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1 S.SOROUT 9255624029
SOIL MECHANICS
Soil Deposited by
Alluvial Soil River
Marine Soil Sea water
Lacustrine Soil Still water like as lakes
Aeolian Soil Wind
Glacial Soil Ice
Note: Loess is an aelian soil.
Soil
3 Phase 2 Phase
(Partially Saturated)
Wa 0
IV I L Ki G
Fully Saturated Dry Soil
Vv
Va Air
Water
C V w = Vv Water Ww
Vv = Va Air Wa = 0
9
Vw Ww
OL
V W
62402
Vs Ws Vs Ws Vs Ws
RRB Ki
Solid Solid Solid
I PUB
WATER CONTENT
Goli W
WW
 100
5
WS
5
L
2
VOID RATIO CA
TION, 9 e
VV
VS
POROSITY
VV
n  100
V
DEGREE OF SATURATION
VW
S  100
Vv
AIR CONTENT
RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

2 Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI Facebook Page
Va
ac   1 S
Vv
Va
% Air Voids  ,   n ac
V
BULK UNIT WEIGHT
W WS  WW
 
V Va  VW  VS
DRY UNIT WEIGHT
WS
d 
IV I L Ki G V
SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT C

9
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62402
Wsat
sat 
V
RRB Ki
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
I PUB
Goli G
WS 
 S
5
VS . W  W
5
L
2
APPEARENT OR MASS SPECIFIC GRAVITY

I
CA
TION, 9
Gm 
W


V W  W
W e n
 WS   n or e 
1 w 1 e 1 n
G W (1  W)
 Se  WG  
(1  e)
G  e G w
  sat    . w  d 
 1 e  1 e
 G  1 
    w  d 
 1  e  1 w

3 S.SOROUT 9255624029
 Method for Determination of water content
 Oven drying Method
W2  W1
W  100
W3  W1
 Pycnometer Method
 ( W 2  W1 )   G  1 
W    1
 ( W3  W4 )   G 
Determination of Unit Weight

1. Core Cutter method
 Field method suitable for, fine grained and clayey soil.
V I L Ki G
 Not suitable for stoney, gravelly soil and dry soil.
2. Water displacement method
 Suitable for ohesive soils only C I
9
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3. Sand replacement method
62402
 field method
RRB Ki
 used for gravelly, sandy and dry soil
I PUB
4. Water ballon method
 volume of the pit is measured by covering the pit with plastic sheet and then filling it with water.
Goli
 wt. of water thus calculated is equal to volume of soil excavated.
5
PLASTICITY INDEX [IP]

5
L
2
CA I P  WL  WP
W L = Liquid limit TION, 9

W P = Plastic limit
RELATIVE CONSISTENCY/CONSISTENCY-INDEX
WL  WN
IC 
IP
LIQUIDITY INDEX
WN  WP
IL  ( IC + IL = 1 )
IP
FLOW INDEX

W1  W2
If 
N 
log10  2 
 N1 
TOUGHNESS INDEX
IP
It 
If
SENSITIVITY
(q u ) undisturbed
Sf 
(q u ) Remoulded
RELATIVE DENSITY/DENSITY INDEX IV I L Ki G

C
9
e max  e
OL
ID   100
62402
e max  emin
RRB Ki
I PUB
ACTIVITY OF CLAY
Plasticity Index
Goli
AC = % by weight fine than 2
5
Uniformity Coefficient
5
L
2
Cu =
D60
, (Cu > 4 Gravel, Cu > 6 Sand)
CA
D10 TION, 9
Coefficient of Curvature.
2
 D30 
CC = , 1  CC  3 for well Graded soil
D10  D 60
Coarse grained soil classification based on grain size (mm)

Boulder Cobble Coarse grained soil Fine Grained soil
Gravel Sand
coarse fine coarse medium fine silt clay
>300 300-80 80-20 20-4.75 4.75-2.0 2-0.425 0.425-0.075 0.075-0.002 <0.002
Indian Standard Soil Classification system (ISSCS)

5 S.SOROUT 9255624029
70
60
CH
Plasticity Index
50
WL = 50 0)
40 –2
w L
3( MH
30 0.7
WL = 35 =
IP OH
20
CL
10
1
CI MI MI
4 OI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Liquidity Limit w L
V I L Ki G
Plasticity Chart
Hydrometer correction
C I
CT = CM – Cd  Ct
9
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Compaction Consolidation
62402
Reduction in volume of air voids at a Volume reduction due to expultion of pore
RRB Ki
I PUB
given water content water from voids
Partially saturated soil Completely saturated soil
Instantaneous phenomenon Time dependent phenomenon
Specific compaction Technique
Goli By static load placed on soil
5
(use dynamic load)

5
Quick sand condition

2
CA
In case of upward seepage flow, if the upward seepage force becomes equal to the buoyant weight of
soil, the effective stress in soil becomes zero. TION, 9
Critical hydraulic gradient
 sub G  1
icr =   1 + e
w
Note: Quick sand condition occurs in sand but not in clay becuase in clay cohesion exists.
 cr
Factor of safety = i
e
ie = exit hydraulic gradient.
DARCY’S LAW
q  kiA
MEASREMENT OF PERMEABILITY
 Constant Head Permeameter Test

q qL
K 
iA Aht
where
q = Discharge (cm3)
Collected in time (t)1
A = Cross section Area of sample (cm2)
h = difference in manometer levels (cm)
L = distance b/w manometer topping point (cm)
 Falling Head Permeameter Test
2.3qL h 
K log10  1 
At  h2 
IV I L Ki G
 Confined Flow Pumping Test
C
9
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 r2 
62402
 
2.3q r
K log10  1 
RRB Ki
I PUB
2D h 2  h1
 Unconfined Flow Pumping Test
Goli 2.3q R
5
K log10
(H 2  h 2 ) r
5
L
2
 Kozeny-Carman Equation CA
1  e3
TION, 9
K . .
K 0 .S2  1  e
 Allen Hazen’s Equation
2
K  C.D10
 Coefficient of Consolidation Equation
K  C v .M v . w
V
Vs = , R = 3000d K , Sy + SR = n
n
PERMEABILITY OF STRATIFIED SOILS

Horizontal Flow

7 S.SOROUT 9255624029
K1H1  K 2 H 2  .....
KH 
H1  H 2  .....
VERTICAL FLOW
H1  H 2  ..... H
Kv  
H1 H 2
  .....  H / K
K1 K 2
Note: KH> KV always.

Determination of coefficient of consolidation (CV)
Casagrande’s method Taylor’s method

(Logarithm of time fitting method)
IV I L Ki G (Square root time fitting method)
Dial gauge
C Cv 
T50H 2
t50 Dial gauge
Cv 
T50H 2
t90
9
reading reading
OL
62402
T50 = 0.196 T90 = 0.848

log (time) t
RRB Ki
I PUB
Note: CV is inversely proportional to liquid limit (wL) where as Cc is directly proportional to liquid limet.
Value of CV decreases with increases in plasticity.
CRITICAL HYDRAULIC GRADEINT

Goli
5
G 1
Ic   (G  1)(1  n)
5
L
1 e
2
CA
BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATIONS
TION, 9
5/ 2
 
5  
3q cos  3q  1 
Z  
2 z 2 z 2   r 2 
1    
 z 
SEEPAGE CALCULATION
NF
q  k.H
Nd
WESTERGAARD’S SOLUTION

q
q  q
z    3/ 2
 kw. 
  r 
2 
    
  z  
Compression Index
e1  e 2
Cc 
log  2  log 
Coefficient of Compressibility
e
av 
V I L Ki G

C I
Coefficient of Volume Compressibility
9
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V
62402
Mv   V
RRB Ki 
MV  
e
 v
a I PUB
Goli 1  e0   1  e0
5
Terzaghi Equation for one- dimension consolidation

5
L
2
CA du 2u
 Cv. 2
TION, 9 t Z
Coefficient of Consolidation
k
Cv  2 2
m v . w m /S or m /day
Time Factor
C v .t
Tv 
H2
 2
Tv = (u) , u  60%
4
Tv = 1.781 – 0.933 log (100 – u); u > 60%
DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION

9 S.SOROUT 9255624029
u1  u z  e
Vz  , 
u1 H 1  eo
Calculation of Settlement
H0     
  CC  log   
1  e0   
  m v .H 0 ., CC  0.009(w L  10)
Shear Strength Mechanism
Frictional strength Cohesive strength
Particle to particle IV I L Ki G
Interlocking True cohesion Apparent cohesion
friction
C electrostatic attraction or
cementation due to addition
capillary rise or
suction due to
9
of Ca to clay negative pressure
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Drainage analysis
Drained condition Undrained condition

Long term stability Goli
5
Effective stress approach +ve pore water pressure –ve pore water pressure
5
L
2
CA Immediate analysis Long term analysis
TION, 9
Total stress approach Effective stress approach
Triaxial Test
   
  tan 2  45º    2c tan  45º  
    2
Vane Shear test
T
S
h d
d 2   
2 6
If the test is carried out such that the top end of the vane does not shear.

T
S
 h d
d 2   
 2 12 
Pore Pressure Parameter (Given by Skempton)

U= B[3+ A(1–3)]
U
B= (For saturated soil, B = 1, for dry soil, B = 0)

Stability of slope
W cos , tan  tan 

F= 
W sin  tan 
V I L Ki G
Swedish Circle Method: Surface of sliding is assumed as "arc of circle"
I
C
9
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62402
Face/slope failure Toe failure most Base failure
RRB Ki
soil close to the common mode soil below the toe is
I PUB
toe is quite strong of failure soft and slope is flat
 > 53º > 3º  < 53º > 3º
Cm c
Goli
Stability Number = SN = H.  F .H (Max. value = 0.261)
5
c
5
L
2
CA
Types of lateral earth pressure
TION, 9
Active earth pressure Earth pressure at rest Passive earth pressure
(wall moves away from (wall does not (wall moves towards the
backfill) moves at all) backfill)
Movement tendency
of soil
Movement tendency
H of soil
Shear stress on
soil block Pp , P0 Shear stress on
Passive
H earth soil block
On the verge
of failure Active earth Earth pressure pressure
On the verge
pressure at rest of failure
Pp < P0
Pa = active earth pressure
P0 = earth pressure of rest Movement Away from Soil Movement Towards the soil
Active earth pressure Passive earth pressure

Failure plane is inclined at (45 + /2) Failure plane is inclined at (45 –/2) with
with the horizontal the horizontal
Very little movement is required to much higher movement is required to
mobilise the active pressure mobilise the pressure
H = 0.2% of H Dense sands H = 2% of H Dense sands

11 S.SOROUT 9255624029
H = 0.5% of H loose sands H = (5-10)% of H loose sands
Length of failure block
   
= H cot  45    length of failure bolck = H cot  45  
 2  
1  sin  2  1  sin   
 K a  1  sin   tan  45     kP   tan 2  45  
   sin   
Active Earth Pressure For Cohesive
P a = K a z  2C k a
Z = 0 when Pa =  2C K a
4C
V I L Ki G
ZC =  K
a
Earth Pressure at Rest C I

9
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h 
  K 0 , Coefficient of earth pressure at rest.
62402
v 1  
RRB Ki
I PUB
1  sin    1
Ka =  tan 2  45º   =
1  sin   2 Kp
Goli
5
Types of footings
5
L
2
Strip Isolated/spread CA Raft/mat Combined Pile foundation

footing footing foundation footing
TION, 9
L L
B B
Net Safe Bearing Capacity
Net ultimate bearing capacity

q net = Factor of safety.
q nu q u  Df
q net = 
F F
Safe Bearing Capacity
q u  Df
qsaf =  Df
F
Elastic Settlement

S = k.q. A
1   2
(Calculation of Bearing Capacity)
Analytical methods Building codes Field test methods
Standard penetration test (SPT)

General shear failure Rankine’s method
Plate load test
Punching shear failure Bell’s theory
Static cone penetration test
Local shear failure Prandtl method
Terzaghi method
Skempton’s method
Meyor’s method
IV I L Ki G
Hensen’s Recommendations
Bearing Capacity for Strip footing

C
9
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62402
1
q ult = CN c  Df N q  bN 
RRB Ki
2
I PUB
Bearing Capacity of Shallow Circular Footing.
q ult = 1.3CNC + DfNq+0.3 bN
Bearing Capacity of Shallow Square Footing
Goli
5
q ult = 1.3 CNC + DfNq+0.4bN

