LIBRARIES AND THEIR LOCATIONS

Library Location
Asiatic Society Library Bombay
Conamora Public Library 1890 Chennai
Khudabaksha Oriental Library 1891 Patna
Raja Rammohan Roy Library Culcutta
Saraswati Mahal Library 1918 Tanjore
National Science Library Delhi
National Library Culcutta
National Library for Blinds & Handicaps Dehradun
National Library of Oriental Literature & Culture Patna
National Medical Library AIIMS New Delhi

NATIONAL LIBRARIES ( WORLDWIDE )

Name of Library Country
Library of Congress ( Largest Library ) USA
National Diet Library Japan
State Lenin Library Russia
British Museum UK
National Library India

LIBRARY LEGISLATION AND YEAR OF ENACTING

Act Year
Imperial Library Act 1902
American Library Act 1950
England Public Library Act 1956
British Library Act 1972
Indian Library Act Not yet enacted

PUBLIC LIBRARY ACT ( 19 Libraries )

Act Year Finance
Madras 1948 Library Cess
Andrapradesh 1960 Library Cess
Karnataka 1965 Library Cess
Maharastra 1967 No Cess, Govt. Fund
West Bangal 1979 No Cess
Manipur 1988 No Cess
Kerala 1989 Library Cess
Haryana 1989 Lavy Cess
Mizoram 1993 No Cess
Goa 1993
Gujarat 2001
Orissa 2001 No Cess
Uttar Pradesh ( Uttaranchal ) 2005
Uttarakhand 2005
Rajasthan 2005
Bihar 2007
Chattisgarh 2007
Pondicherry 2007
Arunachal Pradesh 2009

LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS / HEAD OFFICE AND YEARS

Library Association HO Year
American Library Association ( ALA ) USA-Chicago 1876
Library Association ( LA ) New Name - CILIP UK-London 1877
Special Libraries Association ( SLA ) USA-New York 1909
Association for Special Libraries & Information
Bureau ( ASLIB ) Lagos 1926
International Federation of Library Association ( IFLA ) Haque 1929
Indian Library Association ( ILA ) Calcutta 1933
Govt.of India Libraries Association ( GILA ) New Delhi 1933
Indian Association of Special Libraries and
Information Centre ( IASLIC ) Calcutta 1955
Indian Association of Teachers in Libraries and
Information Science ( IATLIS ) 1969
Commonwealth Libraries Association ( COMLA ) Lagos/Nigeria 1972
Society for Information Science ( SIS )
Association for College and Rsearch Libraries ( ACRL )

CILIP combination of Institute of Information Scientists(IIS) and Library Association UK

(LA) merged in 2002

Indian Library Association has created a database of libraries is – Nalanda

NALANDA contains –1. Academic Libraries 2.Public Libraries 3. Special Libraries

INDIAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Association Year

Andra Pradesh Library Association 1914

Madras Library Association 1928
Bengal Library Association 1929
Bihar Library Association 1936
Kerala Library Association 1942

Bombay Library Association 1944

Hyderabad Library Association 1953
Delhi Pradesh Library Association 1953
Uttar Pradesh Library Association 1956
Madhya Pradesh Library Association 1956
CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
Scheme Founder Country Year
Dewey Decimal Classification ( DDC ) Melvil Dewy USA 1876
Expansive Classification ( EC ) C.A.Cutter USA 1891
Library of Congress Classification Lib.Of Congress USA 1904
Universal Decimal Classification ( UDC ) P.Oulet & H.Fontain Belgium 1905
Subject Classification ( SC ) J.D.Brown Britain 1906
Colon Classification ( CC ) S.R.Ranganathan India 1933
Bibliographic Classification ( BC ) H.E.Bliss USA 1935
Library Bibliographic Classification Lenin Library Russia 1959
International Classification ( IC ) F.Rider USA 1961
Telescopic Classification ( TC ) Issaic USA 1970
Broad System of Ordering UNESCO 1978
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
Records (FRBR) IFLA 1992-
95

CATALOUGING CODES
Code Name Year
British Museum Code 1841
Rules for Dictionary Catalogue 1876
Anglo – American Code 1908
Vetican Code ( Italian Code ) 1927
Classified Catalogue Code 1934
American Library Association Code 1949
Anglo American Catalogue Rules – I ( AACR – I ) 1967
Anglo American Catalogue Rules – II ( AACR –II ) 1978
Anglo American Catalogue Rules – II R - Revised 1988

INDEXING SYSTEM
System Founder Year
Systematic Indexing J.Kaiser
Chain Indexing S.R.Ranganathan 1934
Preserved Context Indexing System ( PRECIS ) Derek Austin 1968
Postulate Based Permuted Subject Indexing ( POPSI ) G.Bhattacharya
Uniterm Indexing M.Taube 1953
Citation Indexing E.Garfield
Subject Indexing M.E.Sears
Keyword Indexing H.P.Luhn 1959
Automated Indexing H.Ohlman
SLIC ( Selective Listing in Combination ) Indexing J.R.Sharp
Thesaurus Indexing P.M.Rogget
COMPAS Indexing 1991
British Technology Index / Current Technology Index E.J.Coates
NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS / ORGANISATIONS
System / Organisation Place
Year
INSDOC – Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre New Delhi
1952
DESIDOC – Defence Science Information & Documentation Centre ( By DRDO )
1958
ARIC – Agricultural Research Information Centre
1967
NASSDOC – National Social Science Documentation Centre
( By ICSSR - ) New Delhi
1970
SENDOC – Small Scale Enterprise National Documentation Centre Hyderabad
1971
NIC – National Information Centre New Delhi
1975
NISSAT – National information system in Science & Technology
1975
PIS – Patent Information system Nagpur
1980
ENVIS – Environmental Information System
1982
NCIS – National Centre for Information System Bangalore
1983
BIS – Biotech Information System
1986
NATIS – National Information System
NISCAIR – National Institute of Science, Communication and
Information Resources
1952
INSDOC merged with National Institute of Science Communication to form NISCAIR
BARC – Bhabha Automic Research Centre Bombay
DRTC – Documentation Research & Training Centre Bangalore
1962
DRDO – Defence Research & Development Organisation New Delhi
ICSSR –
UGC – University Grant Commission Dr.C.D.Deshmukh New Delhi
1953
AICTE – All India Council of Technical Education New Delhi
INDEST – Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences & Technology
N.Delhi
BCUD - New Delhi
LIST – Library & Information Science Today
NEFT -
ECMS – Electronic Copyright Managemnt System
PDF - Postscript and Portable Document Format (Adobe Acrobat Reader for browsing PDF
)
STSI - Science, Technology and Societal Information
ADD - Accessibility and Dissemination of Data

OTHER NATIONAL INFORMATION CENTRES

System / Organisation Place
Year
NICLAI - NIC for Leather Industry Madras
NICFOS - NIC for Food Sciences Mysore
NICDAP - NIC for Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Lucknow
NICMAP - NIC for Machine Tools & Production Bangalore
NICTAS - NIC for Testiles & Allied Subjects Ahmedabad
NICCHEM - NIC for Chemicals & Allied Industries Pune
NICAC - NIC for Advanced Ceramics Calcutta
NICB - NIC for Bibliomatrics New Delhi
NICRYS - NIC for Crystallography Madras
NICDROM - NIC for CD – ROM Bangalore

INSDOC - Scientific Information

NASSDOC - Social Sciences
DESIDOC - Defence Sciences
SENDOC - Small Scale Industries
NIC - Government Information
INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS / ORGANISATIONS
System / Organisation Place
Year
FID – International Federation for Documentation Hague
1895
IAEA – International Atomic Energy agency Viena
ICSU – International Council of Scienctific Union Brussels
WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organisation Geneva
1967
IFLA – International Federation of Library Association Hague
1929
INIS – International Nuclear Information System ( IAEA ) Viena
1969
AGRIS – Agricultural Information System ( of FAO ) MODELED ON INIS
OR International Information System for Agricultural ROM
1975
DEVSIS – Development Science Information System Canada
ISDS – International Serial Data System Paris
INPADOC – International Patent Documentation Centre Viena
1972
UNIDO IIS – UNIDO Industrial Information System
1977
MEDLARS – Medical Literature Analysis & Retrieval System
1964
INSPEC – Information Service for Physics & Engineering Community London

NATIONAL LIBRARY NETWORKS

Network Place Year
NICNET - National Information Centre Network ( NIC ) New Delhi 1977
ERNET - Education and Research Network ( Elec.Dept ) New Delhi 1986
CALIBNET - Calcutta Libraries Network ( NISSAT ) 1986
DELNET - Developing Libraries Network (Indian International Centre ) 1988 Delhi
DESINET - Defence Science Information Network 1989
INFLIBNET - Information and Library Network UGC Ahmedabad 1988/1991
BONET - Bombay Libraries Network 1992
INDONET – Indonet 1993
MALIBNET - Madras Libraries Network 1993
PUNENET - Pune Libraries Network
HYLIBNET - Hyderabad Libraries Network
NAGNET - Nagpur Libraries Network
ISDN – Integrated Serices Digital Network

INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY NETWORKS

Network Place Year
OCLC – Online Computer Library Centre USA 1967
Also known as Ohio College Library Centre ( uptp 1971 )
WLN – Washington Libraries Network 1972
RLIN – Research Libraries Information Network 1978
PADIS – Pan-African Development Information system 1980
JANET – Joint Academic Network BRITAIN 1984
ASTINFO – Regional Network for Exchange of Information
And Experience in Asia & Pacific 1985
DEVINSA – Development Information Network in South Asia 1986
APINESS – Asia & Pacific Information Network in Social Science 1986
Asia & Pacific information Network on Medical and Aromatic Plants 1987
UTLAS – The University of Toronto Library Automation System - Canada

LIBRARIES SOFTWARE PACKAGES

Library Software
CDS/ISIS UNESCO
Sanjay DESIDOC
Minisis IDRC
Granthalay INSDOC/NISCAIR
Libsys INFOTECH
TULIPS Tata Unisis
Maitrayie CMC Ltd.
OASIS Soft Link
LIBRIS Frontier Info.Technology
SLIM Algorythm
SOUL INFLIBNET

Types of Library Software Packages:

A) Based on Function Performed
a) Database Creation Software (E.g CDS/ISIS)
b) Library House Keeping/Management Software Packages ( Libsys, OASIS, Sanjay,
SLIM, SOUL)
c) Institutional Repository Software Packages (CDSWare, Dspace, E-prints, Fedora,
Ganesha digital library, Greenstone)
B) Based on Source Code Availability
a) Proprietary software (SOUL)
b) Open Source Software Packages (Koha)

AUTHOR and BOOKS

Books Author
India’s National Library B.S.Keshwan
Five Law of Library Science Ranganathan
Manual of Library Economy Simpson
Basic Statistics for Librarian J.D.Brown
Introduction to Librarianship J.K.Gates
Documentation & Organisation of Knowledge J.H.Shera
Documentation Bradford
Documentation & Information B.Guha
Documentation and its Facits Ranganathan
Communication J.Thompson
The Coming of the Post-industrial Society, a venture in social forecasting Daniel Bell

CONCERNED NAMES
Anthony Pannizi British Museum
George Boole Role Operators
G.Bhattacharya / Ranganathan DRTC
K.M.Asuddola Imperial Library
Lord Curzon National Library
Jawaharlal Nehru Delhi Public Library
Ranganathan Classified Catalogue
W.C.B.Sayers School of Librarianship
P.N.Kaula B.H.University
Sayaji Rao Gaikwad Library Movement
M.E.Sears List of Subject Headings
Homi J.Bhabha BARC

REF./INFORMATION SOURCES PUBLISHER

Indian Library Science Abstract IASLIC
Library & Information Science Abstract LA ( UK )
Chemical Abstract ACS
Biological Abstract BIOSIS
Mathematical Reviews AMS
Science Citation Index ISI
British Humanities Index LA ( UK )
Indian Press Index DLA ( Delhi Association )
Index Translationam UNESCO
Cumulative Book Index H.W.Wilson
Books In Print Bowker & Company
Readers Guide to Periodical Literature Wilson & Company
World of Learning Europa Publication
Encyclopaedia Americana McGraw Hill Company

REF./INFORMATION SOURCES TYPE

India : A Reference Annual Yearbook
Library Literature Indexing Periodical
Mathematical Review Abstracting Journal
World of Learning Directory
Kessing’s Record of World Events News Summaries

Encyclopaedia Britannica Britanica Incorporation

Encyclopaedia Americana Grolier
Encyclopaedia of Library & Information Science N.Deker
International Encyclopaedia of Social Science Mc Millan

Reference Source Frequency

INIS Atom Index Bi-weekly Publication
Data India Weekly Publication
Books In Print Annual Publication
Current Biography Monthly Publication
Humanities Index Quarterly Publication

UNIT – I
Information and its Role
The word ‘data’ is Latin in origin.The word data is used as the plural form of datum.

Many Authors used the term Informatics for Information Science. In America the term
Documentation was replaced by Information Science in mid seventies.
A recorded message irrespective of physical form or content - Information

Information Society :- The worlds has seen three main important revolutions. These are
1) Agricultural 2) Industrial 3) Technological or Informational

According to George Simel “ Sociology is the science of a form of human interaction”

Match the Pair
Egypt – Papyrus
Rome – Clay Tablets, Wax Tablets
China – Bamboo
India –Stone, Metal

Paper was invented in China in second century.

The interrelationship of the three concepts could well be understood from the chart given
below:
Data Raw Material Cotton
Information Intermediary Yarn
Knowledge Finished Product Cloth

Data is the building block for information and information is the building block of
knowledge.
Knowledge, on the other hand, is an organised set of statements of fact

The factor contributing to the enhancement of the value of information are:

Research and Development Fusion of Science and Technology
Science and Technology and Societal Information Information Technology
Information Demand Power Shift

Three categories of 'value of information' Normative, Relative & Subjective value

Information Age : A period characterised by domination of information.

Algorithm : Instructions for carrying out a series of logical procedural steps in a specific
order

CODATA - Committee on Data for Science and Technology as quoted by Luedke and
others in ARIST

Important Information Scientists

Belkin makes a distinction between definition and concept.
Belkin postulates three approaches – 1) Methodological 2) Behavioural 3) Definitional

Wersig and Neveling consider information much more comprehensively, adopting six
different approaches

Brookes :- According to Brookes knowledge is a summation of many bits of

information, The relationship is expressed in a simple equation, which he calls the
‘fundamental equation of information science K [S] +D I = K [S+D S]
Daniel Bell :- (information society) Daniel Bell, the well known sociologist, has
characterised the new methodological development ( Fusion of Science & Technology ) as
“intellectual technology”

Fritz Machlup :- An Austrian Economist, The distinctions between information and

knowledge are summed up below
Information Knowledge
is piecemeal, fragmented, particular ; is structured, coherent and often of enduring
unstructured significance;
is timely, transitory, perhaps even ephemeral is a stock, largely resulting from ;he flow, inputs
and of information;
And
is flow of messages may affect the stock of knowledge by adding to
it, restructuring it or changing it in any way.

Concept Library Science Information Science

Unit Library Centre Information Centre
Medium Book Data Base
User Reader Recipient
Staff Librarian Information Officer
Service On Demand As & When needed
Retrieval Tool Catalogue Controlled Vocabulary

TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Personal and Public Knowledge
Knowledge is broadly divided into two groups,
Personal knowledge (private knowledge) - Personal knowledge is the knowledge of the
individual and as such is available to others only if communicated.
Social knowledge (public knowledge) - Social knowledge is the knowledge possessed
collectively by a society.
Tacit and Explicit Knowledge
The above two groups of knowledge is expressed slightly differently by Michael Polayani.
Explicit knowledge is that expressed to others, orally or in a recorded form. It is objective,
theoretical and digital.
Tacit knowledge is personal knowledge that may or may not be expressed by an
individual. It is of the mind which is subjective, practical,Analog It is highly personal.

KGEU – Knowledge, Generation, Exchange and Utilization. Ronald G.Havloc cleared

this concept. Roger ( 1983 ) developed Communication Model for KGEU processes.

Neelameghan’s Extension
Based on Ranganathan methodology, Neelemeghan worked further on these ideas of the
modes of formation of subjects and enumerated a few micro modes.
These are: Fission Fusion
COMMUNICATION
The term communication being derived from a LATIN word
COMMUNICATE/COMMUNIS which means “ to talk together “

History of Communication

Elements of Communication
Information Source Encoder Message Communication
channel
Noise Decoder Receiver/Destination

Communication Media
Print Media – Newspapers, Magazines, Periodicals, Books. conference proceedings etc.
Electronic Media – Telegraph, Telephone, Broadcasting Media, Electronic Mail,
Videotext & Teletext, Computer Communication, Cable TV systems.

Telegraph: It was invented by Samuel Morse in 1830

Barriers of Information & Comminication
Institutional, Financial, Technical, Linguistic, Social & Psychological, Political &
Administrative.

Basic Component of Communication = Source – Channel – Recipient

Channels of Communication
Formal Communication / Written or Documentary communication – is mostly
communication by means of documents in some type of printed and published – in form of
print material, audio visual materials

Informal Communication / Oral communication – This communication is mostly

communication through conversation , Speech, face to face or by phone. mode is both Oral
as well as written.

Types of Communication
Vocal & Non – vocal Communication - Non-vocal communication refers to the use of
signs, signals and symbols, etc in communication process. This type of communication can
be found in pre-historic period in all cultures
Vocal communication refers to any form of communication that uses the human vocal
chords. It can range from shouting to spoken languages.

Verbal & Non – verbal Communication - Non-verbal communication includes actions

such as gestures, vocalisations, facial expressions and other behaviour.
Verbal communication refers to the use of words.

Intrapersonal Communication – Self communication or communication within one

person,i.e., talking to oneself, reading something, etc.
Interpersonal Communication – Communication between Two or More persons. It could
be face-to-face, or it could be at a distance with the help of telephone or letters, etc.
Group Communication – In this form of communication many people are involved and
the speaker and the listener are shifted among the participants. This type of communication
may take place between small groups usually not exceeding 25. It may also take place in
large groups where there is communication by one or more persons to an audience of more
persons
Public or Mass communication – This generally refers to communication, which takes
place between one person or a group of persons through a special media to a large audience.
Print, Broadcasting, film or the electronic media Radio, Television to large audiences.

Person to Person, Person to Group and Group to Group

Communication Media
• Oral – Information disseminated from one person to other orally
• Verbal/Written – It means the recorded information in printed form.
• Audio-Visual – This includes pictures, charts, film strips, video tapes, cassettes etc.
• Mass media – It comprises of the film, the radio and the television
• Tele communication
• Satellite

Models of Communication
Shannon and Weaver’s Model
Shannon's approach is source-centric
In this model, a message emanates from an information source. It is converted into a signal
or series of signals by a transmitter. Enroute, this signal is mixed with or contaminated by
‘noise’, that is to say, various kinds of unwanted interference coming from ‘noise’ sources.
The received signal is decoded by a receiver, being converted back into the original
message, more or less, which is what the receiver (or destination) receives.
Information Source Message Transmitter Signal Received Signal
Receiver
Message Destination

Lasswell’s Model - Lasswell, a U.S. Political Scientist developed this model in 1948. Who
communicated

George Gerbner’s Model - This model is conceptually different from the earlier two
models. Gerbner developed this model in 1956.

The Schramm Models - He developed three models to explain the proposed concept or
theory. The three models are diagrammatically represented.

Information Diffusion :- It is a transfer process in which there is movement of technical

know-how within a group of users.
Optical Fibres : A thin glass or plastic fibre used to carry data in the form of light waves.
Facsimile Transmission : Transmission of an image over communication line in the form
of electric signals in such a way that the image is reproduced at the destination using special
equipment and paper.

