Member, Association of LASSO Affiliated Schools 1

OUR LADY OF THE HOLY ROSARY SCHOOL

Deborahville Subdivision , Amaya I , Tanza 4108 Cavite
Tel. No.: (046) 437-1558 Email: olhrs.edu@gmail.com

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR

THE REASONS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH IN AMAYA 7,
TANZA, CAVITE

Presented by :

Leahann Cubillas

Triz PItagan

Nicole Garces

Carlo Amores

Gian Zechariah Siapo

Practical Research 1 Instructor

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Table of Contents

Chapter l

Background of the Study 3

3
Significance of the Study

3
Objective of the Study
4
Scope and Limitation

4-17
Review Related Literature

Analytical Framework 18-26

Theoretical Framework 18-20

Conceptual Framework 21-26

Chapter ll

Methodology 27-29

Ethical Considerations 30

31-32
Bibliography

Appendices 33-34
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Chapter l : Introduction and Importance of the Study

Background of the Study

Based on UNESCO, the primary reason in being out-of-school person is that the

continuous rising cost of education. One in every 10 Filipinos aged 6 to 24 years is an

out of school child and youth, a survey by the Philippine Statistics Authority. In every

person has it own reasons of being OSY.

The researchers notice that if there is student attending classes in all levels

there is also who are out-of-school person which is has a different reasons why they

had been stop schooling. If a person is not educated they treated by others as a low

class person.

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is to explain the different reason why there was an

out-of-school person to become clear and to understand the state of their living. It will

helps them to less the judge by other person once they realize the reason of out-of-

school person.

Objective of the Study

To elaborate each reasons and the beliefs of this out-of-school youth or

person in life. To have an in-depth study about if a person is not well-educated is it

enough reason to not having own knowledge about life.

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Scope and Limitation

The study doesn’t include answers once a person in a group discussion starts

to act emotionally and uncomfortable while in the middle of discussion. The researchers

also doesn’t include the extraneous answers or stories that can be lead the group

discussion lack of credibility and link to the study.

Review Related Literature

Education is key to success but it seems like this is the primary

reason of poverty. This review related literature will help us to determine the

different kinds of reason why the youth being out of school. By the way, review

related literature guides the researcher in searching for or selecting a better

research problem or topic and it helps the investigator understand his topic or

research better. So here are the reasons:

i. Insufficient Financial Income and High Tuition Fee

In summary of Average Family Income in 2015 is

Estimated at 22 Thousand Pesos Monthly, we find that low-income

households are disproportionately female, minority, and young. Most

of these households have minor children at home, and many are

headed by single parents. Their low incomes are partly due to their

low wages, but even more to a lack of employment. Sixty percent

of bottom-third household heads don’t work at all or work less than

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full time, while only 40 percent work full time (40 hours a week for

50 weeks a year or 2000 hours in total). In the upper two-thirds, 86

percent of household heads work full time. Another reason for the

greater success of the upper two-thirds is that they are more likely

to have two earners in the family. In short, and not surprisingly, a

scarcity of second earners combined with a shortage of work hours

and low pay rates keep the bottom third out of the middle class .

However, the most important reason by far for the low incomes of

these households is a lack of work. They are less likely to be

employed and work fewer hours when they do hold a job. We refer

to this as the “work gap” (Philippines Statistic Authority, 2016)

If the family has a financial problem how could they satisfy

the needs of their child in school? In this case, child want to finish

his/her studies but it seems that earth is making a way just to

stop him/her in taking a right time of learning’s and knowledge.

There was a point that this child favor to end her life than to

pursue and make away to exceed this problem. High tuition fee is

the primary reason of youth out of school.

ii. Natural Disaster and Armed Conflict

On the other hand, natural Disasters could also affect the

schooling of the youth. Base in Philippine Education for All 2015

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(Review Report) the strongest ever typhoon is Yolanda that

extremely hits the land and there was 16,078,181 families affected,

the cost damage amount to Php 39.8 B particularly in infrastructure

and agriculture. Within the affected infrastructure it has 3,171 schools

damaged by the super typhoon. Assumed that in every school it

has 30 to 80 rooms and in each room contain 30 to 45 students.

