# Introduction to Python# Learning Objectives # Learn the basic features of Python Language to get started with

Data Science and Machine Learning# Introduction to Python # Declaring Variables # Conditional Statements #
Generating Sequence Numbers # Control Flow Statements # Working with Collections # Dealing with Strings #
Functional Programming # Modules and Packages

In [1]:

a=3

In [2]:

print(a)

In [3]:

a=5

In [4]:

print(a)

# Means comment in Python# Declaring Variables # int # float # bool # str

In [5]:

# int - Integer Type

var1 = 2
# float - Floarting Point Numbers
var2 = 5.0
# bool - True or False
var3 = True
# str - Textual data
var4 = "Data Science and Machine Learning"

# Use print function to get console output

In [6]:

print("value of var 1 :", var1)

print("value of var 2 :", var2)
print("value of var 3 :", var3)
print("value of var 4 :", var4)

value of var 1 : 2
value of var 2 : 5.0
value of var 3 : True
value of var 4 : Data Science and Machine Learning

In [7]:

# Check the data type of a variable

type(var1)

Out[7]:

int
 In [8]:

type(var2)

Out[8]:

float

In [9]:

type(var3)

Out[9]:

bool

In [10]:

type(var4)

Out[10]:

str

In [11]:

print(type(var1))
print(type(var2))
print(type(var3))
print(type(var4))

<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'bool'>
<class 'str'>

# Conditional Statements # Style - if - elif - else

In [12]:

if var1 >1:
print("Bigger than 1")

Bigger than 1

In [13]:

x=10
y=12
# if x is greater than y
if x > y:
print("x is greater than y")
# if x is lesser than y
elif x < y:
print("x is lesser than y")
# if x is equarl to y
else:
print("x = y")

x is lesser than y

# Ternary operator
 In [14]:

# Intialize x
x = 5

In [15]:

# True if x is more than 10 or assign False using ternary operator

isGreater = True if x > 10 else False
print(isGreater)

False

# Generating Sequence Numbers # Three parameters to be specified # Start number # Stop number (last
number is not included) # Step number (optional value, default step is 1)

In [16]:

numbers = range(1,10)

# Use control flow statements to print numbers # For loop

In [17]:

for i in numbers:
print(i)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

In [18]:

numbers = range(1,20,2)

# Use control flow statements to print numbers # For loop

In [19]:

for i in numbers:
print(i)

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19

# Use While loop to execute a loop untill condition is turned false

 In [20]:

#initialize i
i = 1

In [21]:

#checking value of i to control if loop is to be executed or not

while i<5:
print (i)
#increment value of i.
i = i + 1
# print after the value of i
print('Done')

1
2
3
4
Done

# Functions # Functions are created using "def" keyword # Function signature should contain the function name
followed by input parameters and end with : # Function ends with a return statement # Function may also not
end with a return statement

In [22]:

def addElements(a,b):
return a+b

In [23]:

result = addElements(2,3)
print(result)

In [24]:

result = addElements(2.5,3.5)
print(result)

6.0

In [25]:

result = addElements("DataScience","MachineLearning")
print(result)

DataScienceMachineLearning

# Parameters may be initialized in a function

In [26]:

def addElements(a,b=4):
return a+b
 In [27]:

print(addElements(2))

# Value of initialized parameter may be overridden

In [28]:

print(addElements(2,5))

# Working with Collections Collections are useful containers or data structures to store and manipulate list of
homogeneous or heterogeneous elements. Popular collections are 1. List 2. Tuple 3. Set 4. Dictionary# List # A
list can contrin heterogeneous items

In [29]:

batsmen = ['Rohit','Dhawan','Kohli','Rahane','Rayadu','Dhoni']

In [30]:

type(batsmen)

Out[30]:

list

In [31]:

batsmen[0]

Out[31]:

'Rohit'

In [32]:

batsmen[0:2]

Out[32]:

['Rohit', 'Dhawan']

In [33]:

batsmen[-1]

Out[33]:

'Dhoni'

In [34]:

batsmen[-2]

Out[34]:

'Rayadu'
 In [35]:

#Returns the length of the array

len(batsmen)

Out[35]:

In [36]:

bowlers = ['Bumrah','Shami','Bhuvi','Kuldeep','Chahal']

In [37]:

all_players = batsmen + bowlers

In [38]:

print(all_players)

['Rohit', 'Dhawan', 'Kohli', 'Rahane', 'Rayadu', 'Dhoni', 'Bumrah',

'Shami', 'Bhuvi', 'Kuldeep', 'Chahal']

In [39]:

# Check if a value exists in a list

'Bumrah' in bowlers

Out[39]:

True

In [40]:

# Return the index of a value from a list

all_players.index('Dhoni')

Out[40]:

In [41]:

#Reversing a List
all_players.reverse()
print(all_players)

['Chahal', 'Kuldeep', 'Bhuvi', 'Shami', 'Bumrah', 'Dhoni', 'Rayadu',

'Rahane', 'Kohli', 'Dhawan', 'Rohit']

In [42]:

#Element of a list if replaceable

batsmen[0]='Mayank'

# Tuples Tuple is also a list, but is immutable. Once a tuple is created it cannot be modified. For,example a tuple
containing ODI player and his/her debut year.
 In [43]:

odiDebut = ('Kohli', 2008)

In [44]:

type(odiDebut)

Out[44]:

tuple

In [45]:

odiDebut[0]

Out[45]:

'Kohli'

In [46]:

# Try odiDebut[1]=2009, it will not be allowed

In [47]:

# Typecasting a list into a Tuple

players = tuple(all_players)

In [48]:

type(all_players)

Out[48]:

list

In [49]:

type(players)