E. M. Rogers and F. F. Shoemaker developed a model - This model is known as A-I-E-

T-A model of decision-making. ( Awareness-Interest-Evaluation-Trial-Adoption )

Rogers’ model is the most well-known and wide spread diffusion model
Diffusion Models
Epidemic Model - Also known as the learning model, A common feature of this model is
the analogy drawn from the spread of diseases.
Economic Theory Model
Stock Adjustment Model - This model is used in the study and analysis of investment
behaviour. In fact, the Stock Adjustment Model was used to study the stock levels of
computers
in U.S. and U. K. in the 1960s and 1970s.
Vintage Model - The vintage model was postulated by Salter and others in 1960. The
basic structure of a ‘Vintage Model’ may be summarised as follows: “Old product is only
replaced or scrapped when its operating costs exceed the returns it earns. Similarly new
equipment is only installed if its total costs are covered by the revenue it earns.
Elfreda A. Chatman identifies three diffusion models, namely:
Elements of Diffusion Model, Attributes of Innovation Model, Stages of Adoption Model

Mansfield has conceived three varieties of diffusion. They are:

a) Interfirm diffusion: It refers to spread of new process from firm to firm within an
industry. It is also known as imitation diffusion.
b) Intrafirm diffusion: It refers to the spread of the process within individual firms.
c) Overall diffusion: it refers to the spread of transfer through out the industry as a whole.

Coded Form of Information : In this form, information is recorded using some codes.
For example in the classification of books we provide information in coded form.
Condensed Form of Information : Information in brief provided in the form of summary,
abstract, etc.
Consolidated Form of Information : When scattered information on a topic is gleaned
first and then put together in a logical order. This gives rise to consolidate from of
information.
Digitised Form of Information : Presentation of information using the digits 0 and 1 gives
rise to this form of information.
Pictorial Form of Information : Information communicated through pictures instead of
alphabets and symbols. Examples: maps, atlases, photographs, portraits, etc.
Simplified Form of Information : Information presented replacing the jargons, difficult
words and long complex sentences with simple words and sentences to make it
understandable to children and layman.
Translated Form of Information : Original information is presented in a different
language called the target language retaining the original meaning.
'A Mathematical Theory of Communication' by U.S. scientist Claude E. Shannon published
in 1948.
In summary, we may place approaches to information theory under four different
categories:
1.Semantic-centred approach/context independent 2.Context-dependent approach
3.Recipient-centred approach 4.Semantic-independent
approach/Mathematical/Statistical

Entropy is the average information content per message of a source.

The average information content per message is referred to as source entropy or information
entropy and is represented by the symbol H.

Information Transfer Cycle – Components-

Generation – Surveys & Censuses, Research & Development, Activities of Govt. Other
Activities.
Collection & Storage – Libraries, Documentation Centre, Information Centres, New
Services. Dissemination -

Information plays an important role in

Education Research and Development Management and Decision Making Daily
Life of a Person Business and Industry Scientific Development
Government
Socio-Economic Development: Entertainment, Health Care, News, Home Shopping.
Security:

IPR – Intellectual Property Rights

The right to IP encourages the creativity in man. The creative person contributes to the
development of the society and in return enjoys the economic benefits of his labour.

IPR International Conventions

• Berne Convention – by WIPO in 1986
• Patent Co-operation Treaty ( PCT ) – 1978 – India is not yet member
• Paris Convention
• Madrid Agreement on International Registration of Marks
• Universal Copyright Convention 1952
• Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights ( TRIPS )
• WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization Convention - 1967

IPR is a broad term for covering

• Patents for Inventions
• Copyrights for materials
• Trademarks for broad identity and
• Trade secrets

Legislation Covering IPRs in India

Patent – The legal authority in this patent right is the World Trade Organization ( WTO )
agreement with respect to Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right ( TRIPS )
Types of Patents
• Utility patents b) Design patents c) Plant patents

Copyright – A copyright is a very particular and exclusive right even for reproduction of
an original work.
This is for material, aesthetic material, literacy, music, film, sound recording, broadcasting,
software & multimedia.

Trade Marks – A trademark is an identification symbol which is used in the course of

trade to enable the buyers to distinguish one trader’s goods from the similar goods of other
traders.
These marks are in the form of certain “ Wordings “ or can be in the format of logos,
designs, sounds etc. Example – NIIT, Kodak
Types of Trademarks
• Generic Trademarks b) Descriptive trademarks Suggestive Trademarks

Trade Secrets – A trade secrets means information, which is kept confidential as a secrets.
This is generally not known in the relevant industry, offering an advantage to its owner
over other competitors.

Theories of Information: At different times, different people in different context propose

various theories of information. Some of them are listed below:
Mathematical Theory : Shannon and Weaver
Semantic Theory : Y. Barttiller and R. Carnap
Phlogiston Theory : Fairthorne
Decision Making Theory : M. C. Yovits

Lotka’s Law : Alfred J.Lotka 1926.-Author’s Production

xny=constant.
Zipf’s Law : George Kingsely Zipf - Word frequency
Bradfords Law of Information : Samuel Clement Bradford in 1948 Scattering. This
law was extended by many, notably B. C. Vikery, F.
Leimkuhler and B. C. Brookes.

UNIT II
Dr.Ranganathan completed his education in Librarianship in the University of London,
School of Librarianship in 1924. Berwick Sayers, known as the grammarian of library
classification was one of the teachers at school.

Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan – Born - 9 August 1892 & Died - 27 September

1972

S. R. Ranganathan: Stated “A library is a public institution or establishment charged with

the care of collection of books, the duty of making them accessible to those who require
the use of them and the task of converting every person in its neighborhood into a habitual
library goers and reader of books.”

S. R. Ranganathan: Quote “Reference service is the contact between the right reader and
the right book in the right personal way”.

S. R. Ranganathan: He for the first time used the term prenatal cataloguing.

Five Laws of Library Science were enunciated in 1928 by Dr.S.R.Ranganathan Librarian

of the University of Madras
• Books are for use
Application – Location, Library Hours, Library Building & Furniture, Staff, Book
Selection, Shelf Arrangement, Reference Service, maintenance.
• Every Reader his/her Book - A variant of this law is, "Books for All"
Resource Sharing is an important step in the direction of satisfying the Second Law.
Application – Library Ligislation, book selection, Shelf arrangement, Cataloguing, Resource
Sharing, Open Access, Reference Service.Maintenance.
• Every Book its reader
Application – Lists of New Additions, Display of New Books, books Exhibition, Open
Access, Extension Service.
• Save the time of the reader
Applications – Open Access, Cataloguing & Classification, Charging system
• The Library is a growing Organism
Application – Book Stock, Readers, Staff, Classification and catalogue, Modernisation,
Provision for the future, weeding out of Books.
It is related to child growth and adult growth. In living Organism growth is of two types
Child growth & adult growth. Child growth is chiefly characterized by growth in physical
dimensions and is fast & visible. In case of adult growth, the growth is mainly in the nature of
replacement of cells. It is a kind of internal qualitative change & growth that may not be visible.

James R. Rettig: Gave the sixth law of library science “Every reader his/her freedom”

Restated with focus on information, the Five Laws of Dr.S.R.Ranganathan are:

• Documents/information are for use
• Every Reader/user his/her Documents/information
• Every Documents/information its reader/user
• Save the Time of the User; its corollary, Save the Time of the Information Services
staff
• Documents/information system is a growing Organism

Library Resource Sharing and Networking

It is also known as Library Cooperation.
It means sharing of resource of a group of libraries. It is defined as a mode of operation
whereby functions are shared in common by a number of librarie.
The word Resource Sharing can be analysed as follows
Resource : All of the resources of the library
Sharing : To be participated in sharing of the resources.
Need for Resource Sharing
Tremendous Growth in Publications
Increasing cost of documents
Reader’s Demand
Lack of Money
Space problem
Limited Resources

LIBRARY NETWORK -
Major types of services
Shared cataloguing On-line reference Shared circulation Interlibrary loan
Characteristics of Library Network
Data : Bibliographic records ( MARC )
Retrieval : Author / Title / number ( subject ) keyword / Code
Access : Telecommunication Network / Private Network / Hard Wired
Network
Users : Librarians and Library Client

Components of a Public Library Act

Preliminaries Top Management Library Committee
Finance
Accounts and Audit Laws, Rules & By Laws

Library Extension Services

Extension services are undertaken in two ways
Internal Extension Services – which are arranged within the libraries.
External Extension Services – which are arranged outside the libraries.
Extension Services :-
Reading Circles, Reading to Illiterates, Local Learned Organizations, Public Lecture &
talks, Cultural Programmes, Exhibitions, Story hours of Children

History of Library & Information Science Education in India

First of all, Sir Morris Gayer approved the Library Science education in India at
University of Delhi

Firstly, Library Science Education started in Baroda in 1911 ( unofficially ). The king of
baroda Sayaji Rao Gaekwad III invited a student of Melvil Dewey, William A.Borden
to establish a library & to give library science education. On the other hand Punjab
University also invited a student of Melvil Dewey, Asa Dew Dickenson from America to
open a Library Science College in 1915 at Punjab. It gave the education upto 1947

The higher education i.e.M.Lib, M.Phil. and Ph.D. first of all have been started by
University of Delhi – 1948
Mr.D.B.Krishna Rao was the first person to get Ph.D.in Library & Information
Science from University of Delhi in 1957.

Library Associations in India, UK & USA – ILA ( library Bulletin, ABGILA – Annual
Bulletin of Government of India Libraries Association, IASLIC ( IASLIC Bulletin,
IASLIC Newsletters, Indian Library Science Abstract ( ILSA ), Directory ), IATLIS, SIS
– Society for Information Science, LA, ASLIB, SLA & ALA
Library Associations Organisations at International level – FID, IFLA and UNESCO

UNIT III
According to S.R.Ranganathan
Conventional – Book, Periodical publication, map, atlas etc.
Neo – Conventional – Standard, specification, patent, data
Non - Conventional – Microcopy, audio, visual, audio-visual
Meta document – direct record unmediated by human mind

According to C.W.Hanson
Primary – Books, Journals, Reports, Patents, Theses, Trade Literature, Standards
Secondary - Abstracting & Indexing journals, Citation Indexes, subject Bibliographies,
reviews and surveys

There are various sources of information which are broadly classified into categories :-
01) Documentary Sources – Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
02) Non-documentary – Formal Sources includes research organizations, societies,
industries, govt.depts., universities, consultants etc.- and Informal Sources include
conversation with colleagues, visitors, attendance at professional meetings etc. Informal
sources are live sources, which are extremely important in the process of communication.

According to Denis Grogan

Primary Sources - Materials which are most authentic & original and usually take the
form of a journal article, report or patent
e.g – Periodicals, Research Monographs, Research Reports, Patents, Standards,
Specifications and Trade Literature, Dissertation ( thesis ), Autobiography, Conference
Papers & Proceedings.

Secondary Sources - A secondary sources is one that gives information about primary
source.
The original information is selected, modified & rearranged in suitable format for the
purpose of easy location by the users
e.g. – Indexes, Abstracts, Bibliographies, Review, Encyclopaedias, Handbooks, Manuals,
Tables, Translations, Yearbooks, Gazetteers, Who’s who, A biography written by other
person is a secondary source.

Tertiary Sources - The tertiary sources consist of information that is a distillation and
collection of Primary & Secondary sources.
E.g. - These include list of all kinds of sources of reference works like the Encyclipaedias,
Dictionaries, Yearbooks, Bibliography of Bibliographies, Directories, Guides to literature
Almanacs, List of research in progress,

REFERENCE SOURCES – The reference collection should include three classes of

materials
• Reference books such as Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias, Bibliographies, Yearbooks,
Directories, Biographies
• Standard works of information such as Gazetteers, Atlases etc.
• All such materials that cannot be lent for home reading such as indexing and
abstracting periodicals, statistical sources.

Some reference questions and the types of reference sources

Reference Source Corresponding examples of queries
Indexing/Abstracting serials Where can I find all the latest papers published in
On the subjects chemistry?
Dictionary How can I find the meaning of the word ---------
Yearbook What happened during last year
Bibliography/Trade Catalogue Where can I find a list of all books on the subject of
IT
Encyclopaedia How can I get brief information on
Australia/Olympics
Directory/Handbook Please give me the names & address of
Engg.Colleges in India.
Biography Biography of K.R.Narayanan, President of India

DOCUMENTARY REFERENCE SOURCES

DICTIONARIES
It is a book explaining the words of a language or the term of a subject, arranged in some
definite order, usually arranged in some definite order, usually arranged in alphabetically
order, with explanation of their meaning & use.
The word Dictionary is derived from latin word – dictionarium
Some reference books have identical purpose with slight difference in scope
• Glossary :- This originates from the Latin word ‘glossarium’. Means a collection
of words peculiar to a field of knowledge. A list of terms alongwith some
explanation in a special field.
Technical Glossaries – Glossary of Indian Religious Terms and Concepts, Glossary of
Indian Medicinal Plants, the ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science.
• Lexicon :- It is derived from a Greek word ‘Lexicon’. Lexicon is a dictionary of
words of a language, arranged alphabetically giving meaning in another language.
Two types of Lexicon – a) The Lexicon of a language of dialect AND b) The Lexicon
of writers or individual works.
• Thesaurus :- Its origin is in Greek. A treasury of words.
• Vocabulary :- It is originates from a medieval Latin word ‘ vocabularium’ It is
often used for a stock of words and phrases with brief explanation.
TYPES OF DICTIONARIES
• General Language Dictionaries – They are called so as they deals with the
common words of a language. They are most popular and readily used dictionaries.
• Subject Dictionaries – Dealing with the terms of particular subject are known as
subject Dictionaries.
• Special Dictionaries – Which are compiled for a special purpose or aspects of a
language.
1) Dictionaries covering special linguistic aspects of the words
e.g.-Dictionary of Pronunciation / Dictionary of Spelling / Synonyma and
Antonyms.
2) Directories covering a special type or class of words
e.g.-Dictionary of slang words/Obsolete words / New Words
3) Dictionaries dealing with Literary aspects and catering to special group of person
e.g-Dictionary of Quotation / Proverbs / Foreign Terms / Phrases / idioms
• Dictionaries of Translation – Dictionaries giving meaning of words from one
language into another language ( Bilingual or multilingual dictionaries )
e.g – English – Hindi, English – Marathi Dictionaries
Bilingual Dictionaries – giving meaning in one or two other languages.
Multilingual Dictionaries – giving equivalent words in three or more languages.
• Descriptive dictionaries - Oxford English Dictionary & Webster’ Third New
International Dictionary fall under the group of –
National biographical dictionary of India is published by – S P Sen

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE DICTIONARIES

Authority, Scope & Purpose, Word arrangement and word treatment,
Format, Special Features.

ENCYCLOPAEDIAS
It is a systematic summary of the knowledge that is most important to human being or
mankind. It contains information on all subjects.
These are usually compiled and written by experts of the subjects. These are called
backbone of the reference Service

Aristotle and Plato were pioneers in systematizing all available knowledge. First known
encyclopedia was written by - Aristotle. - The ancient Greek philosopher, who is referred
as “father of encyclopedia”

Pliny, the Elder in 77 A.D. produced the first encyclopaedia “ Historia Naturalis “

In Seventeenth Century Louis Moreri and Pirre Bayle were famous encyclopaedists

In 1701 Vinccno Maria Coroneli produced the first Italian Encyclopaedia “ Biblioteca
Universale Sacraprofana ‘ which was arranged in alphabetical order.

The first English alphabetical encyclopaedia was “ Lexicon Technicum “ or Universal

English Dictionary of Arts and Science “ by John harris in 1704
The first edition of “ Encyclopaedia Britannica “ appeared in THREE volumes in Edinbirge
in 1771.

Types of Encyclopaedia
• General Encyclopaedia – It contains collection of articles giving essential
information about all the branches of human knowledge. They are arranged either
in alphabetical or classified order by subject or names.
1.New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago
2.Encyclopaedia Americana, New York
3.Hindi Visva-Bharati
4.Hindi Visvakosa
5.Colier’s Encyclopaedia.
• Special or Subject Encyclopaedia – It contains collection of articles limited to a
specific field of area. They are generally arranged alphabetically by subject and
names.
1.International Encyclopaedia of Social Science,New York
2.McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and technology,New York
3.Encyclopaedia India
4.Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.

General Encyclopaedia – Popular Examples

• Comphrehensive Multi-volume Encyclopaedia for Adults – English language
• Popular Multi-volume Encyclopaedia for Adults
• Multi-volume Encyclopaedia for Junior and Children
• One or Two Volume Adult and Junior Encyclopaedia.
• National and Regional Encyclopaedia.
Special or Subject Encyclopaedia
• Multi Volume Subject Encyclopaedias
• One to Three Volume Subject Encyclopaedias

Encyclopaedia Britannica - Encyclopedia Britannica published from

Encyclopedia Britannica in corporation America.
1st Edition – 1768 - 1771 – 3 Volumes - Encyclopaedia Britannica - Edinburgh
14th Edition published in 1929 was revised and re-organised till 1973.
15th Edition – 1974 – 30 Volumes – The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago
With Parts of Encyclopaedia
Propaedia – 1 Volume
Micropaedia – 10 Volumes
Macropaedia – 19 Volumes
In 1985 a two volume Index was also published making it a set of 32 Volumes
Propaedia – 1 Volume
Micropaedia – 12 Volumes
Macropaedia – 17 Volumes
Index – 2 Volumes ( Index )
In March 2012, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced it would no longer continue to
publish its printed editions, instead focusing on its online version. Its final print edition
was in 2010, a 32-volume set. 15th edition.

