PT-2

1. Penetrability of penetrant is mainly determined by

a. Viscosity
b. Contact angle
c. Surface tension
d. a, and c of the above
e. b and c of the above

2. Normally all the penetrants that are employed in PT have specific

gravity of
a. Less than 1
b. More than 1
c. More information is required
d. Specific gravity is not a criteria in PT

3. The height of capillary rise of the liquid or the depth to which

penetrant enters, is more in the case of
a. Wide and shallow discontinuities
b. Narrow and deep discontinuities
c. More information is required
d. Determined by contact angle and surface tension

4. A high viscous penetrant

a. Penetrates faster
b. Penetrates slower
c. Penetrates slower and the drag out loss will be higher
d. Penetrates slower and the drag out loss will be lesser

5. Wetability or spreading ability of penetrants is determined by contact

angle
a. A high contact angle promotes wettability
b. A low contact angle promotes wettability
c. More information is required
d. Surface tension determines contact angle

6. Viscosity is an important property in PT and is defined as

a. Internal or molecular friction of liquid or fluid
b. Friction between the liquid and solid
c. Cohesive forces between liquid molecules
d. Adhesive forces between molecules

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7. Flammability or flash point is different from fire point. This property
is important from safety point of view. Up to 1975, a flash point of 66
deg. C and above is the requirement. Presently OSHA has made it
more stringent and the temperature is 93 deg.c and above. The
definition of flash point is
a. The temperature at which the liquid catches fire in presence of
flame
b. The temperature at which the liquid gives off enough vapour that
catches fire in presence of flame
c. The temperature at which liquid is fully converted in to vapour
d. The temperature at which the liquid catches fire

8. Once there is capillary rise, the height to which liquid rises is mainly
determined by
a. Surface tension
b. Contact angle
c. Viscosity
d. Both ‘a’ and ‘b’

9. A liquid in a capillary tube has a concave surface.

a. The liquid has high surface tension
b. Low surface tension
c. More information is required
d. The liquid is penetrant

10. The limiting crack dip dimension D, that can be infilterated by a

penetrant is given by 2 T Cosθ/ pc where T is the surface tension, θ is
the contact angle and pc is the capillary pressure .the limiting crack
tip dimension is ( t= .08 n/m : θ = 2 deg. Pc=0.9x10(5) N/sq.m)
a. 0.88 mm
b. 8.8 mm
c. 0.88 micros
d. 9.8 micros
e. none of the above

11. Question no. 2.8 study guide

12. Question no.2.5 study guide

13. Question no.2.9 and 2.10 study guide

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14. Beer-lambert’s law gives absorbance equation I=I0 ( 1 -e-kcx.)
calculate the absorbance Io/ I for the given values of k,c and x

15. The fading of fluorescence brightness is

a. Connected to decrease efficiency of fluorescent dyes in converting
UV to V light
b. Connected to decrease in fluorescence on prolonged exposure to
sun light.
c. Connected to killing of fluorescence dye indication by a visible dye
d. Connected to decrease in fluorescence on prolonged exposure to
UV light

16. 4. Normally mechanical methods of cleaning the surface prior to the

PT is not advisable. However if mechanical methods are adopted ,
the treatment to be followed is
a. Through washing with water
b. Vapour decreasing
c. Acid treatment
d. Etching

17. Mechanical methods of surface preparation prior to PT is not

advisable however grit blasting with sift grit hand brushing is not
objectionable
a. When the hardness of the metal is above 40 Rc
b. When the hardness is low
c. When fluorescent penetrant is used
d. None of the above

18. Oil and grease need be removed from the surface prior to PT since
a. Oil and grease may affect the contact angle and surface tension of
p
b. May occupy the discontinuity to some extent
c. May fluoresce under black light
d. A&b of the above
e. A, b & c of the above

19. Rough surface and excessive rough weld are not that suitable for PT
because
a. They interfere with penetration
b. They pose problems during excess surface penetrant removal
c. They ultimately lead to false indications
d. B and c of the above

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20. In acid cleaning of steel for rust and scale, hydrogen entry is a
problem that will lead to hydrogen embrittlement. One way to remove
hydrogen from steel is
a. Vibrate after acid cleaning
b. Give an alkaline treatment
c. Bake the component
d. Use inhibitors

21. As per MIL-4-25135 E penetrants are given the designation s types.

One type of penetrant not covered in his specification is
a. Colour contrast penetrant
b. Brightness contrast penetrant
c. Dual mode penetrant
d. Filtered particle penetrant