Imagine there were so many students affected by the typhoon from

primary to college. Yes, our government takes an action to solve

this problem but when the time goes by these cases covered by

other issues. In article of “Today marks the official re-opening of

schools in the typhoon – affected areas” – Tacloban, Philippines (6

January 2014) they’d been help 550,000 children or students by re-

establishing a daily routine and sense of normalcy in rebuilding a

new or old school just to continue the education of affected

students. But why there was a news stated that citizens of Tacloban

doesn’t feel any changes or the our government can’t still give the

exact needs and wants of Tacloban people same as in Typhoon

Ondoy.

Way back in 2013 when the Zamboanga City has a war

between the MNLF and government troops that affect 23,794

families , damaging 10, 160 houses, and incurring Php 200 M cost of

damages. As a result the students’ education was affected as

schools were damaged and used as temporary shelters. But in

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current year the place of Marawi experience how being vassal by

ISIS or the Maute brothers. After the 153 days of war – Marawi City

has been officially confirm that the place was totally free against

Maute brothers and as we see watch the news on television we can

feel how Marawi people so pity. Houses, churches, buildings and

schools have a severe damage and many of people died. As

Secretary Delfin Lorenzana estimates the government will need $1.1

billion to rebuild the city. The question is how long it takes to

rebuild the city? Step by step our governments do some action to

bring back the normalcy of Marawi City (25 October 2017).

Nightmares of war haunting displaced Marawi children. "Gusto

kong maging ISIS." This was the answer of some of the children in

evacuation centers outside conflict-stricken Marawi City, when social

workers asked them what they dream to become. "So 7 to 12 years old,

may ganito nang narrative," said peace advocate Bai Rohaniza Sumndad-

Usman of the children's response that referred to terror group Islamic

State. She said some displaced Maranao kids were still having nightmares

of the war, which has gripped their hometown for nearly two months now.

Because of the war between the Militars and the terrorism in Marawi City

the affected children play at the temporary learning space at the central

elementary school in Saguiaran, Lanao del sur.

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Based on Sumndad-Usman , a lot of children in the affected areas in

Marawi City have been exposed not only to violence but to the ideas of

violent extremism through various means such as social media.

To help the maranao children Sumndad-Usman thought that peace

education for the children is a way to help maranaos children to recover

from the nightmare of war in the marawi and to be away in the narrative of

violence. Sumndad-Usman said peace advocates have started their push

for peace education in small communities with their "Schools and

Communities of Peace Heroes Formation" program. Still, there is more to

be done. She also said that they need to institutionalize an effort towards

that path of healing and of teaching the maranao kids towards peace...

and also they are hoping that they can create this on a bigger scale,"

adding that peace advocates were eyeing to push for the inclusion of

peace education in government's rehabilitation efforts in Marawi City.

Displaced Lumads of Mindanao Mindanao, Philippines - Lumad is

what the indigenous peoples from the southern Philippines call

themselves. They are considered to be the original inhabitants of the

island of Mindanao.The leaders of the community named Dionel Campos

and Jovillo Sinzo were beaten by the armed force group in front of the

hundreds of resident. As the armed group left, the head of the local tribal

school Emerito Samarca, also found by the residents, hog-tied inside his

classroom, with stab wounds and his throat slit from ear to ear. His school

provided basic and technical education to tribal children rarely reached by

 9

the government. The murders sparked an exodus of about 3,000 Lumads,

who escaped to the provincial capital of Tandag taking barely anything

with them. Becaused of that theres a lot of affecteds Lumads in Mindanao

. Life at the sports complex being used as an evacuation centre in Tandag

City is hard for the 3,000 people who fled the violence. With the help of

ALCADEV teachers they give very little supplies to be able to continue

the children's education and also they build a makeshift school using

bamboo and plastic canvas so that the student will feel that they in school

eventhough its only temporary school for the Lumad students but for them

it is a big opportunity for them to continue their education.

