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Petronas Technical Standards: Steel Structures
Petronas Technical Standards: Steel Structures
Steel Structures
PTS 11.15.02
December 2015
FOREWORD
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across
the PETRONAS group.
Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.
In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.
PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording or
otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior written
consent of PETRONAS.
The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information to
PETRONAS that this requirement is met.
PTS 11.15.02
STEEL STRUCTURES December 2015
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ANNOUNCEMENT
Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise from
2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this change,
the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and requisition
to 7-digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and where required
make reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users are requested to
refer to PTS 00.01.01 (Index to PTS) for mapping between old and revised PTS numbers for clarity. For
further inquiries, contact PTS administrator at ptshelpdesk@petronas.com.my
PTS 11.15.02
STEEL STRUCTURES December 2015
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Table Of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................6
1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS.................................................................................................... 6
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES .............................................................................................. 7
2.0 MATERIAL .............................................................................................................8
2.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 ROLLED SECTION........................................................................................................... 8
2.3 STRUCTURAL HOLLOW SECTION .................................................................................. 8
2.4 TOUGHNESS .................................................................................................................. 9
2.5 CRANE RUNWAY BEAM ................................................................................................ 9
2.6 STRUCTURAL FASTENER ............................................................................................... 9
2.7 ANCHOR BOLTS........................................................................................................... 10
2.8 LADDERS, STAIRS, FLOORING AND ANCILLARY STEEL ................................................ 10
2.9 ROOF AND WALL SHEETS............................................................................................ 10
3.0 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................... 11
3.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 DESIGN CODES AND STANDARDS ............................................................................... 11
3.3 LOAD AND LOAD COMBINATIONS .............................................................................. 11
3.4 DEFLECTION AND DISPLACEMENT.............................................................................. 11
3.5 SLENDERNESS ............................................................................................................. 12
3.6 TEMPERATURE RANGE ............................................................................................... 12
3.7 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION ........................................................................... 12
3.8 FIREPROOFING ............................................................................................................ 12
3.9 WELDING .................................................................................................................... 12
3.10 OPEN STEEL STRUCTURES........................................................................................... 12
3.11 GRATING ..................................................................................................................... 13
4.0 FABRICATION & CONSRUCTION ........................................................................... 14
4.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 SHOP DRAWINGS ........................................................................................................ 14
4.3 PREPARATION OF MATERIALS .................................................................................... 15
4.4 WELDED CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................... 15
4.5 BOLTED CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................ 15
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STEEL STRUCTURES December 2015
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This PTS provides the minimum requirements for the design, fabrication and construction of
steel structures in PETRONAS onshore facilities. This PTS adopts various International
Standards with additional requirements based on PETRONAS lesson learnt and best practices.
1.1 SCOPE
1.1.1 The PTS covers the structural steel design, fabrication and construction requirements for
onshore facilities including jetty facilities.
No Term Definition
2.0 MATERIAL
2.1 GENERAL
2.1.1 Material shall be steel in rolled section, structural hollow sections, plates or bars shall comply
with appropriate standard shown in respective chapter below. Other equivalent sections may
be proposed to be used subject to Owner’s approval.
2.1.2 All steel products use shall have been specifically tested and the steel product manufacturer
shall declare the results accordance to EN 10204. Deviation to this standard shall be consulted
to the Owner.
2.1.3 Tests to confirm the mechanical properties of steel products shall be undertaken by Certified
Laboratory as accredited to ISO 17025.
2.1.4 Structures shall be designed and constructed such that the joints are accessible for proper
inspection, cleaning and painting. Pockets or depressions which could hold water shall have
drain holes and shall be protected against corrosion.
