Biodiesel Feed Stock,

Production Technology
 BIODIESEL CONCEPT
Diesel (Petroleum derived) Oil When
Substituted Partly or Wholly by a Liquid
Fuel Derived from Renewable Resource
Materials
Rudolf Diesel First Demonstrated in 1900 that
Renewable Resource Material like Groundnut
(Peanut) oil as a Fuel in Diesel Engine in Place
of Petroleum Diesel Without any Problem.
 Biodiesel
The present Concept
Conversion of Oils/Fats to Alkyl Esters of
Monohydric Alcohols to overcome Problems of
High Viscosity, High Boiling Point and Reactivity
make

Biodiesel is Now Defined Exclusively as the

Monoalkyl Esters of the Long Chain Fatty Acids
Derived from the Oils/Fats of Vegetable and
Animal Origins that Fulfill almost all the
Requirements of Petroleum-Derived Diesels.
 BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK
(A) Oils & Fats of Plant And Animal Origins
(B) Refinery byproducts like
(1) Fatty Acid Distillates (FADs) (Palm FADs).
(2)Acid Oils (Soyabean, Rice bran, Coconut, Mustard).
(C) Used Oils Like Frying Oils.
CPO MILLING
TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION
TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION
separations

Triglyceride
LABORATORY SCALE PRODUCTION
 ESTERIFICATION

The reaction of fatty acid with an alcohol produces ester and water. The
esters can be separated from the water because they have low
solubility in it
.
Esters can be produced under conditions of low or high temperature
and the crude product is distilled, bleached and deodorised as
appropriate before a pure ester is produced.
 CATALYST

Chemical catalyst process

Biocatalyst process
 Chemical Catalyst Process
One Step Process with a Base Catalyst like Sodium Hydroxide
or Potassium Hydroxide or their Alkoxides when the Oils/Fats
are Refined (RBD).
Two-Step Process on oils Containing FREE FATTY ACIDS

(I) Esterification with Conc. H2SO4, H3PO4

(ii) Transesterification with a base catalyst NaOH, KOH or High
Pressure Esterification and Alcoholysis for straight way
conversion to Biodiesel.
 One-Step Biocatalyst Process for
Biodiesel Production

Simultaneous Esterification And Transesterification

(Alcoholysis) of Triglyceride Oils.

Esterification
Lipase
R.COOH + MeOH R.COOMe + H2O
 TRANSESTERIFICATION

CH2OCOR
CH2OH Lipase

CHOCOR + 3MeOH 3 R.COOMe + CHOH

CH2OCOR CH2OH
 Chemical Process
For Biodiesel Production

A. Single Stage or Direct Transesterification (Alcoholysis)

Process.

Refined or Neutral Oil (< 1.5% F.F.A.)

+
Alcohol (Methanol) 1.6-2 Times
 Theoretical Amount

Base Catalyst 500C-700C

KOH OR NaOH 4-6 Hr.
0.3-1.5% or
NaOMe 0.5%
or
Less ALKYL ESTER PRODUCT

Necessary Post-Treatment

BIODIESEL (95% yield of 97% purity)

B. TWO-STAGE (COMBINED ESTERIFICATION AND
TRANSESTERIFICATION) PROCESS.
1st STAGE ESTERIFICATION PROCESS
Acid Catalyst + Alcohol (1.6-2 Times
(Conc. H2SO4 the Th. Amount)
0.1-1% on F.F.A 1000-1200C/10-12 hrs.
Basis Or 600C/4-5 hrs.Or
350C/2 hrs.1-2 hrs.

Ester Phase Glycerol Phase

 2nd STAGE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
ESTER PHASE
Base Reflux Or at 600C
Catalyst For 0.5-6hrs.

Alkyl Ester Phase Glycerol Phase

Purification Acidified

Final Ester Biodiesel Glycerol Phase Acidic Esters

Purification
 AUTOCATALYTIC ESTERIFICATION PROCESS

Acidic Oils (>5% FFA) Or Acid Oils (>50% FFA)

Esterifying Agent 1800C-2200C
Like Glycerol 2-6 Torr,
(Theoretical Or 6-12 hrs
20-60% Excess
Over theoretical
Neutral Oil
Transesterification Process

Methyl Ester Glycerol

Purification (Recycled in the
Esterification)
Biodiesel
 TRANSESTERIFICATION WITH
SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL FOR
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Oil + Methanol (1:42 )

300-5000C 300 Atmospheres
Times 3-4 minutes

Methyl Esters (98% Conversion)

Biodiesel By Blending of Vegetable Oil With
Short Chain Alcohol and an Amphiphilic
Compound
Vegetable Oil

1-ALKANOL Methanol Or Ethanol

Stable Solution (Liquid)

(With Viscosity Sufficiently low for use as Diesel
Fuel)
 BIODIESEL STANDARDS

Linolenic Acid < 12%

Methanol Content < 0.02%
Monoglycerides > 1.0
Diglycerides > 0.25
Triglycerides Free > 0.25
Glycerol Total < 0.02
Glycerol Alkali < 0.38
Metals < 5 ppm
Alkali Earth Metals < 5 ppm
Phosphorus < 10 ppm
Content
 FEEDSTOCK
MINYAK NABATI KW 1 (FFA <5%)
MINYAKNABATI KW 2 (FFA > 5%, <20%)
MINYAK NABATI KW 3 (FFA>20, <70%)
PFAD (FFA >70%)

PROSES KIMIA Esterifikasi

Transesterifikasi
 Teknologi proses

FEEDSTOCK METHANOL

Process conditions
High temperature 150 oC >
Medium temperature 100 130 oC
Low temperature + Catalyst 50 80 oC + Catalyst
Low temperature + Enzyme 30 50 oC + Enzyme

BIODIESEL GLYCEROL / WATER

Examples (Batch Reaction)

Oil FFA(%) Yield of Methyl Ester(%)

Crude Palm Oil 4.5 96
Crude Palm 3.8 98
Stearin 3.2 95
Rapeseed 3.5 94
Sunflower 1.5 98
Coconut Palm 3.2 98
Kernel Soya bean 1.3 95
Corn 9.6 96
Tallow 3.9 93
FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYL ESTERS OF
VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS

CHARACTERISTICS TESTED

METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING

ESTER 150C 400C NUMBER VALUE

PALM
OIL 0.872-0.877 4.3-4.5 64.3-70 32.4 MJ/L

COCONUT 0.872 2.7 62.7 30.8 MJ/L

METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING
ESTER 150C 400C NUMBER VALUE

RAPESEED
(LEAR) 0.882 4.2 51.0-59.7 32.8MJ/L
SUNFLOWER 0.885 4.0 61.2 32.8MJ/L
SOYABEAN 0.880 4.0 45.7-56 32.7MJ/L
TYPICAL
DIESEL 0.830-0.840 2.0-3.5 51.0 35.5MJ/L
FUEL