iii. Not interested

Base in the survey of Sunstar Manila (3.8M out-of-school

children, youth in PH – survey, 2016) in 3.8M Filipino children there

was 10.3% in women and 33.1% in men is not interested in

coming schools. It’s obvious that men has the bigger percent than

women because most of them since childhood are favor to use

their time to play in computer shops such us Dota, Counterstrike,

Left4Dead, etc. they also choose to cut classes and spend money

just to pay the time used or they want to help early their parents

in work than to attend classes (e.g son of a farmer). All of us felt

boring and lazy once we heard the word of study especially the

math subject but not all of us change the belief about this if we
doesn’t give any of interest.
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iv. Family Problem and Peer groups

“A busy mother makes slothful daughters.”

- Portuguese Proverb

“I was the black sheep of the family, and my mother never really
understood me”.

- Andre Rieu

“The only reason why I stay in my room is because it feel so safe in there. No
one yells at me, no one judges me. I can be me without any fear. What’s your
safe haven?”

- Iyanla Vanzant

In Agents of Socialization, the family and peer group are included.

Family is one of the primary groups with the responsibility of the

giving the first contact of the child and a long-term commitments

Feeling unmotivated, lonely and not the first priority of your

parents make you depress and missing the right way for future.

They’d been try to get close and talk with their parents hoping that

there was a chance to fix the problems and bring back the good

relationship but in the end it’s become more severe in gap between

each other. Either you are in low, middle or high class family you

can’t avoid this kind of problem. The child can be bully or bullied

at school. For teenagers, they’ll accept the opportunity to join in

fraternity or in any kinds of peer group. Peer group is child’s own

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friends and equals with similar drives, motives and interests which is

some of peer group give your child ideas in doing bad things or let

me say they are bad influence. It’s like the peer group satisfy the

other needs and wants of your child so it’s depend into your child .

v. Early Pregnancy

Girlfriend and boyfriend make someone happy and inspired.

But is love can be also the reason of youth out of school?

According to of Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA) about early

pregnancy, one in ten young Filipino women ages of 15 to 19 is

already a mother or pregnant with first child. According to the result

of National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), initiation of

sexual activity before age 18 is more among young adult women

with less education. Love and desire has a big difference and if the

parent doesn’t give any protection for their daughter and son it’ll

happened the early pregnancy. But it still depends on a person if

they want to continue their studies or find a work just to satisfy

their basic needs.

vi. Bullying

According to an article of Philippine Star Global (28

September 2015) there was some 31 incidents of bullying had been

reported every day in schools stated by Cebu Rep. Gerald Anthony

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Guillas Jr. From the 5,236 cases of bullying had been documented

in 2013 it was rise to 21% in year 2014 with 6,363 cases of

bullying. It could be more for incoming years. Bullying lead students

to skip their classes and they’ll choose to stop just to avoid those

person/s who bullied them or transfer to the other school. The reality

is once you start skipping important years of education it’ll make

you lessen the interest in attending classes.

In Philippines, there was private and public school from elementary to

college. Let’s say there was 1,000 students graduated in kinder after 6 years for

elementary it turns to 100 students and another 4 years for secondary level

that 10 students left so in college there will be only 1 can fortunately graduated

from kinder to college. In this situation, every students has own story and the

possible reason of the 999 students didn’t success to graduate in college can

be one of the 6 reasons why youth out of school. We have so many universities

here in the Philippines in each region. And we think that the most popular of

State Universities and Colleges (SUC) that supported by our government is

University of the Philippines. It has different branches from Luzon, Visayas and

Mindanao. All people knows once you entered and study in this kind of

university you are a brilliant person and there was a nice future waiting

for you. But is this the reality? How about the tuition fee of this university? Is it

affordable of all Filipino families?

