Professional Documents
Culture Documents
63, No 1/2016
103–109
http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2015_1065
Regular paper
During crystallization screenings of commercially availa- Amano, and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), there are no X-ray
ble hydrolytic enzymes, the new, hexagonal crystal form crystal structures reported to date.
of CAL-B, has been discovered and hereby reported. The All above mentioned structures are insufficient to ex-
NAG molecules, which were closing the glycosylation plain the mechanism of action of these enzymes towards
site in the orthorhombic form, in hexagonal structure the heteroorganic substrates and their analogs which we
make the glycosylation site open. It is unknown whether use in enzyme-controlled chemical reactions conducted
the opening and closing of the glycosylation site by the in our laboratory (Kaczmarczyk et al., 2011; Kwiatkows-
‘lid’ NAG molecules, could be related to the opening and ka et al., 2011; Krasiński et al., 2012). For that reason,
closing of the active center of the enzyme upon sub- the crystal structures of the enzymes in the appropriate
strate binding and product release. complex forms, i.e., with the particular substrates or ana-
logs that we use, are needed. We hope that our results
Key words: CAL-B, lipase B, Candida antarctica, apo form, crystallo- will shed more light not only on the catalytic mechanism
graphic polymorphism, macromolecular crystallography of these enzymes, but also will explain the nature of the
Received: 21May, 2015; revised: 07 October, 2015; accepted: enzymes promiscuous behavior.
18 November, 2015; available on-line: 30 December, 2015 Among commercially available lipases, which are now-
adays expressed in large quantities, lipase B from Candida
antarctica (CAL-B) is one of the most extensively used bi-
INTRODUCTION ocatalysts, both in the research and in the industry (Kirk
& Christensen, 2002; Wu et al., 2013). CAL-B belongs to
Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of carbox- the α/β-hydrolase family and follows the same reaction
ylic acid esters in aqueous media but also the esterifi- mechanism as the other serine hydrolases (Bornscheuer
cation or transesterification in organic solvents (Born- & Kazlauskas, 1999; Paravidino et al., 2012; Singh et al.,
scheuer & Kazlauskas, 1999; Paravidino et al., 2012; 2012). This enzyme is highly stereoselective in a wide
Singh et al., 2012). The studies on applying commercially variety of chemical transformations. A broad range of
available hydrolytic enzymes, including lipase B from CAL-B applications includes kinetic resolution of race-
Candida antarctica (CAL-B), Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), mic alcohols and amines or desymmetrization of diols
lipase PS Amano, AK Amano, AH Amano or lipopro- and diacetates (Alatorre-Santamaria et al., 2011; Deska
tein lipase (LPL), to the synthesis of chiral non-racemic et al., 2010; Frykman et al., 1993; Kaczmarczyk et al.,
heteroorganic compounds, have been carried out in our 2011; Kiełbasiński et al., 2003; Ko et al., 2007; Patterson
Department for many years (Kaczmarczyk et al., 2011; & Miller, 2010; Rachwalski et al., 2008; Santaniello et al.,
Kiełbasiński et al., 2003; Kiełbasiński & Mikołajczyk, 2006; Waagen et al., 1993). Numerous examples pertain
2007; Krasiński et al., 2012; Kwiatkowska et al., 2011; Ra- to the stereoselective synthesis of chiral intermediates for
chwalski et al., 2008). We have decided to make theoreti- the production of various pharmaceuticals and plant-pro-
cal (Krasiński et al., 2012) and experimental attempts to tecting agents (Andualema & Gessesse, 2012; Baldessari,
explain the catalytic mechanism of the enzymes and the 2012; Naik et al., 2010; Sharma et al., 2011; Song et al.,
nature of their promiscuous behavior. 2008). Moreover, there are many cases of promiscuous
There is only limited information in literature regard- reactions catalyzed by CAL-B, including aldol reactions,
ing the crystal structure and active site architecture of Michael additions, vinyl polymerization, and even oxida-
these enzymes. In the Protein Data Bank (PDB), there tions (Branneby et al., 2004; Carboni-Oerlemans et al.,
are 12 structures available for lipase B from Candida ant- 2006; Carlqvist et al., 2003; Carlqvist et al., 2005; Hult
arctica (CAL-B): 1TCA, 1TCB and 1TCC (Uppenberg & Berglund, 2007; Madalińska et al., 2012; Rustoy et al.,
et al., 1994), 1LBS and 1LBT (Uppenberg et al., 1995), 2007; Sharma et al., 2009; Svedendahl et al., 2005; Wu et
3ICV and 3ICW (Qian et al., 2009), 4K5Q, 4K6G, al., 2010).