5
Plate Load test: (IS 1888–1992)

2
CA
TION, 9 Girder
Hydraulic jack
Pipe arrangement
Dial gauge
Plate
BP
5 × BP
It is used to calculate
(a) Ultimate bearing capacity
(b) Allowable bearing capacity
(c) Safe settlement of foundation
 Significant only for cohesionless soil

13 S.SOROUT 9255624029
2
Sf  Bf  Bp  0.3 
  For Sandy Soil
SP  BP  Bf  0.3 
 
Sf B F

SP B p for clay..
Standard Penetration Test
Bore holes
Df
A
D 150mm 150mm
150mm 300mm Reading
st 150mm Taken
(1.5-2)B 1 readily B
V I L Ki G
150mm
300mm
C I 1st readily C
 For Granular soils only

9
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62402
 N-value is determined at selected number of bore hoes and avg. value of corrected N is calculated
for the depth from Df + (1.5–2) B.
RRB Ki
I PUB
 Any value greater than 50% of the avg. value is descarded and new avg. value is found out.
Coorection Applied to SPT Value.
Over burden Correction
Goli
5
 350 
N t = N 0bs  
5

L
   70 
2
Dilatancy Correction
CA
1
TION, 9
N = 15  (N t  15)
2

Classification of Pile
Material Mode of load Function or Installation Displacement

transfer action method of soil
Timber Load bearing

End bearing Driven Displacement pile
Steel Tension or uplift
Friction Bored, cast in Non-displacement
Concrete Compaction situ pile
Composite Combined Fender piles Jack piles
Sheet piles Screw piles
Batter piles
IV I L Ki G
Ultimate bearing Capacity of pile Load taken by base + load by skin friction.
Q up = qeb + Qsf C
9
Q up = qb× Ab + FSAS.
OL
62402
Engineering News Formula

Ultimate load on pile
RRB Ki
Q up =
WH
6(S  C) I PUB
Boring and its its methods Goli
5
Making and advancing of bore holes is called boring

5
L
2
CA
TION, 9
Auger Wash Rotary Percussion
Boring Boring Boring Boring
Done in partially Not done in hard Mud Only method to be
saturated sands, silts and soils, rocks and soil rotary used in bouldery and
medium to stiff clays containing boulders. Boring gravelly stratum
Highly disturbed sample Disturbed samples Core drilling Heavy drilling bit is
for idenfitication only are obtained (least dropped and raised.
disturbed
samples)
Small depth of exploration
e.g. Highways and borrow
pits
Soil samples
Disturbed sample are those in which natural soil structure gets modified or destroyed during the sampling
operation.
Undisturbed samples are those in which original soil structure is preserved as well as mineral properties

15 S.SOROUT 9255624029
have not undergone any change. These size distribution, Atterberg’s limits, coefficient of permeability,
consolidation parameters, shear strength parameters.
Inside Clearance
D3  D1
Ci = 100%
D1
Out Side Clearance
D2  D4
C0 =  100
D4
Note: C0 > Ci always.

Area ratio
D 2 2  D12
V I L Ki G
Ar = 100
D1
Recovery Ratio C I
9
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Recovery length of the Sample.
62402
Lr =
Penetration length of the Sample
RRB Ki
I PUB
Field Compaction Control.
Goli
Type Soil Types Uses
 Rammers  All Types  Confined construction area
5
 Smooth wheeled  Sand, Gravels  Road Embankment

5
L
Roller
2
 Sheep footed Roller  Clay-Soil CA

 Earthen dam Construction
 Pneumatic Tyred
Roller
 Silty Sand
TION, 9
 Base, Sub base formation
 Vibrators  Sand, all type  Soil Embankment

Soil
Most prefer

REINFORCE CEMENT CONCRETE

 SEC MODULUS
E c  5000 f ck N / mm 2 . , Min. grade = M15 (IS 456:1978)
E c  5700 f ck N / mm 2 . , Min. grade = M20 (IS 456:2000)
S. Discription Collapse Servicability

No.
1. D.L + L.L 1.5 1
2. D.L + (W.L) or (E.L)
IV I L Ki G
combination C
9
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(i) for normal case
62402
D.L + W.L (or E.L) 1.5 1

RRB Ki
I PUB
D.L + W.L (or E.L)
(ii) for checking
Goli
stability against over
5
turning/stress reversal
5
L
2
CA
D.L + W.L (or E.L) TION, 9 0.9 1
3. D.L + (L.L) + W.L 1.5 1
(or E.L) combination
D.L 1.2 0.8
W.L (or E.L) 1.2 0.8
 TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
280
Modular ratio m 
3 cbc

17 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Calculation of effective
span
Calculation of total
load w
0.148 fck  Fe 250

LSM Calculation of design WSM 1
0.138 fck  Fe 415 Q  CJK
coefficient (Q) 2
0.133 fck  Fe 500
Calculation of effective depth

M WSM M
A st  d
 st . j.d Qb
Check
V I L Ki G
for
v shear 0.5 f ck  4.6M u 
v 
bd
 C
C I A st 
fy
1  1 

 bd
f ck bd 2 
9
OL
62402
 ANALYSIS OF STRESSES (WSM)

RRB Ki
I PUB
Moment of Comp Area = Moment of ten. Area
x
bx.  m A (d  x )
Goli
st
2
5
PARAMETERS n, j, P:-
5

2
CAn  neutral axis coefficient

d
TION, 9
As
p  Tension steel ratio
bd
Z k
j  (1  )  lever arm coefficient
d 3
 OPTIMUM SECTION
x  cb

d  x  st / m
 cb  x 
Moment of resis tan ce  .bx a  d  a 
2  3 

M u  st .ASt  d  x / 3
 DESIGN OF SINGLY R/F
RECTANGULAR SECTION
M
d
R w .b
x
M u  A st .st (d  )
3
 DOUBLY REINFORCE RECTANGULAR SETCTION
bx 2
IV I L Ki G
 (m1  1)Ast  x  d '   m As  d  x 
'
2
C
9
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 FLEXURE (LSM)- BALANCED SECTION
62402
RRB Ki x 700
I PUB
  
d
  max 0.87f y  1100
 DESIGN OF S.R RECTANGULAR SECTION

Goli
5
yf M
5
f M
L
d As 
0.87f y jd
2
R ub
I
CA
 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced TION, 9
Section
C1  C 2  T  0.36fck x u b  A sc (Fsc  0.45f ck. )
T  0.87 f y A st
0.87fyA st  A sc (fsc  0.45fck)

xu 
0.36fck b.
 FLANGED BEAMS
for T-Beam Lesser of
0
(i) bf   b w  6Df (ii) b f  l1  l2  b w
6
For C- Beam : Lesser of

19 S.SOROUT 9255624029
0
(i) bf   b w  3D f (ii) b f  l1  l2  b w
12
For - isolated C- Beam , lesser of
 
 l0 
bf     bw
l
 0 4  (ii) bf  bw 
B 
 NOMINAL SHEAR STRESS
V
v 
b.d
IV I L Ki G
c max  0.68 fck.
C
9
A st
OL
%pt   100.
62402
bd
RRB Ki
I PUB
 INCLINED BARS
d
Vs  VV  cbd  0.87f y As v (sin   cos )
Goli sv
55
L
Sv  0.87f y As v d(cos   sin )
2
CA
TION, 9
Sv 
0.87f y As vd
Vc  c bd.
v  vc
Maximm Spacing
0.75d or 450mm
 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
st
Ld  
4 bd
 LIMIT OF DEFLECTION
 Span  1
D  Add Custing (Construction) after construction Da & or 20 mm.
 250  350
 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

M1  M1  M 2
Tu  l  d / b  A s  0.85
Mk  , bd fy
1.7
SLABS
 ly 
   2, two way slab
 lx 
 ly 
   2 one way slab
 lx 
 SHORT & LONG COLUMN

IV I L Ki G
C
Short if salenderness. ratio of both axes are less than
9
OL
l   ly, 
62402
12.  yx  or    12
 h   b 
RRB Ki
I PUB
Lateral ties: Diameter of lateral ties is given by criteria of stiffness not by strength. Hence, it is independent
of grade of steel.
Goli   longitudinal max

Tie diameter t  
5
4
6 mm
5
L
2
CA
TION, 9
D

Tie spacing St  16  longitudinal min
30 mm
Minimum Eccentricity
 lex D  le
  x 
ex , min  max  500 30 emin  max  500
20 mm 20 mm
 ley D y

e y , min  max  500  30
20 mm
Slenderness Limits to Ensure Lateral Stability

21 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Slenderness limits to ensure lateral stability
Cantilever beam Simply supported beam

or
continuous beam
 25 b 60 b
 2  2
Clear span < min. 100 b Clear span < min.  250 b
 d  d
Control of Deflection:
Cantilever beam 7
Simply supported beam 20
Continuous beam 26
IV I L Ki G
Type of slab C Type of reinforcement
9
Mild steel Fe 415
OL
62402
Simply supported 35 28
Continuous
RRB Ki 40 32
I PUB
 CONCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN (E=0)
Goli
P  0.45f ck A y  0.45f y Ast.
5
 Axially Loaded Column. (e < 0.05h)

5
L
2
Pw  0.9P  0.4f ck A c  0.67f y Ast.

CA
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
TION, 9
 Loss due to length effect = Pok.x
 Loss due to curvature effec. Po..
 Loss of pre-stress at the
q
Anchoring stage =  Es
L
ES= Young’s Modulus for tension
wires, L = length of tendon
 Loss of stress due to shrinkage of concrete = eshx Es
 Loss of stress due to creep of concrete = .m.fc.
 Losss of stress = strain lost in steel x ES

fc P N
 Es  0 
Ec A Z
System Type of Range Arrangement Type of

(Country) tendon of of tendons in Anchorage
force duct
Freyssinet Wires Medium Annular, spaced Concrete

(France) and Large by helical wire wedge
stands core.
Gifford-up Wires Small Evenly spaced Split Conical
all-ccl (Great medium by perforated wedge
Britain) spacers
Lee-mc-call Bar Small Single bars High
Great threaded medium strength nut
V I L Ki G
Britain) at ends large
Magnel-
Blaton
wires
C I Small
medium
Horizontal rows
of four wires
Flat steel
wedge in
(belgium) large spaced by metal sandwich
9
OL
griller plates
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Stress Grade of Concrete
M20 M25 M30 M35
 Direct Tension 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6
 Bending Tension 1.7 1.8
Goli
2.0 2.2
55
RCC. Structure Min. Clear Cover(mm)

2
 Slab 20
CA
 Beam 25 TION, 9
 Column 40
 Footing 50
Exposure Condition Min. Clear Cover (mm)

 Mild 20
 Moderate 30
 Severe 45
 Very severe 50
 Extreme. 75

23 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Fluid Mechanics
Some specific fluid properties
mass
1. Density = measured in kg/m3.
volume
2. Density of liquid is constant while that of gas is directly proportional to pressure and inversely to
temperature
Density of substance
3. Specific gravity/relative density = Density of water at 4ºC
4. If R.D < 1 then fluid is lighter than water.
Weight of substance
5. Specific weight = , denoted by  = g in N/m3
Volume of substance
V I L Ki G
6. Some Important Relation
1 mm = 10–3 × 105 N/m2 = 100 N/m2
C I
1 mm of Hg = 10–3 m of Hg = 10–3 × 13.6 m of water
9
OL
= 10–3 × 13.6 × 9810 N/m2
62402
1 N/mm2 = 106 N/m2
RRB Ki
I PUB
9.81 N
1 Kgf/cm2 = = 98.1 × 103 N/m2
104 m 2
7. water = 9810
N
3
KN
 9.81 3
Goli
5
m m
5
8. mercury = 13.6 w
L
2
1 CA
9. Specific volume = Density
TION, 9
 VISCOSITY
1
 d du
d 
dt dy
dt
 KINEMATIC VISOCITY