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“In the University of the Philippines (UP), all students receive financial support from the
National Government since the full tuition is much lower than the cost of education in
the University. Given that students in UP come from all walks of life, there are those
who may not be able to afford paying the full tuition. So UP created the Socialized
Tuition System (STS) which provides tuition discount at rates that are based on the
assessment of the paying capacity of the household to which a student belongs. This
assessment looks at the income as well as the socio-economic characteristics of the
household.” (University of The Philippines, 2017)

Socialized Tuition System (STS) in this university gives tuition discount of

students. It was depend in your family income or you’ll enter to his university as

a scholar. It has different kinds of bracket.

Constituent University/ Campus

Tuition UP Diliman, UP Los Banos, UP UP Baguio, UP Mindanao, UP San

Bracket Manila (per unit) Fernando, UP Visayas (per unit)

A 1500 1000

B 1000 600

C 600 400

D 300 200

E1 & E2 0 0

(up.edu, 2017)

“Kristel is just one of the hundreds and thousands of UP and Filipino students who
are pushed against the wall by the high cost of education and the Aquino
administration’s abandonment of Philippine education,”

– Mariz Zubiri and Rainier Allan Ronda

 14

“We mourn the death of Kristel Tejada. Filipino students and youth like Kristel do
not deserve this,”

– Mariz Zubiri (newly elected chair of the

UP Manila student council)

It’s so helpful for more Filipino college student but why there so many

undergraduate student in college? Either they are applicable in taking these

brackets. Well in the case of Kristel Tejada, a Bachelor of Arts in Behavioral

Science (BSBA) student that ended her life because of the unacceptable

policy of U.P Manila the “no late payment policy”. Kristel Tejada just wanted to

finish her studies and help her four siblings. At first she asked for tuition loan

and a promissory note. Until her mother knelt in front of U.P Manila Chancellor

Manuel Agudo and begged that her daughter be allowed to continue attending

her classes. Kristel Tejada was classified under bracket D which is she paying

per semester an amount of Php 7,500. Her mother, a housewife while her father is
a part-time taxi driver.

Kristel Tejada of Cagayan

‘We now have a Kristel in Cagayan...because of the failure of the government to

prioritize the education of each Filipino.”
– Liana Acuzar, chairperson of the

College Editors Guild of the Philippines-Cagayan Valley

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After the issues about Kristel Tejada’s death, Rosanna was a

Respiratory Therapy student in Cagayan State University (CSU) committed suicide

when she failed to take the midterm exam due to the financial problems. Dr.

Litamin Gonzales said depression may have been the probable cause of suicide.

While in Davao City, 12-year-old Marianette Amper reportedly committed suicide

due to poverty and depression
.

Mariz Zubiri and Liana Acuzar has the same side and opinion against

our government in being prioritize of education. They also both felt bad in these

students committed suicide that can be a next good leader of the Philippines or

good citizen of our country. Why government lets our scholar lose their life if

they can fulfill the motto of “Ang Kabataan ang Pag-asa ng Bayan?”

Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act 10533

K to 12 is the 12 years of basic education otherwise known as the

Kindergarten to Grade 12 (K-to-12) program, will be signed today. President

Benigno Aquino 3rd earlier signed Republic Act 10533 to usher in the K-to-12

education consisting of at least one year in kindergarten, six years in elementary,

four years in junior high school and two years in senior high school.

Implenting the K to 12 is one of the worries of the parents because of the

additional 2 years in highschool specially to those families who are in the low

race. They worried that they will not afford to continue the another 2 years in

highschool. But DepEd extend financial assistance through a voucher system

issued directly to the student so he or she can enroll in any eligible private or

non-DepEd school of his or her choice under a full or partial tuition subsidy;
 16

through the Education Service Contracting (ESC) where the government enters

into contractual arrangements with eligible private and non-DepEd schools to

subsidize in whole or in part the tuition and other fees of qualified students;

Because of the voucher system many students can continue and pursue the K

The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) has completed the

implementing rules and regulations (IRR) for the law mandating free tuition and

other fees for students in State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), as well as

LUCs and technical-vocational institutions (TVIs). Experts estimate that the law

will require P16 billion to P30 billion to f inance the free college education.

