the desired
voltage, then the error voltage is fed back to the PID controller. The parameters of the PID
controller is set as per the requirement and the control voltage is compared with a repetitive
saw tooth wave form and the resulting PWM pulses are given to the switch of the DC to DC
boost converter, hence the voltage in the Dc link is maintained.

4.3.2 Results
Figure 4.5: Voltage output when wind is connected
Figure 4.6: Load current when wind is connected
The simulation outputs of the wind alone system is shown in the figures 4.5 and 4.6. The
output from the wind generator is fluctuating and it contains lots of ripples. In the simulation
model, the output of the wind turbine also depends on the efficiency of the rectifier which is
present in the electrical model of the wind turbine. That is the ripples are more in the output
hence the output of the boost converter also fluctuating. The settling the of the output takes
long time compared to solar alone system. The current is also full of ripples and using the
wind alone require more sophisticated design of each circuit elements. But the wind system
is suitable for the regions having good wind availability.

4.4 Case 3 : Battery Alone
4.4 Case 3 : Battery Alone

Battery is the most basic source that is used to power up the portable electronic device. It can
provide constant supply to the device and as long as there is charge in the battery. The battery
is an ideal source and this can be connected directly to the load or it can also be connected
through a power converter circuit.
Figure 4.7: Battery and Bidirectional Converter
The storage battery (either lead acid or lithium ion) is connected to the system as a source
not only for storage purpose. Hence the battery is connected to the DC link using a DC to DC
Bidirectional Converter. The bidirectional converter is able to work in boost as well as buck
mode. Battery selected is of 12V and 1.3Ah Lead acid battery. As the DC link voltage is fixed
as 5V and the battery discharges to the DC link in buck mode and the charging of the battery
from the DC link is done in boost mode. The battery model is available with the SIMULINK
library and the bidirectional converter used is synchronous buck converter which consists of
inductor, capacitor and two switches which should be triggered using complementary pulses.
The battery charging and discharging are also controlled as per the output requirement. If
the output current from the renewable sources are not enough to drive the load, then battery
will supply required current to the load. The battery only discharges upto 30% of its State Of

4.5 Case 4: Solar and battery Combination
Charge (SOC) and after that the battery will charge to 100% state of charge by taking energy
from the DC link itself.
4.4.2 Results
Figure 4.8: Voltage output when battery is connected
The figure 4.7, shows the output voltage when the battery is connected as the input source.
As the battery is connected to the load through a BDC, the output of the load settles downs
after 0.2 seconds and the battery can supply continuous voltage to the load. When the battery
state of charge (SOC) is falls down to 40% , it requires an another source to charge the battery.
If the battery is allowed to discharge beyond 40%, the life of the battery reduces. To increase
the life of the battery, it should not be allowed to charge beyond SOC 40%. Using a battery
alone to a system is inefficient as it requires frequent charging. Dependng on the AC mains
for recharging, reduces the utility of the device. Hence integrating a battery system require
an alternate source to recharge the battery when needed.

Battery requires an alternate system to charge the battery when needed. As the solar panel is
very cheap and the commonly used renewable source, the battery and solar panel combination
can be used.

Figure 4.9: Solar panel and Battery Combination

The solar alone and battery alone system has its own limitations and hence they are combined
together by parallely connecting to the load resistance (Figure 4.8). There is no change in the
simulation models of each systems. In the combined operation of the battery and the solar
panel can stabilize the voltage of the load independent of the climatic conditions. During
the day the solar panel will power up the device and when there is no enough irradiation,
the battery will provide supply to the device. The battery will charge from the solar panel
during the favourable conditions like enough irradiation and temperature. As the battery is
connected to the DC link through a BDC, the excess current produced by the solar panel is
stored in the battery.
4.5.2 Results
The combination of the solar panel as well as battery shows a good performance than the
normal connection of the sources alone to the load. The output voltage (Figure 4.10)across
the load settles down within limited time delay than the other combination outputs voltage.
The fluctuations are less in the output voltage as well as current. The current which is
generated from the PV panel is greater than the load requirement then the battery will get
charged. Hence the current from the battery is negative current(Figure 4.11)

Figure 4.10: Output voltage for the combination of battery and solar
Figure 4.11: Current Waveforms

4.6 Conclusion
4.6 Conclusion
In order to power up the electronic device, the best choice of the power supply is the
combination of the solar panel and battery. The output voltage of the DC bus is maintained
at 5 V. The time required to settle the voltage across the load is very much less when we use
the combination of battery and solar panel. In order to provide supply to the load without
any interruption, two sources are not enough or else the capacity of the battery has to be
increased. But as the capacity of the battery increases, the size of the battery as well as its
weight increases. This makes the power difficult to carry and hence it is no longer a portable
power supply.