V 2
 m /sec.
 NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY
du

dy

 NON- NEWTONIAN FLUID
2
 du 
  A   B
 dy 
c te
pi ic pas
t ro st
0
a m
ixo Pl su ic
yp plast g er
ap
1, B
Th a m G in r, p
gh ic o
0
B Bin ect seud thin lyme
n<
p
1 ,
n = B 0 R h
eo P ear Po
> 1, Sh int,
n
Pa
Newtonian
1
<
n
1
0,
 B= =
0,n Dilatant
=
B
>1
V I L Ki G
,n
=0
C I B Ideal Fluid
du/dy
(a) Thixotropic Ink, ketchup, Enamels
9
OL
62402
(b) Bingham plastic Toothpaste, sewage, sludge, Drilling mud, gel (i.e, Related to Bath room).
(c) Rheopectic Gypsum in water and Bentonite slurry.
RRB Ki
I PUB
(d) Pseudo Plastic Paint, Polymer, Paper, Pulp, Blood, syrup
(e) Dilatant Quick sand, Butter, sugar in water
Goli
5
 PRESSURE INSIDE THE LIQUID DROP

5
4
2
CA Pld 
d
TION, 9
 PRESSURE INSIDE THE LIQUID JET
2
Plj 
d
 PRESSURE INSIDE THE SOAP BUBBLE
8
Psb 
d
 EXPRESSION FOR CAPILLARY RISE
4 cos 
h
wd
 < 90º Cohesion < Adhesion Wetting of surface Concave top surface Rise in capillary tube
 > 90º Adhesion < cohesion Does not wets the Convex top surface Drop in capillary tube

25 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Patm
Pvaccum
P local
Pabs
Absolute
vaccum
Measurement of fluid pressure
Monometer Mechanical gauges

Based on principle of balancing Mechanical pressure measuring
a column of fluid by the same instruments with a deflecting
or other column needle (used in filling air in tyres)
IV I L Ki G
Simple
manometer
C Differential
manometer
9
OL
62402
Used to measure pressure at a point Used to measure the pressure difference
RRB Ki
I PUB
Piezometer
Inverted differential
U-Tube manometer manometer
Single columnmanometer
Goli Micro manometer
5
P absolute = Patm – Pvaccum

5
L
P absolute = Patm + Pgauge
2
Factual facts about pressure CA

TION, 9
1. Longer runway’s needed at higher altitude due to reduced drag and lift.
2. Aeroplane cruise as higher altitude’s because of less drag, which increases fuel efficiency.
3. Nose bleeding starts at higher altitude because of difference in body’s blood pressure and atmosphere
pressure.
4. Motor capacity reduces at higher altitude.
5. Cooking takes longer time at higher altitudes.
 BUOYANCY AND FLOATATION
Weight of body  weight of fluid displaced
Horizontal Plane Vertical Plane Inclined Plane

Surface Surface Surface

x x
xp
x xp
C.G.
Area A C.P.
C.G.
C.G. C.P

F = Ax F = Ax F = Ax
Ig I g sin 2 
xp = x  xp = x 
Ax Ax
x and x p for some vertical plane surface from liquid surface
Submerged body Floating body

It remains in neutral Remains in stable equilibrium
equilibrium against linear against vertical displacement
displacement and in neutral equilibrium
against horizontal displacement
Rotational Stability: When a small angular displacement sets up a restoring couple, then stability is known
as rotational stability.
IV I L Ki G
C FB = Buoyant Force
9
OL
B Couple (Restoring)
62402
G
RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
Submerged body Floating body
5
Stable equilibrium G below B M above G

5
BM > BG
2
CA GM = MB – BG = +Ve
Unstable equilibrium
TION, 9
G above B M below G
BM < MG
GM = BM – BG = –Ve
Neutral equilibrium G and B coincide M and G
GM = 0
Note:
Metacentre (M) is the point of intersection of lines of action of buoyant force before and after rotation.
 CONTINUITY EQUATION
A1V1  A 2 V2
HYDROSTATIC FORCE
Horizontal F  WAx h  x

27 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Ig
Vertical F  WAx h  x 
Ax
Ig
Inclined F  WAx h  x  sin 2 
Ax
Lagrangian concept Eulerian concept

study of motion of single study of motion of fluid through
fluid particle a particular section or a
control volume.
Note:
We generally follow Eulerian concept, as its difficult to keep the track of a single fluid particle.
Types of fluid show:
IV I L Ki G
1. Steady and Unsteady Flow: At any given location, the flow and fluid properties do not change with
time then its steady flow otherwise unsteady.
v p f
C
9
= 0,  0,  0  S tead y flo w
OL
t t t
62402
2. Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow: At particular instant of time, the flow properties do not change
RRB Ki
I PUB
v
with location then its uniform flow otherwise non-uniform = 0 uniform flow
v t 0
3. One, two or three Dimensional Flow: If flow parameters varies in one dimension wrt space only
Goli
then its one dimensional otherwise its two or three dimension respectively.
5
V = V(x, t)  one dimensional

5
V = V(x, y, t)  two dimensional

2
CA
V = V(x, y, z, t)  three dimensional
TION, 9
4. Laminar and Turbulent Flow: In Laminar flow, the particles moves in layers sliding smoothly over
the adjacent layers while in turbulent flow particles have the random and erratic movement, intermixing
in the adjacent layers. Which causes continuous momentum transfer.
Flow of blood in veins and arteries occurs as a viscous flow. Hence, Laminar flow.
A water supply pipe carries water at high speed leading to rapid mixing which causes highly turbulent
conditions.
5. Rotational and Irrotational Flow: When fluid particles rotate about their mass centre during movement.
Flow is said to be rotational otherwise irrotational.
Rotational Flow  Forced Vortex, Flow inside boundary layer.
Irrotational Flow  Free Vortex, Flow outside boundary layer.
In a straight tube of uniform diameter and uniform roughness, the flow properties does not vary across
the length of the pipe. Hence, Uniform flow.
Flow above the drain having a wash basin is a free vortex motion (Irrotational flow).
6. Compressible and Incompressible Flow: In compressible flow density of fluid changes from time
to time where as in Incompressible flow it remains constant.

Flow lines
Stream lines Path line Streak line

A n im a g ina r y l ine Actual path travelled by Locus of fluid particles that
drawn in a flow field an individual fluid have passed sequently
such that tangent drawn particle over some time through a prescribed point in
at any point on this line period. the flow.
represents the direction It’s based on lagrangian Formed by continuous
of velocity vector at that concept. introduction of dye or smoke
point. from a point in the flow.
 Stream line neither touch nor
cross each other.
 Spacing varies inversely with
the flow velocity or mass of
flow remains constant.
dx dy
 =IV I L Ki G
dz
Equation of stream line
u v
C w
Total Acceleration = Convective acceleration with respect to space + local acceleration with respect to
9
OL
62402
time.
RRB Ki
I PUB
Convective Temporal
Type of flow
Acceleration Acceleration
Steady & uniform 0 0
Steady & non-uniform Goli
Exists 0
5
Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists

5
Unsteady & non-uniform Exists Exists

2
CA
TION, 9
Acceleration on a stream line
Trangential Acceleration Vn (s,n,t) Vs (s,n,t) Normal Acceleration

It is due to change in It is due to the
magnitude of velocity. If change in the
spacing b/w stream line direction of fluid
changes tangensial acceleration moving on a curved
n
exists path
s
 ACCELERATION OF A FLUID PARTICLE
uu vu wu u

qx    
x y z t

   Temporal
Convective acceleration
acceleration

29 S.SOROUT 9255624029
vs vs vn vs

as  Vs + an  Vs +
s t s t
convective local tangential convective local
tangential acceleration normal normal
acceleration acceleration acceleration
No Acceleration Tangential Convective

Acceleration
IV I L Ki G
C
9
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Both Normal and
Tangential Convective
Normal Convective Accelation
Acceleration
Goli
55
L
2
 ROTATIONAL COMPONENT
I
CA
TION, 9
1  w v  1  v u 
wx     wz    
2  dy dz  2   x y 
1  u w 
wy    
2  z x 
Note:
1. Velocity potential exists only for ideal and irrotational flow.
2. Velocity of flow is in direction of decreasing potential function.
3. Equipotential line is the line joining points having same potential function.
 VELOCITY POTENTIAL FUNCTION ()
 
 u  v
x y

 STREAM FUNCTION (V)
 
u v
y x
It is the study of motion of fluid along with the forces causing the motion.
(i) Newton’s equation of motion
      
Fg  FP  FV  Ft  Fc  F  ma
(ii) Reynold’s equation of motion
    
Fg  FP  FV  Ft  ma
(iii) Navier-stock equation of motion
   
Fg  FP  FV  ma
(iv) Euler’s equation of motion
   IV I L Ki G
Fg  FP  ma
C
9
where, Fg = Gravity force
OL
62402
F P = Pressure force
FV = Viscous force
RRB Ki
I PUB
Ft = Turbulence force
Fc = Compressibility force
Goli
F = Surface tension force
5
Note:
• Energy equation can be used to known the pressure at a point in a pipeline using Bernoulli’s eq.
5
L
2
• Continuity eq. is used to find out the flow at two sections of tapering pipes.
I
CA
•
•
TION, 9
Euler equation based on momentum conservation while Bernoulli is based on energy conservation.
Impulse momentum principle is used to find out the force on a moving vane.
• Concept of moment of momentum (Angular momentum principle is used in lawn sprinkler problems)
2
P V
 + 2g + Z = Constant
Static pressure
head Dynamic Hydrostatic pressure
pressure tread head
Stagnation pressure head
Piezometric pressure head
 EULER’S EQUATION

31 S.SOROUT 9255624029
dp
 gd z  vdv  0
p
 BERNOULLIES EQUATION
P v2
z = constant.
w 2g
Rotameter is used to measure discharge while current meter is used to measure velocity in open channel.
Hot Wire Anemometer:It is used for measurement of Instantaneous velocity and temperature at a point
in flow.
 THEORETICAL DISCHARGE
A1A 2 2gh qA ct h  hL
V I L Ki G
Q th  Cd  
A12  A 2 2
C I q th h
9
OL
Types of weirs
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Shape of Shape of crest Effect of sides on Meter of
opening emerging nappe discharge
Rectangular
Goli
Sharp crested With end Ordinary weir
5
Triangular Broad crested contraction

Trapezoidal Submerged weir
5
Narrow crested Without end

L
Cipollettie contraction
2
Ogee-shaped
I
CA
TION, 9
 PERCENTAGE ERROR IN DISCHARGE
Qth  Qact
% error  100 % error  (1  C ) 100
Qth d
NOTE.
WHEN PRESSURE DIFFERENCE MEASURED BY MANOMETER

When heavier fluid in manometer & lighter fluid in pipe.
g 
h  x  h  1
 gl 
gh  Specific gravity of heavier liquid-

gl  Specific gravity of lighter liquid

x  Reading Manometer
h  Reading Piezometer.
 ORIFICEMETER
Cd 0 A1A 0 2gh AC
 CC  Cd  Cc  C v
2 2
A1  A 2 A0
Where Cc  Coefficient of Contraction.

Cd  Coefficient of Discharge
CV  Coefficient of Velocity.
 PITOT TUBE –VELOCITY OF FLOW
P1 V12
IV I L Ki G

w 2g
 Constant
 REYNOLD’S NUMBER
C
9
OL
62402
vd
RRB Ki Re 
I PUB

Nature of flow according to Reynold's number (Re)
Goli
Laminar Transition Turbulent
5
Flow in pipe Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000
5
L
Flow between Re < 1000 1000 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
2
parallel plate CA
Flow in open channel
Flow through soil
TION, 9
Re < 500
Re < 1
500 < Re < 2000
1 < Re < 2
Re > 2000
Re > 2
 LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPE
p R
 .
x 
 Maximum Shear Stress on wall shear stress.
   R
w    
 x  2
 VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
1  p  2  r2 
U max     R U  U max  1  2 
4  x   R 

33 S.SOROUT 9255624029
 DISCHARGE
 U max R 2 Q     P  D 4
Q  
2   x 
 AVERAGE VELOCITY
U max
V
2
 FRICTION FACTOR
16 64 8
F  4f f  R / R f  u 2
e e
IV I L Ki G
Entrance length: The length of pipe from its entrance upto the point where flow attains fully developed
velocity profile and which remains unaltered beyond that the known as entrance length.
• C
Entrance length in a pipe is the length where boundary layer increases and flow is fully developed.
9
OL
For Laminar Flow L = 0.07 Re D
62402
For Turbulent Flow Le = 50 D

Note:
RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

Hele Show flow: Laminar flow between parallel plates
Stoke’s Law: Settling of fine particles.
Hagen Poiseuille flow: Laminar flow in Tubes/pipes.
 Major Losses Head/Loses
fLQ fLv 8fLQ 

hL  hf  hf  2 5
12D2 2gD  gD
Number Equation
Fi VL
Reynolds No. 
Fv 
Fi V
Eulers No. 
V I L Ki G
Fp p

C I
9
OL
Fi V
62402
Mach No. 
Fe C
RRB Ki
I PUB
Fi V
Froude No. 
Fg gL
Goli
5
Fi v
Weber No. 
5
F
L
 / L
2
CA
Water hammer Pressure: Sudden closure of valve in a pipe carying flowing liquid destroys the momentum
TION, 9
of flowing liquid and sets up a high pressure wave. This pressure wave travels with the speed of sound and
causes hammering action in pipe called Knocking water hammer.
• Surge tanks are used to absorb the Increase in the pressure due to water hammer phenomenon.