President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law the Universal Access to Quality

Tertiary Education Act granting free tuition fees in SUCs despite the reluctance
of his economic managers.

Licuanan earlier said that some P51.4 billion is needed to fund the

law. The breakdown, Licuanan told the Senate finance subcommittee, is as

follows: P22.6 billion for free tuition and other school fees, P7 billion for tech-voc

education, P21.6 billion for tertiary education subsidy, P.05 billion for the national

student loan program, and P100 million for administrative costs. President Rody

Duterte’s support by signing this into law is an indication that he prioritizes .

the value of education.

Alternative Learning System (ALS)

If someone want to pursue his/her dream and thinking that his/her age

is not applicable for the last time he/she had been attend class. (e.g. 18 years
 17

old and the last grade is g6). There is a law that promoted a non-informal

education, the Alternative Learning System (ALS).

Many Filipinos do not have a chance to attend and finish formal basi c

education (Grades 1-6 and Year 1-4) due to many reasons. Some drop out from

schools while some do not have schools in their communities. Since every

Filipino has a right to free basic education, the Governance Act for Basic

Education otherwise known as the Republic Act 9155 (2001) stipulates the

establishment of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) to provide out-of-school

children, youth and adults population with basic education.

This graph represents

the passers of ALS

from year 2005 to 2013.

Same as our formal

education, ALS can’t also

make those person who’d

been enrolled at first to

pass the final exam.

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Analytical Framework

Theoretical Framework

This paper has a two theories; Marxist Theory by Karl Marx, and Theory of

Planned Behavior (TPB) by Ajzen and Fishbein.

I. Marxist Theory

Marx suggested that in a capitalist system, the bourgeoisie or members of

the capital class, own most of the wealth because they control the business (which is

the U.P Manila Chancellor) and the workers in a capitalist system the proletariat, the

poor working class of society (which is Kristel Tejada and her family). Obviously, U.P M

anila Chancellor Manuel Agulto has a higher income than Tejada's family. Kristel

Tejada's mother is a housewife while her father is a tricycle driver.

It's either public or private sectors in colleges they have both tuition fees

but private has a higher tuition fees than public sectors. In the case of Kristel Tejada,

U.P. administrators allowed to warn their students once they can't pay at the time for

their tuition fees but with the one month late payment and a promissory note, Kristel

Tejada forcely stopped attending classes which is unfair for the side of her family.

Not only Tejada’s Family experience the real situation of the Philippine

Education. There are also so many out there with the same issue who was a less power

so that they keep their mouth close.

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II. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) started as the Theory of Reasoned

Action in 1980 to predict an individual's intention to engage in a behavior at a specific

time and place. The theory was intended to explain all behaviors over which people

have the ability to exert self-control. The key component to this model is behavioral

intent; behavioral intentions are influenced by the attitude about the likelihood that the

behavior will have the expected outcome and the subjective evaluation of the risks and

benefits of that outcome. The TPB states that behavioral achievement depends on both

motivation (intention) and ability (behavioral control). It distinguishes between three

types of beliefs - behavioral, normative, and control. These beliefs presented also as a

stages in how a person overcome a one behavior). TPB was originated by Ajzen and

Fishbein.

One of the reasons why there was an out of school youth (OSY) based on

what we'd been given in our RRL is that being not interested in schooling. A student

who loves playing online games is the example of this theory. TPB divides into three

types of beliefs:

• Behavioral Attitude

Students felt loneliness once the school get started especially if you

are separated with your friends from last school year. If a boy doesn't have any

experience in online games and as he distinguish the other group of his

classmates which is his same gender because mostly of the girls is not

interested in online games.

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Curiosity leads this boy that why they are dealing with other group of students

before playing online games and seems they are addicted with it to the point of

they choose to endured the hunger just to save their money.

• Subjective Norms

After dealing with his behavioral attitude, he will make a next move to kill

his curiosity and to know what is the reality or sceneries behind this activity. There

was a high of possibilities that he is the one who'll approach these persons to ask

what are the online games and why it's so big deal or important to them than to

making and completing assignments or projects. Maybe this person pushes him to

try these online games and also to become part of their group.