Encyclopedia Americana
The first edition of “ Encyclopaedia Americana “ published in 1829
It was founded by German-born Francis Lieber
Encyclopedia Americana is published from New York, It has 30 Volumes.
It is one of the largest general encyclopedias in the English language.
The most recent print edition of the Encyclopedia Americana was published in 2006.
The online version of the Encyclopedia Americana, first introduced in 1997,

The checkpoints for evaluating encyclopaedias are

Authority, Scope & Purpose, Treatment, Arrangement, Format,
Revision, Limitations, Special Features,

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
It can be defined as well organized list of written, printed or otherwise produced records
e.g.Books, Articles. ( BOOKS IN PRINT – R.R.BOWKER )
Bibliographies are available in several forms
Trade Bibliograpgy – Such type of bibliographies are brought out by large publishing
firms engaged in book trade. The books available for sale are listed therein.
Examples – British Books in Print, Books in Print, USA, Indian Books in Print
National & International Bibliography.
Subject Bibliography – It is comprehensive list of all books, periodical articles, pamphlets
and other reading material in a particular subject. It is consulted by Research workers
Examples – Cumulative Book Index, Indian National Bibliography
Selected or Eclectic Bibliography – It is concerned with the listing of only selected and
the best books.
Bibliograpgy of Bibliographies – It is a list of bibliographies recorded in a systematic and
logical order.
TYPES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
Analytical Bibliograpgy - deals with the study & detailed description of documents
Descriptive Bibliography -
Textual Bibliography
Historical Bibliography
Systematic or Enumerative Bibliography

National Bibliography means a list of Documents published or unpublished in all forms,

produced within the country.
Examples :-
Indain National Bibliograpgy ( INB ) – India – 1st issue – 1957, Chairman B.S.Kesarao
INB is published by – Central Reference Library – Kolkata
British National Bibliograpgy ( BNB ) – UK – 1ts issue – 1950 - Cataloguing in AACR I
Bibliographic Dela – France
Australian National Bibliograpgy - Australia
Deutsche National Bibliograpgy - Germany

READY REFERENCE SOURCES

YEARBOOKS
Yearbooks are also known as annuals
The basic purpose of yearbooks is to record annual developments in a geographical area,
in a subject discipline or in an organization
It is a type of a book published annually including to record, highlight, and commemorate
the past year
Yearbook may be of two types as follows
• General yearbook
e.g. – Europa Yearbook ( International )
India : A Reference Annual Delhi ( National )
Yearbook of the United Nations ( Organization )
Yearbook of Higher Education ( Subject )

• Supplement to Encyclopaedia
e.g. – Adult Encyclopaedia Supplement
Journal Encyclopaedia Supplements
Famous “yearbook” – Statesman’s Yearbook

ALMANACS
An almanac (also archaically spelled almanack and almanach) is an annual publication
that includes information such as weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates, tide tables, and
tabular information in a particular field or fields often arranged according to the calendar
etc. Astronomical data and various statistics are also found in almanacs, such as the times
of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of
churches, terms of courts, lists of all types, timelines, and more.
Types of Almanac
• Astronomical Almanacs
e.g. – Astronomical Ephemeris ( London : 1976, Annual )
Indian Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac( Delhi 1957, Annual )
• Informational Almanacs
E.g. – Whitakar’s Almanac ( London : Whitakar )
Worls Almana and book of facts ( New York)
• Topical Almanacs
e.g. – Economic almanac(New York)
The sportsmans Almanac(New York)

DIRECTORIES
General Directories – Telephone, telegraphic and Telex Directories
Telephone directory, a book which allows telephone numbers to be found given the
subscriber's name
Example – Times of India directory
World of Learning ( Europa,London ) – 1947 – Used to know about the education of any
country
Special Directories – Institutional, Professional, Trade & Business Directories,
Professional Directories.
Trade directory, a listing of information about suppliers and manufacturers
Web directory, an organized collection of links to websites

HANDBOOKS
Word is taken from the german word hand buch means small book giving useful facts.
Categories
General Handbook Statistical Handbook Historical Handbook
Literary Handbook Subject Handbook
Guiness Book of world Records is an example of – General Handbooks
Famous First Facts is an Examples of – Handbook

MANNUALS
Word is derived from Latin word manuals, which means guide book, a compendium book,
an abridged handbook or a concise treatise which can be referred for guidance in any
occupation, art or study.

GUIDE BOOKS

The checkpoints for evaluating Ready Reference Sources are

Authority, Scope, Treatment, Arrangement, Format, Special Features,
Indexes, Bibliographies.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCES – Geographical sources deals with the surface of

the earth including the division of the world into continents and countries.

1. Maps, Atlases, Globes 2. Gazetteers 3. Travel Guides

We can divide geographical information sources into two categories

• General Reference Sources ( Covering Geographical information ) AND
• Geographical Reference Sources ( Specific Sources )

The Advantage of geographical reference sources is/are –

1.They give information for smaller units not found in general reference books
2.The information give in them, often is more precise
3.They are generally limited to one area & easier to use

MAPS – A Map is any geographic image of the earth drawn to scale on a flat surface. It is
a graphic document in which location, extent and direction can be more precisely defined.

ATLASES – are to describe collection of maps bound up in a volume.

National Atlas of India is published by – National Atlas & Thematic Mapping Organisation
Maps & Atlases may be – 1. General 2. Topographic & Thematic 3. Local & Special
General and topographical maps and atlases are further divided into three classes
according to their area of coverage a) International, b) National, c) Local.

GLOBES – Spherical representation of the earth’s surface. The first model of the globe
was made in 1492 at – Luxemberg in Germany
e.g. – The Times Atlas of the World
Maps of Mughal India

A Map is any geographic image of the earth drawn to scale on a flat surface whereas
a Globe is a spherical representation of the earth surface.

GAZETTEERS – It has two meanings. It is an Geographical Dictionary, rather it has

been called “ Dictionary of places“. It can be either the index to an atlas or a separately
published reference work providing information about places of the world of a particular
country or region.
e.g. – Webster’s New Geographical Dictionary
Imperial Gazetteer of India
Gazetter of India: the Indian Union is published in 4 Volumes
Geographical dictionary is – Gazetteer

TRAVEL GUIDES – the main purpose of any travel guide is to inform the traveler as
what to see, where to stay and how to reach a particular place.
e.g. – Fodder’s Guide, India, Hill Resorts of India
Travel guides are – 1. One time guides 2. Series guides

BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
A Large part of the literature of reference consists of works that contain information about
people is called Biographical Sources
INDIA WHO’S WHO ( INFA,Annual,1969 )
International Who’s who – Published by – Europa

Types – a) Current biographical information sources, b) Retrospective biographical

information sources

Keesing’s Record of World Events( London,Monthly ) – Provides information about

the events occurred at national as well as international levels. It provides the name of
country, its geographical area, capital, population, religion, political affairs, economy,
relations to other countries. – It is a Monthly publication

Asian Recorder ( Sankasan,New Delhi,Weekly ) – Provides information about the

current events held recently in different Asian Countries
Asian Recorder is a weekly and a news sheet of the news digest. How many countries it
cover – 45. Asian Recorder is an example of – Continental Digest, Regional Digests

Union Catalogues
It is an important tool. It indicates who has what. It is a catalogue listing in one sequence
the holdings or part of the holdings of two or more libraries.
The user consults the union list to locate a given book, periodicals or newspaper in another
library which may be in the same city or elsewhere.

Indexing & Abstracting Journals ( Silent Fearures & Evaluation )

E – Documents : The information sources which are in electronic format and which are
communicate via the electronic media are called electronic documents and in brief e-
documents.
E – Books : An electronic book (variously: e-book, eBook, ebook, digital book, or even
e-edition) is a book-length publication in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both,
and produced on, published through, and readable on computers or other electronic devices.
E – Journals : E- journal may be defined as any journal, magazine, newsletter etc. which
can be electronically accessed and are available over the internet.

Database - A database is an organized collection of data. It is an organized set of records

on subject.
Well-known DBMSs include MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, Microsoft SQL Server,
Microsoft Access, Oracle, SAP, dBASE, FoxPro, and IBM DB2.

Types of Database
• Reference Database – It contains only references
• Source Database – It contains full text information.

Bibliographic Database - A bibliographic database is a database of bibliographic

records, an organized digital collection of references to published literature, including
journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal
publications, patents, books, etc.
The bibliographic details to a document may include titles, authors, journal names, volume,
issues, place of publications, publisher, year of publication, ISBN/ISSN number,
classification number, book number, location keyword, abstract etc.

Numeric Database - Numeric databases provide mostly numeric data such as statistics,
financial data, census information, economic indicators, etc. An example of a numeric
database is Stat-USA, which contains statistics on United States imports and exports.

Full Text Database - A full text database or a complete text database is a database that
contains the complete text of books, dissertations, journals, magazines, newspapers or other
kinds of textual documents. It is opposed both to a bibliographic database and to a non-
bibliographic database
E.g.: Harvard Business Review (HBR); The New York Times via Naxis

Evaluation of Database: The evaluation of a database includes the following-

i) Scope ii) Indexing System iii) Searching facilities iv) Vendors Support
UNIT - IV
The table below gives a broad summary of the different groups of persons, their needs for
and purpose of information and the type of services offered by libraries in meeting them

Group Information Need Reference & Information

Services Provided
Students lists Study, examination, extra curricular activities Reading list, check general
information
Teachers Teaching, guiding student, writing Bibliographies, A & I service
and inter library loan
Researcher Research Bibliographic support
including CAS & SDI
Engineers Construction, production and other technical Standards and patents, indexes,
activities abstracts and handbboks.
Medical Bio-medical activities Bio-medical journals, abstracts
Practitioners and indexes
Lawyers & Legal activities Codes, case laws and digests
Judges and citations
Businessmen Market potential, product demand, product Techno-economic and market
& development, economy surveys, regulations, trade
Industrialists literature.
Theories of Reference Service - James I. Wyer Propounded
Conservative : It includes giving occasional personal assistance to the inexperienced and
bewildered reader. It limits the help to pointing the way only and so it is traditional in
nature.
Liberal : It includes the provision of the full and direct supply of reliable information to
the readers.
Moderate : The moderate reference service goes beyond providing mere instruction to
actually helping the reader in using the book or finding the document and facts, etc.

Samuel Rothstein gives following theories of reference service

Minimal – In this reference librarian would provide minimum assistance to the user.
Middling – In this reference librarian might decide to provide reference service to the
extent considered suitable for the occasion. Here reference librarian would provide
maximum or minimum assistance as the occasion might demand.
Maximum – In this reference librarian serve the user by going out of way to help users.

Dr. S. R. Ranganathan identified two aspects of reference work - Ready reference service
and Long range reference service.

Two types of reference services

• Responsive Services – that are provided in response to requests for assistance in
finding answers to specific questions.
Personal visit by user, Telephone Call, Written Communication
Directional guidance in the use of library,
Current awareness service,
Reference Desk,
 Ready reference service or short range reference service,
Research level or long range reference service.General help
• Anticipatory Services – that are offered in anticipation of demand
Bibliographic compilations on specific topics,
Newspaper clipping service,
Indexing service,
Abstracting service,
Project information files,
Use education programmes

Referral Services :- Referral Services do not provide the user with documents or
information actually needed for his query but refer him to the sources such as decondary
publications, information units, professional organizations, research institutes and
individual specialists etc. and tell him where to find them.

CAS – Current Awareness Services

Kinds of CAS
• Those services, which are directed towards individuals or group of users.
Ex – SDI.
• Those services, which are directed towards all users of the services.
Ex – Accession List, Bibliographies, Indexing & Abstracting Services,
Bibliographic Surveys,Literature Surveys, table of contents of periodicals received
in the library.
Types of CAS
• Contents By Journal service
• Documentation Bulletins or Current Awareness Lists
• Research in progress bulletins
• Newspaper clipping service
Facts on File is a Current Awareness Service
CAS on International Level
Current Contents, Current Chemical Papers, Chemical Titles

SDI - Selective Desimination of Information – H.P.Luhn designed mechanism of SDI

This is a type of CAS.
Functions of SDI – The four functional phases of an SDI system may be said to be
Selection Notification Feedback Modification

LITERATURE SEARCH
Steps in Literature search
• Selection of Sources
• Search in Secondary Sources
• Search in other sources
• Recording of references or information
• Presentation of Results
Digest Service – These are the kinds of year books which provide current information but
their historical value should not be overlooked. While much of their t is repeated with
appropriate updating from year to year unlike.
Ex – Oure annual Register type yar books whose content each year is unique.s

Trend Report – The main aim of the trend Report is to fulfill the requirement of a
specialist user of specific information on a particular subject.

ONLINE SERVICE : Online means the state of being in direct and immediate
communication with the computer on which the database is loaded from a remote terminal.
It is an interactive system i.e. it allows the user to input instruction, receive responses and
then modify or manipulate the retrieved results. Almost all organizations today have shifted
to the online services by way of the following-
) Online Public Access Catalogues (OPAC) / Webcats;
ii) CD Rom search facility;
iii) Developing library websites;
iv) Developing different kinds of databases;
v) Acquisition of database, e-journal, e-book;
vi) Building digital library / institutional repository;
To provide access to all the above resources, a modern library offers internet facility
to the user. Introduction of digital section in most of the 21 st century libraries also acts as
a base of many modern services.

TRANSLATION SERVICES
Translation Pools – For the purpose of translation so many translation centres, translation
banks and translation institutes have been established, which we call TRANSLATION
POOLS.
Types of Translation
• Literal Translation – Means words from original document translated to other
language words.
• Free Translation – Meaning of original document is considered here & translated
as per.
• Adapted or tailored Translation – Only required or needed part from original
document is translated & other part drops.
• Technical Translation – Sometime instead of original general word some technical
words are used during translation
• Translation in code Language – Instead of natural language, translation is done in
some notations artificial language.
• Cover to cover translation – All things translated from one language to another.
• Mechanical Translation – For translation from one language to another machine is
used e.g.Computer.

Former language is called source language( SL ) & latter is called target language ( TL
)
Organisations
DESIDOC, IASLIC, ONGC, BARC, BHEL, DRDO, MECON, RITES, HAL, NISCAIR,
The National Index of Translation ( NIT ) is a quarterly publication of NISCAIR, New
Delhi

Specific Translation Services

• World translations Index ( WTI )
• Translation Register Index
• Translation Bulletin
• Transdex
• Commonwealth index of unpublished Translation Aslib, London, 1951
Translation Service providing centres in the field of Science and technology
• NTC – National Translation Centre – USA – Chicago – 1953
National Organisations
• National Council of Educational Research and training ( NCERT ) & the National
Book Trust ( NBT )
• National Council of Educational Research and training
International Organisations
• Federation International des Traducteurs ( FIT ) – Belgium
• International Association of Conference Interpretes – Geneva – Switzerland
• International Association of Conference Translator – Vaud – Switzerland
• ITC – International Translation Centre – Delft – Netherlands – 1960

Problems of Translations In India

• Translator’s Qualification
• Translator’s Qualities
• Time Ward
• Language v/s Subject Experts
• Delay in Translation Work
• Lack of other Agencies.

REPROGRAPHIC SERVICES – Repro means to rewrite or to reproduce and grapgy

means printed or written matter. Therefore reprography means reproduction of printed
matter.
Duplicating Techniques
• Offset Duplication - Wet Processes – Photostat, Dry Processes – Xerography
• Spirit Duplication is also known as Hectography.
• Stencil Duplication is also known as cyclostyling.

Thermofax – This method was invented by Minnes ota mining and manufacturing Corp.(
3M corp) in 1950.

UNIT V
Classification is derived from latin word Classis. Classification is a mental process.
Classification is a homonym term. Dr.S.R.Ranganathan tried to define this homonym term
as
 • Classification is Division
• Classification is assortment
Division is the process of sorting the entities of a universe into groups on the basis of a
preferred features.
Assortment is the process of division of a universe into groups including the arrangement
of groups in a definite sequence.
Library Classification – When entities are books and other items of information, then
their classification is known as Library Classification.

H.E.Bliss told three steps for classification – To Class, To classify, Classification

Descriptive Theory of Library Classification was the result of the efforts made by so many
learned scholars of the subject such as Brown, Richardson, Hulme, Sayers, Bliss etc.

Decachotomy – Division into Ten

Two types of classification – Natural & Artificial classification

• Knowledge Classification
• Book or Library classification
Classification of Universe of Knowledge by BECON, HARRIS, MELVIL DEWEY’S
Features of Book Classification
• Generalia Class
• 4Form Class
• Common Isolates ( Standard Sub divisions )
• Notations
• Index – Specific & relative

Relative Index – It is an alphabetical list of all the subjects given in the schedules & tables.

Schedule – It contains the schedules of class numbers assigned in numeric order from 000
to 999

Library Classification
Modes of Formation of Subjects
• Lamination – Separable layer
Ex – Agriculture of corn Curriculum of university education
• Loose Assembly – In this process different classes or isolate ideas are linked to
each other. ( Complex subjects are obtained )
Ex – Mathematics for Engineers BobD Classification and Cataloguing 2.51
or 5
• Fission - is the process of division or splitting or breaking up into parts. Fission is
an internal process of division without the involvement of an outside agency.
Economics ( Basic Subjects are obtained )
Labour Monetary Money & Banking
The process of fission can be of the following two types – Dissection & Denudation
( Formation of chain )
 • Fusion - is a result of interdisciplinary research with characteristic trends in present
day research programs. These efforts lead to the emergence of a new set of ideas or
theories of an interdisciplinary character. These ideas attract a group of specialists
and a new field of specialisation emerges with its own normative principles,
postulates and theories.
Ex - Biology + Physics = Biophysics, Astronomy + Physics = Astrophysics,
Biomechanics, Psycholinguistics, Socio-cybernetics
• Distillation – In this mode, a pure subject is evolved as a main subject based on
experience in its appearance in action in diverse compound subject going with
different basic subject. This results in a distilled main subject. ( Pure subjects are
obtained )
Ex – Research Methodology, Statistical Analysis, Management of University.
• Clustering – This mode was formerly known as Subject Bundle. In this mode, a
new kind of agglomeration of subjects is formed and a new subject is created.
Ex – Oceanography, Indian Philosophy, Indian Culture, Indian History
• Agglomeration – It is the process of collecting together of entities into larger
masses without cohesion among the components.
Ex – Biological science is an agglomeration class including Zoology, Botany,
Animal Husbandry, Agriculture and Medicine etc.
• Dissection – It is a process to cut a universe of entities into parts of coordinate
status.
Ex - Libraries
Public Academic Special
School College University

Types of Library Classification

Ranganathan enumerated six different types of classification
• Purely Enumerative Scheme of Classification - e.g. – Library of Congress
Classification & Rider’s International Classification
• Almost Enumerative Scheme – e.g. DDC & Subject Classification of J.D.Brown
• Almost Faceted Scheme – e.g. UDC & Bibliographic Classification of Bliss
• Rigidly Faceted Classification – CC 1st ed.
• Almost Freely Faceted Scheme of Classification – e.g. CC ed.4,5,6.
• Fully Freely Faceted –

Dynamic Theory of Classification by Dr.S.R.Ranganathan. Work of Classification in Three

Plane.
• Idea Plane – In this, all aspects of the universe of knowledge are analyzed by its
structure, dimensions, qualities, characteristics, kinds of relationship and bond of
strength among each item of knowledge.
• Verbal Plane – It helps to decide the type of terminology to be used in the scheme
of classification.
• Notational Plane – Has the responsibility of implementing the findings of the idea
plane.
Dr.Ranganathan formulated following 43 canon and grouped them into three planes of
work
• Canons for Idea Plane ( 15 )
• Canons for Verbal Plane ( 4 )
• Canons for Notational Plane ( 24 )

LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION – CANONS & PRINCIPLES

Purpose – a) Helpful Sequence b) Correct Replacement c) Mechanized

Arrangement d) Addition of New documents e) Withdrawal of document from
stack f) Book Display

CANONs – Cannon means a rule, regulation or law. It can also be defined as a Principle,
model, Standard or Criterion.

CANONS FOR CHARACTERISTICS

Four characteristics
• Canon of Differentiation – The cannon of differentiation states that a
characteristic used as the basis for the classification of a universe should
differentiate some of its entities, that is , it should give rise at least to two classes
or ranked isolates.
• Canon of Relevance - The cannon of relevance stipulate that a characteristic used
as the basis for the classification of a universe should relevance to the purpose of
the classification.
• Canon of Ascertainability - The cannon of Ascertaun states that a characteristic
used as the basis for the classification of a universe should be definite and
ascertainable.
• Canon of Performance - The cannon of performance states that a characteristic
used as the basis for the classification of a universe should continue to be
unchanged, so long as there is no change in the purpose of classification.

CANONS FOR SUCCESSION OF CHARACTERISTICS

Three Cannons
• Canon of Concomitance
• Canon of Relevant Succession
• Canon of Consistent Succession

CANON OF ARRAY – Ranganathan has enunciated four canons for the formation of
arrays at various levels and stages. These are
• Canon of exhaustiveness
• Canon of exclusiveness
• Canon of helpful sequence
• Canon of consistent sequence
CANON FOR CHAIN – A chain is defined as a group of subordinate classes in which
each successive class is derived from the preceding class. Each class of chain is called a
link.
Ex. – World Asia India Maharashtra Mumbai.
• Canon of decreasing extension
• Canon of modulation.