35 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Open Channel Flow
CHEZY’S FORMULA
V  C mi
m = Hydraulic Mean depth

i = Hydraulic Shape.
Open-channel Flow
Steady unsteady
Uniform Gradually Rapidly Spatially Gradually Rapidly Spatially

canal flow Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied
V I L Ki G
(GVF) (RVF) (SVF) (GVUF) (RVUF) (SVUF)
 Backing up
of water due
to dam
Hydraulic
Jump
C IFlow
over
side weir
 River flow in
alluvial reach
during rising
 A surge
moving
upstream
 Surface runoff
due to
rainfall
flood
9
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

CHART FOR MOST ECONOMICAL SECTIONS
 GEDMETRICAL  RECTANGULAR  TRIANGULAR  TRAPEZOIDAL
PARAMETERS
my my
1V:MH
y y IV:mH
 DIAGRAM 1
B B
B
 Condition for most  y m = 1, q = 45ºFrom Ho
2
2y 1   60º Hor.
 = 45º  From vert.  B m
3 3   30º vert.
Economical
 Area A = B.y = 2y.y  A  my2  A  (B  my)  y
IV I L Ki G
C
 2y 1 
 A  2y 2
 A  y2  A
 3
 yy 
3 
 3 y 2
9
OL
(in most economical) (in most economical)
62402
 = 2y m=1
RRB Ki
I PUB
 Perimeter P  4y p  2 2y  P  2 3y
y2 y
 Hydraullic Radius  R  y/2 
R  R
2 2y 2
Goli
5
(R = A/P)
5
4y
T
2
 Top width (T)  T  2y  T  2y 

I
CA 3
 Hydraullic Depth  Dy

TION, 9
 D  y/2  D
3
y
4
 A
D  
 T
Type of flow Depth of Velocity of Froude Comments

flow flow No
Subcritical y > yc v < vc Fr < 1 Also called as streaming or transquil flow
Critical y = yc v = vc Fr > 1
Super Critical y < yc v > vc Fr > 1 Shooting flow, rapid flow, torrential flow
Dynamic eq. for G.V.F.

37 S.SOROUT 9255624029
 
 S S 
dy o f
=  2

dx  q 
 1  gy 3 
 
Hydraulic Jump Eq.
2q 2
1.  y1 y2 ( y1  y2 )
g
( y2  y1 )3
2. Energy Loss EL =
4 y1 y2
y2 1
3. y  2  1  8F12  1 
1
IV I L Ki G
3
4. yc 
y1 y2 ( y1  y2 ) C
9
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Types of Jump Fr EL/E1 Water surface
Undular 1-1.7 0 Undulating
Weak 1.7-2.5 5–18% Small rollers form
Oscillating 2.5-4.5
Goli
18–45% Water oscillates in random manner
5
Steady 4.5-9 45–70% Roller and jump action

5
strong 9  70% Very rough and choppy

2
CA
NS =
N P
(H)5/4
TION, 9
(for Turbine)
N Q
NS = (for Pump)
(H m ) 3 / 4

BMC
Chemical Composition of Raw materials
Oxide Composition (%) Function
Lime, CaO 60–65 Deficiency reduces strength and setting time
Silica, SiO2 17–25 Excess of it causes slow setting
Alumina, Al2O3 3–8 Responsible for quick setting, excess of it lowers strength
Iron oxide Fe2O3 0.5–6 Gives colour and helps in fusion of different ingredients
Magnesia, MgO 0.5 –4 Colour and hardness
Soda and Potash Na2O 0.5–1 If in excess causes efflorescence and cracking
and K2O
Sulphur trioxide SO3 1–2 Makes cement sound
SiO2
V I L Ki G
Note: Rate of setting of cement paste is controlled by regulating the ratio of
Al2O3  Fe 2O3
Cement Storage C I
9
• Floor area occupied by a cement bag in warehouse is 0.3 m2 and Height is 0.78 m.
OL
62402
RRB Ki
Period of Storage % Strength at 28 days concrete
I PUB
Fresh 100
3 Month 80
Goli
6 Month 70
5
12 Month 60
5
60 Month 50
L
2
CA
Bogue’s Compound
Principal Mineral Compound
TION, 9
Formula Symbol Function
Tri calcium Silicate (Alite) 3CaO.SiO2 C3S 7-day strength and Hardness
Dicalcium silicate (Belite) 2CaO.SiO2 C2S Ultimate strength
Tricalcium Aluminate (Celite) 3CaO.Al2O3 C3S Flash–set
Tetra calcium Alumina 4CaO.Al2,O3 C4AF Poorest cementing value
Oxide (Felite)
Water Requirement for hydration
Bound water = 23% by weight of cement.
Gel water = 15% by weight of cement
Total minimum = 38%
TEST OF CEMENT
 FINENESS TEST  Sieve Method
 Air permedbility Method
 (Nurse and Blaine’s method)

39 S.SOROUT 9255624029
 Sedimentation mehtod
 (Wanger Turbidimeter Method)
 CONSISTENCY TEST  Vicat’s Apparatus.
 SETTING TIME  Vicat’s Apparatus.
 SOUNDNESS TEST  Le-chatelier Method
 Auto clave test
 TENSILE STRENGTH  Briquette test
 HEAT OF HYDRATION  Calorimeter test
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST  Le-chatclier’s Flask.
Consistency Test: Amount of water used to make paste of normally consistency. It is the percentage of
water reqired for the cement paste, the viscosity of which will be such that Vicat’s plunger penetrates
upto 5 to 7 mm from bottom of the Vicat’s mould.
Attahment Use
V I L Ki G
1. Plunger, 10 mm dia, 50 mm long Consistency test
2. 1 mm × 1 mm square needle
C I Initial setting time
3. 5 mm dia Annular collar Final setting time
9
OL
Initial and Final Setting time
62402
Initial Setting Time Final Setting Time
RRB Ki
I PUB
 It is possible to remix cement paste during this period  Annular collar replaces square needle
 300 gm cement + 0.85 P of water  Needle makes an impression but collar
fails to do so.
2
Goli
 1 mm square needle penetrates by 35–37 from top.
5
 For OPC Its 30 mins  For OPC final setting time 10 hrs.
5
Soundness Test: To detect change in volume after setting

2
CA
TION, 9
Le-chatelier’s method Auto clave test
 Unsoundness due to free lime only  Sensitive to both lime and magnesia
 100 gm of cement + 0.78 P  Internal mould dimension = 25 × 25 × 282 mm
 Result is given in ‘‘mm’’  Result is given in %
Strength determination

Compressive strength (CS) Tensile strength (TS)

Cube test Briquette test
Cement (185 gm) + Ennore T.S = (10 – 15)% of C.S
sand (555 gm), ratio of 1 : 3 Generally used for rapid
Water = P hardening cement
4 +3 %
Cement : sand = 1 : 3
Temp 27 ± 2ºC P
2 Water = 5 + 2.5 %
Cube area = 50 cm
2
2 Rate of loading:- 0.7 N/mm
Rate of loading:- 35 N/mm /min
in 12 seconds
Concrete Classification
IV I L Ki G
Based on
cementing
Based on
Perspective
C Based on
grade of
Based on
bulk density
Based on place
of curing
9
OL
material specification cement
62402
RRB Ki Low Extra light In Situ
I PUB
Lime 1:3:6 M10
concrete strength <500 kg/m3 concrete
1:2:4 M15 <20 N/mm2 Precast
Gypsum Light 500-
1 : 1.5 : 3 M20 Medium concrete
concrete 1800 kg/m3
Goli
1:1:2 M25 strength
Cement 20-40 Dense weight
concrete 1800-2500
5
N/mm2
kg/m3
.
5
L
High Super heavy
strength
2
weight > 2500

I
CA > 40 N/mm2 kg/m3

TION, 9
TEST ON CONCRETE
 WORKABILITY  Slump test
 Compacting factor Test
 Vee-bee consistometer
method
 DIRECT TENSILE  Cylinder Splitting Test
STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE
 BOND B/W CONCRETE  Pull out Test
& STEEL
 COMPRESSIVE  Rebound hammer Test
STRENGTH
 DYNAMIC MODULUS  Resonant Frequency

41 S.SOROUT 9255624029
OF ELASTICITY Test
Manufacturing of Concrete
Batching  Mixing  Transporting  Placing  Compacting  Finishing  Curing
Methods of Curing
(a) Shading
(b) Covering surface with wet hessian cloth or gunny bags
(c) Sprinkling
(d) Ponding
(e) Steam curing (For precast members)
(f) Applying curing compounds
Maturity of Concrete = Time × Temperature = ºC Hours or ºC days

Laboratory-test’s for
IV I L Ki G
strength of concrete
Compressive
C Flexural tensile Split tensile
9
OL
strength test strength test strength test
62402
1. Compressive strength test:
RRB Ki
I PUB
 Size of coarse aggregate upto 38 mm
 Size of cube  150 × 150 ×150 mm
 Size of cylinder  150 mm dia, 300 mm height
Goli
 Cube mould filled in 3 layers, tempered 35 times per layer with tampering rod of 16 mm length.
5
 Stored at temp of 27 ± 3ºC at 90% humidity for 24 ± 1/2 hour.

5
 Then immersed in water for 7 days or 28 days.

2
CA
 Rate of loading in compression testing machine = 14 N/mm 2/ minute.
TION, 9
Note:If aggregate size than 19 mm then mould of size 100 mm × 100 mm ×100 mm can also be used as per IS code.
Cube strength = 1.25 × Cylinder strength
Workability Test
Slump test, compacting factor test, flow test, Vee-Bee consistometer
Defects in Concrete
Cracks, Crazing, Efflorescence, Segregation, Bleeding
Admixtures
Plasticizers, Superplasticizers, Air entrainers, Acceleraters, Retarders
NDT Test on Hardened Concrete
Maturity test, Pull-out test, Penetration test, Ultrasonic pulse velocity test

Type of Formwork Formwork stripping

(Removal) Time
Sides of wall, columns 24 hours to 48hours
and vertical faces of (as per engineer’s
beams. decision)
Slabs (props left under) 3 days
Beam soffits (props 7 days

left under)
Fineness Modulus: It is an index number which is roughly proportional to the average size of the particles
in the aggregate.
It is the sum of cumulative percentage retained on the sieves of the standare sieves: 150 m, 300 m,
V I L Ki G
600 m, 1.18 mm, 2.36 mm, 4.75 mm, 10 mm, 12.5 mm, 63 m and 80 mm.
I
Aggregate
Coarse agg.
C F.M
6 to 8.5
9
OL
Fine agg. 2 to 3.5
62402
Mixed agg. 4.7 to 7
RRB Ki
I PUB
Coarse sand 2.9 to 3.2
Medium sand 2.6 to 2.9
Fine sand 2.2 to 2.6
Goli
Higher Fineness modulus aggregate results in harsh concrete mixes and lower Fineness modulus results
5
in uneconomical concrete mixes.

