ngsjpftpay;

Nyru; fw;iwfs;
(Laser Beams)
juk;-12,13

Nyru; fw;iwfs;

LASER vd;gJ Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation

(fjpu;g;Gf;fspd; J}z;lg;gl;l (Cf;fpa) fhyyhy; xsp tpupayhf;fk;) vd;gjd;
RUf;fkhFk;.

Nyru; cw;gj;jp Id;];iud; (Einstein) ,dhy; 1900 Mk; Mz;L

$wg;gl;lJ.

vdpDk; KjyhtJ Nyru; xsp ikkhdpdhy;

(Maiman) 1960Mk; Mz;L cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gl;lJ.

 Nyru; MdJ xspapd; gy ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUg;gpDk; Nyru; fw;iwapy; ,Uf;Fk;

vy;yh miyfSk; xNu mtj;ijia nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,JNt Nyrupd; tpNrl jd;ikahFk;.
 ,t; miyfs; xNu miyePsj;ijAk; kPbwidAk; cilad.
 rhjhuz xspf;F ,t;tpay;G ,Uf;fhJ. ,jdhy; nrwpT $ba Nyriu cw;gj;jp nra;af;
$bajhfTs;sJ.
j putpankhd; W gy mZf; fshy; M dJ. mZf; f s;

mUl;lg;gLk; NghJ cau; rf;jp kl;lj;jpypUe;J jho; rf;jp

k l; lj; j pw; F ,yj; j puq; fs; nry; Y k; NghJ fj pu; g ; G

E= hf
fhyg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf ,J vOe;jkhdjhf

eilngWfpd; w J. ,J jd; d pr; i rahd fhyy; my; y J

Rafhyhy; vdg;gLk;.
mZ
E2 E2
E1

mUl;ba epiyapYs;s mZ jd;dpr;irahd fhyy;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

 ,f; f jpu; tP r ; R vy; y hj; jpirfspYk; fhyg; g LtJld;

x O q ; f w ; w j h fT k ; c s; sJ . , r; n ra d; K i w % y Nk
rhjhuz KjypypUe;J xsp fhyy; epfo;fpd;wJ.

 v t; thw ha pDk; mUl; lg; g l; l mZ xd; w pd; rupahd

rf; j pa hf Nghl; Nlhd; fUjg; gL khdhy; cau; rf; j p
kl; lj; j pypYs; s ,yj;j pudhdJ jho; rf; j p kl; lj; j pw; F
nry; t jw; F J}z; L tJld; kw; n whU Nghl; N lhidAk;
fhYfpd;wJ.

 ,e;j Nghl; NlhdhdJ jhd; ghjpf;fg;g lhky; ,ijj;

J}z;ba Nghl;Nlhdpd; jpirapYk; mjpu;ntz;zpYk; xNu
mtj;i japYk; fhzg;g LtJ mjd; jdpr; rpwg;g hFk;;. ,t;
,ay; G xUq; f pizT vdg; g Lk; . ,j; N jhw; w g; g hlhdJ
[d; ] ; b dpdhy; vjpu; T $wg; g l; l J. ,J Cf; f pa fhyy;
my;yJ J}z;ba fhyy; (Stimulated Emission) vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

J}z;ba J}z;ba Nghl;Nlhd;

Nghl;Nlhd; J}z;lg;gl;l Nghl;Nlhd;

mZ

E2 J}z;ba Nghl;Nlhd;

J}z;ba
Nghl;Nlhd; J}z;lg;gl;l Nghl;Nlhd;
E1
mUl;lg;gl;l mZ

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

 Nyru; xd; wpd; jd; dpr;i rahd fhyiy tpl J}z;ba fhyy; tpQ;Rtjhy; xspf;fhyy;

xOq; fikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jidg; ngWtjw;F jho; rf;j p kl; lj;ij tpl cau; rf;j p

kl; l j; j py; mjpfsT ,yj; j puq; f s; ,Uf; f Ntz; b aJ mtrpakhfpd; w J. ,j; j ifa

epge;jidahdJ “ Neu;khW neupry;” my;yJ Fbj;njhif Neu;khwy; (Invertent Popula-

tion) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ,J ,ay; g hd epiyf; F vjpuhd xd; w hFk; . Mdhy; xsp tpupayhf; f j; j pw; F kpf

mj; j pahtrpakhdjhFk; . mjhtJ xspf; fw;i wahdJ xU jputpj;j paj; j pD}L nry; Y k;