Chapter 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Introduction
The best suited stand alone power source for a portable electronic applications is a hybrid
system which consists of more than one input source. The battery and solar panel combination
of the sources is best suited but still it also increases the usage of the battery. To provide
uninterrupted supply to the device or the load and decrease the usage of battery it requires
more than one renewable source along with battery. All the input sources should be connected
to a DC link directly. The energy from each renewable system is unpredictable and hence the
energy from each source should be managed properly. The power management algorithm
should be developed to maintain the bus voltage at the desired level, to extract the maximum
voltage from the solar panel, wind turbine and also to control the charging and discharging
of the battery.
5.2 Hybrid System

The hybrid system consists of solar panel, wind turbine and battery stack. The hybrid power
source is designed in such a way that all the sources are connected to the common DC link.
The power management unit

The individual simulation of each source is combined together and parallely connected to the
resistive load. The resistive load of about 100 ohms is used to analyse the behaviour of the
system. The PWMs generation blocks of each simulation model is combined to form the
power management unit. Power management unit is mainly comprises of a controller which

5.2 Hybrid System
Figure 5.1: Complete Simulation Model
generates the PWMs for the power converters. The output voltage supplied to the load is kept
constant by feed backing the output voltage[5]. The output voltage is fed back and compared
with the desired voltage level. The error voltage is given to the PID controller whose Kp,
Ki, Kd constants are tuned in such a way that it generates a control voltage which can be
compared with ramp signals to generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for the DC to DC
converters.
5.2.2 Results
The output load is given as 75 ohms and the current requirement of the load is satisfied by the
input sources. In the simulation result its is clear that the output voltage is settled down at 5V
after a delay of about 0.2 seconds. the voltage output of both solar and wind is maintained at
7V and 3.5 V respectively. The settling of the solar as well as wind voltage takes a set up
time of about 0.2V and at this time, the energy is given to the load by the battery. When the
voltage of the input sources is enough to drive the load, the battery stops discharging and
if there is surplus charge in the DC link, the battery gets charged through the bidirectional
converter.
The current from the solar is 1.38A and it is assumed that no current flow from the wind
turbine, that is wind output is considered as zero. A part of the current is given to the output
load from the solar panel and remaining current is charged to the battery, which is the power
management scheme described by this project.

5.2 Hybrid System
Figure 5.2: Voltage Waveforms
Figure 5.3: Output Current Waveforms

5.3 Hardware Implementation

The simulation model is implemented in the hardware section preserving the values of the
circuit components like capacitor, inductor etc. The whole circuit can be divided into 4
sections.
• Power supply section
• Driver circuit
• Power converters section
• Power management unit
5.3.1 Power supply Section

The 12V battery supply is taken as the main power supply to the whole circuit system and
the voltage is given to a regulator 7812 and then to 7805 to provide 12V and 5V supply
respectively. The 12V supply is given to the driver circuit and the 5V supply is given to the
controller.
Figure 5.4: Power Supply Circuit
5.3.2 Driver Section

The PWM pulses from the controller are not compactable to drive the MOSFET switches
included in the power converter circuit. In order to made the pulses compactable driver
circuits are used which shown in the figure 4.6. The PWM pulses are inverted using 7414

and then it is given to the anode of TLP250. The output pulses are taken from the pins 6 and
7 are directly fed to the gate of the MOSFET switches.
Figure 5.5: Driver Circuit
5.3.3 Power converter Section

The DC to DC buck converter, boost converter, and bidirectional converter are designed for
solar panel, wind turbine and battery respectively. The circuit follows the exact configuration
as shown in the simulation model of each converter
The system is implemented in hardware and the output is obtained successfully. The
solar panel of 12V and 100mA is connected as the input source. The wind turbine voltage is
given using a Dc wind micro turbine and the 12V, 1.3Ah Lead Acid Battery is connected to
the input side as well as power supply side.

Figure 5.6: Completed Circuit

5.4
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Dept. of ECE
5.4 Circuit Diagram
5.5 Conclusion
The hardware set up in shown in the figure5. and the PCb layout of the whole circuit is
drawn using the Eagle software and the circuit elements are placed and soldered properly.
Figure 5.7: Output voltage
The DSO output are shown in the above figures and it is clear that the whole system
output settles at 5V and the PWMs are generated in such a way to maintain the DC link
voltage. The PWMs are generated from the controller and is amplified using the TLP driver
circuit. The amplified pulses are given to the gate region of the MOSFETs of the three
converters. Figure 5.7 shows the stabilized final output of the system during the condition of
full load and all input source voltages are readily available. The output voltage settles down
at the desired output voltage that is 5V.
5.5 Conclusion
The whole system is simulated and designed properly. The output from the simulation and
the hardware set up got properly. The simulations outputs matches with the hardware DSO
outputs and the output of the system remains constant as the solar and wind output varies as
per the climatic conditions.

Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 Introduction
The objective of his project was to design a portable power system that combines a wind
turbine a solar panel and a battery in one single unit. The main idea of combining the two
types of systems together was to try to archive a constant power production, which would be
available most of the time. Our hybrid system is capable of producing continuous power in a
day. However, the purpose of this system was not to power a house or any large system, our
main goal was to provide a power solution for remote areas that are not fitted with an electric
distribution system. These types of systems are known today as remote area power supply
(RAPS) which can be very useful in many locations around the globe.
The power output of 5V might seem low at a first glance. However, we must consider that a
remote area will not use the same number of electrical components as in a “typical modern
home” so in many cases this power output can be extremity helpful. The capacity to generate
this much power can be lifesaving in many situations. Our final product turned out to be
a successes and the greatest feature of our design is the portability of the system. All the
components can easily be disassembled into small pieces, facilitating transportation, and
reassembly just as easily in any location where there is some wind/sun.
6.2 Expected Outcome

The sustainable system should maintain the DC link voltage even if the source conditions are
changed. When the solar and wind output is varying the battery supplies the required power
to the load. As the load varies the current requirement also varies. The required current
which is required to drive the load is given by any source alone or its combination.

6.3 Future Work
6.3 Future Work

The final product which has been developed works as designed. Though much time and
work has been invested in designing and developing this product, there is still many other
ideas which were not developed because of time constraints. Like is the case with every
product development team in the manufacturing world, time is always a problem. Teams
wish to have unlimited time to invest on developing a product but it is more important to
bring something out to the table early to see how it is perceived by the customers. If things
seem unpleasant or if modifications need to be done a second version of the product will be
worked on and released.
As a team with many innovative ideas we believe that the implementation of the following
ideas will make the designed Solar and Wind Hybrid Power System a better product:
• Design and adapt a light weight base that is permanently fixed to the lower of the
power system
Many portable power systems in the market have been developing their products with
built in bases. They are lightweight and are easy to assemble. By implementing a built
in base to the design, customers will not have to worry about how they will be setting
up their power system.
• Design and manufacture a cover for the permanent magnet wind turbine generator.
In order to better protect the product and reduce customer complaints in the future,
it is always a good idea to take protect the systems key component. By developing a
cover for the generator, quality will increase tremendously as it will be protected from
rain, snow, and dirt. Throughout time, these types of particles can have a tremendous
burden on the system.
• Improve the power conversion from the Solar Panel Maximum power can be obtained
from the panel can be efficiently done employing any algorithms like P&O , and
Genetic Algorithm.
• The DC wireless power transfer technology can be integrated to the circuit. The hybrid
system can
6.4 Conclusion
This project has described a sustainable power source for portable electronic applications
which includes the PV panel, micro wind turbine and lead acid batteries as the sources.

6.4 Conclusion
The modelling of the sources as well as the simulation of the whole circuit is done with
MATLAB/SIMULINK. It is found that the system can supply uninterrupted power to the
load even under the unfavourable conditions like less irradiation and low wind speed. The
battery charges from the DC link as the energy produced by the renewable sources is more
than enough to meet the requirements of the load. The battery will work in discharging mode
as there is no sufficient energy available from the renewable sources to drive the load. If the
energy produces by the load is enough to drive the load and the State of Charge (SOC) of the
battery is 100%, the battery is neither recharging and nor charging. The simulation model is
flexible so that we can check the system performance in each location according to climatic
condition of that location by giving the irradiation values as well as the wind data to this
model. Power management unit is and load requirements.

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[39] A. Lidozzi and L. Solero (2004) “ Power balance control of multiple-input DCDC
converter for hybrid vehicles.” Proc. IEEE ISIE VOL. 2, 1467-1472.
[40] O. C. Onar, et al., (2006) “ Dynamic modeling, design and simulation of a wind/fuel
cell/ultra-capacitor-based hybrid power generation system,” Journal of Power Sources,
. vol. 161, pp. 707-722, 2006.
[41] Ipsakis, D., Voutetakis, S., Seferlis, P., Stergiopoulos, F., Elmasides, C.: (2009) “ Power
management strategies for a standalone power system using renewable energy sources
and hydrogen storage” Int. J. Hydrog.Energy, 2009, 34, (16), pp. 7081–7095.
[42] Natsheh, E.M., Albarbar, A., Yazdani, J.:(2011) “ Modelling and control for smart grid
integration of solar/wind energy conversion system.” IEEE PES Int. Conf. Exhibition
on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, Manchester, England, December 2011.
[43] Natsheh, E.M., Albarbar, A (2012) “ Solar power plant performance evaluation:
simulation and experimental validation” J. Phys. Conf. .Ser., 2012, 364, (1), pp. 1–13
[44] M. Victoria et al.(2011) “ Characterization of the spatial distribution of irradiance and
spectrum in concentrating photovoltaic systems and their effect on multi-junction solar
cells.” rog. Photovoltaics, Res. Appl. . vol. 21,pp. 308–311, May 2011.
[45] L. Xu, X. Ruan, C. Mao, B. Zhang, and Y. Luo(2013) “ An improved optimal sizing
method for wind-solar-battery hybrid power system,”” IEEE Trans. Sustainable Enery.,.
vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 774785, Jul. 2013
[46] A. Lizodi (2008) “ Power control of DCDC converter for hybrid vehicles.” Proc. IEEE
ISIE VOL. 2, 1467-1472.
[47] S.K. Kim, J.H. Jeon, C.H.Cho, J.B. Ahn, an S.H. Kwon,(2008) “ Dynamic Modeling
and Control of a Grid-Connected Hybrid Generation System with Versatile Power
Transfer” IEEE Trans. Industrial electronics, 55(4),1677 – 1688, 2008
[48] K.H. Hussein,I. Muta,T. Hoshino, and M. Osakada (2002) “ “Maximum photovoltaic
power tracking.” IEE Proc., Gener. Transm. Distrib. Ind. Electron., 45,(1), 59-64,
2002
[49] R. Yokoyama, Y. Hida, K. Koyanagi, and K. Iba (2011) “ The role of battery systems
and expandable distribution networks for smarter grid,”.” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy
Soc. Gen. Meeting,. 2011, pp. 1–6
[50] N. Saito, T. Niimura, K. Koyanagi, and R. Yokoyama(2009) “ Quantitative evaluations
of CO2 reduction by microgrid with PV and Battery,”.” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy
Eng. Conf.,5 Mar. 27–31, 2009, pp. 1–