2.2.1 All structural hot rolled section shall conform to EN 10025-2 with minimum yield strength as
following:
Steel Grade Yield Strength (MPa)
t ≤16 16 < t ≤ 40 40 < t ≤ 63 63 < t ≤ 80
S 275 275 265 255 245
S 355 355 345 335 325
Table 2: Minimum yield strength of hot rolled section
2.2.2 Hot rolled structural steel sections shall conform to the respective standards below:
Form Dimension Tolerances
Universal beams and columns BS 4-1 BS EN 10034
Channels BS 4-1 BS EN 10034
Angles BS EN 10056-1 BS EN 10056-1
Member selection shall take into account long-term corrosion aspects. Hollow section either
square or tubular shall not be used in corrosive environments.
2.4 TOUGHNESS
2.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, steel grade and toughness of steel qualities shall be according to
Table 5 below:
Steel grade S275 S355
Impact Test Temp. JR J0 J2 JR J0 J2
Internal Steelwork 40 70 102.5 22.5 45 67.5
External steelwork 22.5 60 85 12.5 37.5 55
Based on BS EN 1993-1-10 assuming steelwork to be welded generally with details being ‘moderate’ and
presence of tensile stress.
2.5.1 Overhead runway beams with under hung cranes, joists with inside tapered flanges are
preferred with minimum thickness of 6mm. If only broad flange beams are available, the
bottom flange shall be checked separately for distortion and reinforced if required.
2.6.1 All bolted joints shall be made using Grade 8.8 bolts or equivalent in accordance with ISO 898-
1 and ISO 898-2. The use of Grade 4.6 bolts shall be restricted to minor connection only such
as:
i. Removal handrail and ladder cage assemblies and attachment to the structures.
ii. Removal floor plate or the associated structural members
iii. Purlins and sheeting rails
iv. Platforms and walkways which are not supporting equipment.
2.6.3 Bolts, nuts, threads and washers dimensions shall comply with ISO 4014, ISO 4032, ISO 888,
and ISO 887 respectively. Bolts and nuts shall be galvanised suitable to use in an exposed
external environment conform to PTS 15.20.03.
2.6.4 All bolted connection shall be bearing type with threads excluding from the shear plane.
2.6.5 The thickness of gusset plates shall not be thinner than the respective components of the
members to be connected and shall have a minimum thickness of 6mm.
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2.7.1 All structural steel for anchor bolts and other inserted and embedded items shall be carbon
steel Grade 4.6, ASTM A307 or equivalent with minimum yield strength of 240MPa and
minimum ultimate tensile strength of 400MPa. Nuts, threads and dimension of anchor bolts
shall conform to BS 4190. Bolts on equipment subject to vibration shall be fastened with 2
nuts.
2.7.3 Unless noted otherwise, type, diameter and length shall be accordance with Standard
drawings D 11.92.051
2.8.1 Steel used for minor platforms, flooring, ladders, handrails and stairways shall conform to BS
EN 10025 with minimum Grade of S275J0.
2.8.2 The minimum clear distance width of walkways, platforms and staircase shall be 750mm. The
width of walkways over ground level pipe tracks shall be 600mm. The minimum headroom
for platforms and walkways shall be 2100mm. Deviations to these dimension shall be
subjected to Owner approval.
2.8.3 Ladder should be made with side steeps entry with self-closing safety gate. On platforms, the
distance to a stair or ladder shall not exceed 25m.
2.8.4 Staircase should provide with anti-slip nosing. Detail of staircase should refer to standard
drawing D 11.92.035.
2.8.5 For standard drawing details, reference is made to the following standard drawings:
D 11.92.035, D 11.92.036, D 11.92.037, D 11.92.038, D 11.92.039, D 11.92.040, D 11.92.041,
D 11.92.042, D 11.92.043, D 11.92.044, D 11.92.045, D 11.92.046, D 11.92.047, D 11.92.048
and D 11.92.055.
2.9.1 If roof and walls sheets are required for the steel structures, only zinc-aluminium alloy coated
steel panel or galvanised steel sheets shall be used. The sheets shall have a coating giving
maximum protection against the local climate and the environmental factors. Roof and wall
sheets shall have minimum total coated thickness of 0.54mm or approved equivalent. The
type of coating and colour shall comply with PTS 15.20.03.