22. In the above specifications , sensitivity levels are given. This is

applicable to
a. Visible dye penetrant
b. Fluorescent dye penetrant
c. Dual mode penetrant
d. Special high sensitive penetrants

23. Dwell time consists of application (immersion) and drain time.

Draining of the penetrant after the application by any method is
practiced since
a. This practice leads to cost reduction
b. It is found that this mode of dwelling gives better sensitivity
c. This practice reduces the load on the excess penetrant removal
step
d. A and b of the above
e. A , b and c of the above

24. In the system concept, system consists of

a. Penetrant, emulsifier and developer
b. Penetrant, solvent remover and developer
c. Penetrant and developer
d. penetrant and emulsifier

25. In penetrant testing , brushing of penetrant to the component is

a. Not recommended
b. Recommended
c. Only criteria is adequate coverage
d. B and c of the above

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26. Normally any of the fluorescent type of penetrant is better sensitive
than any of the visible dye penetrant as
a. Black light is used fluorescent penetrant inspection
b. Seeability of fluorescent penetrant is better
c. The contrast ratio is high compared to visible dye penetrant
d. All of the above
e. A and b of the above

27. In the MIL specification, the removal of excess surface penetrant is

designated by
a. Types
b. Forms
c. Methods
d. Sensitivity levels

28. w. washing pressure in psi

a. 20-30 PSI
b. 30-40 PSI
c. 40 -50 PSI
d. 30 -40 kg

29. w. washing angle of spray

a. 45º-75º C
b. 45-75 radian
c. 30º-45º C
d. 0º-90º

30. In the case of water washable penetrant, when processing very large
parts where immersion is not practicable the procedure to be
followed is
a. To start washing from the top to bottom
b. To start washing from the bottom to top
c. To start washing from mid portion and then to either side
d. To use solvent cleaning methods

31. Emulsifiers whether lipophilic or hydrophilic acts on the penetrant by

a. Solvent action
b. Dispersive action
c. Mechanical action
d. Mixing action
e. Detergent action

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32. Water tolerance of lipophilic or hydrophilic emulsifier is
a. High
b. Low
c. Same
d. No comparison possible

33. The mechanism of lipophilic emulsifier on penetrant is one of

a. dissolving in the penetrant making it amenable for water washing
b. dispersing the penetrant so as to make it water washable
c. dissolving the penetrant with water emulsifier combination
d. mechanical action
e. detergent action

34. The sensitivity of hydrophilic emulsifier is normally high when the

concentration of the emulsifier is low say 5% the disadvantage is
a. The load on water washing is high
b. Penetrant tolerance is low
c. The bath life is low
d. a and b of the above
e. b and c of the above

35. Activity and viscosity of lipophilic emulsifier are related. As

a. The viscosity increases activity increases
b. The viscosity increases activity decreases
c. The water content ( within allowable limits) increases activity
increase
d. The water content decreases activity decreases
e. B and c the above

36. In the case of post emulsifiable penetrant initial water rinse

( prerinse)
a. Is possible
b. Is not possible
c. Is possible only in the case hydrophilic emulsifier PE penetrant
d. Is possible only in the case of lipophilic emulsifier PE penetrant

37. Compared to water washable Penetrant, PE penetrant process allows

rerun: The reason being
a. Water washable penetrant cleans the surface thoroughly
b. Water washable penetrant leaves some amount of emulsifier
residue in the discontinuity
c. PE penetrant does not leave much emulsifier in the discontinuity
d. PE penetrant leaves some amount of emulsifier
e. B and c of the above

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38. Where a part does not rinse cleanly after post emulsification, the
next step is to
a. Return the part to emulsifier to remulsify
b. Rinse continuously with rinsing
c. Reprocess the part through the entire penetrant inspection process
d. All of the above

39. After emulsification, the water rinse conditions are essentially same
as that are used in WW penetrant
a. True
b. False
c. Some modification are required
d. Emulsification must be stopped by rinsing after emulsification time

40. As per the above MIL classification, the developers are classified as
various forms of developers. Of the following which one is not a form
of developer
a. Dry developer
b. Water soluble
c. Solvent soluble
d. Special application

41. Even without developing, the penetrant can come out of the
discontinuity
a. True
b. False
c. But it is very thin layer to be seen
d. A and c of the above

42. the high sensitivity of the nonaqueous wet developer is attributed to

a. good adsorption of the developer with the surface
b. good absorption of the penetrant by the developer
c. solvent action of the developer with the penetrant
d. all of the above

