Application of lubricant oil

Lubricating oil is extracted from cooling oil, which undergoes a preliminary purification process
(sedimentation) before it can be pumped into the fractionation tower. Its high efficiency is usually about
25 to 35 feet (7.6 to 10.6 meters) in diameter and up to 400 feet, which is 122 meters long. The
fractionation tower was built using high-grade steel to resist corrosive compounds present in crude oil;
inside it is equipped with an increasing range of condensate rafts. In a tower, thousands of hydrocarbons
in the crude oil will be separated from each other by a process called fractional distillation. As the vapors
rise through the tower, the different fractions cool down, condensation takes place and returns to liquid
form at different rates determined by their respective boiling points (the lower the boiling point of the
fraction, the higher it rises before it condenses). Natural gas first reaches its boiling point, followed by
kerosene, gasoline, fuel oil, lubricants and leaves.
First, crude oil is transported by pipeline or tanker truck from the oil well to the refinery. At the refinery,
oil will undergo sedimentation to remove water and solid contaminants, such as sandstones. During the
process, the crude oil is pumped into a large container tank, where the water and oil are allowed to
separate and the pollutants are abandoned from the oil.
Second, it breaks; the crude oil will heat up to 700 degrees Fahrenheit, which is equivalent to 371 degrees
Celsius. At this temperature it decomposes into a mixture of hot vapor and liquid which is then pumped to
the bottom of the first of the two fractionating towers. Here the hot hydrocarbon fumes soar to the top. As
it cools, they will condense and collect in different bowls installed at different levels inside the tower. In
this tower, the normal air pressure will be maintained continuously and about 80 percent of the crude oil
will evaporate.
The remaining 20 percent of the oil is then reheated and pumped into a second tower, where the vacuum
pressure lowers the boiling oil of the remaining oil so that it can evaporate at a lower temperature. The
heavier the compounds with higher boiling points, such as tar and the inorganic compounds, are left for
further processing.
Fourth, after a further process of removing the unwanted compounds, the lubricating oil collected in the
two fractionation tower will be fed through a number of ultrafine filters, which will remove the
unpleasant impurities. Aromatics is one of the examples for contamination, it contains six-carbon rings
that can affect the viscosity of the lubricating oil if it is not removed in a process called solvent extraction.
Extraction of solvents is possible because aromatics in the solvent are more soluble than the lubricating
oil fraction. If the lubricating oil is treated with the solvent, the aromatics will dissolve. Later, after the
solvent is removed, the aromatics can be recovered from it.Finally, the oil is mixed with additives to give
it the desired physical properties (such as the ability to withstand low temperatures). At this point, the
lubricating oil is subjected to a variety of quality control tests that have access to the viscosity, the
specific gravity, color, flash and firing points. Oil that meets the quality standards is packaged and sold
and distributed.

Application of Emulsifier
Emulsifiers are widely used in the food and beverage industry, especially in mixtures of mono-
and diacylglycerol. They are prepared in a glycerization reaction using chemical catalysts due to
the fast reaction time, high conversion of reagents and low cost. Palm stearin is abundant and
less utilized. Therefore, palm stearin is used as a raw material for the synthesis of emulsifiers.
The aim of the project is to produce an emulsifier containing high concentrations of mono- and
diacylglycerol. The emulsifier was synthesized by reaction time (1 hour to 12 hours), catalyst
concentration (1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) (w / w) and addition of molecular sieve (12% (w / w)). and
without control). In addition, the products were fractionated at various temperatures (40 ° C, 30 °
C, 20 ° C and 10 ° C). These results suggest that for the synthesis of mono- and diacylglycerol
from palm stearin using NaOH catalyst, the NaOH concentration in the Batch stirred tank reactor
was 3% (w / w), the reaction time was 6 hours, and the molecular sieves were 12% (w / w). )),
reaction temperature 90 ° C, addition of tert-butanol solvent 2 ml ⋅ g-1 oil, palm stearin: glycerol
molar ratio (1: 5), stirring speed 400 rpm. The fractionation temperature was 30 ° C and the
product yield was 61.43%, containing 91.00% ± 2.50% and 9.00% ± 2.50% mono- and
diacylglycerol. Characteristics of emulsifiers: emulsion capacity 95.55% ± 0.71%, emulsion
stability 90.44% ± 1.24%, melting point: 62.67 ± C ± 2.52 ∘C - 70.33 toC ± 0 , 58 ∘C, and the
type of emulsion is oil / water (w / w).