• Perceived Behavioral Control

At this stage, he will criticize his opinion about playing online games. If

he absolutely decided to become an online player his studies will be affected. He

could be get high or low grades depends how he'll balance his life or skip classes

and the most severe is to become more favor in spending time with online games

than to attending classes. Since he visualize online games is much happier than

studying he definitely choose to spend his time through online games. At the end,

he decided to make his own account and be the one who obsess in playing online

games.
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Conceptual Framework

This paper shows the differences of students and the impact of how

the administrations manipulate the policies with in a schools or universities.

Definition of Key Terms

1. Education

• Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the

acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any

experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks,

feels, or acts may be considered educational. Education is one

of the most important thing that we should know because it

helps us in the future life. School is not only the place that we

only learned education we can also learn in our home.

2. Family Problem

• According to the Centers for Family Change s(2017), common

family problems include communication breakdowns, lack of

discipline, lack of respect, parenting concerns and adjustment

to divorce. Frequent arguments, avoidance, angry outbursts,

disagreement and physical conflict within a family reveal that

there are problems. Poor communication and discipline

 22

problems are very common. Sometimes there are constant

battles between siblings, and the parents cannot seem to

resolve the conflicts.

3. Peer Group

• a type of social group that is made up of people who share

similar interests, social status, and are in the same age group.

Each peer group has its own rules, expectations for behavior,

and hierarchies. As such, the peer groups that we belong to

influence our behaviors and beliefs.

4. Insufficient Family Income

• Their earn money is not enough to provide their needs and

demands in their daily lives.

5. High Tuition Fees

• The continuously raising the charge or fee for instruction that

cause to high tuition fee for colleges and private schools.

6. S.T.S(Tuition discount)

• Some public universities have autonomous

status, meaning that they can charge much higher tuition,

and all private universities charge tuition. In the German

Education system almost all universities and most

 23

universities of applied sciences are funded by the state and

do not charge tuition fees.

7. Early pregnancy

• Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is

pregnancy in females under the age of 20. A female can

become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has

begun to ovulate, which can be before her first menstrual

period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of her

periods.

8. Republic Act. 10533

• Act refers to Republic Act No. 10533, entitled

“An Act Enhancing the Philippine Basic Education System by

Strengthening Its Curriculum and Increasing the Number of

Years for Basic Education, Appropriating Funds Therefor and

for Other Purposes,” otherwise known as the “Enhanced

Basic Education Act of 2013.”

9.-Alternative Learning system

• The Alternative Learning System is a parallel learning

system in the Philippines that provides a practical option to

the existing formal instruction. When one does not have or

cannot access formal education in schools

 24

Concept Map

Philippine
Education
System
Lack of Interest

Family Problem/Peer
Groups Reason of youth out of
school

Early Pregnancy

National Disaster/
Armed Conflict Insufficient Financial
Other way to continue Income/High Tuition
schooling Fees

STS (Tuition
Discount)
Informal Education
(A.L.S)
I.R.R (Republic act
no.10533)
 25

Education is the process of facilitating learning or the acquisition of knowledge,

skills, values, beliefs, and habits. School is not a school; education is not an education

without a student. A student who is the one who can apply those knowledge and skills

that came from the Educational Institution. But the question is their interested or not

because if the students is interested in attending school they have a possibility to be

capable to reach their dreams but if not theirs a high possibility that many of the student

will stop.

Being not interested in attending school is the only reason why they choose to

stop? Or they have some reason why they do that?

There’s a lot of reasons why they choose to stop one of those is the insufficient

family income where in it is one of the big factor to make a student to stop in attending

school because they don’t have enough money to pursue education. They choose to

use their money for providing their foods and payment for the rent instead to invest in

education.

It makes a student to be a young worker. The persons who work early because

of the hardships of life. They doing that to be able to help their parents and for those

who interested in pursuing education they do work first and save money to be able to

have education.