5
Property 1st class 2nd class 3rd class

2
Compressive  10.5
CA  7.0
strength (N/mm ) 2
TION, 9
Water Absorption 20% 22% 25%
Making process Table moulded & Ground moulded Ground moulded
burnt in kiln & burnt in kiln & burnt in clamps
Uses Pointing & Important RB work & Hidden Unimportant
work masonry work temporary structure
Defects of Bricks
Bloating, Efflorence, Chuffs, Blisters, Laminations
Poor lime Fat lime Hydraulic lime
Impure/lean lime Pure/Rich/White lime Water lime
Contain more than 30% of clay Impurties are less than 5% Impurties range – (5–30)%

43 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Unsoiling Digging Cleaning Weathering Blending Tempering
Moulding
Drying
Burning
Brick
Flowchart: Preparation of Brick Earth
IV I L Ki G
Clamps
C Kilns
9
OL
(Temporary (Permanent structure
62402
structure for for large scale

small scale
RRB Ki manufacturing
I PUB
manufacturing)
Intermittent Continous
Goli
5
Bull’s trench Hoffman’s Tunnel

5
L
2
Stages of a CA
Dehydration b Oxidation c Verification
burning are (400-650ºC) (650-900ºC) (900-1250ºC)
TION, 9
S.N. Item Bull Trench Killn Hoffman’s Klin
1. Burning capacity About 3 lakhs in 12 days. About 40 kakhs in one season.
2. Cost of fuel High as consumption of fuel is more Low as consumption of fuel is less.
3. Drying space It requires more space for drying of bricks It requires less space for drying of
bricks.
4. Initial cost Low High
5. Nature It is semicontinuous in loose sense. It is perfectly Continuous.
6. Popularity More popular because of less initial cost. Less popular because of high initial
cost.
7. Quality of bricks Percentage of good quality bricks is small Percentage of good quality bricks is
more.
8. Suitability Suitable when demand of bricks in monsoon is not continuous Suitable when
demand of bricks is throughout the year.

(a) Full (b) Queen-closer (c) Queen-closer

brick (half) (quarter)
(d) King closer (e) Bevelled (f) Mitred

closer closer
IV I L Ki G
C
9
OL
(g) Half bat
62402
(h) Three quarter (i) Bevelled

bat bat
RRB Ki
Note: English bond is stronger than Flemish bond. But Flemish bond requires greater skill in construction and gives
I PUB
better appearance than English bond.
Types of trees
Goli
5
Endogenous tree Exogeneous tree

Grow by forming new fibres Grow in width by forming new
5
within the trunk Intersperesed layer of wood under the bark

2
with the old fibres CA

Eg:- Bamboo, cane, palm TION, 9 Conifers Deciduous
(soft wood) (hard wood)
Comparison of softwood and Hardwood
Property Sotwood Hard-wood
Colour Lighter Darker
Growth Faster Slower
Weight Lighter Heavier
Density Low High
Annual rings Distinct Indistinct
Heart-wood Can not be distinguished Can be distinguished
Strength Strong along grains Strong along and across grains
Conversion Easy Difficult
Resinous Material Exist in pores Does not exist
Examples Chir, fir, deodar, kali, Pine, Teak, Sal, Shishum, Poplar and Maple

45 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Heart Wood
Outer Bark
Pith
Sap Wood Inner Bark
Medullary Rays Cambium Layer

Properties of Timber:
1. Specific gravity of wood = 1.54
IV I L Ki G
C
2. Weight of timber should be noted at 12% moisture content
3. Timber is orthotropic, shrinks least along length and maximum along circuferance
9
OL
4. Fibre saturation point is % moisture content at which cell walls are saturated and cell cavity contains
62402
no water.
RRB Ki
I PUB
Defects in timber
Conversion Fungi
Goli Insects Natural forces Seasoning
55
Cup shakes Ring shake Star shakes

2
CA
TION, 9
Heart
Shake
ROCK Classification
Chemical
Gelogical Physical
Agrillaceous Silicious Calcareous
Stratified Unstratified foliated
Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
Rock Types Chemically Physically Geologically

Granite Siliceous Unstratified Igneous
Quartzite Siliceous foliated Metamorphic
Marble Calcarious Foliated Metamorphic
Limestone Calcarious Stratified Sedimentary
Sandstone Siliceous Stratified Sedimentary
Slate Aggillacous Foliated Metamorphic
Laterite Aggillacous Stratified Sedimentary.
Tools for Quarrying stones
Jumper, Dipper, Crow bar, Tamping bar
Test Purpose
Smith test for Durability of stones
Brard’s test for frost resistance
V I L Ki G
Acid test To check weather resistance
Hardness test I
Mohn scale
C
1
9
Window Width = [Width of room  Height of Room]
OL
8
62402
• The sill of a window should be located about (70 – 80) cm above floor level of the room.
RRB Ki
I PUB
• Generally Height of a Door should not be less than (1.8 – 2) m
• Commonly Width height relation used in India:
(i) Width = (0.4 – 0.6) Height
(ii) Height = (Width + 1.2) m Goli
5
• Doors of residential Buildings:

5
L
2
(a) External Door – (1 × 2) to (1.1 × 2) m

I
CA
TION, 9
(b) Internal Door – (0.9 × 2) to (1 × 2) m
(c) Doors for bathrooms and Water closets:
– (0.7 × 2) to (0.8 × 2) m
• Public Buildings (School, Hospital, library)
(a) (1.2 × 2) m (b) (1.2 × 2.1) m (c) 1.2 × 2.25) m
Designation of Door = Length × Type of Door × Height
8 DS 20 – A door opening Having width (8 × 100 mm) × Height (20 × 100 mm) with S (Single SHutter)
D (Door)
Types of Window
1. fixed 2. Pivoted 3. Sliding 4. Bay 5. Corner 6. Cable (7) Dormer (8) Skylights (9) Louvered (10) Lan-
tern (11) Gable
Stairs
• No of steps are not more than 12 and not less than 3 in a flight.
• Angle of Inclination (Pitch) – (25° – 40).
• Head room must not be less than 2.05 m.

47 S.SOROUT 9255624029
• Minimum width of stairs in residential building – 85 cm and in commercial building is 1 m.
• Some Thumb rule:
(a) (2R + T) = 60
(b) (R + T) = (40 – 45)
(c) R × T = (400 – 450)
where R – Rise in cm, T – Tread in cm
• For residential building, common size of steps is (16 × 26) cm, IN Hospital etc. –(10 × 30) cm.
• In case of straight staircase, No. of Trade = (No. of Riser – 1)
Total Height between floor and Roof

No. of riser = Height of One Riser
Note:
The amount of water used for one kg of distemper is 0.6 litre.
•
V I L Ki G
The function of cleats in a roof truss is to prevent the purlin from tilting.
I
•
•
C
The function of king post in a king post roof truss is to prevent the tie beam from sagging at its centre.
Wired Glass: Used in outside window to resist fire and Breakage.
9
OL
62402
Fibre Glass: Used for Thermal Insulation.

Ground Glass: Used where light is to be admitted, but vision is to be obscured.
RRB Ki
I PUB
• Vanadium steel is normally used in the manufacture of Axles and springs.
• Manganese steel is used in manufacture of rails.
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

STRENGTH OF MATERIAL
Types of Beam
Statically determinate Statically Indeterminate

Beam Beam
Fixed Beam: Both end

Cantilever Simply Overhaninging fixed
beam Supported - End portion or
- One end beam rests portions extended
fixed, one freely in the form a
end free on supports contilever beyond Propped Cantilevel
support Cantilever supported
V I L Ki G
by simply support at
C I free end or in between

9
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Continuous Beam:
More than two
or more supports
Goli
55
L
* NORMAL STRESS WHEN
2
x, Y & xyare given. CA

TION, 9
x  y    y 
n   x  cos 2    xy sin 2 .
2  2 
 TANGANTIAL STRESS
   y 
t    x  sin 2   xy cos 2
 2 
 LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL PLANE
2 xy
Tan 2  
x  y
 MAJOR & MINOR PRINCIPLE STRESS.

49 S.SOROUT 9255624029
2
x  y    y 
 max / min    x 
   xy.
2  2 
 Case I
Member is subjected to uniaxial Tensile stress
 
  max / min  
 
max   min  0
R max  max   2
n   2
IV I L Ki G
 Case II C
9
OL
Member is subjected to biaxial Tensile
62402
Stress of equal magnitude.
RRB Ki
I PUB


 max /  min    
Goli
5
 max   min  

5
L
2
CA
TION, 9
max  R  0
(n, 0) n  
IMPORTANT POINTS.

y shear plane ()
Principle
(n, max) plane ()
x x
min (n,0)
n
 Note:
V I L Ki G
On principle plane shear stress will always 0.
I
 Radius of Mohr’s Circle (max)
C
9
 max   min
OL
R  max.
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
 Normal stress at Location of (max) (max-max shear stress)
 max   min
n 
2
Goli
5
 VOLUMETRIC STRAIN OF RECTANGULAR

5
L
2
CA
v   x  y  z  
V TION, 9
 v  
 E
 (1  2)

 VOLUMETRIC STRAIN OF CYLINDRICAL
 v   e  2 D
 VOLUMETRIC STRAIN OF SPHERICAL
 v  3 D
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANT
E E k  2G
G K 
2(1  ) 3(1  2) 6k  2G

51 S.SOROUT 9255624029
9kG
E
3k  G
G = shear modulus, µ poission Ratio

E = Young’s modulus of elasticity
k = Bulk modulus of elasticity
 AXIAL ELONGATION OF THE PRISMATIC BAR
PL 2PL
L= , L= (for Instantaneous loading)
AE AE
 DEFLECTION IN NON-PRISMTIC BARS.
P1L1 P2 L 2
1. Stepped Bar L= 
A1E1 A 2 E 2

IV I L Ki G
C
9
4PL
OL
2. Circular Tapering Bar L=  D D
62402
1 2
RRB Ki
I PUB
 DEFECTION OF COMPOSIT BAR
PL
L1 =L2 ,  
Goli A1E1  A2E2
55
L
 DEFLECTION DUE TO SELF WEIGHT OF BAR
2
CA
WL
1. Prismatic Bar  
2AE
TION, 9
WL
2. Conical Bar  
6AE
 THERMAL EXPANSION   thermal  L
 THERMAL STRAIN  thermal  
 THERMAL STRESS   thermal  ..E
 IN CASE OF PURE BENDING.
M 32M 
( b ) max   3
Z  D3
Z D 
 IN CASE OF PURE TORSION

T 16T 
max   Zp  D 3
Zp D 2 
 BENDING EQUATION 
b M E
 
y I R
M = Moment of resistance/ Maximum B.M

 = Bending stress
E = Young modulus of elasticity.
R = Radius of Curvature.
V I L Ki G
y = Distance from Neutral Axis to extreme Fibre.
I
C
9
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

53 S.SOROUT 9255624029
SLOPE & DEFLECTION
P
L
B B
M
A B
M.L PL2 WL3

A = 0 B = B = B =
EI 2EI 24EI
ML2 PL3 WL4

A = 0 B = A = B =
2EI 3EI 30EI
w/m
A B A B
V I L Ki G
B M M L/2 c L/2
C I
WL3 ML ML
9
B = A = B = A = B =
OL
6EI 2EI 24EI
62402
WL4
RRB Ki ML2 ML
I PUB
DB = Dmax @1/2 = c =
6EI 8EI 12EI
w/m
Goli w/m
5
A L/2 L/2 B
c A B
5
L
2
CA
A = B =
PL2
16EI
TION, 9
A = B =
WL3
24EI
A = B =
5 WL3

192 EI
PL3  5 WL4 
C = C =  384  EI 
48EI  
2L/3 max P
M w/m
A L/2 L/2
L B A B
C
ML
B = A = B = C =  A = B = C = 0
4EI
2L ML2 PL3 WL4

Max@ from A. C = C @ 1/2 /
3 27EI 192EI 384EI

P
b B M
c c A L B
a

Pa 2 Pa 3 ML ML2
C = ’ C = B = max =
2EI 3EI 3EI 9 3 EI
Pa 2 ML
B = C + 1 1 = b. A = = B /2
2EI 6EI
Pa 3 Pa 2 L
B =  b. max@ from A,
3EI 2EI 3
IV I L Ki G
C
9
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9
* PURE TORSION EQUATION FOR CIRCULAR SHAFT
T  G
 
J r L
T = Applied Twisting Moment

 = Shear stress reduces due to applied twisting Moment.
G = Modulus of Rigidity.
 = Angle of Twist in Radion

55 S.SOROUT 9255624029
L = Length of Shaft
* COMBINED BENDING & TORSION
16 
 max  M  M2  T2 
D3  
    16 
max   3 
M  M2  T2 
2 D 
 EQUIVALENT MOMENT
1
M eq  M  M2  T2 
2 
 EQUIVALENT TORQUE
IV I L Ki G
C Teq   M 2  T 2 
 
9
OL
 SHEAR STRESS
62402
RRB Ki VAy
I PUB

Ib
SHEAR STRESS IN RECTANGULAR SECTION
Goli
5
6s  d 2 
q 2 
 y 2  (q = )
5
L
bd  4 
2
CA
Where S = shear -force.
TION, 9
3 S S
q max  max  , q avg  avg 
2 bd bd
max
 1.3
aug
Note: Shear stress at top & Bottom is always 0.
 IN CIRCULAR BEAM
4 S 4S
4 
q R 2  y 2  max 
3 R 3R 2
4
max  avg.
3

 IN TRIANGULAR SECTION.
3S 2S
q max / I max  avg / q avg 
bh bh
4 
 A  avg.  1.33
3 avg
IN DIAMOND SECTION
9 S S
q max /  max  q avg  2  NA  avg
8 h2 2h
 THIN CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSELS
IV I L Ki G
H 
pD
, L 
pD
max 
pD
C 2t 4t 8t
9
OL
Where
62402
H = Hoop Shress
RRB Ki
I PUB
L = Longitudinal stress.
 Hoop Strain
Goli H 
pD
4tE
(2   )
55
 Longitudinal Strain
2
CA
pD
TION, 9 L 
4tE
(1   )
 THIN SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSELS
pD pD
n  L  or  t   z 
4t 4t
 EULER’S BUCKLING LOAD
 E Imin
P
 2eff .
 End Condition of column.