Appendix A
APPENDIX
DATA SHEETS
• Solar Panel
• TLP250
• Lead Acid Battery
• 7414
• IRF540

TPS A.1Series
Solar Panel
A.1 Solar Panel

DATA SHEET
Heavy Duty Solar Panels

Features
 Outstanding Low Light Performance
 Solar cells laminated with TPT/EVA bi-layer for long life. 25
year solar cell output warranty
 High Efficiency with high transparency low iron tempered
glass cover. Rugged extruded anodized aluminum frame
 Sealed for protection from harsh environments
 Enclosed junction box for wired connections
TPS-12-10 and TPS-12-30
Applications 12V 10W and 30W Panels
 Battery Charging Applications  Surveillance Cameras

 Wireless Base Stations  Outdoor Lighting
 Remote Sensors  Backup Power Systems
Description
The TPS series solar panels are high efficiency designs
with excellent low light performance. The multicrystalline
silicon solar cells from Germany are laminated with a TPT
(Tedlar/Polyester/Tedlar) and EVA (Ethylene Vinyl
Acetate) bi-layer for high reliability and long life. The cell
array is sealed in a heavy duty extruded aluminum frame
with a high transparency low iron tempered glass cover to
protect the solar cells from harsh environments; hail, wind,
snow and ice.
The solar panels are easy to mount because of the
aluminum frame design. The wired connections are via a
weatherproof junction box on the back of the panels. 5W Solar Panel

10W Solar Panel
Page 2 TPS Series
A.1 Solar Panel
Specifications
TPS-12-5 TPS-12-10 TPS-12-30 TPS-24-30
Maximum Power (+/-5%) 5W 10W 30W 30W
Voltage at Pmax (Vmp) 17V 17V 17.2V 34.4V
Current at Pmax (Imp) 0.29A 0.58A 1.74A 0.87A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.6V 21.6V 21.6V 43.2V
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 0.34A 0.68A 1.93A 0.97A
Short Circuit I Temp Coeff .065% / °C
Open Circuit V Temp Coeff -80mV / °C
Output Power Temp Coeff 0.5%/°C
Wind Survivability 201kph (125mph)
Hailstone Survivability 1” @ 50mph
Operating Temperature -40 to +85°C

Continuous Power
Capability 1.25W 2.5W 8W 8W
(6hrs average sunlight per day)
222 x 270 x 17mm 302 x 357 x 30mm 541 x 510 x 30mm 541 x 510 x 30mm
Size (8.7 x 10.6 x 0.67”) (11.9 x 14 x 1.2”) (21.3 x 20 x 1.2”) (21.3 x 20 x 1.2”)
Weight 0.75kg (1.7lb) 1.6kg (3.5lb) 3.8kg (8.4lb) 3.8kg (8.4lb)
IV Curves
Notes:
 All shipments F.O.B. Bluffdale, UT 84065
 Tycon Power Systems Solar Panels carry a 5 year limited
warranty and a 25 year limited power output warranty
System Ordering:
TPS-12-5 12V 5W Heavy Duty Solar Panel
TPS-24-30 24V 30W Heavy Duty Solar Panel 30W Solar Panel
For further information contact:

Tyconpower.com
693 Draper Heights Way Ste 102
Draper, UT 84020
PH: 801-432-0003
FAX: 801-618-4220
TPS Series Spec Rev 4 13-Apr-12 53Without Notice
Specifications Subject to Change Dept. of ECE
TLP250
TOSHIBA Photocoupler GaAlAs Ired & Photo−IC
A.2 TLP250
TLP250
A.2 TLP250
Transistor Inverter
Inverter For Air Conditionor
Unit in mm
IGBT Gate Drive
Power MOS FET Gate Drive
The TOSHIBA TLP250 consists of a GaAlAs light emitting diode and a

integrated photodetector.
This unit is 8−lead DIP package.
TLP250 is suitable for gate driving circuit of IGBT or power MOS FET.
• Input threshold current: IF=5mA(max.)