NghJ nrwpT toikahff; FiwtiltjpYk; ghu;f;f ,q;F nrwpT $l;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;

Nghl;Nlhd;

Neu;khW neupry;

Neu;khwhd neupriy Vw;g;gLj;Jk; Kiw

Neu;khW neupriy Vw;g;gLj;Jk; xU Kiwahf xspapay; gk;gpj;jy; (Optical Pumping)

Kiw mwpag; g LtJld; xspahy; Jyf; f kilaf; $ ba Nyru; jputpaq; f isAk;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

(2k; kl;lj;jpy; ,yj;jpud; mZ) kl;lk; 2

(1k; kl;lj;jpy; ,yj;jpud; mZ) kl;lk; 1

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

E1, E2 vd;Dk; ,U rf;jp kl;lq;fisf; fUJf. ,q;F E1> E2 MFk;.

vd; Dk; kP bwdpy; Nghl; Nlhd; fis gk; g pf; F k; fjpu; tP ry; nfhz; b Uf; Fkhdhy; Nghl; Nlhd;

cwpQ;ry; 2k; kl;lj;jpw;F cau;j;jg;gLk;. Vjpu;ghuhj epiyapy; 2k; kl;lj;jpy; kpf tpiuthf

mZf;fspd; neupry; mjpfupf;fj; njhlq;fpdhy; gk;gpf;Fk; fjpu;tPryhdJ Cf;fpa fhyiy

2k; kl; l j; j pypUe; J 1k; kl; l j; j pw; F j; J}z; L k; . ,J xj; j kP b wdhtJld; NkYk;

cUthf;fkiljy; eilngwhJ.

%d;W rf;jp kl;lj; njhFjp xd;wpy; gk;gpj;jy;.

kl;lk; 3 (N3)
tpiuthd fjpu;g;G mw;w Nja;T

kl;lk; 2 (N2) (kPAWjp epiy)

Neu;khW neupry;

gk;gpj;jy; kPbwd; =
Nyru;

kl;lk; 1 (N1)

%d;W rf;jp kl;lj; njhFjp xd;wpy; gk;gpf;Fk; fjpu;tPrypd; kPbwd;

MdJ ,yj; j pyd; fis rf; j p kl; lk; 1 y; ,Ue; J rf; j p kl; lk; 3 w; F cau; j ; Jfpd; w J.

mjhtJ E1 ,ypUe;J E3 tiu rf;jpia cwpQ;Rtjhy; mZ mUl;ba epiyf;F tUk;.

Nyru; nraw; g hl; b y; ,J gk; g pj; j y; MFk; . ,jw; f hf Gwr; r f; j p

Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. (c+k; :- gspr;rPl;L tpsf;F )

mUl; l g; g l; l mZf; f s; kl; l k; 3 ,ypUe; J jd; d pr; i rahd

fhyypdhy; 2k; kl;lj;jpw;Fg; gha;fpd;wJ. ,J 10 -8 s Md kpfTk;

rpwpa Neuj;jpy; eilngWk; Nja;thFk;. ,jd; NghJ ngUk;ghYk;

fhyhy; eilngwhJ.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

2k; kl;lj;jpy; mZf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F (10 -3 s ) ,Uf;Fkhdhy;

2k; kl;lj;jpy; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if (N2) 1k; kl;lj;jpy; mZf;fspd;

vz; z pf; i fapYk; (N1) mjpfkhFk; . ,jdhy; 2k; kl; l j; j pw; F k; 1k;

kl; l j; j pw; F k; ,ilNa xU Neu; k hW neupriy my; y J jiyfP o ;

neupriy Vw;g Lj;j yhk; . E2 rf; j p kl; lj; j pNyNa ,Ug; gjhy; ,t;tho; T

fhyj; i j cila eP z ; l rf; j p kl; l khdJ kP A Wjp (metastable) rf; j p

kl;lk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

2k; kl;lj;jpypUe;J 1k; kl;lk; Nehf;fpa ,yj;jpud; gha;r; ryhy; Vw;gLk; jd;dpr;irahd