57 S.SOROUT 9255624029
End One end fixed Both end Both end One end fixed
condition one end free Hinged Fixed one end Hinged
Leff 2L L L/2 L
(Theoretical) 2
Leff (As per

2L L 0.65L 0.8L
IS code.)
SHAFT IN SERIESS
AD  AB  BC  CD
TAB L AB TBC L BC TCD L CD

AD   
V I L Ki G
G AB J AB G BC J BC G CD J CD
SHAFT IN PARALLEL C I
9
OL
TL
62402
1  2   G J  G J
1 1 2 2
RRB Ki
I PUB
SPRING
 Strain Energy in Spring
Goli 32P 2 R 3 n
5
U
Gd 4
5
L
2
 Deflection in Spring CA
TION, 9 64R 3n

Gd 4
 Stiffness in spring
Gd 4
K
64R 3n
 FLEXIBILITY IN SPRING.
64R 3n
f
gd 4
Note
1
It a spring is cut down by K times, then its strain energy decreased by times, its stiftness is increased by
k

1
K times, and its flexibity decreased by time.
k
b 2 h 2t
Shear centre =
4I
Force Method Displacement Method
1. Unknown are taken redundants/reactions. 1. Unknowns are taken displacement.
2. To find unknown forces or redundants 2. To find unknown displacement joint equilibrium
compatibility equations are written. conditions are written.
3. The number of compability equations needed is 3. The no. of equilibrium conditions needed is equal
equal to degree of static indeterminacy. to degree of kinematic indeterminancy.
4. DS < Dk 4. Dk < Ds
Force Method/Flexibility Method/Compatibility Displacement Method/Stiffness
V I L Ki G
Method Method/Equilibrium Method
5. Examples
C I 5. Examples:
(i) Virtual work/Unit load method (i) Slope deflection method
9
OL
(ii) Method of consistent deformation (ii) Moment distribution method
62402
(iii) Elastic centre method (iii) Minimum potential energy method
RRB Ki
I PUB
(iv) Column analogy method
(v) Three moment theorem
(vi) Castigliano’s theorem of minimum strain energy
(vii) Maxwell-Mohr equation.
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

59 S.SOROUT 9255624029
HYDROLOGY
Instruments used in measurement
1. Relative humidity Psychrometer
2. Humidity Hygrometer
3. Temp and Humidity Thermohygrometer
4. Intensity of Rediation Pyrheliometer
5. Wind speed Anemometer
6. Rainfall depth Ombrometer/Pluviometer
7. Transpiration Phytometer
8. Evapotranspiration Lysimeter
9. Evaporation Atmometer
10. Hydraulic conductivity Permeameter
11. Infiltration capacity Rainfall simulator
IV I L Ki G
* Water Budget Equation.
C
9
OL
P  R  G  E  T  S
62402
where
RRB Ki
I PUB
P = Precipitation
G = Net Ground Water flow
R = Surface run off
E = Evaporation Goli
5
T = Transpiration
5
L
2
S = Change in storage
I
CA
Types of Precipitation
TION, 9
Convective Orographic Cyclonic Frontal
Due to heating of air Mountain barrier Unequal heating Contrasting our
of earth mass from opposite
direction
Forms of precipitation
Rain Snow Sleet Hail Drizzle Glaze

(0.5mm-6mm) (density (snow + rain) (5mm-50mm) (intensity Freezes on
= 0.1 gm/cc) < 0.1 cm/hr) ground contact

Types of Gauges
Recording rain gauge

(How and when that occurred)
continuous plot of rainfall
against time
Symon’s rain gauge
Tipping bucket Weighing type Natural syphon

 Intensity of  Mass curve of  Also known
Rainfall rainfall Float type
 Snow neasyrenebt  Mass curve
of rainfall
 ANNUAL RAINFALL
V I L Ki G
The Coefficient of var iation
100  standard deviation C I

100  m-1
Cu = =
9
mean P
OL
62402
2
 Cv 
RRB Ki
I PUB
Number of Stations N   
 E 
 = allowable degree of error = 10%
Goli
5
m
 (Pi  P) 2
5
i
m1
L
m 1
2
CA
TION, 9
P1 = Precipitation magnitude in the ith station.
1
P
m
  (P  = mean precipitation
m
1 i
 Estimate of Missing Data

Annual precipitation values P1,P2,P3,............ Pm, at M stations 1, 2, 3, ........ M respectively
 Estimate of Missing Data
P1  P2  ....  P1  .....  Pn 1 N
P = =  i1 Pi
N N
 Thiessen Mean Method
P1A1  P2 A 2  .....  P6 A 6
P =
(A1  A 2  .....  A 6 )

61 S.SOROUT 9255624029
 Isohyetal Method
P P  P P  P P 
a1  1 2   a 2  2 3   .....  a n 1  n 1 n 
 2   2   2 
P=
A
 The probability P of an event
m
P 
( N  1)
1  N 1
The reoccurrence interval T  P   m 
 
 Probable maximum
V I L Ki G
precipitation
I
PMP  P  k C
9
OL
P = mean of annual maximum rainfall
62402
 = standard deviation of the series

RRB Ki
I PUB
k = a, frequency factor.
 Penman’s Equation:
Goli
Daily Potential evopotranspiration in mm per day
5
AHn  Ea 
5
PET =
L
A 
2
CA
A = Slope of the saturation vapour pressure VS Temp.curve.
TION, 9
H n = Net radiation in mm of evaporable water per day.
E = Parameter including wind velocity.
 = Psychrometric constant = 0.49 mm of mercury Pc.
Infiltration capacity
f  f p when i  f p ,f  i when i  f p
 Horton's Equation.
 kht
fp  fc   f0  fc 
f p = Infiltration capacity at any time t

f 0 = initial infiltration
fc = Final steady state infiltration.

IRRIGATION
Methods of Irrigation
Free flooding, Border flooding, Check flooding, Basin flooding, Furrow Irrigation, sprinkler Irrigation, Drip
Irrigation.
 Sodium Absorption Ratio
Na 
S.A.R 
Ca   Mg
2
V I L Ki G
 Depth of water stored in root zone.
C I dw 
Fc . d
w
9
OL
62402
(field capacity -welting coefficient)
RRB Ki
I PUB
 Relation b/w duty and Delta
 .
 (meter)
D
Goli
5
B = Base period in days

5
D = Duty in hectare/cumec
2
 Irrigation Efficiency CA
 Water conveyance Efficiency TION, 9
Wf
nc   100
Wr
wf = water delivered to the farm

w r = water supplied
 Water appliacation Efficiency (na)
Ws
na  100
Wf
Below the farm root-zone
Wf  Ws  R f  Df
W S = Water stored in the root zone

63 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Wf = Water delivered to the form.
Rf = Surface run off
Df = deep percolation
 Water use efficiency (nu)
wu
nu  100
wd
w u = water used beneficialy

w d = water delivered.
 WATER STORAGE EFEICIENCY (WS)
ws
ns  100
wn
IV I L Ki G
C
w s = water needed in the root zone prior to Irrigation.
w n = (field capacity–Available moisture)
9
OL
62402
 WATER DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY (ND)
RRB Ki
I PUB
 y
n d  100  1  
 d
Goli
y = average numerical deviation in depth of water average depth stored during Irrigation (d).
5
 Consumption Irrigation Requirements (CIR)

5
CIR  C u  R e
2
CA
Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR) TION, 9
NIR
FIR 
nq
Gross Irrigation Requirement
FIR
GIR 
nc
Some Facts
1. Idduki Dam – Arch Dam
2. Most of gravity Dam constructed in India are straight solid gravity dams. ex-Bhakra Dams.
3. Bhakra Dam (A concrete Dam) and Rana Pratap Sagar Dam (A stone Masonry Day) are rigid dam in
India.
4. Best/Most economical Central Angle in an arch Dam is the one whose Value is equal to 133° – 34 at
mid-height is constant radius dam, at constant Angle. (Dam – 133° – 34)

5. A check Dam is a Water storage Structure.
 Kennedy’s theory
Vo  0.55 my 0.64
 Kutter’s/ chezy’s Formula
 0.00155 1 
 23   
V S n  RS
1   23  0.00155  n 
  S

 R 
 Lacey’s Theory
1/ 6
V I L Ki G
 Qf 2 
V
C I  140 

9
OL
Q = Discharge f  1.75 d mm
62402
 Hydraullic Mean depth

RRB Ki
5  V2 
R 
2 d 
 Bed slope S 
f 3/ 5
3340 Q1/ 6
I PUB
Goli
5
Q
5
Area of channel section A 

v
2
CA
wetted perimeter P  4.75 Q
TION, 9
Difference B/W Lacey & Kennedy Theory
Kennedy Lacey
1. Trapezoidal channel 1. Semi elliptical channel
2. Applicable for alluvial channels 2. Applicable for alluvial channels
as well as for rivers.
3. Silt is kept in suspension 3. Silt is kept in suspension
due to eddies generated from bottom. due to eddies generated both
from side slope and the bottom
i.e. through out the parameter.
4. No eq. for bed slope 4. Gave eq. to calculate bed slope
5. Recommended Kutter eq. to find velocity 5. Gave his own velocity equation
6. Trial & error procedure 6. Diret procedure

65 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Classification based on
Purpose Function Financial output Lining

Irrigation canal Feederwater for Productive Lined canal
Power canal another canal only Protective Unlined canal
Navigation canal Carrierboth direct
irrigation and feeding
another canal also
Nature of source Discharge Soil over which its

of supply Main canal constructed
Alluvial canal
Branch
Non Alluvial canal
permanent Inundation Major distributary (NAC)
perennial Minor distributary
non-perennial
IV I L Ki G Field channel
Note: Indra Gandhi Canal is a feeder canal

C
9
OL
62402
On the Basis of Canal Alignment, it can also be classified as

Ridge or Watershed Contour Canal Side – Slope Canal
RRB Ki
I PUB
A watershed/Ridge canal A contour canal is a canal which is A side slope canal is a canal which
is a canal which is aligned aligned nearly parallel to the is aligned at right angles to the
along the ridge/Natural watershed line. contours of the country. contours of the country.
Goli
A ridge canal does not drainage line It can Irrigate only on one side. It is Neither on watershed nor in
and Hence cross drainage work are It has to cross the drainage and hence, valley.
5
not required. cross-drainage works are required. This type of canal is Nearly parallel
5
Ridge line are quite economical and It is generally provided in Hilly areas. to the Natural drainage of the country.
2
can be provided in plane areas.