LIBRARY CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES

Tree of Porphyry – Universe of knowledge is divided in many subject and for this various
kinds of structures are suggested be various expert. One of them is the Prophyry.
Division into two Living Organism
Plants Animals
Non-flowering Flowering Vertebrates
Invertebrates

Principles of Facet Sequence : Dr.Ranganathan formulated following four principles of

facet sequence
• Wall –Picture Principle
• Whole Organ Principle
• Cow – Calf Principle
• Act and Action Tool Principle
Facet is a characteristic by which a class is divided / grouped.

COLON CLASSIFICATION – Ranganathan used colon ( : ) as the connect symbol for

joining facets of a subject so it is called Colon classification. CC based on faceted pattern.
In CC universe of knowledge is divided on the basis of monochotomy into 42 main
classes.
CC is an analytic synthetic scheme.
Founded by Dr.S.R.Ranganathan in
1st ed. – 1933 2nd ed. – 1939 3rd ed. – 1950 4th ed. – 1952
5 ed. – 1957
th
6 ed. – 1960
th
7 ed. – 1987 revised & edited by
th

M.A.Gopinath

6th ed. 3 parts, 7th ed. 2 parts.

CC divided into three parts – Rules, Schedules, Classics & sacred books.

Ranganathan was a mathematics lecturer.

Prolegomena to Library Classification by Dr.S.R.Ranganathan
1st ed. – 1937 2nd ed. – 1957

Dynamic theory of classification developed by S.R.Ranganathan in 1948 & 1955

2nd ed. – 1957 3rd ed. – 1967

Fundamental Category OR Facet Indicator Digit

Personality ( P ) , ( comma )
Matter ( M ) ; ( semi-colon )
Energy ( E ) : ( colon )
Space ( S ) . ( dot )
Time ( T ) . ( dot )

Classification starts with

• Main Classes – The number of main classes in CC is greater than those in DDC &
UDC
• Arrary - A systemtic arrangement of numbers or symbols in an orderly manner
• Facets – is a characteristics by which a class is divided / grouped. Each main class
is divided into facets
• Fundamental Categories –

Postulates – To understand the basic principles of CC you have to first understand some of
the rules framed by Ranganathan. He calls them Postulates.

ROUNDS AND LEVELS

Rounds – Repetition of fundamental categories is called round of fundamental category.
Rounds are indicated as [ 1P1 ], [ 2P1 ], [ 1E ], [ 2E ], [ 1M1 ], [ 2M1 ]
Levels - [ 1P1 ], [ 1P2 ], [ 1P3 ], [ 1P4 ], [ 1P5 ] Read like First Round First Level, First
Round Second Level, First Round Third Level, First Round Fourth Level

NOTATIONS ( Symbol, Sign )

• Pure Notation
• Mixed Notation

Qualities of good Notations are

Simplicity Brevity Flexibility / Hospitality Expressiveness
Synthesis

CC used Mixed Notation, it consists of

• Indo-Arabic numerals 1 – 9
• Roman alphabet – capital & Lower case A to Z & a to z
• Parentheses( )
• Indicator digits

DEVICES
Four major devices used in CC
• Chronological Device
• Geographical Device – e.g. 152 = d4437 means Rajasthani Hindi,
where 152 is Hindi, = is connecting symbol, d is the symbol for dialect, 4337 is
Rajasthani from the schedule of space isolates.
• Subject Device – It is used to form or sharpen a facet by adding to it another class
number from elsewhere in the scheme.
e.g. – Medical College Library 2,J3(L) where 2.J3 represents college libraries to
which is added ( L ) from main class L Medicine.
 Hindu Law is Z,(Q, 2) where Z is law and (Q, 2) is Hindu religion from the main
class Q Religion.
• Alphabetical Device – The device is used taking the first or the first two or three
letters of the names of persons or objects or products widely accepted as such.
Ex – 0,157,3M61,G Gora, a novel by Rabindranath Tagore. Here, G stand for Gora.

PHASE RELATIONS – Nowadays we come across several interdisciplinary subjects.

This is the result of interaction between two or more subjects. For this purpose, CC has
provided a device called Phase Relations. A phase relation may occure between two or
more main classes. Types are Inter Subject, Intra Facet & Intra array
Schedule of digits ( CC 7th ed. )
Kind of Phase Relation Inter subject Intra facet Intra array
General Phase a j t
Bias Phase b k u
Comparison Phase c m v
Difference Phase d n w
Tool Phase e p x
Influencing Phase f r y

UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION

Founded by Paul Otlet & Henri La Fontaine in 1905. Is based on DDC
The first edition of UDC called Handbook to the Universal Bibliographic Repertory in
French was published by the Institute international de Bibliography

UDC used Mixed Notations

Auxillary Tables – 2 kinds
Common Auxillary – 2 kinds of symbols Sign & Sub-division.
Special Auxillary

DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION is based on enumerative pattern.

Founded by Melvil Dewey 1876
1st ed. – 1876 is of 42 page pamphlet
19th ed –
20th ed. – 1989 ed.Dr.John P.Comaromi
21st ed. – 1996 ed. Dr.John P.Comaromi.
23rd ed.- 2011 ed.Joan S.Mitchell.
Call Number consists of three parts a) Class Number b) Book Number c) Collection
Number. In DDC universe of knowledge is divided on the basis of decochotomy into 10
main classes.

Dewey found first Librarianship School in United States ( Columbia University ) in 1887.
He also promoted Standard Catalogue card ( 12.5cm X 7.5cm )

From 20th ed. Of DDC, OCLC has copyright rights

DDC’s 19th ed. Published in 3 Vol., 20th ed. In 4 Vol.
DDC used Pure Notations
1st Place – Main Class
2nd Place – Class
3rd Place – Division

Use of Seven Tables in DDC

Table 1 – Standard Subdivision
Table 2 – Area
Table 3 – Subdivision of Individual Literature
Table 4 - Subdivision of Individual Language
Table 5 – Racial, Ethnic, National group
Table 6 – Language
Table 7 - Person

LIBRARY CATALOGUING
Library Catalogue prepared by C.A.Cutter ( Charles Ammi Cutter )
The word catalogue comes from the Greek word KATALOGOS
A library catalogue is a ‘ list of documents in a library or in a collection forming a portion
of it.
A library catalogue is a ‘ list of books which is arranged on some definite plan.
Types of Library Catalogue
• Classified Catalogue – In this some entries are number entries & some are word
entries
• Dictionary Catalogue – All entries & their related references are arranged in general
alphabet.
Types of Catalogue
Conventional Forms ( Printed Form )
• Bound Register / Ledger form
• Printed Book Form
• Sheaf or Loose leaf form
• Card Form
Non-conventional / Modern Forms ( Non – Printed Form )
• Visible Index Form – Card Size 12.5 X 20cm.
• Microfrom catalogue
• Machine – readable catalogue : MARC format, UNIMARC format, Common
Communication Format ( CCF ) are standard formats.
Inner forms of Library Catalogue
• Alphabetical Catalogue – Author, Name, Title, Subject & Dictionary Catalogue
• Classified Catalogue – Classified Part, Alphabetical Part
• Alphabetico classed Catalogue - Subject Part, Alphabetical Index

Catalogue Products
Group Cataloguing Procedure Product
1 Manual Cataloguing Card Catalogue
2 Computerised Cataloguing Machine Readable Catalogue
OPAC
3 Hybrid Model Printed Catalogue
 Machine Readable Catalogue
OPAC
MARC – Library of Congress was first to design & experimenton a machine Readable
Catalogue record format for purpose of communicating bibliographic information to a large
number of libraries.
MARC I commenced in April 1966 in which 16 libraries participated. Its purpose was the
automation of cataloguing,Indexing,Searching and retrieval function.
MARC II officially began in March 1968. It is a subscription service.

LIBRARY CATALOGUE CANONS & PRINCIPLES

Canons – Canon of Ascertainability, Canon of Prepotence, Canon of Sought Heading,
Canon of Context, Canon of Permanence, Canon of Currency, Canon
of Consistence, Canon of Purity, Canon of Recall Value.
Principles (Basic Laws ) – Dr.S.R.Ranganathan propounded the following SIX normative
principles of cataloguing – Law of Interpretation, Law of Impartiality, Law of Symmetry,
Law of Parsimony ( Overall economy ), Principle of Local Variation, Principle of Osmosis.

LIBRARY CATALOGUING CODES

CCC :- CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE CODE –Dr.S.R.Ranganathan
1st ed.was published in 1934, 2 nd 1945, 3rd 1951, 4th 1955, 5th 1964
It consists two parts
• Classified Part – It contains the call Number or Class Number entries.
Main Entry & Cross Reference Entry are the part of Classified section of catalogue.
• Alphabetical Part – It consists of all added entries & they are arranged in
alphabetical sequence as in a dictionary.
Book Index Entries, Class Index Entries, Cross Reference Index Entries are the part
of alphabetical section of catalogue.
TYPES OF ENTRIES IN CCC
• Main Entry
Parts of main Entry in CCC - Leading Section,Heading Section,Title Section,Note
Section,Accession Number Section,Tracing section.
• Added Entry – All Entries than the Main Entry are Added Entries.
Added Entry Categorised as - Class Index Entries, Book Index Entries, Cross
Reference Index Entry, Cross Reference Entry, All these entries come under Tracing
Section.
Corporate Bodies – 1) Government 2) Institution 3) Conference

AACR II – Anglo American Cataloguing Rules – Prepared by ALA, BL, Canadian

Committee, Library Association & LC in 1978
TYPES OF ENTRIES IN AACR
• Main Entry – The specific entry giving maximum information about the whole of
a documents. Generally, the main entry in Author Entry in AACR-2R
• Added Entry – Secondary Entry. ( Joint Author, Title, Subject, Series Entry )
• Reference Entry – See & See also
• Analytical Entry
ITEMS IN THE CATALOGUE ENTRY
Heading Descriptive Elements, Punctuation Marks Call Number
Tracing
Analytical Entries – An entry for a part of an item for which a comprehensive entry has
been made.
Types of Analytical Entries
Subject Analytical Entries, Author Analytical Entries, Title Analytical Entries.

The style or format of writing the heading in a catalogue for Western Names is
George Bernard Shaw Shaw,George Barnard
Bertrand Russell Russell,Bertrand
Ralph W.A.Eliot Eliot,W.A.Ralph

BODY OF CARD
Call No Name of author
Title: Sub title/Name of the author(s); Collaborator(s). –
Edition if any. – Place of Publication: name of the
publisher,date of publication.
Acc.No No.of pages;size of the book in cm..- (Series/editor of
series.ISBN of series;No.of the series).

APUPA – Alien – Penumbra – Umbra – Pneumbra – Alien

DDC / LC used in computerized MARC

Bibliographic Records Format – It is necessary to know about the key concepts for an
understanding of Bibliographic Data Formats. They are as follows
• Records, Fields and Subfields
• Character or Character Set
• Record Format

International standards-
ISBDs – International Standard Bibliographic Description
1st ed. – 1974 – ISBD(M) For Monographs, ISBD(G) For General Books
Revised Edition – 1987
IFLA brought so many other special types of ISBD
e.g. – ISBD(S) for Serials, ISBD(CF) for Computer Files
ICCP – International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held in 1961 Paris.

MARC – Machine Readable Catalogue.

MARC I - LC in 1965-66,
MARC II – 1968 – Its structure includes a) Leader b) Record Directory c) Variable
Fields.
MARC contains a leader as 24 characters & 12 character record directory for each
variable field.

CCF – Common Communication Format ( UNESCO )

1st – 1984, 2nd ed. – 1988 in two volumes CCF/B & CCf/F
The structure of CCF is the implementation of the ISO 2709. It consists of the following
Record Lable Directory Data Fields Record Separator

INDEXING
Types of Indexes
• Alphabetic Subject Index
• Classified Index
• Subject Indexes
• Coordinate Indexes
• Citation Indexes
• Computer-aided Indexes

Indexing Language – Specially designed languages, suitable for indexing with reference
to information storage and retrieval system.

Indexing-Pre-coordinate, Post-coordinate
TYEPS OF INDEXING
• By Co-ordination ( Subject )
• Pre Co-ordinating
Chain Indexing POPSI PRECIS
• Post Co-ordinating
Uniterm Batten System of W.E.Batten Peak-a-boo system
• By Permutation ( Title )
• KWIC – Keyword in Context ( Luhn, based on title )
• KWOC – Keyword Out of Context
• KWAC – Keyword Augmented in Context
• KWWC – Keyword with Context
• By other Processes / Types
• Citation Indexing

Citation : When a reference “A” is cited in the citing article ‘B’, then the article ‘B’ is
referred
as ‘Citation” of reference ‘A’.

Cited Document – A document that has been quoted in another document.

Citing Document – A document that is quoting one or more documents.
Eugene Garfield, the innovator of Citation Index and Citation Studies.
Science Citation Index is the contribution of Eugene Garfied of the ‘Institute of
Scientific’ Information (ISI) Philadelphia USA

The Impact Factor was devised by E.Garfield

S.R.Ranganathan Describes Analytico Synthetic Scheme

Cito – analytical Product – The result of citation analysis presents with tables & graphs
in the form of a document is known as Cito – Analytical Product
• Ranked List of Journals by Citation – no of citations received by journals high-low
• Ranked List of Journals by Impact factor – Frequency with which the average
articles of the journal has been cited in a particular year.
• Ranked List of Journals by Immediancy Index – A measure to show how quickly
the average article of a particular journal is cited.
• Ranked List of Journals by Cited half life -
• Ranked List of Journals by Citing half life – 50% of total citation given by the citing
journals in the current year.
• Ranked List of Journals by Author – Citations received by paper of listed scientist
• Ranked List of Journals by profile of scientist
• Citation Index –
• Journal Citation Reports –
• Citation Analysis –

Name of Vocabulary Control in Indexing - Thesaurus, Lists of Subject Headings

Peter Mark Rogget was the first person to devise “ Thesaurus “ in 1852 with the title “
Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases “
The word thesaurus derives from Greek & Latin words which means treasury
Helen Brownson was the first who used the word Thesaurus in an information retrieval
context in 1957.

TEST – Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms

Databases: Most of the search engine or databases often return thousands of results. So,
to use search engines / databases effectively, it is essential to apply techniques that
narrow results and push the most relevant pages to the top of the results list.
a) Search Strategies: To arrive at appropriate target, a user of a database or search engine
should know about the search strategies that need to be followed. In the following
paragraphs some such steps are listed out.
i) Step 1: Framing the need by sentence: Frame your need by appropriate sentences. For
example: One need information on “Digital libraries of India”
ii) Step 2: Identify Keywords: Find out the keywords or main concepts in the statement.
In the above example the keywords will be <digital library> <India>.
iii) Step 3: Select Synonyms and Variant Word Forms: Find out the synonyms /
alternate spellings, and variant word forms of each keyword. In the above example the
synonyms of <digital library> will be <Virtual Library>, <Library without wall>, and
<Institutional Repository>.
iv) Step 4: Combine Synonyms, Keywords, and Variant Word Forms With Boolean
Operators: Now combine synonyms with Boolean OR. Place parentheses around OR
statements. So, in the above example, the search terms will be: ‘Digital Library or virtual
library or Library without wall or Institutional repository’ and India. Please note here that
some search engine consider “OR” as “+”, “AND” as “*” and “NOT” and “-“. You should
combine your words accordingly.
 When you are unaware of the complete word you can use the truncation facility
with an asterisk symbol (*). Eg. Librar* to retrieve the document that contain the word
library, librarian, and so on.
v) Step 5: Check Your Spelling: Search engines return websites with words that match
your keywords. If you misspell a keyword, your results will contain websites where that
word is also misspelled. So at the last step check all your spellings.

Boolean Operators - Boolean logic is a complete system for logical operations. It was
named after George Boole, an English mathematician at University College Cork who first
defined an algebraic system of logic in the mid 19th century.
i) Boolean AND: Connecting search terms with AND tells the search engine to retrieve
web pages containing ALL the keywords. So, AND considerably limit the search results.
e,g, A AND B – retrieves those items that contain both terms A & B
Example: OCLC and Classify
Note that the star sign (*) is the equivalent of AND in some search engine (Google).
ii) Boolean OR: Linking search terms with OR tells the search engine to retrieve web
pages containing ANY and ALL keywords. OR expand the search results.
e.g. A OR B – retrieves those items that contains the term A or B or Both
Example: Librarian or Library
Note that in many search engines, the plus (+) symbols can be used as alternatives to
Boolean OR.
iii) Boolean NOT: NOT tells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing one
keyword but not the other.
e.g. A NOT B – retrieves those items that contains term A & not contain B. B NOT A –
retrieves those items that contains term B & not contain A
Example: OCLC not DDC
In some search engines, the minus symbols (-) is used as alternatives to Boolean NOT.

UNIT – VI
Management is the art of knowledge, what you want to do, and then seeing that it is
done in the best and cheapest way by F.W.Taylor

Library Management
Henry Fayol founder of Modern Management
Henry Fayols Principles of Administration – 14 Principles in his books “ General &
Industrial Management “ 1929
Principles of Management
i) Division of Work: If possible only that work should be assigned to a person in which
field he has specialization. The principles of division of work are based on common
principle of experience that every person cannot do every job.
ii) Authority and Responsibility: An individual should be given authority equal to his
responsibility. Possession of authority means responsibility for actions.
iii) Discipline: In the best interest of the organization there should be complete obedience,
diligence, energy and outward marks respect. This is equally applicable to everybody.
iv) Unity of Command: An employee should be responsible to and also receive orders
from only one superior. The command should generally come from the immediate superior.
v) Unity of Direction: There should be one head and one plan to ensure a coordinated
efforts.
vi) Subordination of Individual’s Interest to General Interest: Where there is a conflict
of general interest with individual interest, general interest should get the priority over the
individual interest.
vii) Remuneration: Remuneration should be reasonable and should commensurate to the
qualification, experience, technical knowledge, seniority, performance and such other
factors.
viii) Centralization: For example book selection and managerial function should be
decentralized because in case of book selection the heads of the departmental libraries
knows more about their field of specialization. But ordering should be centralized so that
there is no duplication of bibliographical tool.
ix) Scalar Chain: There should be a chain of links of all positions in the organization (
Top to bottom Order )
x) Orders: Orders indicate the disciplined flow of discharging the respective duties and
the systematic organization of work flow.
xi) Equity: In dealing with employees treatment of equality must be put into practice.
xii) Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Stability of tenure indicates a longer service period
of an employees and uninterrupted working period. It assures better service, steady growth
and systematic planning of work schedules. Rapid turnover of staff can cause anxiety.
xiii) Initiative: One should not only do his job assigned to him, but he should feel inspired
to perform his duties. In working situation anybody may have suggestion for improvement
and better work or redesigning the works schedule for better result, all the suggestion
should be taken with trust by the management.
xiv) Esprit de Corps: This principle emphasizes team work.Union is strength is implied
in this principle. It means that the work should be done with the spirit of team work.
xv) Span of Control : This principle emphasises on the limit to which the manager of
library i.e. librarian should be able to supervise, control and manage a number of activities
of the library.
xvi) Coordination: Each unit of library is the part of the total library system and hence
they have to work with coordination with the rest.
xvii) Accountability: In any organization, the emphasis should be given to measure the
quality and quantity of performance.