Nghl;Nlhd; fhyy; , njhlu;r;rpahd Nghl;Nlhdpy; Cf;fpa fhyiy Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,jdhy;

V i d a m Z f; f s p y; , U e ; J N k Y k ; N gh l ; N l h d; f s; n t s p N a W f p d; w d . N y ru;

jhf; f khdJ ,t; t hW 1k; , 2k; rf; j p kl; l q; f spNyNa Vw; g Lfpd; w J. vdNt Nyru;

nraw;ghl;bw;F kpf Kf;fpa rf;jp kl;lk; 2k; rf;jp kl;lkhFk;.

,q; F gk; gpf;Fk; fjpu;tP ryhdJ Cf; fpa fjpu; tP rypYk; ghu;f; f tpj;j pahrkhd kP bwidf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

4k; kl;lj; njhFjp

E4
tpiuthd Nja;T
E3 kPAWjp epiy

gk;gpj;jy;

Nyru; epiy khwy;

E2

E1 tpiuthd Nja;T

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

Neu;khW neupriy ehd; F kl; l q; f s; cs; s xU Nyru; Clfj; j pypUe; J

E 4  E1
ngwyhk;. ,q;F h gk;gpj;jy; kPbwd; Mf ,Uf;Fk;. E3 MdJ kPAWjp

kl;lkhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis Nyru; epiykhwy; E3 kl;lj;jpypUe;J E2 kl;lj;jpw;F

eilngWfpd;wJ. ,jd; NghJ E2 kl;lj;jpypUe;J E1 kl;lj;jpw;F eilngWk; tpiuthd

Nja;T f h u z k h f E2 kl;lj;jpy; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if tpiuthf

Fiwfpd;wikahy; E3 kl;lj;jpw;Fk; E2 kl;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa mZf;fspd; Neu;khW

neupry; jpwd;kpf;fjhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt %d;W kl;lj; njhFjpia tpl 4 kl;l njhFjp

jpwd; kpf;fjhFk;.

&gp Nyru; (Ruby Laser)

gbf gspr;rl
P ;Lf; Foha;
njwpf;Fk;
nts;sp

nrwpthd
Nyru;

kpd; toq;fp

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

Nyrupy; gy jputpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. &gp Nfhy; Nyrupy; rpwpjsT FNwhkpaj;ij

Nyru; jputpakhff; nfhz;l njhFf;fg;gl;l mYkpdpak; xl;irl;L gspq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J

3k; kl;l Nyru; tifahFk;. ,jd; “kl;lk;”; 3 kpf neUf;fkhd rf;jp kl;lq;fspd; gl;iliaf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. gk;gpf;Fk; fjpu;tPr;rhdJ gspr;rPl;Lf; FohapypUe;J kQ;rs; - gr;ir xspAs;s

nrwpthd gspr; r P l ; b dhy; cw; g j; j p nra; a g; g Lfpd; w J. 1k; kl; l j; j pypUe; J (jiu epiy)

gl; i lapd; VjhtJ xU kl; l j; j pw; F ,yj; j pud; f s; gha; f pd; w d. ,t; ,yj; j pud; f s; rf; j pg;

gl;ilapy 10-8 s cld; xg;gpLifapy; 1 ms tiu epiyj;jpUf;f KbAk;.

xU KOj; njwpg;gpahfr; nraw;gLk; tifapy; &gp Nfhypd; xU Kid nts;sp G+rg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mNj Ntis kWKid nky;ypajhf nts;spahf;fg;gl;L gFjp CLflj;jYf;F

mDkjpf; f pd; w J. J}z; b a xsp Nghl; N lhd; Nfhy; kP J mq; F k; ,q; F khf njwpg; g ile; J

nrwpthd fw;iwia cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ. mf;fw;iwapd; xU gFjp XusT nts;spahf;fg;gl;l

KidapypUe;jJ gaDs;s Nyru; fjpu; tPr;rhf ntspNaWfpd;wJ.