CA
TION, 9
Classification (Based on)
Function Hydraulic design material of Structural Behaviour

construction
Storage dam or Overflow dam
impounding dam Gravity dam
Rigid dam
Detention dam Non-overflow Arch dam
dam Non-Rigid dam
Diversion dam Buttress dam
Coffer dam Embankment
Debris dam dam
Some Special Topic

• A cross Drainage Work is a structure constructed for carrying a canal across a Natural drain (river
intercepting the canal so as to dispose the drainage water without Interrupting the continuous canal sup-
plies.
• In order to minimise the No. of Cross drainage works, the alignment of canals should be generally along
the watershed.

Types of Cross Drainage Work Details
Canal Siphon Canal taken below drainage channel
Drainage Siphon Drainage channel taken below canal.
Aqueduct Drainage channel taken above
Super Passage Canal taken above the drainage channel at its grade.
• In an Aqueduct, there is no uplift problem.
• A level crossing is cross drainage work in which the drainage and the canal meet each other at approxi-
mately at the same level.
Spillway
• Spillway: Acts as safety Values for the Dams.
• A spillway may be located either within the body of dam/at one end of the dam/entirely away from the
dam in a saddle as on independent structure.
Spillway Type
Saddle
IV I L Ki G
Earth dam across main river.
Syphon
Ogee
C
Medium Irrigation Project in Interior area.
Masonry Dam on good Rock
9
OL
62402
Surplus Minor Irrigation Work.

•
RRB Ki
Chute Spillway is simplest, low cost and provided easily on Earth and Rockfill Dam and also called waste
I PUB
weir.
• Low ogee weir is known as its control structure.
• An ogee spillway is also called overflow spillway.
Goli
5
• Stilling Basin is a structure in which a Hydraulic Jump used for Energy Dissipation.
5
L
2
CA
TION, 9

CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION
“Leave the Rest, Get the Best”
YOU CAN CONTACT US FOR MORE INFORMATION

CIVIL Ki GOLI 9255624029
67 S.SOROUT 9255624029
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
Roman Roads  Tresaguct Construction  Metcalf Construction  Telford Construction  Macadam
Construction
Nov. 1927  Jayakar Committee formed
Feb. 1928  Recommendations by Jayakar Committee
1929  Central Road Fund
1934  Indian Road Congress
1939  Motor Vehicle act
1950  Central Road Research Institute
1956  National Highway act
Nagpur Plan Bombay Plan Lucknow Plan
 1943–1963 1961–1981 1981–2001
 Road density
V I L Ki G
Road density
I Road density

16 km/100 km2
Recommended
C
32 km/100 km2
 Construction of
82 km/100 km2
9
OL
62402
star & grid 1600 km of

pattern
RRB Ki
Expressway
I PUB
Note:
Chandigarh  Rectangular and block pattern
New Delhi  Radial and circular pattern at connaught place.
Goli
Nagpur road plan formulated star and grid pattern.
5
v2
5
 SSD = v.t 
2g(f  0.01n)
2
CA
V2
TION, 9
 0.278v.t 
254(f  0.01n)
 OSD
 Vb .t  (Vb .t  2S)  V.T
 2.78Vb .t  0.278Vb .T  2S  0.278V.T
2
4S v  v 16, v  f
T , b
a gR
P v2
ef  
w gR , v  m / sec.
Note:

1. The parking lane should have a minimum of 3.0 m width in the case of parallel parking.
2. Minimum width of cycle Track is 2m.
3. Right of way/land width is the width of land required for the road along its alignment.
• Maximum No. of vehicles can be parkeel with 90° Angle parking.
• In Highway construction, Rolling start from sides and proceed to centre.
Sight Distance: The distance from which any types of obstruction on the road length could be visible to the
driver from some distance ahead is called Sight Distance.
Stopping Sight Intermediate Overtaking Sight Head Light Safe Intersection

Distance Sight Distance Sight Sight
(SSD) Distance (OSD) Distance Distance
(ISD)
 Super Elevation Design
(0.75V)2 V2
e 
V I L Ki G
127R 225R
 C I
Ruling minimum radius of Horizontal curve
9
OL
V2
62402
R rulling 
127(e  f ) , V(kmph)
RRB Ki
I PUB
 Extra Widening of Pavement
hl 2 V
Goli
We  Wm  WPS  
2R 9.5 R
55
 Annual average daily traffic

2
CA
1000V
TION, 9 C
S
 Length of Transition Curve
V3
LS  v  m / sec.
C.R
80
C
75  V
 By Rate of introduction of super elevation
LS  e.N. w  w e  (Rotation wrt centre line)
e.N.  w  w e 
LS  (Rotation about inner edge)
2
 By Empirial Formula
69 S.SOROUT 9255624029
2.7v 2 v2
LS  L
, S 
R R
Attainment of super-elevation (done in transition curve)
Elimination of crown of cambered section Rotation of pavement
Rotation of Shifting crown About the About the

outer edge outwards centre line inner edge
Leel of
outer Outer
edge Outer Inner edge
edge edge
V I L Ki G
Inner
edge E/2
Outer edge
C I E/2
9
(a) Outer edge rotated about the crown. Method (1), rotating about centre line.
OL
62402
Method (2), rotating about the inner edge.
RRB Ki
Position of crown
Outer edge I PUB

(b) Crown shifted outwards Goli
5
(diagonal crown method).

5
Note:
2
CA
In rotating the pavement about the centre line, the vertical profile remains unchanged and there is advantage
TION, 9
in balancing the earth work while in rotating the pavement about the inner edge leads to drainage problem as
well as centre of the pavement is raised resulting in altered vertical alignment.
Length of Summit Curve
4.4 NS2
L  2S  (L<SSD) L  (L > SSD)
N 4.4
Length of Valley Curve
1/ 2
 Nv3 
LS  2   (Comfort criteria)
 C 
  L > SSD
NS2 NS2
L 
(2h1  2Stan ) (1.5  0.035S)
  L< SSD

(2h1  2S.tan )
L  2S 
N
Type of Study Data Collected

Public Transport Inventory study Available routing and scheduling
Public Transport O–D Study Starting and destination of riders.
Public Transport operator’s study Vehicle-km, earnings per km usage study.
Public Transport usage study Passenger Km IVTT, walking time, waiting
time.
Traffic Capacity: Maximum no. of vehicles in a lane or a road that can pass a given point in unit time.
Expressed in vehicles/hour/lane.
Basic capacity Possible capacity Practical capacity

(Theoretical capacity for
IV I L Ki G
Under prevailing roadway (Design capacity)
nearly ideal roadway and
traffic conditions C and traffic conditions. It varies from zero to basic
capacity.
9
OL
62402
Note:
• Traffic capacity represents the capability/maximum rate of flow on a road way provided with some level
RRB Ki
I PUB
of service characteristics while Traffic volume indicates the actual rate flow and responds to variation
in Traffic Demand.
Basic Capacity of Single lane, Vehicle Per hours
Goli
5
3600
v = speed kmph, T(Sec/km) =
v
5
L
2
CA vf k j
TION, 9 q max 
4
Where
vf = Free mean speed
(Maximum speed at zero density.)
kj = jam density
(Maximum density at zero speed)
Vf
 Maximum flow qmax occurs when the speed is and density is kj/2.
2
Speed Application
Space Mean Speed Traffic flow Studies
Journey Speed Delay studies
Running Speed Road conditions Studies
Spot speed Regulatory measures.

71 S.SOROUT 9255624029
• Running time excludes stop delayed while total Journey time includes the stop delays.
 e  P 
280 w  1  1  
 w  3 
Capacity of Rotary 
 w
1  
 l 
Classification of traffic signs
Mandatory/ Cautionary/ Informatory

Regulatory Warning
• Violation is a • Existence of • For guiding the road user
legal offence hazardous conditions.
• Stop, give way, • Hair pin bend, major road • Petrol pump, hospital
V I L Ki G
horn prohibited, ahead, men at work direction sign.
speed limit,
compulsory left C I
• Dead slow is a regulatory sign.
9
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62402
• Colour of light used for visibility during fog is yellow.

• The length of side of warning sign board of roads is 45 cm.
RRB Ki
I PUB
• Road delineators used to provide visual Assistance to drivers about alignment of the road ahead, espe-
cially at Night.
• Shape of the stop sign according to IRC : 67-2001 is Octogonal.
• Goli
As per IRC : 67–2001, a Traffic sign indicating the speed limit on a road should be of circular shape
5
with white background and red border.

5
• Indian High ways have coloured milestones:

2
CA
Yellow and white milestones – National highway
TION, 9
Green and white mildstones – State highway
Blue/Black and White mildstones – City/Main District road
Orange and White Milestones – Village road.
• Trip is defined as the one way movement having single purpose and mode of Travel by a point of origin
and a point of destination.
Webster Method
 1.5L + 5 
Optimum cycle time =  
 1–y 
Aggregate crushing value
w2
100
w1
Coefficient of Hardness

Loss of wt. in gm
 20 
3
Rigidity factor
Contact Pr essure
R.F 
Tyre Pr essure
California Resistance Value
k.(T.I)(90  R)
t
C1/ 5
ELASTIC MODULUS
  is maximum vertical deflection of the flexible plate.
IV I L Ki G
C 
p.a
Fs
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 Rigid circular plate is used instead of flexible.
RRB Ki
I PUB
5P.a

FS
a = radius of plate
Goli
5
p = pressure at deflection
5
E s = young’s modulus of pavement material.

2
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO M/D

CA
TION, 9
1/ 2
 1.75P A 
t   
 CBR  
t = Pavement thickness in Cm.

P = wheel load in kg
CBR = California Bearing Ratio (%)
A = Contact Area in cm2
 CBR TEST.
Load or pressure Substained

at2.5 or 5.0 mm Penetration
CBR 
Load or pressure Substained
by standard aggregate at
corresponding pressure level.

73 S.SOROUT 9255624029
 Tri Axial Method
y3
  3p.  y  
2  ES 
TP    d  
  2S    E P 
1/ 3
t1  E 2 
 
t 2  E1 
 Design of Rigid Pavement
p P
k 
 0.125
 Radius of Relative Stifiness
IV I L Ki G
C 
I
Eh 3 

1/ 4
 12K 1    
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RRB Ki
E = Modulus of elasticity of cement concrete pavement kg/cm2.
I PUB
µ = Poission’s Ratio, Concrete = 0.15
h = Slab Thickness (cm)
Goli
k = Modulus of subgrade reaction (kg/cm3)
5
Equivalent redius of resisting section

5
L
2
b  1.6a 2  h 2  0.675h when (a < 1.724 h)

I
CA
3P
TION, 9
St  (Glodbeck’s formula)
h2
365A [(1  r )n  1]
N=
r
Type of Bitumen Use
Penetration grade 30/40 Areas where temperature difference range is less than
25°C, Roads with high volume of traffic.
Penetration grade 60/70 Superior type of roads with high traffic in normal summer
temperature.
Cutback bitumen Cold weather condition.
Emulsion Wet conditions (Rainy season) maintenance work, soil
stabilsation in deserts.