43. The dry developer is more suited for rough surfaces as

a. The adsorption is good
b. The flowability is good
c. The tendency to remain on the surface is good
d. The absorption is good

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44. Electrostatic sparing of dry developer is most sensitive than other
methods of applying of dry powder
a. As the adsorption is better
b. As the absorption is better
c. As the solvent action is better
d. As the electrostatic method of application facilitates penetrant bleed
out

45. The plastic film developer is also sensitive like the nonaqeous as
a. The plastic film facilitates good viewing
b. The plastic material in the developer facilitates bleed out
c. The solvent action of plastic film developer facilitates good bleed
out
d. None of the above

46. The developer dwell time is important to get an optimum indication

presently dwell time of 10 – 30 minutes is recommended. In the case
of wet developer the developer dwell time starts
a. The moment developer is applied
b. After the application of developer and at the end of drying
c. There is no developer dwell time
d. More information is required

47. the white light spectrum is

a. 4000 a to 7000 a
b. 400 nm to 700 nm
c. 3650 to 4000 a
d. 3200a to 4000 a
e. a and b of the above

48. The spectrum of black light with the filter is

a. 3200A to 4000 A
b. 3650 A
c. 2000A to 4000 A
d. 4nm to 4000 nm
e. 200 -400 nm

49. The spectrum of fluorescence on subjecting the fluorescent dye with

black light is
a. 475 nm to 575 nm
b. 400 nm to 700 nm
c. 365 nm
d. 320nm to 400 nm

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50. Black light on monetary direct exposure to the operator’s eye causes
temporary cloudiness. This will cause damage to the human eyes
a. True
b. False
c. OSHA need be consulted
d. Operator must be careful

51. Hg is vapour lamp produces UV and visible light. The use of filters
a. Removes the entire visible radiation
b. Removes UV of wavelength lower than 320 mm
c. Removes UV of wavelength higher than 320 mm
d. ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the above

52. Visible light intensity in the dark room for fluorescent inspection
should not exceed
a. 2 lux
b. 20 lux
c. 2 ft candles
d. 29 ft candles
e. ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

53. Water tolerance level is applicable in the case of

a. Post emulsifiable penetrants
b. Solvent removable penetrants
c. Water washable penetrants
d. Hydrophilic emulsifiers

54. For cast surface, the penetrant that will given min. background
fluorescence or colour
a. Post emulsifiable
b. Water washable
c. Solvent removable
d. Dual mode

55. The most suitable method to detect fatigue cracks in stainless steel
is
a. Type I, Method B or D
b. Type II, Method B or D
c. Type I, Method A or C
d. Type II, Method A or C

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56. It is required to detect large cracks in an AI forging. The satisfactory
method would be
a. Type I, Method B or D
b. Type II, Method B or D
c. Type I, Method A or C
d. Type II, Method A or C

57. It is required to inspect an overhead weld during daytime. The

suitable method would be
a. Type I, Method C
b. Type II, Method C
c. Type I or II, Method B or D
d. Type I or II, Method A

58. Type I, Method A penetrant is not suited for

a. Rough surfaces
b. Key-Ways and threads
c. Shallow discontinuities
d. None of the above

59. The penetrant Type and Method combination that is most suited for
spot inspection is
a. Fluorescent, water washable
b. Fluorescent, post emulsifiable
c. Fluorescent, solvent removable
d. Visible dye, solvent removable

60. Water contamination of WW penetrants and lipophilic emulsifier

leads to problems. One method to measure the water content in the
above materials is to
a. Evapo0rate and condense the water
b. Reflux with Xylene and condense the Xylene and water vapor
c. Conduct water tolerance test
d. titrate with some chemical

61. In the case of reverse fluorescent testing, the crack indications

would be
a. Bright fluorescent lines
b. Dark lines
c. Red colour indications
d. The entire surface fluoresce except the portions where cracks are
present

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62. A linear continuous or broken in penetrant testing of a forged
component could be
a. Lap
b. Seam
c. Cracks
d. All of the above
e. ‘b’ and ‘c’ of the above

63. A component need be tested both by PT and MT. The better

sequence would be
a. PT first
b. MT first
c. Sequence does not affect the testing
d. Depends on the sensitivity level required

64. On application of penetrant, there are many aids to promote

penetration like heating of the penetrant, vibration of the component
and vacuum or pressure. Of these
a. heating may be deleterious and not followed
b. vibration may be deleterious and may not be followed
c. vacuum and pressure pose problem and may bot be practical
d. better do not use any aids