Out[49]:

tuple

# Set # A set is a collection of unique elements (elements cannot repeat unlike a tuple or a list)

In [50]:

wc2011 = {'Dhoni','Sehwag','Tendulkar','Gambhir','Kohli','Raina','Yuvraj','Yusu
f'}

In [51]:

wc2015 = {'Dhoni','Dhawan','Rohit','Kohli','Vijay','Jadeja','Rahane'}
 In [52]:

type(wc2011)

Out[52]:

set

In [53]:

# union of two sets

print(wc2011.union(wc2015))

{'Kohli', 'Yusuf', 'Tendulkar', 'Raina', 'Vijay', 'Rohit', 'Gambhi

r', 'Rahane', 'Yuvraj', 'Dhoni', 'Jadeja', 'Dhawan', 'Sehwag'}

In [54]:

# intersection of two sets

print(wc2011.intersection(wc2015))

{'Kohli', 'Dhoni'}

In [55]:

# difference of two sets

print(wc2011.difference(wc2015))

{'Yusuf', 'Raina', 'Tendulkar', 'Gambhir', 'Yuvraj', 'Sehwag'}

# Dictionary # Dictionary is a list of keys and values. All the keys in a dictionary are unique.

In [56]:

wcWinners = { 1975: "West Indies",

1979: "West Indies",
1983: "India",
1987: "Australia",
1991: "Pakistan",
1996: "Srilanka",
1999: "Australia",
2003: "Australia",
2007: "Australia",
2011: "India"}

In [57]:

wcWinners[1983]

Out[57]:

'India'

In [58]:

wcWinners.values()

Out[58]:

dict_values(['West Indies', 'West Indies', 'India', 'Australia', 'Pa

kistan', 'Srilanka', 'Australia', 'Australia', 'Australia', 'Indi
a'])
 In [59]:

set(wcWinners.values())
Out[59]:

{'Australia', 'India', 'Pakistan', 'Srilanka', 'West Indies'}

In [60]:

wcWinners[2015] = 'Australia'

In [61]:

wcWinners

Out[61]:

{1975: 'West Indies',

1979: 'West Indies',
1983: 'India',
1987: 'Australia',
1991: 'Pakistan',
1996: 'Srilanka',
1999: 'Australia',
2003: 'Australia',
2007: 'Australia',
2011: 'India',
2015: 'Australia'}

# Dealing with Strings

In [62]:

# Declaring Strings
string0 = 'python'
string1 = "machine learning"
string2 = """This is a
multiline string"""

In [63]:

print(string0)
print(string1)
print(string2)

python
machine learning
This is a
multiline string

In [64]:

# Strings - change into upper case

string0.upper()

Out[64]:

'PYTHON'
 In [65]:

# Strings - change into lower case

string0.lower()

Out[65]:

'python'

In [66]:

# Split Strings
tokens = string1.split(' ')
tokens

Out[66]:

['machine', 'learning']

# Functional Programming # A concept where a function is passed as a paramter to another function# Map
function

In [67]:

# Create function for squaring elements of a list

def square_me(x):
return x*x

In [68]:

intList = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

In [69]:

# Pass square_me function as a parameter to map function

squareList = map(square_me,intList)

In [70]:

type(squareList)

Out[70]:

map

In [71]:

list(squareList)

Out[71]:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

 In [72]:

# Normal way
squareList = []
for x in intList:
squareList.append(pow(x,2))
squareList

Out[72]:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

# Anonymous function # Anonymous function is a function without a name and is defined using lambda keyword

In [73]:

squareList = map(lambda x: x*x, intList)

In [74]:

list(squareList)

Out[74]:

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

# Filter Function

In [75]:

evenInts = filter(lambda x: x%2 == 0, intList)

In [76]:

type(evenInts)

Out[76]:

filter

In [77]:

list(evenInts)

Out[77]:

[2, 4, 6, 8]

# Modules and Packages # A Module is a file that consists of functions, classes and variables. A set of modules
become a package. A module can be imported into another module (code).

In [78]:

#sqrt(16)
#will not work as module containing sqrt is not imported.

In [79]:

import math
math.sqrt(16)

Out[79]:

4.0
In [80]:

from random import sample

In [81]:

sample(range(0,11),3)

Out[81]:

[5, 3, 4]

In [82]:

randomList = sample(range(0,100),20)
randomList

Out[82]:

[86, 18, 89, 56, 53, 35, 28, 26, 98, 7, 54, 23, 94, 81, 8, 92, 36,
9, 49, 31]

In [83]:

from statistics import mean, median

In [84]:

def getMeanMedian(listNum):
return mean(listNum), median(listNum)

In [85]:

mean, median = getMeanMedian(randomList)

In [86]:

print("Mean:", mean, "Median:", median)

Mean: 48.65 Median: 42.5

In [87]:

# Difference between array and list

In [88]:

# array stores only elements of similar type

# list stores elements of various types
In [89]:

# create list
list_1 = [1,2,3,4]
list_2 = [1,2,3,4,'a','b','c']

print(type(list_1))
print(type(list_2))

print("")
print("_____________________")
print("")

print(list_1)
print(list_2)

<class 'list'>
<class 'list'>

_____________________

[1, 2, 3, 4]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'c']

In [90]:

# create array
from numpy import array
array_1 = array([1,2,3,4])
array_2 = array([1,2,3,4,'a','b','c'])

print(type(array_1))
print(type(array_2))

print("")
print("_____________________")
print("")

print(array_1)
print(array_2)

# What difference do you observe in list and array after printing ?

<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>

_____________________

[1 2 3 4]
['1' '2' '3' '4' 'a' 'b' 'c']