• Supply current (ICC): 11mA(max.)
• Supply voltage (VCC): 10−35V
• Output current (IO): ±1.5A (max.)
• Switching time (tpLH/tpHL): 1.5µs(max.)
• Isolation voltage: 2500Vrms(min.)
• UL recognized: UL1577, file No.E67349
• Option (D4) type
VDE approved: DIN VDE0884/06.92,certificate No.76823 TOSHIBA 11−10C4
Maximum operating insulation voltage: 630VPK Weight: 0.54 g
Highest permissible over voltage: 4000VPK
(Note) When a VDE0884 approved type is needed,

please designate the "option (D4)"
• Creepage distance: 6.4mm(min.)
Clearance: 6.4mm(min.)
Schmatic Pin Configuration (top view)

ICC
VCC 1 8
8
IF (Tr 1)
2 7
2+ VO
7
VF 3 6
3- VO
IO 6
4 5
(Tr 2)
GND
1 : N.C.
5
A 0.1µF bypass capcitor must be 2 : Anode
connected between pin 8 and 5 (See Note 5). 3 : Cathode
4 : N.C.
5 : GND
6 : VO (Output)
7 : VO
8 : VCC
Truth Table
Tr1 Tr2
Input
College ofOn On
Engineering Off
Munnar 54 Dept. of ECE
LED Off Off On
1 2004-06-25
TLP250
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Ta = 25°C)
A.2 TLP250
Characteristic Symbol Rating Unit
Forward current IF 20 mA
Forward current derating (Ta ≥ 70°C) ∆IF / ∆Ta −0.36 mA / °C

LED
Peak transient forward curent (Note 1) IFPT 1 A
Reverse voltage VR 5 V
Junction temperature Tj 125 °C
“H”peak output current (PW ≤ 2.5µs,f ≤ 15kHz) (Note 2) IOPH −1.5 A

“L”peak output current (PW ≤ 2.5µs,f ≤ 15kHz) (Note 2) IOPL +1.5 A
(Ta ≤ 70°C) 35
Output voltage VO V
(Ta = 85°C) 24
Detector
(Ta ≤ 70°C) 35
Supply voltage VCC V
(Ta = 85°C) 24
Output voltage derating (Ta ≥ 70°C) ∆VO / ∆Ta −0.73 V / °C
Supply voltage derating (Ta ≥ 70°C) ∆VCC / ∆Ta −0.73 V / °C
Junction temperature Tj 125 °C
Operating frequency (Note 3) f 25 kHz
Operating temperature range Topr −20~85 °C
Storage temperature range Tstg −55~125 °C
Lead soldering temperature (10 s) (Note 4) Tsol 260 °C
Isolation voltage (AC, 1 min., R.H.≤ 60%) (Note 5) BVS 2500 Vrms
Note 1: Pulse width PW ≤ 1µs, 300pps
Note 2: Exporenential wavefom
Note 3: Exporenential wavefom, IOPH ≤ −1.0A( ≤ 2.5µs), IOPL ≤ +1.0A( ≤ 2.5µs)
Note 4: It is 2 mm or more from a lead root.
Note 5: Device considerd a two terminal device: Pins 1, 2, 3 and 4 shorted together, and pins 5, 6, 7 and 8 shorted
together.
Note 6: A ceramic capacitor(0.1µF) should be connected from pin 8 to pin 5 to stabilize the operation of the high
gain linear amplifier. Failure to provide the bypassing may impair the switching proparty. The total lead
length between capacitor and coupler should not exceed 1cm.
Recommended Operating Conditions
Characteristic Symbol Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Input current, on (Note 7) IF(ON) 7 8 10 mA

Input voltage, off VF(OFF) 0 ― 0.8 V
Supply voltage VCC 15 ― 30 20 V
Peak output current IOPH/IOPL ― ― ±0.5 A
Operating temperature Topr −20 25 70 85 °C
Note 7: Input signal rise time (fall time) < 0.5 µs.
2 2004-06-25
Sealed Lead Acid Batteries
A.3 Lead Acid Battery

12V 1.3AH Sealed Lead Acid Battery
A.3 Lead Acid Battery
The 'Online' range of sealed lead acid batteries are
maintenance free, valve regulated and leak proof ideally
suited to all 'standby applications'
There will be no loss in power output over the battery life.
Low self-discharge of about 2-3% per month compared
with 20-30% for more common battery systems.
Quality construction with no compromise on materials to
ensure a long service life.
Low internal resistance means a high discharge rate.
Wide operating temperature range operating between -15°
C to +50 ° C when fully charged.
Product Specification
General Specification Applications