Scientific Management
Father of Scientific Management – F.W.Taylor – Five Scientific Principles in his book “
Principles of Scientific Management “ 1911
1.Replacing rule of thumb with science ( Science, not rule of thumb )
2.Obtaining harmony in group action, rather than discord ( Harmony, not discard )
3.Achieving cooperation of human beings, rather than chaotic individualism. ( Co –
operation not Individualism )
4.Working for maximum output, rather than restricted output ( Maximum, not restricted
o/p ) AND
5.Developing all workers to the fullest extent possible for their own & their company’s
highest prosperity. ( Development of each employee to his greatest efficiency & prosperity
)
Functions of Management OR Elements of Management
Luther Gulic & Lindol Urvick given functions of Management. They coined term
POSDCORB + CIM
P – Planning : It is the process of determining in advance what should be accomplished
and how to do it. Four important characteristics of planning are i) The purpose of every
plan and all derivative plans is to facilitate the accomplishment of enterprise purposes and
objectives ii) Planning is the “ First “ function & logically precedes the execution of all
other managerial functions iii) managers at all levels are involved in planning iv) The
efficiency of plan is measured by the amount it contributes to the purpose and objectives
and all pervasiveness. ( Koontz & O’Donail formulate 7 steps of process of planning )
O – Organising : It is the process of prescribing formal relationship among people and
resources to accomplish the goals. ( Urveric propounded 10 principles of Organisation
) There are 8 principles for designing organizational structure )
S – Staffing : If organizational structure creates positions at different levels for performing
various functions, staffing deals with providing the right type of person to match them.
D – Directing : It is aimed at getting the members of the organization to move in the
direction that will achieve its objectives.
CO – Coordinating : Coordination of various activities and unit is necessary so as to
achieve maximum efficiency.
R – Reporting : It means keeping informed those to whom the executive is responsible,
as to what is going on, which includes keeping himself and its his subordinates informed
through records, research and inspection.
B – Budget : It is an important activity accomplishing financial planning, accounting and
control
C – Controlling : Another important aspect of directing is exercise of control over the
system. Modern management uses techniques of Operation Research, Programme
evaluation and Review Technique ( PERT ) and Critical Path Method ( CPM ), system
analysis and others for improving quality.
I - Innovation
M- Motivation

BEFORE TAYLOR
Charles Babbage ( 1829 – 1871 London
Robert Oben ( 1771 – 1858 ) Founder of sahkar & kamgar chalwal – 1819 British factory
act due to him
Henry Towne ( 1844-1924 ) – President of ASME in 1889

JOHARI WINDOW – Joseph Luft & Harry Ingham - The Johari window is a technique
created by Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham in 1955[1] in the United States, used to help
people better understand their relationship with self and others. It is used primarily in self-
help groups and corporate settings as aheuristic exercise.

Schein Model -

Peter Drucker – MBO – Management by Objective. 1954

John Tarent describes Drucker as “ The man who invented the “CORPORATE SOCIETY
“

Harold Koontz describe different thoughts as Management Theory Jungle

He was the 1st who have attempted to classify various management thoughts in “ School of
Management Theory “

Match the pair

Scientific Schools
• Scientific Mangement School - F.W.Taylor
• Classical School of Management - Henry fayol
• Theory of Management System - Luther Gulic & Lindel Urvick
Human Relations school
• Human Relations School - Elten Mayo 1880 – 1949 HAWTHORNE in
USA
• Human Behaviour School - Mary Follett
• Social System School/Theory - Chester Bernard 1860 – 1961
• Decision Theory - Herbert Simon
• Bureaucratic Theory - Max Weber
• Theory of Hierarchy of needs - Marslaw’s
• Total Quality Management TQM - W.E.Fleming
• Hygienic factors - Moslo
• Theory of X & Theory of Y - McGregor
( Theory Y lays emphasis on less external control more self control )
• Path Goal Theory of Leadership - Robert House

TQM – Total Quality Management : The implementation of TQM in Library

organization provides an opportunity to update and enhance the abilities of the staff to work
effectively & collectively. It is focused on the requirements of the customer. It is based on
understanding customer needs and improving customer service & satisfaction.
Factors that needs to a successful implementation of TQM.
• Identification of Customers
• Standardization of Work
• Quality Measurement Procedure
• Improvement in Internal Organization System
• Human Resource Management
Obstacles in way of TQM
• Vocabulary Barrier
• Commitment barrier
• Process barrier
• Professional barrier.

Elements of TQM
Quality is customer defined Internal and external customers
Employee involvement Error – free work Performance
appraisal Continuous improvement

Library Building
Clientele Location Resources Team Work

Financial Management in Library & Information Institutions

The functions of finanacial management may be classified on the basis of a) Liquidity
b) Profitability c) Management

Methods used for estimating library finances are

• Per Capita Method – In this method minimum amount per head is fixed which is
considered essential for providing standard library services
e.g. – UGC Library Committee recommended Rs.15 per student & Rs.200 per
teacher
Kothari Commission recommended Rs.25 per student & Rs.300 per teacher AND
Ranganathan recommended Rs.20 per student & Rs.300 per teacher.
• Proportional Method – It is the percentage of institutes or universities total
budget.
e.g. UEC suggest 6.5% of University’s total budget. Kothari Commission suggested
that it should be 6.5% to 10% of total budget of University or College. Ranganathan
suggest either 10% of total budget or 6% should be earmarked for public library
purpose
• Method of Details – According to this method all items of expenditure of a library
are accounted for while preparing the financial estimates

Library Expenditure
There are three major characteristics in the nature of library expenditure
• Library is a spending institution
• Library is a growing organism
• Library expenditure is recurring.

Laws of Library Expenditure

• Law of maximum aggregate benefit
• Law of advance planning
• Law of equitable allocation
• Law of economy

Budgetary Methods in Library

• Line by Line Budget – Considering each head e.g.Book, Periodicals, salary
Services, Instruments etc. Budget not transfers to other head. 10-15% increase in
budget as compare to previous budget
• Programme Budget ( Hoover Commission Report – 1949 ) – Library programme
or library services are important
 e.g. – university library wants to give indexing service to reader then the
requirements for this like manpower,periodicals,machinery etc.calculated & budget
will decide. OR
If a library decides to provide a CAS, the cost of that service ( like staffing,
materials, publication, overheads etc. ) is calculated and the expenditure estimated.
• Performance Budget – This budgeting method is similar to programme budgeting
but the emphasis shifts from programmes to performance. The expenditure is based
on the performance of activities and the stress is laid upon operational efficiency.
• Planning Programming Budgeting System ( PPBS ) – ( USDOD – 1961 ) – It is
the combination of Programme & Performance Budget.
• Zero-Base Budget – ( Peter Phyrr in 1970 ) – what happen in Previous year is not
considered in this. All the things newly decided.

COSTING
Types of Cost – a) Direct & Indirect Cost b) Stable & Variable Cost

Elements of Costing
Material Cost Labour Cost Expenses Cost Capital Expenses

Depreciation - It means a) decrease in value of assets and b) the allocation of the cost of
assets to periods in which the assets are used.
Two methods – a) Straight Line b) Sum of years method

Calculation of Worker Cost – Workers productive days

D = Productive Days = A – ( W + H + L )
A = Annual days, W = Weakdays, H = Holidays, L = Leave availaed
Per day salary = total annual salary / total productive days

Main Principles for Book Selection

Drury’s Principles – To provide right book to the right reader at the right time Best
principle.
Dewy’s Principle – The best reading for the largest number at least cost
McColvins Principles – Demand & Supply Theory
Ranganathan – 1) Books are for use 2) Every reader his/her Book 3) Every Book its
reader.

Tools used in library while selecting the books for the collection
• Current Lists
Ex – Weekly Record ( R.R.Bowker – American Book Publishing Record )
Indian Book Industry
• Trade Catalogue
Ex – Cumulative Book Index ( H.W.Wilson,New York ) Monthly
Indian Books in Print ( Indian Bureau of Bibliographies,Delhi )
• Current Reviews
Ex - Publishers weekly ( USA )
Book review Digest ( USA )
 • National Bibliographies
Ex – INB, BNB
• Special Lists
Ex – Public Library Catalogue ( H.W.Wilson,New York )
Books for College Libraries ( ALA,Chicago )
• Subject Bibliographies
Ex – Bibliography of Indian Philosophy ( Madras Sanskrit College )

NEW YARK Charging System – John Cotton Dana

Material – Borrower’s Cards, Book Cards & Date Slip
Neena BROWNE Charging / Discharging System
Material – Borowers Ticket or Pocket, Book Cards, Book Pockets, Date Slip

The methods for recording the receipts of periodical are

• Register System Ledger System Two Card System
• Three Card System ( SR Ranganathan ) - (i) Register Card, (ii) Check Card, and
(iii) Classified Index Card. KARDEX – Reminton Rand of India
Ltd.

Methods of Stock Verification

By Accession Numbers By Separate Register having Accession Numbers By
Separate Sheet having Accession Numbers By Numerical Counting By Shelf List

CIP – Cataloguing – In – Publishing. Ranganathan called it “ Prenatal Cataloguing “

In the area of cataloguing, Ranganathan gave a new concept of pre-natal cataloguing. Pre-
natal according to Ranganathan means the classification and cataloguing of a book before
the publication of the same which is released by the publisher. The National Libraries can
undertake this work to be done.

Human Resource Managemnt in Library

• Macro approach b) Micro approach

Techniques for Personnel Planning for library

Recruitment & Selection - Posting the right person at the right place
Induction & Deployment – Posting the person to the right place wherein he/she would fit
in, most appropriately, is referred to as deployment.
Performance Appraisal ( Performance Evaluation ) – It is the systematic evaluation of
an individual employee’s job related strengths and weaknesses.
Job Analysis - Analysing the job into different distinct items
Important methods for the selection of right candidate
Interview & Test
Selection Procedure – Preliminary Interview Application Form
Test Interviews Medical Examination Final selection
& placement
PERT – Program Evaluation Review Technique – is developed by United States Navy
and the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.
CPM – Critical Path Method – is developed by Dupoint Company ( Cost Benefit
Analysis )
The basic difference between PERT & CPM is that in PERT, 3 times estimates are used,
while in CPM only one time estimate is used.
Categories of Staff
Professional Staff – Director, Chief Librarian, Librarian, Deputy & Assistant Librarians,
Professional assistants
Semi-professional Staff – technical assistant, library assistants, cataloguers, shelf
assistants, record assiatants, charging assistants.
Supporting staff – Library Clerk
Administrative and Finance staff –

Marketing Mix – Four P’s

Product Price Place or Physical Distribution Promotion Staff

ISBN – It is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. A system of numbering was

developed in Great Britain as a name of Standard Book Number ( SBN ) created by Gordon
Foster. Later SBN was recognized as International Standard Book Number ( ISBN ). ISBN
is a system of giving a unique and not changeable number to every Book. It differenciate
one book from the other.

13 digits number starts from 1st Jan.2007. The thirteen digit number is divided into
four parts of variable length, each part separated by a hypen ( - ).

The Digits in number represents the following Components

13 Digits ( FIVE COMPONENTS ) - e.g. – 9788175257665
a) Prefix ( EAN – Booklandcountry Code ) - 978,
b) Group Identifier – which identifies a national or geographic grouping of publishers -
81.
c) Publisher Identifier – Identifies a particular publisher within group - 7525
d) Title Identifier – Which identifies a particular title or edition of a title - 766
e) Check Digit – Is the single digit at the end of the ISBN which validated the ISBN - 5

10digits ( FOUR COMPONENTS ) - e.g. – 8175257660 ( 1970 )

a) Group Identifier - 81
b) Publisher Identifier - 7525
c) Title Identifier – 766
d) Check Digit - 0

Calculation of Check Digit ( 10 digits )

e.g. – 0-306-40615-?
s=( 0 x 10 ) + ( 3 x 9 ) + ( 0 x 8 ) + ( 6 x 7 ) + ( 4 x 6 ) + ( 0 x 5 ) + ( 6 x 4 ) + ( 1 x 3 ) + (
5x2)
s= 0+27+0+42+24+0+24+3+10
s= 130 = = 130/11 = 11+9 & remainder is 9.
To find out check digit substract remainder from modulus. So = 11 – 9 = 2, So check digit
is 2
A modulud of 11 bases.The check digit is calculated with weigths 10 to 2 for a ISBN of a
Book.

Calculation of Check Digit ( 13 digits )

e.g. – 978-81-7525-766-?
s=( 9 x 1 ) + ( 7 x 3 ) + ( 8 x 1 ) + ( 8 x 3 ) + ( 1 x 1 ) + ( 7 x 3 ) + ( 5 x 1 ) + ( 2 x 3 ) + ( 5
x1)+(7x3)+(6x1 )+(6x3)
s= 9+21+8+24+1+21+5+6+5+21+6+18
s= 145 = 145/10 = 14 remainder 5 = 10 – 5 = 5. So Check Digit is 5
Complete sequence is - 978-81-7525-766-5

Calculation of Check Digit for ISSN No.

e.g. – 978-81-7525-766-?
A modulus of 11 bases.The check digit is calculated with weigths 8 to 2 for a ISSN no.
Managerial practice of getting things done through orders by sharing authority with them
is Delegation of authority.
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT -
Top / Administrative ( Strategic ) Level Management - It consists of board of directors,
chief executive or managing director. The top management is the ultimate source of
authority and it manages goals and policies for an enterprise. It devotes more time on
planning and coordinating functions. Top-level managers work at the top of organizations
and guide strategy and planning.
Middle / Executory ( Tactical ) Level Management - The branch managers and
departmental managers constitute middle level. They are responsible to the top
management for the functioning of their department. They devote more time to
organizational and directional functions and responsible for leading lower level managers.
Low / Operational / Supervisory / First-line managers Level Management - It consists
of supervisors, foreman, section officers, superintendent etc. they are concerned with direction and
controlling function of management. Managers oversee primary production activities on a
daily basis, so they need very high interpersonal and technical skills.

UNIT VII
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – The technology used for processing of information
on the computer system.
MS – CIT – Maharashtra State Certificate in Information Technology
Started by MKCL – Maharashtra Knowledge Corporation Ltd. In 2002

New Technologies in Information Technology: The new technologies that are emerging
as part of Information Technology includes E-Commerce, Hyper Media, Data warehouses
and Data Marts, Data Mining, Online Analytical Processing (OLAP), Geographical
Information System (GIS), Video Conferencing / Net Meeting, etc.

Components of IT
• Computer Technology
 • Communication Technology
• Multimedia Technology
• Micrography Technology
• Reprography technology
• Optical Technology
• Networking Technology
• Barcode Technology

Social Networking Sites with Founder & Establishment date

Site Founder Established

Facebook Mark Zuckerberg 01/02/2004

Orkut Orkut Buyukkokten 24 Jan 2004

Twitter Jack Dorsey/Noah Glass/Biz Stone/Evan Williams 15/07/2006

Linkedin Reid Hoffman 05 May 2003

Pinterest Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra, Evan Sharp Mar.2010

Myspace Andrew Langdon/Michael Langdon Aug.2003
Google Larry page & Sergey Brin Jan 1996
Google Plus + Google Inc 28 Jun 2011
Deviant Art Angelo Sotira 07 Aug. 2000
LiveJournal Livejournal,Inc. 15th Apr.1999
Tagged Greg Tseng, Johann Schleier-Smith Oct.2004
CafeMom Andre Shue, Michael Sanchez Dec.2006
Ning Gina Bianchini, Marc Andreessen Oct. 2005
Meetup Meet Inc. 2001

MyLife ( Reunion ) Jeffrey Tinsley 2002

Multiply Stefan Magdalinski Dec.2003
Ibibo Naspers & Tencent Jan.2007
Yahoo Jerry Yang and David Filo January 1994
Wikipedia Jimmy Wales & Larry Sanger

COMPUTERS – It is an electronic machine device which carries out calculations at high

speed.
Computers are classified on the basis of their size & capacity
Micro Computer – Singleuser Computer, ( PC )
Mini Computer – Multiuser Computer,
Supermini – Multiuser having more power
Mainframe Computer – Large memory computers and connected to large number of
users at different locations,
Super Computer – High Speed Computers,

Personal Computers ( PC ) are microcomputer. According to their memory, speed &

capacity these are
 • PC – XT ( Extended Technology )
• PC – AT ( Advance technology )
• PC – AT – 286 – Low Speed
• PC – AT – 386 – Medium Speed
• PC – AT – 486 – Medium Speed
• PC – AT – 586 – High Speed Computation

Components of a Computer - It consists of three main components

• Input Devices – This is a device used for supplying data or programme to the
computer in a particular language. There are different types of input devices used
Punch Card Paper Tape Magnetic Disk Keyboard Optical
Mark Reader ( OMR ) Optical Character Reader ( OCR ) Magnetic INK
character Reader ( MICR ) Voice data entry terminal Cursor control devices
Scanner Barcodes
• CPU ( Central Processing Unit ) – Memory Unit, Control Unit & ALU
A computer receives instructions and data from the input unit and stores them in its
memory. The control unit controls operation of all units of the computer.

• Output Devices – The purpose of the output devices is to provide results to the
programmer after execution of the program. There are different types of input
devices used
Magnetic tape/disk
Visual display unit - is based on Cathod Ray Tube CRT. Standards over colour
monitors developed over the years include ( CGA – Colour Graphics Adaptor,
EGA - Enhanced Graphics Adaptor, VGA – Video Graphics Array. )
Printers – a) Line Printers b) Character Printers – They print one character at a
time.i)Impact Printers, ii) Non-impact printers, iii) Laser printers.
Plotter

A computer operates on binary digits 0 & 1. It can understand information only in terms of
0s & 1s. A binary digit is called as Bit.
8Bit = 1 Byte
Nibble – a group of 4 bits is called nibble
Byte - A group of 8 bits is called byte.
When we talk of 32-bit computer, it means that its word length is 32Bit.

Computer Memory Units

Kilobyte ( KB ) 1KB – 1024 Bytes
Megabyte ( MB ) 1MB – 1024 KB
Gigabyte ( GB ) 1GB – 1024 MB
Terabyte ( TB ) 1TB – 1024 GB
Petabyte ( PB ) 1PB – 1024 TB

Computer has its own language known as “ MACHINE LANGUAGE ‘ or “ BINARY

LANGUAGE “
There are four types of programming Languages as mentioned below
 • Machine Language
• Assembly Language
• High Level Language – 3rd generation – FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL
• Fourth Generation Languages ( 4GL ) - DBASE IV, DATATRIVE,ORACLE etc.

Generation of Computer
First Generation : 1946-1959. Vaccum tube based.
Examples – ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650
Second Generation : 1959-1965. Transistor based.
Examples - IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, UNIVAC 1108
Third Generation : 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
Examples - IBM-360 series, Honeywell-6000 series, PDP(Personal Data Processor), IBM-370/168,
TDC-316
Fourth Generation : 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
Examples - DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1(Super Computer), CRAY-X-MP(Super
Computer)
Fifth Generation : 1980-onwards.ULSI microprocessor based – Artificial Intelligence
Examples – Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook, UltraBook, ChromeBook, Tablet PC

HARDWARE – It is the basic computer machine which is consist of electronic &

mechanical parts. Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the
computer i.e. the components that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are following.
• Input devices - keyboard, mouse, punch card, paper tape, magnetic disk OMR,
OCR etc.
• Output devices - printer, monitor, plotter visual display unit. etc.
• Secondary storage devices -- Hard disk, CD, DVD etc.
• Internal components -- CPU, motherboard, RAM etc.