To the student especially college students the high tuition fees and the no late

payment policy is the thing that they to avoid. Many students forced to stop attending

school because of the high tuition fees and the most affected are the scholars and those

students who came from poor family. Their parents try their best to support the
 26

education of their children but the thing is they don’t have enough money to do it and

now many colleges have high tuition fees and the student can’t complain about it.

And almost all of the colleges now are having a policy the no late payment policy.

A policy that you need to pay your tuition fee for the designated date and time. It is

really hard for the student who came for the poor family to afford to pay their tuition fee

on time.

The others reasons are the early pregnancy, and family problem. Once a person

encounters new responsibilities while she/he was a student such as early pregnancy

there was a high possibilities to distract his/her attention through their studies. And

make themselves more focus for the new responsibilities.

If there was no perfect person how about family? Once a learner has a family

problem, their priorities at school will be set aside in thinking about his/her family.
 27

Chapter ll : Methodology and Ethical Considerations

Group Discussion as a Research Design

Study population. The researchers will use group discussion where in they can

invite at least 8 to 10 out of school children or persons to be able to know their reason

why they choose to stop attending school so that the researcher can share some

alternative solutions on how they can learn even though they’re not attending classes.

And in this research design the researcher can have free and open discussion towards

to the issue presented to the study. And compared to the other design it is more less

expensive and it didn’t need to much amount of time.This design is very useful for the

researcher to know the varieties opinion of the persons that involved in the group

discussion.

Study Setting

The study setting will be held at Amaya 7 Tanza Cavite Barangay Hall that

near in their residence area.

Data Collection Instruments. So to be able to conduct a group discussion and

make it possible the researchers need to prepare the schedule of the group discussion

and the researchers need to make sure that they are all free in that day and in that time,

chairs to make them comfortable for the discussion and the questions needed to ask

them to be able to collect information about of the study. And for the researcher they

need to use a voice recorder to be able to record their answer to the question and
 28

notebook for data note taking. The researchers may also get information from the

education experts, advocacy groups of the youth and the persons under of a DepEd

and CHED to have a other relevant answers.

Sampling Design. For the sampling design the researchers will use the purposive

sample, a non-probability sample that is selected based on characteristics of a

population. As the researchers will group the out-of-school youth or person are preset

prior to sampling. The researchers will gather data from the participants with the same

state of living but different types of reason in being out-of-school.

Suggested Data Analysis method. The researchers will use the content analysis

in latent form. The external and internal resources must be to identified and the

researcher should consider their experience of the phenomenon to be studied in order

to minimize any bias. To organize and attain meaning from the data collected and to

make a conclusion from it. The researcher will choose to have a in-depth structure.

Coding

After the data will be gathered the researcher will make a transcription and

made a coding to enhance the actual response must be.

1. Main reason of out-of-school person

i. A purposive sample is a non-probability sample that is selected based

on characteristics of a population

ii. Natural Disaster and Armed Conflict

iii. Not interested

 29

iv. Family Problem and Peer groups

v. Early Pregnancy

vi. Bullying

vii. Other form of reasons

2. Specific year or age did the participant stop schooling

i. 1990’s

ii. 2000’s

3. Knowledge about A.L.S and if they already try it or not

4. Other person who was also out-of-school

i. Friends

ii. Relatives

ii. Strangers

5. Accept or decline the offer about continuing schooling

6. Regrets or realization in being out-of-school person

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Ethical Considerations

The risk of this design is that it can have sort of misunderstanding because of

various perspective and opinion of the persons in the group. And also it is not sure if

their answers to the questions are 100 % really true because there are many persons in

the group.

To prevent this risk we can brief them to the possibilities of misunderstanding

because of their different opinions and reasons. Tell them that everyone in this group is

have their own stories and reasons why they choose to stop, the best thing to do is to

respect their opinion , their stories and the own reasons.