12V
 Lighting Equipment
Nominal Voltage
Rated Cap 1.3AH  Emergency Lighting

Approx. Weight 0.57kg  Toys & Consumer Electronics
Standard F3-TAB 187E  Fire Alarm & Security Systems
Terminal
Optional
Charge 0°C (32°F) - 40°C (104°F)

Operation
Discharge -20°C (-4°F) - 50°C (122°F)
Temperature
Dimensions
Storage -20°C (-4°F) - 40°C (104°F)
20 hour rate
1.3AH
(0.165A)
10 hour rate 1.17AH
Capacity 25° (77°F)
5 hour rate 1.04AH
1 hour rate (1.98A) 0.78AH
40°C (104°F) 103%
Capacity affected by 25°C (77°F) 100%

temperature 0°C (32°F) 86%
-15°C (5°F) 65%

Order Code
Capacity after 3 91%
Self-Discharge at 25ºC Capacity after 6 LY11-042-19
82%
(77ºF) (Before recharge) month
Capacity after 12
64%
month
Constant Cycle Initial Charging Current ≤0.39A
voltage
charge Standby 13.5V - 13.8V at 25°C (77°F)
College of Engineering
Max discharge current 19.5A
Munnar 56 Dept. of ECE
Churchill Way, Nelson, Lancashire BB9 6RT Email: sales@lynteck.co.uk

www.lynteck.co.uk Tel: 01282 717 490 Fax: 01282 698 020 Technical Support (Mon-Fri 9am-5pm): 0906 711 2329 (calls charged at 50p per minute)
Company policy is one of continuous improvement, we reserve the right to change specification without prior notice
IRF540, SiHF540
A.4 IRF540
Vishay Siliconix
A.4 IRF540
Power MOSFET
FEATURES
PRODUCT SUMMARY
• Dynamic dV/dt Rating
VDS (V) 100
• Repetitive Avalanche Rated Available
RDS(on) () VGS = 10 V 0.077
• 175 °C Operating Temperature RoHS*
Qg (Max.) (nC) 72 COMPLIANT
• Fast Switching
Qgs (nC) 11
Qgd (nC) 32
• Ease of Paralleling
Configuration Single • Simple Drive Requirements
• Compliant to RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC
D
TO-220AB DESCRIPTION
Third generation Power MOSFETs from Vishay provide the
designer with the best combination of fast switching,
ruggedized device design, low on-resistance and
G
cost-effectiveness.
The TO-220AB package is universally preferred for all
S commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation
D
G S levels to approximately 50 W. The low thermal resistance
N-Channel MOSFET
and low package cost of the TO-220AB contribute to its
wide acceptance throughout the industry.
ORDERING INFORMATION
Package TO-220AB
IRF540PbF
Lead (Pb)-free
SiHF540-E3
IRF540
SnPb
SiHF540
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (TC = 25 °C, unless otherwise noted)

PARAMETER SYMBOL LIMIT UNIT
Drain-Source Voltage VDS 100
V
Gate-Source Voltage VGS ± 20
TC = 25 °C 28
Continuous Drain Current VGS at 10 V ID
TC = 100 °C 20 A
Pulsed Drain Currenta IDM 110
Linear Derating Factor 1.0 W/°C
Single Pulse Avalanche Energyb EAS 230 mJ
Repetitive Avalanche Currenta IAR 28 A
Repetitive Avalanche Energya EAR 15 mJ
Maximum Power Dissipation TC = 25 °C PD 150 W
Peak Diode Recovery dV/dtc dV/dt 5.5 V/ns
Operating Junction and Storage Temperature Range TJ, Tstg - 55 to + 175
°C
Soldering Recommendations (Peak Temperature) for 10 s 300d
10 lbf · in
Mounting Torque 6-32 or M3 screw
1.1 N·m
Notes
a. Repetitive rating; pulse width limited by maximum junction temperature (see fig. 11).
b. VDD = 25 V, starting TJ = 25 °C, L = 440 μH, Rg = 25 , IAS = 28 A (see fig. 12).
c. ISD  28 A, dI/dt  170 A/μs, VDD  VDS, TJ  175 °C.
d. 1.6 mm from case.
* Pb containing terminations are not RoHS compliant, exemptions may apply