`Pypak; Nead; Nyru;

fNjhl;L mNdhl;

,e;j Nyru; `Pypak; Nead; fyitia gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. &gp Nyru; fw;iwahdJ xspapd;

FWf; F j; Jbg; G f; f isf; fhTfpd; w J. mNjNtis `P y pak; Nead; Nyru; njhlu; e ; J

njhopw; gl; L Fiwe; jsthf tpupfw; i wia cw; g j; j pahf; F fpd; w J. Xt; n thU KidfspYk;

jl;ilahd jsthbAs;s ePz;l gbff; FohAs; thA fhzg;gLtJ xU tifahFk;.

gspr; r P l ; L f; Foha; f ; F g; gjpyhf , 28 MHz NubNah kP b wd; gpwg; g papdhy; gk; g pj; j y;

nra; a g; gLfpd; w J. thAtpy; cs; s kpd; ,wf; fkhdJ cau; rf; j p kl; l j; j pw; F `P y pak;

mZf; f is gk; G fpd; w J. gpd; G mit NkhJif %yk; cau; rf; j p kl; l j; j pw; F Nead;

mZf;fis mUl;b Nead; mZf;fspd; Neu;khW neupriy cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ. mit jho;

kl;lj;jpw;Fg; gha;tjw;F J}z;lg;gl;l NghJ fjpu;tPryhdJ ,jpypUe;J fhyg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

xspapay; gupT

Xspapy; guptpdhy; J}z;lg;gl;l fhyy; tpupayhf;fg;gLk; tpjk;

N3 E3
N3 E3

N2 E2
N2 E2
100% njwpg;G gFjpj; njwpg;G
jsthb
,J xU gupapiag; gad;g Lj; j p nra; a g;g Lfpd;w J. mjhtJ gupapapy; Nyru; xspapd; %yk;

epd;w miyfs; cUthf;fg;gLk; mNjNtis gupapapd; ,U me;jq;fspYk; fZf;fs; cUth-

FkhW epd;w miyfspd; NtW ,iraq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. MfNt gupapAk; Nyru; nghwpapd;

Xu; mj; j pahtrpag; gFjp MFk; . cU (I) ,y; fhl; l g; g l; l thW Nyru; Fohapd; mr; R f; F

nrq; Fj; j hf ,U js Mbfs; Kidfspy; itf;fg; g l; Ls; sd. xU KidapYs;s jsthb

100% njwpg; g ilar; nra; A k; kw; i wa KidapYs; s jsthb njwpg; g ilar; nra; t Jld;

gFjpahf Nyriu ntspNaw mDkjpf;Fk;.

mr; R f; F rkhe; j ukhf tUk; Nghl; N lhd; jsthbapy; nrq; F j; j hfg; gl; L mNj ghijapy;

njwpg;gilAk; . ,q;F N3>N2 Mf ,Ug;gjhy; Neu;khwhd neupry; fhuzkhf J}z;lg;gl; l

fhyy; cUthFk; . ,jdhy; cUthFk; ,U Nghl; N lhd; f Sk; xNu jpirapy; mr; R f; F

rkhe;jukhfr; nrd;W jsthbapy; nrq;Fj;jhfg; gl;L njwpg;gilAk;. ,it Nyru; jput-

paj;jpD}L efUk; NghJ mtw;wpd; J}z;ba fhyyhy; NkYk; ,U Nghl;Nlhd;fs; cUthFk;.

vdNt jw; N ghJs; s ehd; F Nghl; N lhd; f Sk; xj; j ,ay; G ilajhifahy; ,itAk;

njwpg;gile;J NkYk; ehd;F Nghl;Nlhd;fis cUthf;Fk;. ,t;thwhf nraw;ghL njhlu;e;J

eilngWtjhy; Nyru; jputpaj;jpy; Nghl;Nlhd;fspd; nrwpT tpiuthf mjpfupf;fg;gl;L

xU gFjp nts;spahf;fg;gl;l jsthb KidapypUe;J Nyru; fw;iwfshf ntspNaWk;.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

Nyru; fw;iwapd; ,ay;Gfs;

1. Nyru; fw; i w Nghl; N lhd; fs; xj; j ,ay; Gilait. ,it

tpuptilahJ xNu jpirapy; ,aq;Fk;.