4K6H, and 4K6K (Xie et al., 2014), and 3W9B (Kim et Structurally, lipase B from Candida antarctica (CAL-B) is
al., 2014). For Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), there are 9 a macromolecule with molecular mass of about 33 kDa
structures: 1CRL (Grochulski et al., 1993), 1GZ7 (Man- and 317 amino acid residues in its polypeptide chain.
cheno et al., 2003), 1LPM and 1LPS (Cygler et al., 1994), *
1LPN, 1LPO, and 1LPP (Grochulski et al., 1994a), e-mail: blaszcz8@cbmm.lodz.pl
1TRH (Grochulski et al., 1994b), and 3RAR (Colton et PDB accession numbers: 4ZV7, Crystal structure of hexagonal
form of lipase B from Candida antarctica
al., 2011). For lipase PS Amano, there is one PDB en- Abbreviations: CAL-B, Lipase B from Candida antarctica; NAG, N-
try, 1OIL (Kim et al., 1997). For lipases AK Amano, AH acetyl-d-glucosamine; RMSD, Root-Mean-Square deviations; PDB,
the Protein Data Bank
104
P. Strzelczyk and others 2016
The active site is composed of a catalytic triad Ser-His- also the use of the set of 50 unique solutions commer-
Asp, an oxyanion hole that stabilizes the transition state cially available from Hampton Research Crystal Screen
of the reaction, and a binding pocket consisting of two One (Aliso Viejo, CA, USA, Cat No. HR2-110). To our
compartments, one for the acyl moiety of the ester and surprise, none of these conditions resulted in crystals of
another one for the alcohol part (Otto et al., 2000; Up- suitable quality. Therefore, we needed to explore new
penberg et al., 1994; Uppenberg et al., 1995). crystallization conditions.
In order to improve thermostability, activity, stereose- Crystallization. Lipase B from Candida antarctica was
lectivity, and expression rate of CAL-B and to tailor it crystallized using the vapour diffusion technique in
for different applications, a range of mutants have been hanging drops. We finally obtained two crystal forms:
developed, with main focus on kinetic resolution of chi- monoclinic and hexagonal. Both forms were obtained
ral alcohols (Wu et al., 2013; for details, see references from different crystallization conditions. Monoclinic
14-17 in that paper). For improvement of extracellu- crystals grew from 22% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 4000,
lar production of CAL-B enzyme in Escherichia coli and 0.05M sodium acetate (pH 3.6), 10% isopropanol with
improvement of the enzyme stability, an anion tag has addition of 5% (w/v) n-octyl-β-d-glucoside. The mono-
been added, and the structurally flexible residues within clinic (P21) form is already known and reported in the
the active site were mutated. The X-ray crystal struc- literature as PDB entry 1TCB (Uppenberg et al., 1994).
tures of CAL-B, with such sequence modifications, were The hexagonal (P6322) form is new (This work). The hex-
determined (PDB entries 3W9B (Kim et al., 2014), and agonal crystals have been obtained at room temperature
4K6G, 4K6H, 4K6K, 4K5Q (Xie et al., 2014)). Since (21ºC) from 24% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 3350, 0.1M
the truncated loop variant, cp283Δ7, showed substantial citric acid, and 0.1M sodium acetate (pH 5.5), by mixing
increase in the catalytic activity of the enzyme, the two equal volumes of protein (10 mg/ml protein in ultrapure
crystal structures of that variant, in the apo form and water) and well solutions. The crystals appeared after 14
with a bound inhibitor (PDB entries 3ICV and 3ICW, days and grew within a few additional days.