Document Number: of
College 91021
Engineering Munnar 57 www.vishay.com
Dept. of ECE
S11-0510-Rev. B, 21-Mar-11 1
This datasheet is subject to change without notice.
THE PRODUCT DESCRIBED HEREIN AND THIS DATASHEET ARE SUBJECT TO SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS, SET FORTH AT www.vishay.com/doc?91000
Product Sample & Technical Tools & Support &
Folder Buy Documents Software Community
A.5 7414
SN5414, SN54LS14, SN7414, SN74LS14
SDLS049C – DECEMBER 1983 – REVISED NOVEMBER 2016
A.5 7414
SNx414 and SNx4LS14 Hex Schmitt-Trigger Inverters
1 Features 3 Description
•
1 Operation From Very Slow Edges Each circuit in SNx414 and SNx4LS14 functions as
an inverter. However, because of the Schmitt-Trigger
• Improved Line-Receiving Characteristics action, they have different input threshold levels for
• High Noise Immunity positive-going (VT+) and negative-going (VT–) signals.
These circuits are temperature compensated and can
2 Applications be triggered from the slowest of input ramps and still
• HVAC Gateways give clean, jitter-free output signals.
• Residential Ductless Air Conditioning Outdoor
Units Device Information(1)
PART NUMBER PACKAGE BODY SIZE (NOM)
• Robotic Controls
SOIC (14) 4.90 mm × 3.91 mm
• Industrial Stepper Motors
SN7414, SSOP (14) 6.20 mm × 5.30 mm
• Power Meter and Power Analyzers SN74LS14 PDIP (14) 19.30 mm × 6.35 mm
• Digital Input Modules for Factory Automation
SO (14) 10.30 mm × 5.30 mm
CDIP (14) 19.56 mm × 6.67 mm
SN5414,
CFP (14) 9.21 mm × 5.97 mm
SN54LS14
LCCC (20) 8.89 mm × 8.89 mm
(1) For all available packages, see the orderable addendum at
the end of the data sheet.
Logic Diagram (Positive Logic)
A Y
Copyright © 2016, Texas Instruments Incorporated
An College
IMPORTANT of NOTICE
Engineering Munnar
at the end 58 availability, warranty, changes, use in safety-critical
of this data sheet addresses Dept. of applications,
ECE
intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers. PRODUCTION DATA.
A.6 LM7812
LM7805C, LM7812C, LM7815C
www.ti.com A.6 LM7812 SNOSBR7D – MAY 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
LM78XX Series Voltage Regulators

Check for Samples: LM7805C, LM7812C, LM7815C
FEATURES
1
The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3
package which will allow over 1.0A load current if
•
2 Output Current in Excess of 1A adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is
• Internal Thermal Overload Protection included to limit the peak output current to a safe
• No External Components Required value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is
provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal
• Output Transistor Safe Area Protection
power dissipation becomes too high for the heat
• Internal Short Circuit Current Limit sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes
• Available in the Aluminum TO-3 Package over preventing the IC from overheating.
Considerable effort was expanded to make the
DESCRIPTION LM78XX series of regulators easy to use and
The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is minimize the number of external components. It is not
available with several fixed output voltages making necessary to bypass the output, although this does
them useful in a wide range of applications. One of improve transient response. Input bypassing is
these is local on card regulation, eliminating the needed only if the regulator is located far from the
distribution problems associated with single point filter capacitor of the power supply.
regulation. The voltages available allow these
regulators to be used in logic systems, For output voltage other than 5V, 12V and 15V the
instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid state electronic LM117 series provides an output voltage range from
equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed 1.2V to 57V.
voltage regulators these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltages VOLTAGE RANGE
and currents. • LM7805C: 5V
• LM7812C: 12V
• LM7815C: 15V
Connection Diagrams
Figure 1. Metal Can Package Figure 2. Plastic Package

TO-3 TO-220 (NDE)
Aluminum Top View
Bottom View See Package Number NDE0003B
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
2 All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
59 Dept. of ECE
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
LM7805C, LM7812C, LM7815C
A.6 LM7812
www.ti.com SNOSBR7D – MAY 2000 – REVISED APRIL 2013
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (1) (2)

Input Voltage (VO = 5V, 12V and 15V) 35V
Internal Power Dissipation (3) Internally Limited
Operating Temperature Range (TA) 0°C to +70°C
(TO-3 Package) 150°C
Maximum Junction Temperature
(NDE Package) 150°C
Storage Temperature Range −65°C to +150°C
TO-3 Package 300°C
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.)
TO-220 Package NDE 230°C
(1) Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. For ensured specifications and the test
conditions, see Electrical Characteristics.
(2) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/Distributors for availability and
specifications.
(3) Thermal resistance of the TO-3 package is typically 4°C/W junction to case and 35°C/W case to ambient. Thermal resistance of the TO-
220 package (NDE) is typically 4°C/W junction to case and 50°C/W case to ambient.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS LM78XXC (1)

