Real Analysis: Dr. Samir Kumar Bhowmik

The completeness property of R
Intervals
Real Analysis
Dr. Samir Kumar Bhowmik
Dept. of Mathematics
University of Dhaka
Dhaka, Bangladesh
bhowmiksk@gmail.com
July 20, 2020
Copyright
c 2020 Samir (SKB)
Dr. Samir Kumar Bhowmik University of Dhaka 1 / 25

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Chapter contents 2
1 The completeness property of R

Suprema and Infima
2 Intervals

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Basic Ideas 3
We have, so far, discussed the algebraic properties and the order properties of
the real number system R. In this section we shall present one more property of R
that is often called the “Completeness Property.” There are several different ways
to describe the Completeness Property.We choose to give what is probably the
most efficient approach by assuming that each nonempty bounded subset of R has
a supremum. We now introduce the notions of upper bound and lower
bound for a set of real numbers. These ideas will be of utmost importance in
later sections.
Definition
Let S be a nonempty subset of R.
1 The set S is said to be bounded above if there exists a number u ∈ R such
that s ≤ u for all s ∈ S. Each such number u is called an upper bound of S.
2 The set S is said to be bounded below if there exists a number w ∈ R such
that w ≤ s for all s ∈ S. Each such number w is called a lower bound of S.
3 A set is said to be bounded if it is both bounded above and bounded below.
A set is said to be unbounded if it is not bounded.
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Example
For example, the set S = {x ∈ R : x ≤ 2} is bounded above; the number 2 and
any number larger than 2 is an upper bound of S. This set has no lower bounds,
so that the set is not bounded below. Thus it is unbounded (even though it is
bounded above). If a set has one upper bound, then it has infinitely many upper
bounds, because if u is an upper bound of S, then the numbers u + 1; u + 2; · · ·
are also upper bounds of S. (A similar observation is valid for lower bounds.)

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Definition of Suprema/Infima
If
the supremum or the infimum of a set S exists, we will denote them by sup S and
inf S.

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Indeed, there are four possibilities for a nonempty subset S of R: it can

♣ have both a supremum and an infimum,
♣ have a supremum but no infimum,
♣ have an infimum but no supremum,
♣ have neither a supremum nor an infimum.
The following statements about a supremum u of a set S are equivalent:
1 if v is any upper bound of S, then u ≤ v ,
2 if z < u, then z is not an upper bound of S,
3 if z < u, then there exists sz ∈ S such that z < sz ,
4 if ε > 0, then there exists sε ∈ S such that u − ε < sε .

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Statement on Suprema

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Examples

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The Completeness property of R

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Exercises

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Archimedean Property
Corollary

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Density Theorem
Corollary

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Definition

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Definition– continued

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Neighborhood Revisited

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Open and Closed Sets

A set U ⊂ R is called open, if for each x ∈ U there exists an ε > 0 such that the
interval (x − ε, x + ε) is contained in U. Such an interval is often called an ε−
neighborhood of x, or simply a neighborhood of x. A set F is called closed if the
complement of F , R F , is open.

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Boundary, Accumulation, Interior, and Isolated Points

Let S be an arbitrary set in the real line R.
♣ A point b ∈ R is called boundary point of S if every non-empty neighborhood
of b intersects S and the complement of S.
♣ The set of all boundary points of S is called the boundary of S, denoted by
bd(S).
♣ A point s ∈ S is called interior point of S if there exists a neighborhood of s
completely contained in S. The set of all interior points of S is called the
interior, denoted by int(S).
♣ A point t ∈ S is called isolated point of S if there exists a neighborhood U of
t such that U ∩ S = {t}.
♣ The set Vε0 (a) = Vε (a) − {a} is called a deleted nbd of a.
♣ A point a ∈ S is called accumulation/limit point, if every neighborhood of a
contains infinitely many distinct points of S. That is to say Vε0 (a) ∩ S 6= ∅.

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Some properties of Sets

♣ Every union of open sets is again open.
♣ Every intersection of closed sets is again closed.
♣ Every finite intersection of open sets is again open.
♣ Every finite union of closed sets is again closed.

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Nested Interval

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Characterization Theorem

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

Real Analysis: Dr. Samir Kumar Bhowmik

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The completeness property of R

Dr. Samir Kumar Bhowmik

July 20, 2020

Dr. Samir Kumar Bhowmik University of Dhaka 1 / 25

1 The completeness property of R

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Indeed, there are four possibilities for a nonempty subset S of R: it can

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The Completeness property of R

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Open and Closed Sets

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Boundary, Accumulation, Interior, and Isolated Points

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Some properties of Sets

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