2.9.2 Translucent sheeting used shall be same size and profile as the adjacent wall cladding and/or
roof sheeting. The translucent sheets shall be of glass fibre reinforced polyester resin of self-
extinguishing quality, with a resin each external surface to prevent aging.
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3.1 GENERAL
3.1.1 The design of members and connections shall be consistent with the intended behaviour of
the structural system and assumptions made in the structural analysis.
3.2.1 All steel structures shall be designed accordance with PTS 11.10.01 and BS 5950. Unless
otherwise specified, the following Codes may be used:
3.2.2 Local codes that require compliance to statutory requirement shall be complied.
3.3.1 Minimum design loads and load combination shall be referred to PTS 11.10.01.
3.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, the following criteria shall be applied for maximum deflection:
Item Maximum limit
Purlins and girts L / 250
Supporting beams without equipment L / 400
Supporting beams with equipment L / 500 *
Cantilevers L / 180
Crane gantry girders L / 600 *
Overhead runway beams L / 500 *
Cantilevered runway beam L / 250 *
Wall stanchions H / 300
Portal frame H / 150
L = span of beam or cantilever overhang
H = height of structure
*tolerances to be confirmed with equipment specifications
Table 6: Maximum deflection limit
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3.5 SLENDERNESS
3.5.1 Unless otherwise specified, the ratio of effective length to the appropriate radius of gyration
for compression members shall not exceed 180.
3.6.1 Additional considerations are required for the structures exposed to wide temperatures
ranges.
3.7.1 Surface protection shall comply with PTS 15.20.03, and thermal sprayed coatings shall be
accordance with PTS 15.20.05.
3.7.2 Steel structures shall be hot-dip galvanized in accordance to BS EN ISO 1461 unless certain
frame or steel members which being selected/or instructed to be painted.
3.7.3 Structural steel works, platform flooring and hand railing located above stainless steel piping
or equipment shall not be galvanized or coated with zinc-containing paint. The flooring shall
be of stainless steel and the paint should be zinc-free. Alternatively a shield of steel, coated
with zinc-free paint, may be fitted to protect the stainless steel equipment.
3.7.4 If tubular members are used, they shall be designed to prevent ingress of rainwater and shall
have adequate provisions for drainage of water.
3.8 FIREPROOFING
3.8.1 Passive fire and cryogenic protection shall accordance to PTS 11.15.01.
3.9 WELDING
3.9.1 Electrodes for manual welding shall comply with BS EN 499 or AWS D1.1. Weld material
deposited by automatic or semi-automatic process will have mechanical properties not less
than the minimum specified weld deposited by electrodes complying with selected above
code.
3.9.2 Class E35 electrodes shall be used for welding grade S275 and S355 steel with fillet weld
design strength is 220N/mm2 (minimum tensile strength of 440N/mm2) and 250N/mm2
(minimum tensile strength of 500N/mm2), respectively.
3.10.1 Unless specified otherwise, open steel structures higher than 20m, the thickness of any apart
of structural members shall be not less than 6mm.
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3.11 GRATING
3.11.1 Grating to be used shall be in accordance with the standard drawings, as follows.
Standard Drawing No. Drawing Title
D11.92.050-C Grating Typical of Steel Angles and Chekered Plate
D11.92.053-C Grating Type I
D11.92.052-A Grating Type II
D11.92.054-0 Grating Type III
4.1 GENERAL
4.1.1 Workmanship and general procedure for fabrication and erection shall be within the specified
tolerances and shall comply with BS 5950-2. All supplied materials shall be new, clean,
straight, and free from defects and conform to shop drawings indication. All plates, bars and
sections shall be flattened, straightened and free from twist prior fabrication work.
4.2.1 Shop drawings shall be prepared based on approved design drawings prior to fabrication work
and shall provide complete information, including the location of splices, type and size of bolts
and welds and details of fitting.