2. Nyru; fw;iwapd; mfyk; kpfTk; rpwpaJ. vdNt VjhtnjhU

epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

3. Nyru; fw;iw cau; nrwpTilaJ.

1. xspg; Nghl;Nlhd;fs ntt;NtW mtj;ijapy; vy;yhj; jpirfspYk; ,aq;ff;

$bad. Xj;j ,ay;G mw;witahFk;.
2. Xspf;fw;iwapd; mfyk; ngupaJ. vdNt gy epwq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
3. rhjhuz xsp nrwpT Fiwe;j xspahFk;.

 Nyrupy; Jbg;Gw;w Nyru; , njhlu;r;rpahd Nyru; vd ,Utiffs; cz;L.

 Nyru; nghwp cw;gj;jpf;F mj;jpahtrpakhdit.
cfe;j Nyru; jputpak; / Clfk;
xU gk;gpf;Fk; rhjdk;

Nyru; fw;iwapd; gad;fs;

 kUj;Jtj; Jiw

fz; rj;jpur; rpfpr;ir, gy; itj;jpak;, rpWePuff; fy;

rpfpr;ir Kiw, czTf; fhy;thapD}lhd itj;jpa

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

 tu;j;jfj; Jiw

Nyru; mr;rbf;Fk; fUtp (Laser Printer), ,Wtl;Lf;fs; (CD),

Nfhl;Lf; FwpaPl;Lf; tUbfs;(Bar Code Readers), ntg;gkhdpfs;,

Nyru; Rl;bfs;;(Laser Pointers), ,Ugupkhz/Kg;gupkhz xspg;glk;

 nra;jpj; njhlu;G

Fiwflj; j p Nyru; f s; xspapay; ehu; j ; njhlu; g hly;

njhFjpfspy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.

 ifj;njhopy;

ntl;Ljy;, xl;Ljy;, gjhu;j;j ntg;gkhf;fy; Kiw, gFjpfis

milahsg;gLj;jy;, Jisaply;, vupj;jy;.

, q ; F F i w e; j J bg ; G N e u K s; s N y ru ; J b g; G f; fi sg ;

gad;gLj;jp cau;tY ngwg;gLfpd;wJ

 ,uhZtg; gad;ghL

,yf;Ffis milahsg;gLj;jy;, VTfizfis jpirg;gLj;jy;

 Ma;T

xspiag; gpupj;J gupNrhjpj;jy;, Nyru; %yk; ntl;b

eP f ; F jy; , Nyru; %yk; fha; r ; r p nkJthf Fspu

itj;J fbdkhf;fy;, Nyru; rpwjy;fs;

 Nyru; gspr;rl
P ;Lf; fhl;bfs;

tpNehj epfo;r;rpfspd; Nyru; xspf;fhl;rpfs;

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

 Nyru; Njhy; cw;gj;jpfs;

Kfg;gUr; rpfpr;ir, gU mfw;wy;

 epwkhiy

epwkhiyg; gupNrhjid %yk; %yfq;fs; ,dq;fhzy;

 fUg;gpsT

Nyru; fw;iwapypUe;J ghJfhg;G

Nyru; fw; i w gLk; ,lj; j py; ntg; g k; cz; l hFtjhy; ghjpg; G Vw; g ; g Lk; . mjhtJ Nyru;

fw;iwapd; rf;jp ntg;gkhf khw;wg;gLk;. kdpjj; Njhypy; Nyru; fw;iw gl;lhy; ghuJ}ukhd

tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. mjpf nrwpTs;s fw;iwahy; fz;tpy;iy ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

njhopw; r iyfspy; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; Nyru; fs; cau; tYTilait. njwpg; g ile; J tUk;

fjpu; fs; fz; fis ghjpf; fyhk; ; . vdNt mg; g Fjpfspy; Nyru; kP bwDf; F Vw; g ghJfhg; Gf;

fz;zhbfis (Safety Goggles) mzpjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Nyru; fw; i wapy; ,Ue; J ghJfhg; g hf ,Uf; f Tk;

vd;gijf; fhl;l ,f; FwpaPL gad;gLfpwJ.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

tpdhf;fs;

1. Nyru; fw;iwia cw;gj;jpahf;fy; nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk;

$w;Wf;fisf; fUJf.