respectively), were determined (Qian et al., 2009). Data collection and processing. X-ray diffrac-
Of particular concern, in one of our ongoing research tion data for Lipase B from Candida antarctica were col-
projects, is the kinetic resolution of racemic P-stereo- lected at 100 K using a SuperNova diffractometer (Agi-
genic alkoxy(hydroxymethyl)phenylphosphine oxides and lent Technologies) equipped with a microfocus CuKα
P-stereogenic alkoxy(hydroxymethyl)phenylphosphine (1.54 Å) radiation source (0.8 mA and 50 kV) and a
P-boranes via their enzymatic acetylation (Kwiatkowska et 160 mm Titan CCD detector. A solution, consisting of
al., 2011). Recently, we reported the results of molecular 50% polyethylene glycol 400 mixed with the reservoir
modeling of the hydrolysis reactions of acetoxymethyl(i- solution (in a 1:1 ratio), was used as the cryoprotect-
propoxy)-phenylphosphine oxide and its P-borane ant. Before cryocooling, the crystal was transferred into
analogue, acetoxymethyl(i-propoxy)-phenylphosphine the cryoprotectant solution for a few seconds. The data
P-borane, promoted by the CAL-B enzyme (Krasiński were processed using CrysAlisPro (Agilent Technologies)
et al., 2012). These theoretical calculations suggested a and merged using Aimless program of the CCP4 pack-
hypothetical explanation of the stereochemistry of the age (Evans & Murshudov, 2013; Winn et al., 2011). Dif-
observed hydrolysis reactions. At present, our goal is to fraction data were processed up to 2.0 Å resolution. The
confirm our theoretical results experimentally, by crystal- crystal is hexagonal, space group P6322, and the unit cell
lization and X-ray crystal structure determination of the parameters are: a=b=89.03 Å, and c=137.26 Å. Data col-
CAL-B enzyme in the form of a complex with the above lection and refinement statistics are summarized in Ta-
mentioned heteroorganic ligands and their analogs. ble 1.
In this work, we would like to present our first result Structure solution and refinement. The crystal
of long-term crystallization screenings of commercially structure of the hexagonal form of Lipase B from Can-
available enzyme candidates. While working on the crys- dida antarctica was solved by the molecular replacement
tallization screening of a newly purchased, crystallization method using Phaser (McCoy, 2007; Winn et al., 2011).
grade sample of CAL-B enzyme, we discovered a new, The CAL-B structure (PDB 3W9B) (Kim et al., 2014)
hexagonal crystal form of this enzyme. This new form has been used as the starting model. The model was re-
is hereby described in this paper. Due to high symme- built using Fourier maps calculated by Coot (Emsley et
try and good diffraction properties, the crystals of this al., 2010) and refined using REFMAC5 (Murshudov et
form may by useful in obtaining complexes with various al., 2011). Data collection and refinement statistics are
ligands. summarized in Table 1. The electron density along the
entire protein chain was well defined, and allowed to
determine the position of all 317 residues of the entire
MATERIALS AND METHODS
protein sequence without any ambiguity. Water mole-
cules and alternative conformers for some residues were
Protein purchase and screening. Lipase B from added manually. Average B-factors were calculated using
Candida antarctica (CAL-B) was purchased from Hampton B-AVERAGE (Murshudov et al., 2011). The structure
Research (Aliso Viejo, CA, USA, Cat No. HR7-099). As was validated (Laskowski et al.,1993) and deposited in
declared by the manufacturer, it was a high quality, crys- the Protein Data Bank as entry 4ZV7.
tallization grade sample produced by submerged fermen-
tation of a genetically modified Aspergillus oryzae micro-
organism. Prior to crystallization, the purchased sample RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
has been subjected in our lab to final purification using
size exclusion chromatography which was performed on
an XK 16/60 column (Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, New crystal form of the CAL-B lipase
Sweden) filled with Superdex 75 pg, where a mixture of While working with crystallization screening of a
100 mM NaCl and 10 mM Tris (pH 7.3) was used as a newly purchased (from Hampton Research Corp., Aliso
buffer. The crystallization screening involved the use of Viejo, CA, USA) crystallization grade sample of lipase
the conditions provided by the protein manufacturer and B from Candida antarctica (CAL-B), we discovered a new
Vol. 63
Hexagonal form of lipase CAL-B 105
PDB ID 4ZV7
Resolution range (Å) 77.11–2.00 crystal form of this enzyme. This new form is hereby
described in this paper. The crystals of this new form
Completeness (overall/last shell, %) 98.1/91.1 are shown in Fig. 1.
The structures of lipase CAL-B, which have been re-
Redundancy (overall/last shell) 8.8/2.9 ported in literature and are available in the Protein Data
Bank (PDB) to date, are listed in Table 2. As is seen in
I/sigma (overall/last shell) 24.6/3.3 Table 2, only structures 1TCA, 1TCB and 1TCC (Up-
penberg et al., 1994) are directly related to our newly ob-
Unique reflections (overall/last shell) 22034/2534 tained hexagonal form, 4ZV7. All four structures are of
the wild-type enzyme and do not contain a ligand in the
R (merge) (overall/last shell) 0.093/0.2611 active center. Therefore, the further structural compari-
son and discussion will be limited to these four (4ZV7,
Refinement 1TCA, 1TCB and 1TCC) structures.
