PRACTICAL MANUAL 2020

SUBJECT

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING II/ELECTROTECHNOLOGY II

(ELEN202) / (ETEC202) / (ETEM201)

SURNAME & STUDENT NUMBER

INITIALS 21712164
Qwabe SB
LECTURER’S NAME COURSE
Dr. G Sharma POWER ENG

Revised by G Sharma (2020)

EXPERIMENT NO: 1

AIM: - was to conduct the load test on a single phase transformer, finding its efficiency and voltage

regulation.

Apparatus Required:
Sr. No. Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-20A) MI 1
3 Voltmeter (0-150V) MI 1
45 Voltmeter (0-300V) MI 1
6 Wattmeter 150v/20A. UPF 1
7 Wattmeter 300V/10A. UPF 1
8 Lamp Bank 250 Watt 0.4

Circuit Diagram

Revised by G Sharma (2020)

 Fig. 1 Load test on 1-Φ x, Mer
Observation

Conclusion:
The voltage regulation is defined as the change in the magnitude of receiving and
sending voltage of the transformer. The voltage regulation determines the ability of
the transformer to provide the constant voltage for variable loads.
A single-phase transformer is a type of power transformer that utilizes single-phase
alternating current, meaning the transformer relies on a voltage cycle that operates in
a unified time phase. They are often used to step-down long distance and localized
transmission currents into power levels more suitable for residential and
lightcommercial applications.
We can conclude that the primary and secondary current and wattmeter increases as
the number of bulbs in the circuits are switched on whilst the voltage remain the
same. This also increases the circuit efficiency whilst the regulation remains the
same.

Revised by G Sharma (2020)

Questions: -
1. Efficiency of a power transformer is near to the __B__
a) 100%
b) 98%
c) 50%
d) 25%
2. What is the correct formula of efficiency of a single phase transformer? __C__
a) Input/output
b) Output/losses
c) 1-(losses / (output + losses))
d) Cannot be determined
3. Voltage regulation of transformer is given by ____B____

a) E2-V2/V2
b) E2-V2/E2
c) V2-E2/E2
d) V2-E2/V2
5. Negative voltage regulation indicates ___A____
a) Capacitive loading only
b) Inductive loading only
c) Inductive or resistive loading
d) Cannot be determined

Calculation:

Revised by G Sharma (2020)

EXPERIMENT NO: 2

AIM: - To wire for a stair case arrangement using a two-way switch.

Revised by G Sharma (2020)

Apparatus Required: -
Sr. No. Components Quality/Range
1 Lamp 100V_100W 1
2 Lamp Holder 1
3 Two-way switch 2
4 Wires As required

Circuit Diagram: -

Fig. 2 Two way-switch of electrical wiring

Observation
SWITCH POSITION LAMP
CONDITION
S/W 1 S/W 2
ON ON OFF
ON OFF ON
OFF ON ON
OFF OFF OFF

Conclusion: -
In the above observation-table we can observe that as for the provided circuit the lamp only lights
when the switches are at the opposite states. In terms of improvement, designing was a little difficult

Revised by G Sharma (2020)

to kick start in the beginning. Maybe a few more demonstrations on how to wire and make
calculations helped to make these practical sessions more efficient. Overall, designing these circuits
was genuinely fun and gave us a taste of what real life circuiting is like.

Conducting this practical was not only an interesting and informational way to learn about electrical
circuiting, but also it allows us to understand how to apply the skills we learned in the practical
sessions to real life. We now understand how basic circuits are wired up in our houses, how current
flows through circuits, differences between series and parallel circuits, and even how basic household
appliances function.

Questions: -
1. How do you connect a two-way switch?
Answer: first you need a Lamp and two SPDT switches of which you connect the output from
the lamp to com of the first switch, then L1 of the first switch to L2 of the second switch and L2
of the first switch to L1 of the second switch and lastly connect the com of the second switch to
the Voltage Source.

2. What types of switches are used for staircase wiring?

Answer: Two two-way switches and intermediate switches

3. What is the use of staircase wiring?

Answer: Is to connect and control light bulb using two switches placed at different places,
regardless of the position.

4. What is the difference between one way and two-way light switch?
Answer: A one-way switch operates as a break switch. The two terminals connect when it is
switched on and the contact is broken when the switch is switched off. One way switch has
single throw whilst the two way switch has the double throw.

5. What's the difference between single phase and three-phase?

Answer: Single phase requires a single wire to connect a circuit.

Three phase requires three wires to connect a circuit.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 3

AIM: - To Study and performance of Go down Wiring.

Apparatus Required: -
Sr. No. Components Quality/Range
1 Lamp(120v_250) 4
2 Lamp Holder 4
3 Two-way switch 5
4 Wires As required

Circuit Diagram: -

Fig. 3 Go-down Wiring

Observation Table:
SWITCH POSITION LAMP CONDITION

S1 S2 S3 S4 B1 B2 B3 B4
On Off Off Off On off Off Off

Off On Off Off Off On Off Off

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 Off Off On off off Off On Off
Off Off Off On Off Off Off On

Conclusion:
Keeping switch 5 on all the time, is only when the lamps can switch on and keeping it
off will deny the light from coming on. Go-down wiring makes the feasibility for the
user to turn off the load when switching another, its circuit arrangement is in such a
way that, from common pole we can switch to both 1 & 2 poles, the 1st pole is
connected to load and 2nd to common pole of next and this sequence repeat. We can
switch OFF and Switch ON the bulb from both switches at the same time. in other
words, we can control (OFF or ON) the bulb from upper and lower switches.
In go-down wiring as the remaining switches are in position common to the 2nd pole
(c-2) then it is in contact with the common pole of next switch by this arrangement
we can connect infinite number of loads and switching one load OFF previous load
and ON next.
Switch S1 in the circuit is SPST (single pole single throw) and remaining are SPDT
(single pole double throw). In go-down wiring the number of loads can be connected
further to any extend.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the importance of go-down wiring?
Answer: Go-down wiring circuit is needed in tunnel like structures, warehouses, long
passages, big go-downs having lots of rooms and different portions.

2. How does wiring save electricity?

Answer: The use of new wiring that reduces leakage current and losses in the wiring
conductor. The use of conductors that have less losses during electricity flow causes an
improved efficiency thus saving electricity.

3. Is black wire live or neutral?

Answer: Live

Revised by G Sharma (2020)

 4. What is the role of two-way switch in go-down wiring?
Answer: It allow a previous load to be turned OFF when switched ON the next load in a
two-way switching.

5. Is neutral wire dangerous?

Answer: No

EXPERIMENT NO: 4

AIM: - To study the construction and operation of various types of lamp.

Apparatus Required:
Sr. No. Components Quality/Range
1. Incandescent Lamps.
2. Halogen Lamps
3. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (C.F.L.)
4. LED Lamps.

Applications:
1. Indoor lighting.
2. Outdoor lighting.
3. Flood lighting.
4. For vehicle head lights.
5. TV studios

CONCLUSION:
Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only
when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of
time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e. daylight harvesting).
Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off
lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes

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incorporated into larger building automation systems. In response to daylighting
QUESTIONS:
1. What frequency do LED lights operate at?
Answer: 50 – 90 Hz

2. What are the benefits of using CFLs?

Answer:
a CFLs are up to four times more efficient than incandescent bulbs.
b While initially they cost more, CFLs are less expensive in the long run because they last much longer
than incandescent bulbs.
c You can do your part in reducing carbon emissions by changing over to CFLs.

3. How does a tube light glow? Answer: They are energy efficient

4. Are LED lights dangerous?

Answer: Yes, because they emit less Carbon Dioxide

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