65. Interpretation and evaluation are the final steps in penetrant testing.
In interpretation
a. To look for indications and identify the indications as to the nature
of indication
b. Based on the nature and size of the indication, serviceability of
evaluation component is ascertained
c. We find out whether the indication is true or false
d. ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the above

66. The penetrant in open tank is covered with white layer. The reason
is
a. Due to
b. Froth formation
c. Due to
d. Due to surface corrosion difference

67. Emulsification time is very critical

a. Manufacturers recommendation need be strictly adhered to
b. Determined experimentally for the component under inspection
c. Effectiveness is ascertained by background fluorescence
d. A higher emulsification time is safer to remove the excess surface
penetrant

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68. Component that may come into contact with Lox is to be penetrant
tested. The following may be practiced
a. Remove all the traces of penetrant from the component
b. Use Lox compatible penetrant material
c. materials that are soluble in water and are easily removed by
rinsing
d. all of the above

69. Pressure vessel need be tested from inside for leaks. The best
method would be
a. Visible dye
b. Fluorescent dye
c. Visible dye, water washable
d. Visible dye, solvent removable

70. Upto an optimum thickness, as the fluorescent penetrant layer

thickness increases the brightness increases. After the optimum
thickness, the brightness decreases due to internal quenching of
fluorescence. The optimum thickness is
a. 2 microinch
b. 3 microinch
c. 4 microinch
d. 5 microinch

71. Electrostatic spraying of penetrants and developers are normally

used in PT. In this Penetrant drops or developer particles are made-
ve and the part +ve. One requirement for this method is
a. The penetrant should have high electrical conductivity
b. The penetrant should have high electrical resistance
c. Any conductivity is sufficient to adopt this method
d. Need more information

72. After vapour degreasing a very thin layer (monomolecular) layer is

present in the discontinuity
a. This is detrimental and thorough cleaning is necessary
b. This is good as the penetration is promoted
c. As the layer is thin, it is virtually of no consequence
d. Mono layers do not exist in penetrant testing

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 73. The intensity of fluorescence (visible light) given by fluorescent dye
is dependant on the concentration of the dye, thickness of the dye, a
constant called extinction coefficient and initial intensity of black
light and the quantum yield. The equation is If = θ Io (1 – e-kcx).
Calculate the If for Io is 100: θ = 1.1 : kcx = 1
a. 70
b. 63.6
c. 30
d. 11.1

Flash Point
Viscosity- Surface tension
Sp.gr at Deg.F
Penetrant Centistokes (hypothetical
100º F (closed
at 100º F values) dynes/cm
cup)
Water wash Penetrant 0.8412 5.00 72.8 130º
Colour contrast 0.912 4.85 17.01 105º
penetrant A
Post emulsification 0.8877 9.28 23.0 175º
penetrant A
Colour contrast 0.9638 8.90 21.8 185º
penetrant B
Post emulsifications 0.9889 9.47 23.0 121º
penetrant B
Emulsifier A 0.9239 50.8
Emulsifier B 0.9409 118.9

74. Among the above penetrants, which is good from safety point of
view
a. Water wash penetrant
b. Colour contrast penetrant A
c. Post emulsification Penetrant A
d. Colour contrast penetrant B
e. Post emulsification penetrant B

75. Among the above penetrants, which will penetrant faster

a. Water wash penetrant
b. Colour contrast penetrant A
c. Post emulsification penetrant A
d. Colour contrast penetrant B
e. Post emulsification penetrant B

76. Other things being equal, which penetrant will penetrate more
a. Water wash penetrant
b. Colour contrast penetrant A
c. Post emulsification penetrant A
d. Colour contrast penetrant B
e. Post emulsification penetrant B

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 PT-2 ANSWERS

Q.NO ANSWERS Q.NO ANSWERS Q.NO ANSWERS

1 E 31 B 61 B
2 A 32 D 62 D
3 D 33 B 63 A
4 C 34 E 64 D
5 B 35 B 65 D
6 A 36 C 66 A
7 B 37 C 67 B
8 D 38 C 68 D
9 A 39 D 69 B
10 E 40 C 70 C
11 41 D 71 B
12 42 D 72 B
13 43 C 73 A
14 44 A 74 D
15 D 45 C 75 B
16 D 46 B 76 A
17 A 47 E
18 E 48 A
19 D 49 A
20 C 50 B
21 D 51 D
22 B 52 E
23 E 53 C
24 D 54 B
25 C 55 A
26 C 56 C
27 C 57 C
28 B 58 C
29 A 59 D
30 A 60 C

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