4.2.2 Information provided in shop drawings should include the followings as a minimum but not
limited to:
i. Member identification and fabricated sub-assembly
ii. Position and dimension of each member in the structure
iii. Detail of fittings such as gusset plates, base plates, stiffener plates etc.
iv. Joint and connection details with clear differentiation between shop and field
connections, welds and bolts
v. Location of splices
vi. Welds details (location, type and size)
vii. Bolts details (location, type size, bolts holes and referenced bolts list)
viii. Layout and details of required ladders, stair, walkway etc.
ix. Materials specification
x. Shop coating specification
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4.3.1 Cutting
Steel shall be cut by sawing, shearing, cropping or thermal cutting. Thermally cut edges shall
meet the requirements of AWS D1.1. Hand-held cutting may be used only where it is
unavoidable to use machine cutting and with prior approval of the Owner.
The cut edges of a member shall be true to profile and be free from gouges, notches and other
defects.
4.3.2 Holing
Round holes for fasteners or pins shall either be drilled, punched, plasma cut or laser cut.
Cut, drill or punch holes perpendicular to metal surfaces. Do not flame cut holes or enlarge
holes by burning.
4.4.1 The technique and workmanship of welding and inspection shall be complied with BS EN 499
or AWS D1.1. Stitch welding shall be avoided. Records of all data, tests and examination
relating to all welding procedures used during construction and erection shall be made
available for Quality Assurance/Quality Control.
4.5.1 Parts of bolted member shall be bolted or pinned and rigidly held together during assembly.
For bolt size M12, the nominal size of bolt holes shall be more than the bolt size by not greater
than 1 mm, 2 mm for bolt sizes M16 to M24, and 3 mm for bolt sizes M27 and larger.
4.6.1 When water can be collected inside horizontal steel members, the member shall be sealed
and provided with a drain hole at the base.
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4.7.1 The method used to assembly a steel structure depends upon type of structures, the size of
structures and risk involved. All tools, equipment and ropes used for erection shall comply
with national and/or local regulations and shall be certified for the purpose intended.
4.7.2 The proposed procedures for field assembly should be the following:
i. Set structural frame accurately to lines and elevations indicated
ii. Align and adjust the various members forming part of the complete frame or
structure before permanently fastening
iii. Clean the surfaces which will be in permanent contact before assembly
iv. Set structural frame accurately to lines and elevations indicated
v. Align and adjust the various members forming part of the complete frame or
structure before permanently fastening
vi. Clean the surfaces which will be in permanent contact before assembly
vii. Adjust as necessary to compensate for discrepancies in elevations and alignment
viii. Establish required leveling and measurements on mean operating temperature
of structure. Make allowance for difference between temperature at time of
rejection and mean temperature at which structure will be when completed and
in service.
ix. Splice members only where indicated on approved shop drawings
x. Complete field connection before load is applied
xi. Do not field cut or alter structural members or connections without approval of
Owner.
xii. Provide inspection plan for installation and critical connection to Owner for
approval.
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5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Passive Fire and Cryogenic Protection for Structural Steel PTS 11.15.01
STANDARD DRAWINGS
Platforms: Cleats And Brackets For Design Load 300 Kg Max D 11.92.047
Platforms: Cleats And Brackets For Design Load Over 300 Kg D 11.92.048
AMERICAN STANDARDS
Standard Specification For Carbon Steel Bolts And Studs, ASTM A307
60000 Tensile Strength
Issued by:
American National Standards Institute
1430 Broadway
New York, NY 10018, USA.
Issued by
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc.
400 North Michigan Avenue
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BRITISH STANDARDS
Structural Steel Sections:
Part 1: Specification for Hot-rolled Sections. BS 4-1
EUROPEAN STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Part 2: Nuts With Specified Proof Load Values; Coarse ISO 898-2
Thread
Plain Washers For Metric Bolts, Screws and Nuts For General ISO 887
Purposes- Genaral Plan.
Bolts, Screws and Studs; Nominal Lengths, and Thread ISO 888
Lengths For General Purpose Bolts