SOFTWARE –
It is a program which provides instruction to the computer for execution. The software can
translate instructions of the user into machine language commands or vice versa to obtain
the communication between the user and CPU. The software controls and direct the
hardware operation of the computer.
The software broadly divided into four parts
Application Software – It is a software developed by the programmer to solve user’s
specific problem. They can carry out the work in the specific area of application.
Ex - Payroll Software, Inventory Management Software, Income Tax Software, Railways
Reservation Software, MS Office Suite Software, MS Word, Excel, Powerpoint

Operating System Software - Ex - Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers

etc.
• An Operating System is a program that acts as an interface between the software
and the computer hardware. ( Single user & multiuser operating system )
Various types of Operating Systems
 • DOS ( Disc Operating System ) – Single user
• Unix - Multiuser
• LAN Novell
• Zenix
• Microsoft Windows – 95, 98, Xp, 2000 etc
• Linux & GNU
• Andriod - Android is a Linux-based operating system - Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick
Sears, Chris White in Oct. 2003 at Palo Alto, California
• GUI - Graphical User Interface,
Examples - System7.x, Windows98, Windows CE
• Compilers – Compilers are assemblers or the programming language translators.
These translate user programs into executable instructions on the computer.
These are of two varieties
Languages – Languages are used for development of the application software.
FORTRAN – Formula Translation
BASIC – Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code,
COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language,
PASCAL - was named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher"Blaise
Pascal"., JAVA etc.

Packages – Packages are useful for performing customer oriented job work.
Wordstar, Autocad, D.T.P.( Desk Top Publishing ), Wordprocessor, Data Base
Software, PM, CD Quark, Indesign etc.

CHECMATE software package is used for serial control in library

CLASS software package is used for circulation control in library

STORAGE DEVICES - Hard disk, CD, DVD etc.

Memory is primarily of three types
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Auxillary / Secondary Memory

Primary / Main Memory - ROM – Read Only memory is used for data which is never
altered e.g – computers operating system instruction. It is permanent memory AND
RAM – Random Access Memory or R/WM – Read/Write Memory is used for data which
is liable to change often. It is temporary memory. Internal memory rapidly increased
from 4KB Chips to 16MB chips.

Auxillary / Secondary Memory – This memory is used to store the operating system,
compilers, assembler, data files etc.

External Storage / Backup Storage Devices – Backup storage, also termed external
storage, is used to hold programs and data which are read into internal storage when
required.
e.g. - Punched Cards, Magnetic Disk ( Disk capacity increased from original values of
10MB to 1GB ), Magnetic Tape, Floppy Disc, Microfilm, Optical Storage Discs, WORM
( Write Once Read Many Times ) 12 inch disk can hold 2.5GB. Now available in
5.0GB. Now 10 inch disk ( Compact version CD-WORM ) is being developed, CD
ROM ( Compact Disk Read Only Memory ) is a 4.75 inch disk capable of holding
50MB

TELECOOMUNICATION – It is defined as the transmission of representations of

information between remote locations by electronic means and this information may be in
the form of voice, video or data.
A telecommunication network is a transmission network, an arrangement of
transmission paths & switching centres from a source to a receiver.

Basic Components of Telecommunications are

• Data Transmission
• Communication Channels
• Transmission Media
• Switching Mechanism
• Terminals & Networks

TRANSMISSION MEDIA – The transmission media used in telecommunications

networks vary both physically and in their carrying capacity. The commonly used
performance measurement of a telecommunications link is its bandwidth. The channel or
media can be grouped into two main divisions, i.e. line & free space.
In line group we have two metallic media Types
• Twisted Pairs – ( Speed – 300bps ) The copper wire telephone lines. These are of
low frequency & support a limited bandwidth. These are used for conventional
voice telephone and telex services.
• Coaxial Cables – Cable which has many insulated wires. It offers large bandwidth.
Two types
a) Base Band – Suitable for short distance. Data rate about 50 Mb/s in half duplex
mode.
b) Broad Band – It is more familiar CATV & is suitable for long distance ( 15KM
) transmission. Supports data rates of over 100Mb/s. as and one optical medium
• Glass or Optical Fibres – Carry light waves ( electrical impulses ). Carry signals
in the form of light, and hence can carry large volumes of data at high speed.
They are clearer line with less noise. Nowadays costs have fallen down so that being
used by some organizations for Local Area Networks.
In free space, we have radio propagation which includes broadcast ( e.g.TV ) & point to
point ( e.g. microwave signals )

SWITCHING SYSTEM – Switching systems are techniques devised to send messages in

many directions at once and to ensure that these messages are received with a minimum of
delay.
If traffic between two exchanges is too heavy, an alternate path is chosen. These exchanges
perform the switching function for the telephone system.
The different techniques relating to switching systems are as below :-
• Circuit / Line Switching – A dedicated path between two stations is connected
with sequence of link between nodes. In this a communication path is actually
established before the message is accepted for transmission.
Example - Telephone Network
• Message Switching – In this message is passed through the network from node to
node. At each node, the entire message is received, stored in a computer and
transmitted to the next node when channels become available..
Example – E-mail, telegram
• Packet Switching – Here the data to be transmitted are broken down into small
blocks of data called as packets ( Approx. 1000 ). In this a route between stations
is setup prior to data transfer. Because of the standard size of packets, transmission
is highly efficient and less prone to error.
Example – Intelligence Network on telephone lines, I-Net etc.

GPSS – Gateway Packate Switching System

PADs – Packate switching Assembler – Dessemblers.
ITU – International Telecommunications Union

Frequency – It is the rate at which a wave or cycle alternates between high and low (
analog mode ) OR on and off ( digital mode ).
Electronic Transmission Frequencies
MEDIA
SubVoice :- 30-300 Hz
Voice :- 300-3000 Hz
High Fidelity Equipment :- 3-30 KHz
Radia Broadcasting :- 30-3000KHz
Television Broadcasting :- 3-30 MHz
Satellite Communication :- 3-30 GHz
Microwave Communication :- 30-300 GHz
Laser Fiber Optics :- 300 GHZ Tear Hertz Range

BANDWIDTH - Bandwidth is a measure of the amount of information that can be

transmitted in a given time.
Three bands for communication channel
• Narrow band – Data transmission rate between 40 – 150 bits per seconds ( bps )
• Voice Band – Data transmission rate between 150 – 9600 bits per seconds ( bps )
• Broad Band – Data transmission rate between 19200 – 50000 bits per seconds ( bps
)

MULTIPLEXING – It is the process of combining the transmission, character by

character, from several devices into a single data stream that can be transmitted over a
single communication channel. It is technique providing more bandwidth than actually
needed, to improve transmission quality & reduce the noise.
Methods of Multiplexing ( 2 Methods )
Frequency Division Multiplexing ( FDM ) – It is used to split a channel into several
discrete narrower ones for simultaneous but separated transmission.
Time Division Multiplexing ( TDM ) – It uses a common channel for several messages
but at intermittent times, each signal taking turns on the same channel.
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing ( STDM )

MULTIPLEXING PROTOCOLS
Transmission may take place in a number of different modes. They are
• Simplex : In this type of channel, the message travels in only one direction, that is
from point A to B but not back again.
• Half-Duplex : Transmission can take place in either direction, but not at the same
time. In other words, message can be transmitted either from A to B OR by B to A
one at a time.
• Full-Duplex : In this message can be transmitted and received over the same
channel at the same time. A to B & B to A

MODEM ( Modulation – Demodulation ) : Modem is short name for MOdulator –

DEModulator. It can be defined as “a device attached to computer that can convert digital
signals to analog signals and vice versa.”The modulation can convert the digital signal
to analog signal and demodulation does the opposite. Modems are of two types- internal
and external. Internal modems are installed inside the computer system.
Modems come in a variety of forms
Acoustic coupler, stand alone modems & internal modem. Modems are some times referred
to as V22, V32 etc. The v numbers are series of standards defined by Consultative
Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephones ( CCITT )

PROTOCAL – The main protocol for transferring information on the web is the HTTP .
Web pages, both text and graphics are sent from the server to the browser using this
protocol. Protocols are rules governing the initiation and maintenance of data flow.
All computers in internet communicate with each other with protocols
Parameters of Protocols
• Line Bit Rate
• Parity
• Stop Bits
• Flow control
• Echoplex
• Duplex
• Word Length – The number of bits that make up character.
The most common codes are ASCII & EBCDIC
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol developed by Robert Kahn & Vinton Gref in 1974
IP – Internet Protocol
HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol – used to transmit and receive web documents
FTP – File Transfer Protocal
POP – Post Office Protocol
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
Telnet – is a protocol that enables one computer to connect to another computer in different
area
Gopher – is a protocol designed to search,retrieve and display documents from remote
sites on the internet.
WAIS – Wide Area Information service – is an Internet search tool that is based on the
Z39.50 standards – computer to computer information retievel

WWW or W3 – World Wide Web ( Tim Berners Lee is father of WWW )

William Gibson: Used the term ‘Cyberspace’ for the first time

Wireless Communication : It is a medium for transmitting the information from one place
to the other. Commercial broadcasting began in 1920 in USA.
Methods – Microwave Transmission & Satellite Transmission.
• Microwave Transmission – Using space a transmission medium, microwave
emanates from an origination point on earth, such as telephone exchange. It can
carry 600 to 1800 voice channels. Its advantage is that the microwave transmission
is a broad band facility able to carry several thousand channels. It is suitable for
bulk transmission data over long distances. Disadvantage is that atmospheric
interference is greater and rain can cause several transmission problems.
• Satellite Transmission – Satellite use microwave frequencies and techniques.It
transmit large quantities of data over a long distance. The distance a signal travels
to and from the satellite is always greater than the distance travelled on earth.Used
extensively for general telecommunications, as well as for television. It is now
increasingly employed for high speed, high volume transfer.
e.g. – Document delivery, Electronic publishing.

E-MAIL – Electronic Mail can be defined as the exchange of messages and computer files
between computers over a computer network. E-mail service was created in the early
ARPANET in extension to the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). An e-mail sent in the early
1970s looked very similar to one sent on the Internet today but today it is carried by the
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).The Electronic mail often abbreviated as Email,
email, e-mail or simply mail. It enables us in exchanging digital messages.This network
can be small as a LAN or it can be as large as the internet. E mail works on STORE &
FORWARD principal.
The email address has three basic components. The “username”, the “@” sign and
the“users’ location or domain.
• Part before @ sign is the user id.
• @: It is a separator between user id and different organizational level of the
institution.
• The rest portions after “@” sign are the level of the domain name. Levels of the
domains are nothing but different organizational levels
• in: It stands for India.
The internet has two protocols POP & SMTP. AND TCP/IP
Public access to internet is available in India since August 15, 1995. The service is
called Gateway Internet Access Services ( GIAS ) VSNL initially offered the service
in the four metros of DELHI, KOLKATTA, MUMBAI & CHENNAI.

Tele Conferencing - A teleconference or teleseminar is the live exchange and mass

articulation of information among several persons and machines remote from one another
but linked by a telecommunications system. Terms such as audio conferencing, telephone
conferencing and phone conferencing are also sometimes used to refer to teleconferencing .

Video Conferencing - It is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video

conference or videoteleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies which
allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio
transmissions. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware.

Bulletin Board Service – It is a communication system that allows users to call in and
either leave or retrieve massage. It is similar to e-mail system but there are no private mail
boxes. The messages may be directed to all users of the bulletin board or only to particular
users.

Teletext – A system introduced enabling text messages to be relayed over telephone lines.
British authority commercial ORACLE, BBC’s teletext service is called CEEFAX

Video Text – A generic term for a system whereby computer based information is made
available on an adapted television monitor - PRESTEL

Voice Mail – It is a service offered by specialized computer hardware and software that
answers telephone calss and records audio messages.

NETWORKING – CONCEPT : National Commission on Libraries & Information

Science ( NCLIS ) USA defines network as “ Two or More Libraries and / or other
organisations engaged in a common pattern of information exchange, through
communications, for some functional purpose.
A Network usually consists of a formal arrangement whereby materials, information and
services provided by a variety of types of libraries and/or other organizations are made
available to all potential users. Libraries may be in different jurisdictions but agree to serve
one another on the same basis as each services its own constituents.
Computers and telecommunications may be among the tools used for facilitating
communications among Libraries.
There are three types of networking, which may be said to have considerable impact on
Library and Information services. They are
Communication Networks Computer Networks Information
Networks

The current technological trend setter in communication is “ Packet Switching

Technology“ The greatest advantage of this is in applications where the distance involved
is great.
Depending upon the area of administrative jurisdiction, networks fall into three
categories
LAN – Local Area Network – The majority of LANs use packet switching technology &
offer very high transmission speeds, upto one hundred times faster than those available on
public.networks at present. Broadband LANs can carry video and voice signals as well as
data.
e.g. - A office, Building

MAN – Metropolitan Area Network – Covers area of Big City or specific metropolitan.
e.g – DELNET, CALIBNET, PUNET,BONET, MALIBNET

WAN – Wide Area Network – Covers large geographical area – Country or Continent
e.g. – NICNET, INDONET, I-NET, INFLIBNET, ERNET, VIDYANET

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Star Bus/Tree Ring

Mesh Star-Ring

MULTIMEDIA
As term suggest, multimedia encompasses several media, which are integrated into single
entity
e.g.Suppose in print encyclopaedia, you are reading about bird Cuckoo. In text you are
getting a good description of bird, look,size,habitat,behavior,nest,egg. A multimedia
encyclopaedia can produce the actual call & the flying pattern of bird.
In printed encyclopaedia we find combination of text, & graphics, while in multimedia
encyclopaedia we find combination of text,graphics,audio & animation.
Multimedia is being effectively utilized in applications in education and training, business
and professional applications, publishing, bookselling and libraries.
Four important factors in all multimedia system
• They need very large memory stores.
• Specialised and powerful processing technology is essential to handle retrieval,
processing and display of the large volumes of information.
 • In addition to text & numerics, output and display architecture has to be capable of
delivering both sound and images to the required standards of any given
application.
• The rich and complex environment becomes useless users can easily find their way
around it, locating and accessing the information that they require.

Elements of Multimedia
Text Graphics Animation Sound Video

HYPERTEXT – Ted Nelson

A system of storing images, text & other computer files that allow direct links to the related
text, images, sound & other data. It is concerned with the presentation of information in a
non-sequential fashion.
e.g.Capital underlined words.
SPORES SEEDS – if you click on it you will get information about it.

HYPERMEDIA
Hypermedia is sometimes used as a synonym for multimedia. “ A hypertext system that
supports the linking of graphics,audio & video elements and text. Hypermedia is generally
used to refer to information containing high proportion of graphics and images and is
almost always used where the information also included video sequences or any form of
animated information.
The first major tool to establish hypermedia as a practical environment for multimedia
applications was APPLE’S HYPER CARD.
e.g.World Wide Web ( www )

ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network

Developments in Network Technology include the increasing use of computers to control
switching and information flow. Most significant is the modernisation of the public
network so that voice and data can be carried over a single network. This type of single
network is referred to as an Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN Services
• Bearer Services
• Teleservice
• Supplymentary Services

OSI – OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION MODEL

It was introduced by International Standards Organization ( ISO ) in 1982
As there are many different protocols for LANs and WANs, communication between two
different systems can be difficult. The International Standards Organization ( ISO ) has
attempted with some success to solve the problem by introduction of OSI.
The model called as ISO OSI ( Open System Interconnection ) Reference Model. OSI
defines a set of procedures and standards grouped into seven layers, for the exchange of
information between terminals and computers.
7 Layer Model
1 – Physical Layer – transmits data through networks communication channel
2 – Data–Link Layer – detect data corruption within the physical layer
3 – Network Layer – delivers data between host computers on the Neworks
4 – Transport Layer – delivers data between applications on host computers.
5 – Session Layer – is the user’s interface to the network
6 – Presentation Layer–serves as an interface between the application & communication
network
7 – Application Layer – contains details about all networks wide applications.

ABACUS - The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a
calculating tool that was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral
system
INDIA – ( 1st time used in 1st Century ) Around the 5th century,Hindu texts used the
term shunya (zero) to indicate the empty column on the abacus.

UNIT - VIII

LIBRARY AUTOMATION – Automation is a technique to make a system automated

i.e.self active. Library automation concerns with managing, controlling and automating
library collections, activities and services. Library automation not only does the house
keeping activities but it also provide current and relevant information to the users,
according to their demands
Library automation is the
• Computerisation of all the house keeping operations of the library
• Operate a computerized library management system.
• Offer new services based on the technologies and also integrate the traditional
library operations in the era.
• Improve control over increased volume of work load of the library.
• Integrate need of information technologies.

Essential for the Automation – The essential things for the automation of a library are
• A Good Collection
• Finances
• Suitable computer hardware
• User friendly computer software
• Staff training
• User Training

The house keeping operations are - Acquisition, Cataloguing, Circulation, Serials Control
and Stock Verification.

Area of Automation –
• House Keeping Operations
• Information Retrieval
• Computerised Indexes
• Searching Process
 • International Information System

Qualities for Selecting the Software

Cost Hardware Operating System Programming Language
Data Storage technique and search response time Library Services
Updateness Easy in use

OPAC – Online Public access Catalogue

It is such type of cataloguing arrangement that is considerably more user friendly than a
card catalogue since it provides a variety of help to the users and can guide the users in
step by step manner in looking for information that he is seeking

NETWORKS - UTLAS & RLIN have played a major role in the development of library
networking.
ERNET ( Education & Research Network ) – Working in the field of education and
research in the country. It was established by electronics department of Government of
India in 1986 in New Delhi. Also established ERNET mail to provide academic &
research institutions with electronic mail facilities.That is first network in the country in
the field of education & research

NICNET ( National Information Centre Network ) – Was established in 1977 by

National Information Centre as a information network in the country.It has primarily
been set up to link various departments of the govt.for decision optimization i.e.to use new
technologies for information exchange between the Centre & the states, the states & their
districts and among various departments/ministries of the state & central government as
well as between them and public.

DELNET ( Delhi Library Network ) - Established in 1988 in Delhi. It is an important and

popular operational library network in the information environment of the country. By
giving importance and significance to this network, its name has been changed from Delhi
Libraries Network to Developing Library Network.

JANET ( Joint Academic Network ) – Established in 1984 in Britain. It is the main &
important library and research network of Great Britain. It is connected with so many other
networks of Europe & USA. It is the joint programme of research network and library
network of Britain.It is very useful & convenient network from the point of view of
documentation & information services.

OCLC ( Online Computer Library Centre ) – This information network was established
in 1967 in Doublin ( Ohio ) , upto 1971 it was known as Ohio College Library Centre.
It is the information and library network of America, and is a very big and wide information
network in the world. This network is a useful centre of providing the access of all the
resources and information available in the libraries of America. OCLC possesses a very
large database of MARC.
INFLIBNET ( Information And Library Network ) – Established in 1988 & become
functional in 1991 by UGC, located at Ahmedabad ( Gujrat ), a network of university
& college libraries in India. INFLIBNET provided financial assistance to a large number
of university libraries to modernize their operation using computer technology.
INFLIBNET programme was the concept of – Prof. Yash Pal. It is a cooperative
network like UTLAS of Canada & JANET of UK.
The Services that are rendered by INFLIBNET is/are –
Catalogue based services,
Database services & Communication based services,
Document supply services

N – LIST National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly

Content (N-LIST): N-LIST is an initiative of Ministry of Human Resource Development
under National Mission on Education through ICT to extend e-resources to colleges in
India. The Project being jointly executed by the UGC-INFONET Digital Library
Consortium, and the INDEST-AICTE Consortium.
The N-LIST project provides access to e-resources to students, researchers and faculty
from colleges and other beneficiary institutions through server(s) installed at the
INFLIBNET Centre.

INTERNET
Internet started with the ARPAnet. Its started for defence in USA 1970
Internet is “ a network of networks. Internet mainly connects networks of computers.
Ways to take internet connection
• Dial up Connection
• Direct Connection

Components of Internet
Computer Modem Internet Browser SW Program Telephone
Service Provider

Internet ( Used all over world )

Internet is a world-wide / global system of interconnected computer networks. Internet uses
the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Every computer in internet is identified by a
unique IP address. IP Address is a unique set of numbers which identifies a computer
location.

Use of Internet - Search for Information Use Electronic Mail Chat

with other people Telnet to other Computers.