(Uppenberg et al.,
1TCA Orthorhombic P212121 1 317a 1.55 apo form 1994)
(Uppenberg et al.,
1TCB Monoclinic P21 2 317a 2.10 apo form 1994)
(Uppenberg et al.,
1TCC Monoclinic P21 2 317a 2.50 apo form 1994)
(Uppenberg et al.,
1LBS Monoclinic C2 6 317a 2.60 HEEe 1995)
(Uppenberg et al.,
1LBT Monoclinic P21 2 317a 2.50 T80f 1995)
3W9B Hexagonal P65 4 328c 2.90 apo form (Kim et al., 2014)
4K5Q Orthorhombic C2221 1 325d 1.49 apo form (Xie et al., 2014)
4K6H Monoclinic P21 2 326d 1.60 apo form (Xie et al., 2014)
4K6K Orthorhombic P212121 2 326d 1.60 apo form (Xie et al., 2014)
4K6G Monoclinic P21 2 327c 1.50 apo form (Xie et al., 2014)
awild-type form; bdeletion mutant; csequence variant with anion tag; dsequence variant with anion tag and mutations; eHEE, the abbreviation for
N-hexylphosphonate ethyl ester in Protein Data Bank Ligand Database; fT80, methylpenta(oxyethyl) heptadecanoate; gBTB, 2[bis-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-
amino]2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol; hMHH, hexyl-methoxy-phosphinic acid
The number of multiple conformations of the side The protein side chains in the hexagonal form of the
chains is different in both forms. In the orthorhombic enzyme are thermally quite stable. The difference be-
form (1TCA) the side chains, for which two conforma- tween average mobilities of the entire chain (B=23.8 Å2)
tions were found, are: Ser26, Ile87, and Leu144 (Uppen- and of the main chain atoms (B=21.3 Å2) is very small
berg et al., 1994). (Table 1). Interestingly, in contrast to the orthorhombic
The hexagonal form of CAL-B was crystallized form, where the increased mobility was observed for the
in the absence of any (in particular heteroorganic) side chains of the catalytic triad residues Ser105-Asp187-
ligands. The active center of the enzyme, which in- His224, and where this phenomenon has been suggested
volves the presence of the catalytic triad residues, to be of functional interest (Uppenberg et al., 1994), our
Ser105, Asp187, and His224, is open, and only water hexagonal form does not show any sign of such mobility
molecules (eight waters: 906, 961, 1089, 1178, 1200, increase.
1211, 1218, 1230) are found tightly buried there.
Therefore, our hexagonal structure is a ligand-free Unexpected opening of the glycosylation site in
(apo) form of the enzyme (see Table 2). hexagonal CAL-B. Is this opening functionally related?
Interestingly, there are more water molecules in the In both orthorhombic (1TCA) and hexagonal (4ZV7)
active center in our hexagonal structure than in the or- forms, the NAG molecules are present in the glycosyla-
thorhombic form, where only four water molecules were tion site and bound to the side chain Nδ2 atom of the
found (Uppenberg et al., 1994). The catalytic triad resi- Asn74 residue (Fig. 2). However, the positions of these
dues Ser105, Asp187, and His224, in the active site in NAG molecules do not align with each other (Fig. 3).
the orthorhombic form, 1TCA, have almost identical po- In the hexagonal form, the side chain of Asn74 and
sition and conformation, except for the Cβ-Oγ bond of two visible bound NAG molecules rotate straight out
Ser105, which rotates slightly away from the Nε2 atom of the protein molecule towards the solvent region. In
of His224. The movement of the Oγ atom of Ser105 is the orthorhombic form, this side chain and two NAG
about 0.5 Å.
Vol. 63
Hexagonal form of lipase CAL-B 107
connection system. While the distance of this water to BESSY II electron storage ring (Berlin-Adlershof, Ger-
Asp187 is similar (2.67 Å), the connection with Ser227 many) for diffraction tests and collection of the initial
in the orthorhombic form is much tighter (2.87 Å). data sets from the lipase microcrystals. The coordinates
The connectivity of this water molecule in the mono- and structure factors of the hexagonal form of CAL-
clinic form 1TCB resembles well the situation in the B apoenzyme have been deposited in the Protein Data
orthorhombic structure. The respective distances of this Bank (PDB), as entry 4ZV7.
water are: 2.88 Å (to Asp187) and 2.80 Å (to Ser227) in
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