0°C ≤ TJ ≤ 125°C unless otherwise noted.
Output Voltage 5V 12V 15V
Input Voltage (unless otherwise noted) 10V 19V 23V Units
Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max
VO Output Voltage Tj = 25°C, 5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1A 4.8 5 5.2 11.5 12 12.5 14.4 15 15.6 V
PD ≤ 15W, 5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1A 4.75 5.25 11.4 12.6 14.2 15.7 V
5 5
VMIN ≤ VIN ≤ VMAX (7.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 20) (14.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 27) (17.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 30) V
ΔVO Line Regulation IO = 500 Tj = 25°C 3 50 4 120 4 150 mV
mA
ΔVIN (7 ≤ VIN ≤ 25) 14.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 30) (17.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 30) V
0°C ≤ Tj ≤ +125°C 50 120 150 mV
ΔVIN (8 ≤ VIN ≤ 20) (15 ≤ VIN ≤ 27) (18.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 30) V
IO ≤ 1A Tj = 25°C 50 120 150 mV
ΔVIN (7.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 20) (14.6 ≤ VIN ≤ 27) (17.7 ≤ VIN ≤ 30) V
0°C ≤ Tj ≤ +125°C 25 60 75 mV
ΔVIN (8 ≤ VIN ≤ 12) (16 ≤ VIN ≤ 22) (20 ≤ VIN ≤ 26) V
ΔVO Load Regulation Tj = 25°C 5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1.5A 10 50 12 120 12 150 mV
250 mA ≤ IO ≤ 750 25 60 75 mV
mA
5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1A, 0°C ≤ Tj ≤ 50 120 150 mV
+125°C
IQ Quiescent Current IO ≤ 1A Tj = 25°C 8 8 8 mA
0°C ≤ Tj ≤ +125°C 8.5 8.5 8.5 mA
ΔIQ Quiescent Current 5 mA ≤ IO ≤ 1A 0.5 0.5 0.5 mA
Change
Tj = 25°C, IO ≤ 1A 1.0 1.0 1.0 mA
VMIN ≤ VIN ≤ VMAX (7.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 20) (14.8 ≤ VIN≤ 27) (17.9 ≤ VIN ≤ 30) V
IO ≤ 500 mA, 0°C ≤ Tj ≤ +125°C 1.0 1.0 1.0 mA
VMIN ≤ VIN ≤ VMAX (7 ≤ VIN ≤ 25) (14.5 ≤ VIN≤ 30) (17.5 ≤ VIN ≤ 30) V
(1) All characteristics are measured with capacitor across the input of 0.22 μF, and a capacitor across the output of 0.1μF. All
characteristics except noise voltage and ripple rejection ratio are measured using pulse techniques (tw ≤ 10 ms, duty cycle ≤ 5%).
Output voltage changes due to changes in internal temperature must be taken into account separately.
Copyright © 2000–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated Submit Documentation Feedback 3
Product Folder Links: LM7805C LM7812C LM7815C

Design of A Sustainable Power Source For Portable Electronic Applications

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Design of A Sustainable Power Source For Portable Electronic Applications

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DESIGN OF A SUSTAINABLE POWER

SOURCE FOR PORTABLE ELECTRONIC

Under the guidance of

Department of Electronics and Communication

Project Coordinator Head of the Department

College of Engineering Munnar i Dept. of ECE

College of Engineering Munnar ii Dept. of ECE

It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledge the assistance and contributions of many

College of Engineering Munnar iii Dept. of ECE

College of Engineering Munnar iv Dept. of ECE

• PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

• BDC - Bidirectional Converter

• PID Controller - Proportional Integral Derivative Controller

• MATLAB - Matrix Laboratory

• PV- Photo Voltaic

• RAPS-remote area power supply.

• SOC- State of Charge

College of Engineering Munnar v Dept. of ECE

3 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND METHODOLOGY 19

4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 26

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 36

College of Engineering Munnar vii Dept. of ECE

College of Engineering Munnar viii Dept. of ECE

1.1 Energy consumption graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1 MPP I-V, P-V Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.1 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

4.1 Solar panel and buck converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.1 Complete Simulation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

College of Engineering Munnar ix Dept. of ECE

5.5 Driver Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

College of Engineering Munnar x Dept. of ECE

College of Engineering Munnar 1 Dept. of ECE

Figure 1.1: Energy consumption graph

College of Engineering Munnar 2 Dept. of ECE

College of Engineering Munnar 3 Dept. of ECE

1.3 Research Objective

College of Engineering Munnar 4 Dept. of ECE

1.4 Thesis Organisation

Chapter4 contains the simulation results of different combinations of sources

Chapter5 contains the hardware implementation as well as the simulation results.

College of Engineering Munnar 5 Dept. of ECE

2.2 Portable power devices and power supplies

College of Engineering Munnar 6 Dept. of ECE

2.2.1.1 Primary batteries

2.2.1.2 Secondary Batteries

College of Engineering Munnar 7 Dept. of ECE

2.2.2 Alternate Energy Systems

2.2.2.1 Solar Energy

College of Engineering Munnar 8 Dept. of ECE

Figure 2.1: MPP I-V, P-V Curve

College of Engineering Munnar 9 Dept. of ECE

College of Engineering Munnar 10 Dept. of ECE

• Amount of Energy Generated

A relatively small amount of energy is generated by solar panels. Providing 100% of

• Lots of Direct Sunlight Required

2.2.2.2 Wind Energy

College of Engineering Munnar 11 Dept. of ECE

Figure 2.2: Wind speed curve

College of Engineering Munnar 12 Dept. of ECE

2.2.2.3 Fuel Cell

2.2.3 Hybrid System

College of Engineering Munnar 13 Dept. of ECE

2.2.4 Power Converters and Power Management