Internet Standards – The IAB defines Internet standards. It consists of four main groups
The Internet Engineering Task Force The Internet Enginering Steering
Group
The Internet Research Task Force The Internet Research Steering
Group.
Intranet ( Used only in Specific Organisation/Company/Institute etc )
Intranet is system in which multiple PCs are networked to be connected to each other. PCs
in intranet are not available to the world outside of the intranet.
Usually each company or organizations have their own Intranet network and
members/employees of that company can access the computers in their intranet.

Differences in Internet & Intranet

Internet is general to PCs all over the world where Intranet is specific to few PCs.
Internet is wider access and provides a better access to websites to large populcation where
as Intranet is restricted.
Internet is not as safe as Intranet as Intranet can be safely privatized as per the need.

WEB BROWSER – It is a piece of software that acts as an interface between the user and
the inner workings of the Internet, specially World Wide Web. A browser can be graphical
or text based.
Browsers allow you to use most Internet features like sending & receiving mail and
downloading files. NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR, MICROSOFT INTERNET
EXPLORER & NCSA Mosaic are three popular web browsers.
The web is like a vast book. Web documents are written in a language called Hypertext
Markup Language ( HTML ). Web browsers support not only web documents but also
other Internet sources like FTP,Telnet and News. Using Web browsers you can move to a
specific page by typing its address. This web address is also called URL
A URL contains the tool to be used and the Internet address where the information
can be found.
e.g. URL http://www.eff.org
Sample address
HTTP http://www.whitehouse.gov
FTP ftp://winsite.com
Telnet Telnet://user_name:password@servername

WEB SERVER – They are the linking mechanism between you and the web, between
people and pages. It consist of special hardware & software that makes it possible to carry
out browser requests.

WEB PAGES – A web page is much more like a word processing document than a printed
page, especially the way it is viewed. The term “ Page “ refers to nothing more than a
World Wide Web Document. When the information on a web page is not visible, you scroll
either vertically or Horizontally to see more.

WEB SITE – A World Wide Web site is simply a collection of inter linked web pages.

HOME PAGE – From home page you can get an overview of the site and begin exploring
it. It invites you in and tells you about all the things you can see and do during your visit.
It is the most important page of any site, the starting point for your journey.
GATEWAY – A Gateway is a communication device or program that passes data between
networks having similar functions but dissimilar implementations.

SEARCH ENGINES – It is used to locate the information. The URL of the new site must
be submitted to search engine.It takes 7 to 10 days to submit. SubmitAway.com help you
to submit your URL. When you connect any of the search engines using its URL, you are
asked to type one or two words in a a search box. The search engine displays a list of
locations that matches your search parameters.
Search Engines
Google.com altavista.com yahoo.com directhit.com
alltheweb.com oingo.com simpli.com iwon.com
infoseek.com lycos.com excite.com hotbol.com
goto.com
Indian search Engines rediff.com khoj.com
indiatimes.com

INTERNET RELAY CHAT ( IRC ) – In this you type on your keyboard instead of talk.
You can see what other people are talking ( typing ) on screen. You can chat in two main
ways. A) Channels or Rooms B) Direct Connection.
There are popular web sites like yahoo.com where you can join the chat rooms. MIRC &
ICQ are the popular chat software available.

TELNET – People who are in one location frequently want to use a computer in another
location. Perhaps they are on a business trip and wants to read their e-mail. Perhaps they
want to access data on the computer in another branch or in the main office. Telnet ( short
for “ networking over the telephone “ ) is the internet tool that lets you travel from your
own workstation out into cyber space to land on another computer.
You can also use Telnet to get services, such Gophers ( Information Browser ), line mode
Web Servers and libraries, even if you do not have clients for those servers on your host
system.

FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL ( FTP ) APPLICATIONS - Transfering a file via FTP

requires two participants :- an FTP client program and FTP Server program. The FTP client
can download ( receive ) or upload ( send ) files to the FTP server. FTP server is the
program that runs on the huge mainframe.

METADATA –It is structured information that describes, explains, locate or otherwise

makes it easier to retrieve, use or manage an information resource. Metadata is often called
data about data or information about Information.
Two commonly used metadata are
• Dublin Core – The name “ Dublin “ is due to its origin at a 1995 invitational
workshop in Dublin, Ohio. “ Core “ because its elements are broad and generic,
usable for describing a wide range of resources. b) Anglo-American
Cataloguing Rules(AACRII )
DCMI - Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
The original set of 15 classic metadata terms, known as the Dublin Core Metadata
Element Set (DCMES). It consists of 15 metadata element. That elements are Title,
Creater, Subject, Description, Publisher, Contributor, Date, Type, Format, Identifier,
Source, Language, Relation, Coverage and Rights.
Types – a) Structural Metadata b) Descriptive Metadata.

DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER ( DOI ) – It is a Character string ( digital identifier

) used to uniquely identify an object such as an electronic document. Metadata about
the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a
location, such as a URL, where the object can be found.The DOI for a document is
permanent. A DOI name takes the form of a Character string divided into two parts a) A
Prefix b) A Suffix separated by slash.
Ex – In the DOI name 10.1000/182. The prefix is 10.1000 and the suffix is 182. The “10”
part of prefix identifies the DOI registry & character 1000 identify registrant. 182 in suffix
is item ID, identifying a single object.

NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

NISSAT ( National information system in Science & Technology ) was established in
India in 1975 to link together internally and mutually available information sources,
services and systems. This programme was fully started only in 1977 under the Department
of Science and technology of the country.It is taking part in FID, INIS and AGRIS
programmes with Unesco.
NACIDS – NISSAT Access Centres to International Database Services.

NASSDOC (National Social Science Documentation Centre ) renamed so in 1985, was

established in 1970 by ICSSR, New Delhi with the object of providing information support
to social science research activities in the coutry.

INSDOC ( Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre ) was established in 1952,

New Delhi. It is a national documentation centre in India in the field of sciences. INSDOC
has been divided into various 8 sections. It provides translation of scientific and technical
documents from foreign language into English and vice versa.

NISCAIR ( National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources

) INSDOCmerged with National Institute of Science Communication to form NISCAIR.

DESIDOC (Defence Science Information & Documentation Centre ) was established

in 1958 as Scientific Information Bureau but became DESIDCO in 1967 under DRDO
organization to serve the information needs of the scientists of DRDO.It also coordinates
scientific information programme in DRDO. This centre has in house translation facilities
for some foreign languages. It maintains also a translation Bank.

INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS

INIS ( International Nuclear Information System ) sponsored by IAEA, Vienna was
established in 1969 in Viena. It has the objective of achieving maximum economy in time,
money and efforts and avoiding duplication in handling nuclear science literature. The
main purpose is to assists IAEA ( International Atomic Energy Agency ) in fostering the
exchange of scientific and technical information on peaceful uses of atomic energy.India
is the first country to join INIS and has been participating in it.The library and Information
Division of BARC, Bombay is the national centre responsible for INIS activities in India.

AGRIS (Agricultural Information System / International Information system on

Agricultural Sciences and technology ) AGRIS which is closely modeled on INIS
become operational in 1975 and is sponsored by the Food and agricultural Organization of
United Nations. The main objective of AGRIS is to provide a comprehensive agricultural
information among countries of the world on the basis of multilateral cooperation and to
avoid wasteful duplication of work in the field.

MEDLARS ( Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System ) was established in

1964. It is computer based Indexing system. It was developed for online searching in 1968
and was available online also by the name MEDLARS in 1972, which is national level
service in the country.

INSPEC ( Information Service for the Physics and Engineering Community ) It is the
world’s leading English language database covering Electronics, computers and
computing, Physics, electrical engineering, IT. INSPEC is a division of the Institution of
electrical Engineers ( London ) INSPEC services are used by Engineers, Scientists,
Librarians, Information Specialists and Students.

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

BSI – British Standards Institution or ISO
CCD – Charged – Coupled device
CRT – Cathod Ray Tube
DBMS – Database Management System
DNS ( Domain Name System ) Servers is a computer that translates the domain name of
another computer into an IP ( Internet Protocol ) address and vice versa on request.
GIF – Graphic Interchange Format
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language – It is simplified version of SGML
ISCII – Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange.
ISP – Internet Service Provider
JPEG – Joint Picture Expert Group
LSI – Large Scale Integration
MBM – Magnetic Bubble Memory
MICR – Magnetic – Ink Character Reader
MPEG - Moving Picture Experts Group - set up by ISO - MPEG-2, MPEG-4 and MPEG-
7
MSI – Medium Scale Integration
OCR – Optical Character Recognition
OMR - Optical Mark Reader
PPP – Point to point protocol
SGML - Standard Generalised Mark-up Language - developed by International Standards
Organisation (ISO)
SLIP – Serial Line Input Protocol
SSI – Small Scale Integration
TIFF – Tagged Image File Format
URL – Uniform Resource Locator
VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration
XML - Extensible Mark-up Language - enhanced version of HTML

Cryptography may be defined as the art of hiding the significance of information while
communicating or in storage. The main purpose of cryptography is to protect user data
from intruders or attackers.

COMPUTER PORT :
Computer port is a physical docking point using which an extenal device can be connected
to the computer.
A computer port can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows
from a program to computer or over the internet.
Serial Port - Used for external modems and older computer mouse. Two versions: 9 pin,
25 pin model.
Parallel Port - Used for scanners and printers. Also called printer port. 25 pin model.
PS/2 Port - Used for old computer keyboard and mouse, Also called mouse port.
Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port - Can connect all kind of external USB devices such
as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard etc. Introduced in 1997.
Modem - Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network.
Ethernet Port - Connects to a network and high speed Internet. Connect network cable to
a computer.
Sockets - Connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the computer

Binary Number System - Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1 Example : 101012

Decimal Digit BCD Equivalent Decimal Digit BCD
Equivalent
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001

BINARY ARITHMETIC
Addition Substraction Multiplication
Division
0+0=0, 0-0=0, 0*0=0, 0/0=0,
0+1=1, 0-1=1, 0*1=0, 0/1=0,
1+0=1, 1-0=1, 1*0=0,
1/0=error,
1+1=1 1-1=0 1*1=1 1/1=1

Conversion from Binary to Decimal

Step Binary Number Decimal Number
Step 1 101012 ((1 x 2 ) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x
4
0
2 ))10
Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
Step 3 101012 2110
Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101.

Octal Number System - Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7 Example : 125708

Conversion from Octal to Decimal
Step Octal Number Decimal Number
Step 1 125708 ((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0 x
0
8 ))10
Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10
Step 3 125708 549610
Note: 125708 is normally written as 12570.

Hexadecimal Number System - Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F (

19FDE16)
Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F =
15.
Calculating Hexadecimal to Decimal Equivalent:
Step Hexa Number Decimal Number
Step 1 19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (F x 162) + (D x 161) + (E x
160))10
Step 2 19FDE16 ((1 x 164)+(9 x 163)+(15 x 162) + (13 x 161) + (14 x
0
16 ))10
Step 3 19FDE16 (65536+ 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10
Step 4 19FDE16 10646210
Note: 19FDE16 is normally written as 19FDE.

Decimal to Binary Number : Example - Decimal Number: 2910

Step Operation Result Remainder
Step 1 29/2 14 1
Step 2 14/2 7 0
Step 3 7/2 3 1
Step 4 3/2 1 1
Step 5 1/2 0 1
As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse order so
that the first remainder becomes the least significant digit (LSD) and the last remainder
becomes the most significant digit (MSD).
Decimal Number: 2910 = Binary Number: 111012.

What is a Computer Network?

A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other
to share information and resources.
Following is the list of hardwares required to setup a computer network.
Network Cables - Network cable are used to connect computers. The most commonly
used cable are Category 5 cable RJ-45.
Distributors - Each and every computer can be connected to another one via a serial port
but if we need to connect many computers to produce a network, this serial connection
will not work. The solution is to use a central body to which other computers, printers,
scanners etc. can be connected and, and then this body will manage or distribute network
traffic.
A Router is a type of device which acts as the central point among computers and other
devices that are part of a network. A router is equipped with holes called ports. computers
and other devices are connected to a router using network cables. Now-a-days router
comes in wireless modes using which computers can be connected without any physical
cable. Routers are specialized computers that read the addresses of packets and direct the
packets to their destinations.
Network Card - Network card is a necessary component of a computer without which a
computer cannot be connected over a network. Also known as network adapter or Network
Interface Card (NIC). Most of branded computers have network card pre-installed.
Network cards are of two types: Internal and External Network Cards
Internal Network Cards - Motherboard has a slot for internal network card where it is to
be inserted. Internal network cards are of two types. First type uses Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI) connection. Second type uses Industry Standard Architecture (ISA).
Network cables are required to provide network access
External Network Cards - Comes in two flavour: Wireless and USB based.

VIRUS
Computer virus is a harmful software program written intentionally to enter a computer
without the user's permission or knowledge. It has the ability to replicate itself, thus
continuing to spread.
There are different types of viruses :-
Memory Resident Virus - Examples: Randex, CMJ, Meve, and MrKlunky
Direct Action Viruses - Examples: Vienna virus
Overwrite Viruses - Examples: Way, Trj.Reboot, Trivial.88.D
Boot Sector Virus - Examples: Polyboot.B, AntiEXE
MacroVirus :- Examples: Relax, Melissa.A, Bablas, O97M/Y2K
Directory Virus - Examples: Dir-2 virus
FAT Virus :- File Allocation Table (FAT) Examples: Link Virus
Web Scripting Virus :- Examples: JS.Fortnight is a virus that spreads through malicious
e-mails.
Worms :- Examples: PSWBugbear.B, Lovgate.F, Trile.C, Sobig.D, Mapson
Viruses Affecting Palm OS :-
• "Liberty" Crack: It is a Trojan horse that deletes all your files and applications from
your PDA.
• PEMagic: It allegedly deletes the ROM.
• Phage: It deletes your files.
• Vapor: It deletes your files.

2012's Worst Viruses :- Flame, Belgian Computer Crime Virus, Shamoon,

Trojans
Another unsavory breed of malicious code are Trojans or Trojan horses, which unlike
viruses, do not reproduce by infecting other files, nor do they self-replicate like worms. In
fact, it is a program which disguises itself as a useful program or application.

UNIT – IX
Bhusha and Harter
Research is the conduct of special, planned, structured investigation.
Research is systematic effective and efficient approach to expand knowledge
Busha – Research is a systematic quest for knowledge.

Research is done to
Solve a problem Understand the fact Fulfil a objective Develop a
method

The Research in Indian Sanskriti is four fold

• Nirupama ( i.e. ascertaining/Determination )
• Anvesana ( i.e.Searching )
• Anusandhan ( i.e.Researching )
• Vicarna ( i.e.Reflection )

Types of Research
• Basic/Pure Research/Fundamental Research – is a research in which any
principle or system is developed.
• Applied Research – is to acquire knowledge, on practical application of the
theoretical base already built up.
• Interdisciplinary Research – is a technical approach in which the tools of different
sciences are used to find an explanation to the phenomenon under study.
• Multidisciplinary Research -

RESEARCH METHODS IN LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE

Broadly speaking, there are THREE major research method, through which research is
usually conducted
HISTORICAL METHOD :- It explains the things in the past.
According to R.F.Clark “ Historical method of research is a system of right procedure for
the attainments of historical truth”
Historical method in Library & Information science can be applied to write the biography
of a person ( e.g.Ranganathan, Dewey, Cutter, Poole & others ) or
In the development of Library during a particular period ( e.g. Bollean Library, Library of
Congress, National Library ) or
To record the history of libraries in a country or history of development of library technique
( e.g.Indexing, Classification )
Ex – “History of Library Movement in Maharashtra“ of S.G.Mahajan and “ History of
Libraries” of Das are the excellent examples of this kind of research.
Steps – Selection of the problem, Formulation of hypothesis, Collection of data AND
Interpretation and reporting findings.

SURVEY METHOD :- Survey research has been widely used in Social and Behavioural
Sciences. The most commonly used survey method is the “ Opinion Poll “ during election
period. Similarly an inquiry into the T.V.watching habits, newspaper reading habits might
fall into the category of Survey Research.
Some well known examples of Survey research from Library & Information Sciences are
:-
• Library Survey to ascertain the resources of a library or group of libraries and their
growth in a particular period.
• Community survey to know the characteristics of the population being served by a
library or to be served by a library or to be served by a proposed library.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH – This method has its origin in science, where the
researcher has the power to control the variables / factors for conducting experiment. In
Social Sciences, the experimental method is an extension of Survey Research.
In Library and Information Science, experimental method can be used to investigate the
following :
• Efficiency of classification schemes,
• Effect of book display on use
• Impact of bibliographic instruction on library use & student’s performance,
innovative methods of collection developments, uses of catalogue and the extent of
retrieval success in the shelf.
e.g.The twin services viz. Mark & CIP introduced by American Library of congress

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH - This is used while evaluating the references to be used

in Library Science. Method is useful to reader to know the use of library.
e.g. – “ Catalogue Use Survey in England “

CASE STUDY :- It is generally concerned with everything that is significant in the history
of development of the unit. This unit may be a person, a family, a group, a social institution
or entire community. Is a technique in which an individual or group, institution or
phenomenon is recognized as a unit of study and various aspect of the unit are studied
deeply.
e.g. – Case study of rural or tribal community
1st time CASE STUDY METHOD term was used by Hebert Spencer

DELPHI METHOD :- Delphi method is basically a technique of obtaining consensus

among experts opinion on a given problem. The identified problem is put up to the panel
of experts in many rounds till a consensus agreement is achieved.In the formulation of
library legislation, policies making for libraries, processes of decision making & in
manpower planning this method can be used.

STATISTICAL METHOD :- This method is based on quantitative analysis. By using

this method the researchers can study the problems related to libraries such as budget
estimates, library planning assessments of library services, evaluation of library services &
library forecasting studies.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD :- Scientific method is a philosophy, thinking or a guideline to

the whole realm of research. Unless a research is based on scientific methodology, the
result is not considered reliable & valid. Scientific research is systematic, controlled,
empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical, propositions about the presumed
relations among natural phenomena. Scientific method is concerned with verification of
acquired knowledge. There is a ladder of steps which make up a scientific methodology.
These logical steps in scientific investigation are
Steps of Scientific Research
• Identification of problem
• Formulation of hypothesis
• Collection of data
• Analysis and testing of hypothesis AND
• Broad generalisation or formulation of laws.
According to P.V.Young
• Formulation of working hypothesis
• Observation, data collection and recording
• Classification of recorded data into series or sequences
• Scientific generalization and formulation of laws.
Characteristics of Scientific Method
Objectivity Reliability Validity Verifiability Definitness
Generality Predictability

SPIRAL OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD :- The Scientific Method is one of the method of

research, which consists of three operations. They are observation, formation of
hypothesis and testing of hypothesis. It is very important method for increasing the
quantity of knowledge.
Ranganathan signified the working of the scientific method by a never ending spiral
movement. All these four points are
• Nadir – Obtained by experiences and determined facts.
• Ascendent – accumulation of empirical laws derived from facts of experience.
• Zenith – the fundamental laws sublimated from the empirical laws.
• Descendent – the deduced laws implied in the fundamental laws.
Ranganathan divided the world spiral ( cycle ) into four quadrant which go forward
clockwise
1st Quadrant ( Quadrant I ) – is between the Nadir & Ascendent, which is called
Empirical Phase also. In this phase, the researcher determines his problem of research on
the basis of his past experiences and his subject knowledge..
2nd Quadrant ( Quadrant II ) – is between Ascendent & Zenith, which is also called the
Hypothesising Phase. In this phase the researchers hypothesized through the deductive
logic and inductive reasoning on the basis of collection of primary facts, which is short
time solution of the problem.
3rd Quadrant ( Quadrant III ) – is between Zenith & Descendent, which is also called
Deductive Phase. In this phase, the formulation of fundaments laws or deduced laws and
their recording is done.
4th Quadrant ( Quadrant IV ) – is between Descendent & Nadir, which is also called
Verification Phase, the observation is done of deduced laws and the generalization is done
on the basis of all possible collected facts.

