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PROCESSES
Micro-emulsification;
Dilution; and
Transesterification.
PYROLYSIS
The pyrolysis refers to a chemical change caused by
the application of thermal energy in the absence of air
or nitrogen. The liquid fractions of the thermally
decomposed vegetable oils are likely to approach diesel
fuels.
The pyrolyzate has a lower viscosity, flash point, and
pour point than diesel fuel and equivalent calorific
values. The cetane number of the pyrolyzate is lower.
The pyrolyzed vegetable oils contain acceptable
amounts of sulfur, water and sediments and give
acceptable copper corrosion values but unacceptable
ash, carbon residual and pour point.
MICRO-EMULSIFICATION
The formation of micro emulsion is one of the potential
solutions for solving the problem of vegetable oil
viscosity.
Micro-emulsions are defined as transparent,
thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersion.
The droplet diameters in micro-emulsions range from
100 to 1000 Å. Microemulsion can be made of vegetable
oils with an ester and dispersant (co solvent), or of
vegetable oils, and alcohol and a surfactant and a
cetane improver, with or without diesel fuels. All
micro-emulsions with butanol, hexanol and octanol met
the maximum viscosity requirement for diesel fuel.
The 2-octanol was found to be an effective amphiphile
in the micellar solubilization of methanol in triolein
and soybean oil.
DILUTION
The dilution of vegetable oils can be accomplished with
such material as diesel fuels, solvent or ethanol.
Dilution results in the reduction of viscosity and density
of vegetable oils. The addition of 4% ethanol to diesel
fuel increases the brake thermal efficiency, brake torque
and brake power, while decreasing the brake specific
fuel consumption.
Since the boiling point of ethanol is less than that of
diesel fuel, it could assist the development of the
combustion process through an unburned blend spray.
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Transesterification is the method of biodiesel
production from oils and fats and can be carried out by
two ways.
(a) Catalytic Transesterification.
(b) Supercritical Methanol Transesterification
Catalytic Transesterification
The “Catalytic Transesterification” process is the
reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol in the
presence of some catalyst to form esters and glycerol.
A triglyceride has a glycerin molecule as its base with
three long chain fatty acids attached. The
characteristics of the oil/fat are determined by the
nature of the fatty acids attached to the glycerin. The
nature of the fatty acids can in turn affect the
characteristics of the biodiesel.
The products of the reaction of biodiesel
Biodiesel/glycerol separation
The biodiesel /glycerol separation is typically the first
step of product recovery in most biodiesel processes.
The separation process is based on the facts that fatty
acid alcohol esters and glycerol are sparingly mutually
soluble, and that there is a significant difference in
density between the ester and glycerol phases. The
presence of methanol in one or both phases affects the
solubility of ester in glycerol and glycerol in ester.
The biodiesel washing step is used to neutralize any residual
catalyst, to remove any soaps formed during the esterification
reaction and to remove residual free glycerol and methanol.
Ester drying is required to meet the stringent limits on the
amount of water present in the final biodiesel product. In
addition, there may be other treatments used to reduce color
bodies in the fuel, remove sulfur and phosphorus from the
fuel, or to remove glycerides.
Additization is the addition of materials that have a specific
functionality that modifies one or more fuel properties.
Examples include cloud point/pour point additives,
antioxidants, or other stability enhancing agents.
Fatty acid alcohol esters have a density of about 0.88 gm/cc,
while the glycerol phase has a density on the order of 1.05
gm/cc, or more. The glycerol density depends on the amount of
methanol, water, and catalyst in the glycerol. This density
difference is sufficient for the use of simple gravity separation
techniques for two phases.
Any of the three categories of the equipments viz., Decanter
system or Centrifuge System or Hydro cyclone can be used to
separate the ester and glycerol phases.
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