A) Neu;khwhd neupry;fis Vw;g;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;..

B) Nyru; jputpaj;jpy; ,uz;bw;F Nkw;g;gl;l rf;jp kl;lq;fs; ,Uj;jy;.

C) Mff; Fiwe;jJ xU rf;jp kl;lk; kPAWJ kl;lkhf ,Uj;jy;.

,tw;Ws; rupahd $w;Wf;fisj; njupT nra;f?

2. Nyru; fw;iwf;Fk; rhjhuz xspf;fw;iwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpujhd

NtWghLfs; ,uz;ilj; jUf?

gpd;tUk; juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s nrad;Kiwapy; Nyru;

Nghl;Nlhdpd; miyePsj;ij fhz;f?

jd;dpr;irahd
E1 = -6.5 eV E2 = -4.65 eV E3 = -2.32 eV
fhyy;
h = 6.63 × 10-34 Js eV = 1.6 × 10-19 J
C = 3 × 108 ms-1

Nyru; nrad;Kiw

4. Nyru; fjpu;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; 5 If; Fwpg;gpLf?

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

5. Nyru; fjpu; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Fohapy; ,U KidfspYk; cs;s

jsthbfspd; nra;if rk;ke;jkhd ngsjPf njhopw;ghL?

1. Nfhzy;
4. Neu;khwhd neupry;
2. Kidthf;fk;
5. gupT
3. CwpQ;ry;

6. xU Fwpg;gpl;l mZtpd; rf;jp kl;lq;fs; A, B, C apd; ngWkjpfs;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F EA ,EB, EC CapypUe;J Bw;Fk;, BapypUe;J

Aw; F k; , CapypUe; J Aw; F k; ghAk; NghJ ngwg; g Lk; miyeP s q; f s;

KiwNa vdpd; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rupahdJ?

1. 2.
3.
4. 5.

7. Nyrupd; njwpg;G epfo;rr

; pf;Fg; gpd;

1. mUl;lg;gl;l ,yj;jpud;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl jiu

epiy ,yj;jpud;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk;

2. jiu epiy ,yj;jpud;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl mUl;lg;gl;l epiyapy;

,yj;jpud;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfk;

3. jiu epiyapYk; mUl;lg;gl;l epiyapYk; ,yj;jpud;fspd; vz;zpf;if rkd;.

4. mUl;lg;gl;l epiyapy; ,yj;jpud;fs; ,Uf;fhJ.

5. NkYs;s vJTk; md;W.

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)
juk;-12,13

7)

1. Nyru; xsp cw;gj;jpf;F fhuzkhd fhyw; nrad;Kiw ahJ?

2.xU Nyru; Clfj;jpy; kPAWjpr; rf;jpkl;lk; ,Uj;jy; Nyru; epiykhwYf;F

vq;fdk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd?

3. Nyru; nraw;ghl;bw;F 3-kl;lj;njhFjpia tpl 4-kl;lj;njhFjp Vd; jpwd;

kpf;fJ?

4. Nyru; nghwpia cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;F %d;W mj;jpahtrpa mk;rq;fs;

ahit?

5. Nyru; nghwpapd; ve;jg;gFjp %yk; Nyru; xspapd; epwk; Jzpag;gLk;?

njhFg;G : jpU.N.kNf];tud;; , ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/gupNahthd; fy;Yuup)

nry;tp.N.fyh ,urhdatpay; Mrpupau; (ah/,e;J kfsPu; fy;Yuup)
njhFg;G : jpU.T.nre;jpy;Fkud; , Mrpupau; (,urhdatpay;) (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhup)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : jpUkjp.Nf.Nkfyh , j.njh.njh. Mrpupau; (K/ cilahu;fl;L.k.tp)
fzpdp tbtikg;G : nry;tp.,.M.m.n[];ypd; , Mrpupau; ( j.njh.njh.) (ah/Gdpj n`d;wpauru; fy;Y}up, ,sthiy)