The three spirals are Library Sciences, Documentation and Information Science

STEPS IN RESEARCH
• Selection of area of search
• Formulation of problem
• Observation
• Classification
• Formation of working Hypothesis
• ThesaurVerification
• Research Design
• Collection Data
• Classification & Analysis of Data
• Testing / Verification of Hypothesis
• Generalisation
• Prediction
• Report Writing

Objectives of Research
• Development of knowledge
• Scientific study about social life
• Unexpected condition
• Making Innovation
• Classification of Facts
• Verification of Theory or Reassessment

RESEARCH DESIGN – It is a detailed plan outlining how the research will be carried
out.
Elements of Research Design
• Introduction
• The problem and the scope
• Review of the related literature
• Purpose of the study
• Defination of the terms
• The population and the location
• Hypothesis
• Limitations of the study
• Methodology
• Budget and
 • Chapter Scheme

Characteristics of good research Design

• Objectivity
• Reliability
• Validity
• Generalisation

Types of Research Design

• Descriptive Design – Survey
• Exploratory Design
• Explanatory Design
• Experimental Design – Informal & Formal
• Diagnostic Design – Case Study
Other types of design are
• Comparative Study
• Content Analysis
• Delphi design

HYPOTHESIS = Hypo + Thesis = Earlier Before + Theory

Main function is to suggest new experiments and observations. It gives us the path for the
actual research work.
Types of hypothesis
• Inductive Hypothesis – is a generalization based on observation
• Deductive Hypothesis – derived from theory
• Research Hypothesis – states expected relationship between variables.
• Non-Directional Hypothesis indicates that a relationship or difference exists, a
directional hypothesis indicates nature of relationship of difference.
• Null Hypothesis – states that there will be no relationship between variables, and
that only relationship found will be a chance relationship , not a true one.

Sources of Hypothesis
Personal or Individual Sources AND External Sources
Criteria OR Characteristics of Hypothesis - TRAVERS suggested Criteria for
formulation of Hypothesis
Good & Hatt given five Characteristics of Hypothesis in their Book “ Methods in Social
Research “
• Clear and Precise
• Testable
• Simple
• Limited in Scope
• Consistent
• Amenable
• Explanatory
Important Hypothesis test methods are? Chi square test, t-test, f-test
DATA COLLECTION
Data Collection Techniques
• Observation – Participative & Non - Participative
• Questionnaire – Open ended & Close ended
• Interview – Structured & Unstructured Interview, Telephonic.( P.V.Young )
• Schedule Method

Data Present Techniques –

Tabular Presentation Graphical Presentation

Hisrogram Frequency Polygon

Frequence Curve Bar Diagrams – Simple, Sub-divided, Multiple bar
diagram

Pie Chart

SAMPLING :- It is defined as the selection of some part of an aggregate or totality on the

basis of which a judgement about the aggregate or totality is made. Sampling is a process
of arriving at a sample.
Sample – A sample is a portion of people drawn from a population it will be representative
of all population only if it has some basic characteristics of the population from which it is
drawn.
Need for sampling
• It can save time and money.
• Sampling may be enabling more accurate measurement.
 • A sample is a part of the population which is studied in order to make inferences
about the whole population.
Types of Sampling OR Methods of sampling ( Two Types )
• Probability Sampling – A probability sampling scheme is one in which every
unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the
sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. When every element
in the population does have the same probability of selection, this is known as an
'equal probability of selection' (EPS) design. Such designs are also referred to as
'self-weighting' because all sampled units are given the same weight.
• Random Sampling/ Simple Random Sampling - The sample are selected
randomely means without any sequence without any system. It is commonly
used in survey research. Here the probability for all elements of the group to
enter the sample is equal.
Sub types of Random sampling
Lottery method, Selecting samples with the help of tables of random numbers,
tippets number methods, grid system, Selection from sequential list
Advantages – a) all elements have equal chance of being include b) Simplest method &
easy to conduct c) Degree of sampling error is low. D) This method can be used in
conjuction with other methods in probability sampling.
Disadvantages – a) It does not make use of knowledge of population which researchers
may have. b) It produces greater errors in the results than do other sampling methods.
• Systematic Random Sampling – It is also known as Intervals sampling. It
relies on arranging the target population according to some ordering scheme
and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list. This
sampling is obtaining a collection of elements by drawing every nth person
from a predetermined list person. It is randomely selecting the first respondent
and then every nth person after that. In this case n = Population size/sample
size.
Ex - A simple example would be to select every 10th name from the telephone
directory (an 'every 10th' sample, also referred to as 'sampling with a skip of
10'). e.g. the set {4,14,24,...,994} has a one-in-ten probability of selection.
Advantages – a) It is easy and simple to use b) It is rapid method and eliminates several
steps otherwise taken in probability sampling. C) Mistakes in drawing elements are
relatively unimportant.
Disadvantages – a) It ignores all persons between two nth numbers with result that the
possibility over representation and under representation of several groups is greater. b)
Since each elements has no chance of being selected, it is not probability random sampling.
• Stratified Random Sampling – It is a improved version of quota sample. This
the form of sampling in which the population is devided into a numbers of strata
or subgroups and a sample is drawn from each stratum or subgroup. These sub
samples make up the final sample of the study. Every unit in a stratum has
same chance of being selected.
The division of the population into homogeneous strata ( Single
Item/Person ) is based on one or more criteria e.g. Sex, Age, Class,
Education Level, Residential background, Family type, Religion, Occupation
& so on.
Advantages – a) Sample choosen can represent various groups and patterns of
characteristics in the desired proportion. b) It can be used for comparing sub categories. c)
It can be more precise than simple random sampling.
Disadvantages – a) It require more efforts than simple random sampling. b) It needs a
large sample size than simple random sampling c) Difficult to produce statistically
meaningful results because each strata must have at least 20 persons to make statistical
comparision meaningful.
• Cluster Sampling – This sampling implies dividing population into clusters
(groups) and drawing random sample from all clusters or selected clusters.This
method is used when a cluster criteria are significant for the study. Economic
consideration for significant. First stage a sample of areas is chosen; Second
stage a sample of respondents within those areas is selected.
Two types of cluster sampling methods. – 1) One-stage sampling. All of the elements
within selected clusters are included in the sample. 2) Two-stage sampling. A subset of
elements within selected clusters are randomly selected for inclusion in the sample.
Advantages – a) It is must easier to apply this method when large population are studied
or when large geographical area is studied. b) Cost is much less than other methods. c)
Characterisitcs of clusters can be estimated.
Disadvantages – a) In this comparision would not be on equal basis b) sampling error is
greater c) Some individual can belong to two clusters and studied twice.
• Multistage Sampling – In this method, sampling is selected in various stage
but only the last sample of subjects is studied. Multistage Sampling according
Ackoff can be combination of A) Simple + Simple Sampling B) Simple +
Systematic Sampling C) Systematic + Systematic Sampling
Advantages – a) Complete listing of population not necessary b) more representative
• Non-probability – Any sampling method where some elements of population have
no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of
coverage'/'undercovered'), or where the probability of selection can't be accurately
determined. It involves the selection of elements based on assumptions regarding
the population of interest, which forms the criteria for selection. Hence, because the
selection of elements is nonrandom, nonprobability sampling not allows the
estimation of sampling errors..
Example: We visit every household in a given street, and interview the first person to
answer the door. In any household with more than one occupant, this is a nonprobability
sample, because some people are more likely to answer the door (e.g. an unemployed
person who spends most of their time at home is more likely to answer than an
employed housemate who might be at work when the interviewer calls) and it's not
practical to calculate these probabilities.
Subtypes of Non probability Sampling
• Convenience sampling – This is also known as accidental or haphazard
sampling. In this sampling, The Researchers Studies, all those persons who are
most conveniently available or who accidentally come in this contact during a
certain period of time in the research
e.g. – The researchers engage in the study of university. Students might visit the
university canteen, Library, Some depts., play ground.
 In such sampling representativeness is not significant. In this listing of
population not needed. Disadvantage – It may be a very biased sample.
• Quota Sampling – It is an important form of Non-probability sampling. In this
the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups just as in
stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from
each segment based on a specified proportion.
e.g. – an interviewer may be told to sample 200 females and 300 males between
the age of 45 and 60.
In this the selection of the sample is non-random.For example interviewers
might be tempted to interview those who look most helpful.
• Snowball Sampling – In this technique, the researcher begins the research with
the few respondents, who are know and available to him. Subsequently these
respondent give other name who meet the criteria of research, who in turn give
more new names.
This process is continued until adequate numbers of person are interviewed or
until no more respondents are discovered. For instance, in studying wife
battering the researcher may first interview those cases whom he knowns, who
may later on give additional names and who inturn may give still new names.
e.g. – This method is used where the target population is unknown or when it is
difficult to approach the respondents in any other way.
Advantages – a) Useful in locating members of rarepopulation b) Reduces sample sizes
and cost. Disadvantages – a) High bias b) Projecting data beyond sample inappropriate.

Example: Suppose we have six schools with populations of 150, 180, 200, 220, 260,
and 490 students respectively (total 1500 students), and we want to use student population
as the basis for a PPS sample of size three. To do this, we could allocate the first school
numbers 1 to 150, the second school 151 to 330 (= 150 + 180), the third school 331 to 530,
and so on to the last school (1011 to 1500). We then generate a random start between 1 and
500 (equal to 1500/3) and count through the school populations by multiples of 500. If our
random start was 137, we would select the schools which have been allocated numbers
137, 637, and 1137, i.e. the first, fourth, and sixth schools.

REPORT WRITING
Various steps of Report writing Layout of Research Report
• Title Means as to what the report should
contain
• Abstract 1) Preliminary pages
• Introduction 2) Main text
• Importance Introduction
• Description of the problem Statement of findings and
recommen
• Objectives of Research dations
• Scope / Field of Research Results
• Research Methodology used Implications of the results
• Selection of Sample Conclusions
• Analysis and Interpretation Summary
 • Findings and suggestions 3) End matter
• Conclusion
• References used
Objectives of Research Report Writing
• It is a Permanent Record of the Research
• To increase knowledge
• Useful for Researchers
• Validation of other’s conclusions
• Examination of Validity

BIBLIOMETRICS :- It is a tool / technique of information management. It is useful in

the study and measurement of publication patterns of different forms of literature on one
subject or the other.
The term bibliometry first time used by Alan Printchard. Ranganathan has given name
Librametry to bibliometry.
Bibliometrics is divided into two parts
• Descriptive Bibliometrics ( Productivity Count )
• Evaluative Bibliometrics ( Literature usage Count )

Measures - Mean, median and mode are Measures of central tendency

Arithmetic Mean – Also called mean or average

e.g. – 15, 20, 25, 10, 30 its AM = Sum of all / nos = 100/5 = 20.

Mode
Mode is that value of a series which appears more frequently than any other.
e.g.use of library books in 15 days
16,20,21,19,20,17,22,22,18,19,20,20,22,20,18
Here digit 20 appears five time which is max from other digit so Mode = 20

Median
It is defined as the most central or the middle most value of the data given in the form of
an array.
e.g.
Date – 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
No of books issued – 30 20 30 30 20 30 30 20 20 22 18
So median = 30. As it appears at centre.
For ODD No
Median = [ ( N+1 ) / 2 ]th value
For EVEN No
Median = ½ [ N/2th value + ( N/2 + 1 )th value ]

UNIT – X
TYPES OF LIBRARIES
National Library - It is a library maintained by a nation. Libraries which are
responsible for acquiring and conserving copies of all significant publications published in
the country and functioning as a deposit library either by law or under other arrangements.

Functions :- a) Collection Development b) National Bibliographies c) Indexing and

abstracting d) Readers Services

National Library of India

History – 1st Calcutta Public Library - 1835. Viceroy Lord Curzon changed its name to
Imperial Library - 1902 then National Library - 1948 of our country.

On 1st Feb 1953 National Library is declared open to Nation. Shri.B.S.Kesawan was
1st Librarian of National Library

National Library functions under the ministry of HRD of India. 12 members in

management body. The collection is built up by books received through Delivery of Books
Act of the country

Public Library – Public Libraries are social institutions. A public library is the
“people’s University”
According to the library legislation of India, who is the Director of Public Libraries –
Chief Executive at State Level

Definition of a Public Library was formulated by UNESCO in 1949 which was later revised
in 1972 The public library is the library which
• Is financed by the most part out of public funds
• Charges no fees from readers
• Is opened for use by the public without distinction of caste, creed or sex

Financial resources of public library

• Library cess collected by local bodies
• Grants of the central and state governments
• Fees on the public library services

Basic elements of Public Libraries

• A Free Library
• Financed by Public Funds
• An Auxillary Educational Institution

Public Library system in both enacted & non-enacted state is provided by

• State Central Library
• City Central Library
• District central Library
• Sub-divisional Library
• Panchayat Library
 • Village Library
• Voluntary Organizations

Academic Libraries – The libraries which are attached to the academic institutions
such schools, colleges and universities are called Academic Libraries.
• School Libraries
• Primary School Libraries – These libraries meant for children between five & ten
or eleven years of age & the teachers who are involved in teaching & shaping them.
• Secondary School Libraries–Includes middle class ( 6 to 8 ), secondary classes ( 9
to 10 ) & higher secondary classes ( 11 to 12 )
• College Libraries – These libraries have a vital role to play in the development of
formal education in any country.
Types – Graduate, Post Graduate, Professional College Libraries.
• University Libraries – It is a library attached to a university

Agencies which contributed in the development of Academic Libraries in India

Hunter Commission – 1882
Indian University Commission - 1902
Saddler Commission - 1917
University Education Commission ( Dec.1948 – Aug.1949 ) Dr.S.Radhakrishnan
Wheat Loan Educational exchange – 1951 – 55
UGC – University Grant Commission – 1953 – Dr.C.D.Deshmukh
Library Committee – 1957 – Dr.S.R.Ranganathan
Advisory Committes – 1958 – Dr.K.P.Sinha
Book Banks – 1963 – 63
Kothari Commission or Education Commission – 1964 – 66 Dr.D.S.Kothari
Lal Committee - 1970

Special Libraries – They are concerned with the single definite subject fields. They
have limited but specialized collection of documents. The number of special libraries in
the country may be placed at 2,000 to 2,500 at present.
Examples – Blind library, library of National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. Library of
Central Food and Technological Research Institute, Mysore.

Digital Library – In digital libraries services are fully automated and all resources
are in digital form. Digital Libraries are electronic libraries in which large number of
geographically distributed users can access the contents of large and diverse depositories
of electronic objects. Electronic objects include networked text, images, maps, sounds and
videos. They also includes hypertext, hypermedia and multimedia compositions.
The three main characteristics of digital libraries are
• The storage of information in digital form
• Usage of communication networks to access and obtain information
• Copying either by downloading or on-line / off line printing form master file.
Virtual Library – These Libraries are libraries without resources simply may be
collection of web sources. The model of Vertual Library system can be created in
hypermedia. A hypercard stack is created through which one can access FULS.

Difference between Virtual & Electronic Library

Virtual Library - “It is a library with little or no physical presence of books, periodicals,
reading space or support staff, but are that disseminate selective information directly to
distribute library customers, usually electronically.”
An electronic library may or may not be virtual. Eg. If the holding of a library is available
in CD ROM, DVD ROM, etc. and these resources only can be accessed through a stand
alone computer but not through the internet or WAN, then it is termed as ELECTRONIC
LIBRARY and not as virtual library. Further the VL set up should give an illusive
environment of the real library world.

USER EDUCATION & USER STUDIES

User – According to Kenneth Whittaker “ a user may be defined as a person who uses
one or more of library’s services at least once a year “
Types of Users
• Academic Users
• Industrial Users
• Government Officials
USER STUDIES – The study done to know the needs of user is known as User Studies.
Functional Categories of Users
• Workers in Fundamental Research
• Workers in Applied Research
• Technologists
• Writers of Reports, Books etc.
• Scientific & Technical Journalists
• Interested Public
• Historians of Science

USER STUDY APPROACH - Melvin J. Voigt: Categorized information need into

• Current Information / Approach
• Exhaustive Information / Approach
• Everyday Information / Approach
• Catching-up Information / Approach

Methods & Techniques for USER STUDIES

• General Methods
• Questionnaire
• Interview
• Diary
• Observation by Self
• Operations research study
 • Indirect Methods in the context of Information Use
• Analysis of Library Records
• Citation Analysis
• Special & Unconventional Methods
• Computer Feedback
• Unconventional methods

USER EDUCATION
User education may be defined as a process or programme through which the potential
users ( may be scientists, engineers, technologists, academics and students ) of information
are made aware of the value of information and are motivated ti use information resources.
Educating the library users in the methods by which libraries can be used efficiently is
called Users Education.
These courses to educate the users for using the libraries can be broadly grouped under
following three categories.
• User’s Orientation Programmes
• Bibliographical Guidence Programmes
• Academic training to use the modern technological gadgets.

Methods of Users Education

• Self Guiding
• Orientation Week
• Lecture Method
• Library Tour
• Audovisual Method
• Printed Booklet

Formal education is the one that an individual attains by enrolling himself in an

educational institution like a school or a college or a university and through constant
teacher-student contacts.
Non-formal education - There is no such institutional base for education; you educate
yourself through courses offered by distance education mode, with the help of either other
methods of learning or through self study. In non-formal education where the help of the
teacher is minimal, it is the library that is the main resource.

Role of U.G.C.
UGC – University Grant Commission ( 1953 – Dr.C.D.Deshmukh Chairman )
• Financial Assistance to University & College Libraries
• Curriculum Development Committee ( CDC ) on Library & Information
• Establishment of National Information Centres
• Establishment if INFLIBNET
• Medernization of University Libraries
• National Review Committee on University & College Libraries

Five Year Plans ( Total 12 Plans including current )

1st – 1951 – 1956 2nd – 1956 – 1961 3rd – 1961 – 1966 4th – 1969 – 1974
5th – 1974 – 1979 6th – 1980 – 1985 7th – 1985 – 1990 8th – 1992 – 1997
9th – 1998 – 2002 10th – 2002 – 2007 11th – 2007 – 2012 12th – 2012 – 2017

R.R.R.L.F. – Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation, Kolkatta – 1972 - Kolkatsa

The Main objectives of the foundation are to promote and support the public library
movement in the country by providing adequate library services and by developing reading
and learning habits all over the country.
The foundation has covered almost 30000 libraries at different levels throughout the
length & breadth of the country. The foundation also played a major role in the preparing
a NATIONAL POLICY ON LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SYSTEM ( NAPLIS
)

Programmes and schemes of Assistance

The foundation has taken a number of steps to promote and develop all types of public
libraries. It has taken up book assistance programmes under two schemes
• Assistance towards building up of an adequate stock of books & other reading and
visual materials AND
• Assistance towards development of rural book deposit centres and mobile library
services

There are seven other schemes under which financial assistance is also rendered
Assistance towards organization of 1) Seminars 2) Workshops 3) Training Courses
(Orientation / Refresher) 4) Book Exhibitions 5) Storage and display of books 6) assistance
to voluntary organizations providing public library services.

Founder of Barcode – Norman Joseph Woodland died on 09/12/12

BODMAS
B – Bracket
O – Orders
D – Divide
M – Multiply
A – Addition
S – Substraction