The participant can also choose if they allowed the researcher to take down

notes or to record the whole conversation. The researcher must not forcedly the

participants in answering question because it still depends to their participant if they

want to cooperate to the discussion. The participants also have a power to choose if the

researcher can use the participant whole name in gathering and analyzing the data.
 31

Bibliography

Alfred A., ( 2002), Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative, Retrieved from

https://www.nap.edu/read/10398/chapter/2

Arlene R. M., (2013), Effects to Education of Typhoon Ondoy, Retrieved from

https://educreflections.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/effects-to-education-of-typhoon-
ondoy-based-on-narratives-of-elementary-public-school-students-of-marikina-city/

Carlow I., (2018, January 3), Rights of young workers, Retrieved from
http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/starting_work_and_changing_job/youn
g_people_at_work/rights_of_young_workers.html

David T. M, Henry C., (2018), Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marxism

Edu Punay, (2013, March), UP student kills self over tuition.

Jezz Diaz, (2015),31 bullying incidents take place daily in schools, Retrieved from The
Philippine Star.

Lisa G.S. B., Ph. D. (2016, October), Average Family Income in 2015 is Estimated at 22
Thousand Pesos Monthly.

Marlly R. B., (2017, December), CHED completes IRR for free college tuition law,
Retrieved from GMA news

Neil Alcober, (2013, September), K-to-12 IRR signed today, Retrieved from
http://www.manilatimes.net/k-to-12-irr-signed-today/36327/

Raisa Serafica, (2013, March), UP student kills self over unpaid tuition , Retrieved from
https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/23894-up-student-kills-self-unpaid-tuition
 32

Raymond Dullana, (2015, March), CSU freshman with school fee problems commits
suicide, Retrieved from Rappler.com

Romeo S. R., (2014), Early Pregnancy, Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/one-

ten-young-filipino-women-age-15-19-already-mother-or-pregnant-first-child-final-results

Ryan P. P., (2017, September), Gov’t bodies work double time on free tuition law IRR,
Retrieved in Nation Read http://www.journal.com.ph/news/nation/gov-t-bodies-work-
double-time-on-free-tuition-law-irr

Richard C., (2015), Cognitive Dissonance (Leon Festinger), Retrieved from

http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/cognitive-dissonance.html

Saul McLeod, (2014), Cognitive Dissonance, Retrieved from

https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html

Wayne W. L., (2016, August 26), Boston University School of Public Health, Retrieved
from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/
BehavioralChangeTheories3.html
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Appendices

Tools:

Schedules

Number of Week/s Place Time

2nd week (Moday or Wednesday) Amaya 7 near in 2pm- 4pm
brgy. hall
3rd week (Monday or Wednesday) Amaya 7 near in 2pm- 4pm
brgy. hall

The 1st week of the researchers is for the making schedula and how they find

out-of-school youth or person. The 4th week will be used to analyze and collecting data.

The time will still depend in how the participants will answer those question and

exchanging opinions.

Questions :

1. What is the main reason why you stop schooling?

2. What age or year do you stop schooling?

3. Do you encounter a person who knows that you are not well-educated person?

How they see you?

4. Do you have knowledge about ALS? Did you already try it?

5. Do you know other person who also OSY?

6. If you having a chance to continue schooling will you accept it?

 34

Free Prior Informed Consent Form

Free Prior Informed Consent Form is to emerging the out-of-school participants’

rights; the answers of the participants will be protected and secured with the

researchers. The participant is free to ask the researcher about the terms they don’t

understand well. The participant can also choose if they will join or not in a group

discussion. The participant can also decide if they’re comfortable to record the

conversation or taking down notes.

Before the group discussion start, the researcher will discuss first the main

objective and significance of this study also where the researcher came from. So that

the conversation between participant and researcher will having a great exchanging

opinions and interaction. They can ask each other and the data will be more credible.

Agreement between the participant as a part of the group discussion and researchers.

I agree to become participant of this group discussion to discuss topic

of “what are the reasons why there was an out-of-school youth or person” by the G11

student of Our Lady of Holy Rosary School Senior High. I also know the risks and

advantages of this study. The researcher should take care my answers

because it’s not a piece of joke.

Signature of the Participant