Types of cutback
Rapid curing (RC) Medium curing (MC) Slow curing (SC)

Penetration value Good wetting property Blending bitumen
80/120 Eg: Kerosene, light die- with high boiling
Eg: Petroleum sel oil point gas or oil.
Methods of flexible pavement design
Empirical methods Semi empirical/ Theoretical methods

(Physical properties semi-theoretical methods (Mathematical computation)
and strength parameters) (Stress-strain function)
V I L Ki G
Burmister method
Triaxial test method
C I
Group index method CBR method Stabilometer Mc-Leod method
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method
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Method of Design
RRB Ki Principle
I PUB
Group Index Method Empirical Method using soil Classification Test
CBR Method Empirical Method using Soil strength Test
US Navy Method
Goli Semi-Theoretical
5
Asphalt Institute Method Quasi-rational

5
Joints in cement concrete

2
CA
Expansion joint
TION, 9
Contraction joint Working joint Construction joint
Without reinforcement With reinforcement

Bankelman Beam Deflection Method
Overlay Thickness
Dc
h 0 = 550 log10
Da

75 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Test Purpose
CBR test For classifying & evaluating soil subgrade & base course materials for
flexible pavements
Crushing test Strength of Aggregates
Abrasion test Hardness of Aggregate
Impact test Toughness of Aggregate
Soundness test Durability of Aggregate
Shape test Gives idea of workability & stability of mix
Bitumen Adhesion test Gives stripping value of Aggregates
Softening point test It is done by Ring & ball apparatus to ensure safety of Bitumen
Float test for viscosity of Bitumen.
IV I L Ki G
C
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RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

Railway Engineering
Broad gauge = 1.676 m, Narrow gauge= 0.762 m, Meter gauge = 1.0 m, Standard gauge = 1.435 m
Theories of creep
Wave Action theory Percussion theory Drag theory

 Vertical reverse curve  due to horizontal  Drag of driving wheel
due to longitudinal component of the of locomotive have
movement in the resultant impact opposite effect with
traffic direction. force at the rail end respect to direction of
creep.
Defects of Rail
Corrugated/Roaring Rails
IV I L Ki G
Kinks in rail Hogged rail Buckling of rail
Minute depression
on the Surface of rails C
Ends of adjoining
rails move slightly
At ends of rails,
down due to
Due to change
in temperature,
9
out of position impact heads when there is
OL
get bend insufficient gap
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action of wheel b/w two end joints.
RRB Ki
Types of Rail joints I PUB
Goli
5
Supported Suspended Bridge Compromise Expansion Welded

5
 Rail ends  Rail ends  Projected  Two different  Gap is  Most

2
rests on a are projected rail ends rail sections provided perfect and
I
single beyond
CA
are are joined by for thermal strongest type
joint sleeper
TION, 9
sleeper, called sleepers, called connected
shoulder sleeper by a flat
fish plates. expansion of Joints.
or corrugated
plate
S + 10H
CSI =
20
Sleepr density = M + x
S–W
Dmin =
2
GV 2
e =
127R

77 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Length of transition curve
I approach II approach
Maximum of the following
7.2e

max 0.073eVmax
L= (i) Railway board formula
0.073D V
 max
e = S.E in cm L = 4.4 R
L, R  m
D = cant deficiency in cm (ii) Change of radial acceleration
IV I L Ki G L=
3.28V 3
R
V  m/sec
Vmax in kmph
C (iii) Rate of change of super elevation
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L = 3.6e
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Methods to calculate crossing angle ‘N’
Cole’s method Centre line method Isosceles triangle

(right angle triangle method)
Goli method
5
N = cot  1/2
1 Used in Indian
   1/ 2
5
 /2 /2
L
Railway 1
N 1  2cot (2N) N sin   
N
 2 N
2
CA
TION, 9
stock rail
Stretcher bar
End of
Over all length
AB – Stock rail
ra il A
t le a d
aigh D B
Outer str tongue
c u rve C CD rail Facing
u ter a il direction
Check rail H O Lead r F
Wing rail O Inner straight lead rail E
L e Throw of
C
I P switch
a
Throat
rve Bend in check
n e r curail rail
Wing In ead
l
rail
Check rail TURN OUT DIAGRAM
Theoretical nose
of crossing (T.N.C.)
Actual nose of
crossing (A.N.C.)

Signal Classification
Operating Functional Location Special

Repeater/
Detonating Stop/Semaphore Co-acting
signal
Warner signal Reception Departure Routing
Hand signal
Shunting signal Outer signal Starter Calling on
Fixed signal Advance
Coloured light Home Point
signal Starter
signal indicator
IV I L Ki G
C
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RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

79 S.SOROUT 9255624029
SURVEING
Both Plan and Map are the graphical representations of the features on horizontal plane but plan is a
large scale representation while map is a small scale representation.
Geodetic Survey Plane Survey
It is done for fixing widely It is done for Engineering projects.
spaced control points. Use for small area.
Geodetic surveying is done by Department of Earth surface is assumed to be flat.
National Survey of India.
Large area’s of earth’s surface involved
Curvature arc of earth is consider.
Note: The effect of the curvature of earth’s surface is taken into account only if the extent of survey is
more than 195.5 km2.
•
V I L Ki G
The difference in the length of an arc and its subtended chord on earth’s surface for a distance of 18.5
km is about 1.52 cm. I
C
Classifiaction of Surveying Based on Purpose
9
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(i) Topographical Survey: Conducted to obtain data and to make a map indicating inequalites of land
62402
surface. Topographic Survey is done to determine the Natural features of a Country.
RRB Ki
I PUB
(ii) Engineering Survey: Used for design and construction of new routes e.g. roads and railways. Also
used to calculate for route alignment.
(iii) Cadastral Survey : Done to produce plans of property boundries for legal purpose.
(iv) Hydrographic Survey:
Goli
Conducted on or near water bodies. Marine survey is also one of it’s type.
5
(v) Astronomic Survey: Conducted for determination of latitudes, longitudes, azimuths, local time etc.
5
at various places on the earth by observing heavenly bodies.

L
2
(vi) Geological Survey: Conducted to obtain data of defferent strata of earth’s surface for the purpose
CA
of geological studies.
Note:
TION, 9
• Archaeological survey is done to collect information about old and nelic structures.
• Reconnaissance Survey is a kind of pre liminary survey which is performed to find out method of sur-
vey to be adopted and its rough cost.
Classification based on instruments used
Chain Levelling Theodolite Photogrammetric

surveying survey survey
Compass Plane table Tacheometric EDM
surveying surveying survey surveys
Note:
• Correct Sequence of Surveys
(a) Traffic Survey

(b) Reconnaissance Survey
(c) Preliminary Survey
(d) Detailed Survey/Location Survey
Principles of Surveying
(i) Work from Whole to Part: So as to localise the error and prevent their accumulation.
(ii) Locate a Point by Atleast two Measurements:
Error due to use of wrong scale
 Correct length =
R.F of wrong scale

 Measured length.
R.F. of correct scale
 Correct Area =
 R.F of wrong scale 

2
IV I L Ki G
  Calculated Area

 R.F. of correct scale  C
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Principal of Least Square
62402
RRB Ki  v2 E
I PUB
Em =  0.6745  S
h(n  1) n
Where
Goli
E s = Probable errors of single observation
5
V s = Difference between any single observation and mean of the values

5
n = Number of observations of the mean

2
Terms Used in Large Survey Area

CA
TION, 9
(i) Main station : It is a point in chain survey where two triangle sides meet.
(ii) Main survey line: Chain line joining two main survey stations,
(iii) Tie station or subsidiary station: Station on survey line joining main stations.
(iv) Base line: Longest survey line from which direction of all other sruvey lines are fixed.
(v) Proof line or check line: Provided to check the accuracy of the field work.
(vi) Offset: Distance of object from the survey line.
(vii) Chainage: Distance measured along the main survey line in direction of progress of work.
• Double line field book is most commonly used for recording ordinary chain survey work.
• Offsets are lateral measurement made w.r.t. main survey line which may be oblique or perpendicular in
nature.
Well Conditioned Triangle: Triangle in which all intersections of lines are clear. Angle’s between the
lines for clear intersections should be 30º to 120º. An equilateral triangle is the most appropriate well
conditioned triangle.

81 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Revenue Gunter’s chain Engineer’s Metric chain

chain 66 ft chain 100 ft long
33 ft (100 links)
30 m 20 m
(150 links) (100 links)
Note: As per IS specifications, every metre length of the chain should individually be accurate to within ± 2mm when
measured under a tension of 80 Newton.
(a) 1 mile = 80 Gunter’s chain
(b) 1 acre = 10 × (Gunter’s chain)2
V I L Ki G
(c) The overall length of chain should be within the limits given below
(i) 20 m ± 5 mm for 20 m chain.
(ii) 30 m ± 8 mm for 30 m chain. C I
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(ii) Tapes:
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RRB Ki
I PUB
Cloth or Linen Metallic tape Steel tape Invar tape
tape Linen tape with Alloy of nickle (36%)
brass or copper wires and steel (64%)
Goli
(iii) Pegs: To mark definite points on ground temporarily.
5
(iv) Arrows: It provides a check over the length of line as entered in the field notes.
5
(v) Ranging rods: To locate intermediate points such that these points lie on straight lines joining the end
2
stations.
CA
TION, 9
(vi) Offset rod: Similary to ranging rod with a sout open hook at the top.
Equipments for Measurement Right angles
(i) Cross staff

Open cross staff French cross staff
Open cross staff
V I L Ki G
• Accuracy of the french Cross Staff is less than that of an open cross staff. But french cross staff can
be set out at an angles of 45° and 135°.
C I
(ii) Optical Square: Pocket instrument, more convenient and accurate than a cross staff.
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• Optical Square is used to establish two Points at right angle. The principal used is of Double reflection
62402
Hence, Angle between two mirrors is 45°.
RRB Ki
I PUB
TAP CORRECTIONS
 Correction for Slope CS= - L  L2  h 2
h2
Goli
5
Cs =
2L
5
 Correction for alignment or bad ranging

2
CA
Cal =
h2
2L
TION, 9
 Correction for Temperature Ct = (Tm-To)L
 Correction for pull or Tension
 P  P0  L
CP=
AE
 Correction for Sag
L1 (WL1 )2
CS =
24P 2
Defference Between Traverse Surveying & Chain Surveying
Chain Surveying Traverse Surveying
1. Requires only linear measurements Requires both linear and angular measurements. Hence requires
hence relatively easier trained personnel.
2. The framework consists of triangles. Frame work consists of a series of connected lines forming an

83 S.SOROUT 9255624029
open or closed polygon. As the direction of lines are measured,
the polygon can be plotted without construction triangles.
3. Check lines are required in chain Check lines are not required because accuracy of the framework
Surveying can be checked by the methods of adjustments
4. Used when area to be surveyed is Uses when area involved is large and better accuracy is
small, ground is flat and accuracy required.
required is low
 Bearing: Direction of a line with respect to fixed meridian is called bearing.
 True Meridian/Bearing
 True meridian is a line joining True North pole, True South Pole end and point of reference. It never
changes with time.
 Angle measured for any line w.r.t True Meridian is called Ture bearing.
 Bearing Taken W.r.t magnetic meridian is called magnetic Bearing.
IV I L Ki G
CN M.M MM
TM
A
9
B A
OL

 w
62402
QE 
W E W E
RRB Ki
O O
S S I PUB
Goli
Eastern Declination Western Declination
55
Magnetic Declination
L
2
 At any place horizontal angle b/w True Meridian and Magnetic Meridian is called magnetic Declination.
CA
For Eastern Declination TION, 9
 = B + E or T.B = M.B +E
For western Declination
 = B – w or T.B = N.B – w
Note
+ Sign is used for declination is to the east, sign (-) is used if declination is to west
Fore bearing and Back Bearing.
B.B = F.B  180º
Local Attraction (Note)
If the difference b/w fore bearing and back bearing is 180º, the the adjoining stations are free form local
attraction.
(i)Isogonic Line: Lines passing through the points on earth surface at which the declination is the same at
given time. They rediate from North and South pole and follow irregular paths.
(ii) Agonic Lines: Lines passing through points of zero declination. True meridian and magnetic meridian
coincides with each other.

Variation of magnetic declination
Secular variation Annual varition Secular variation Irregular varition

Occurs over a Due to rotation Due to rotation Due to magnetic
long period of of earth about of earth about its storms or disturbances
time due to the sun. own axis. in earth’s magnetic
gradual shift in It’s more near field.
earth’s magnetic equator and in
field. day time.
Dip: The angle made by the lines of magnetic force with the earth’s surface is called dip. Magnetic
needle becomes horizontal at equator but becomes vertical at magnetic poles.
Prismatic Compass Surveyor Compass
V I L Ki G
• Smaller in size • Bigger (circular box of size 150 mm diameter)
•
•
Readings are in W.C.B.
C I
Sighting of the object and reading of the
• Measurement quadrantal bearings.
• First Object is sighted and then reading of bear-
9
ing
OL
62402
bearing are done simultaneously is taken by moving around the looking down from
RRB Ki glass cover.
I PUB
• Temporary Adjustment Centering, Levelling, • Temporary Adjustment Centering and Levelling.
focussing.
Goli Traversing
55
L
2
Linear measurement CA Angular measurement

(i)
(ii)
Loose needle method
Fast needle method
TION, 9 (i) Taping or changing
(ii) Tacheometric method
(iii) Method of included angle (iii) Electronic distance
(iv) Method of direct angle measuring instrument
(v) Method of deflection angle (EdM)
Latitude and Departure

 Projection of a line on N-S direction is called latitude.
L  l cos 
 Projectione of a line on E-W direction is called deparature.
D  l sin 
Adjustment of closing Error.
 Sum of all internal Angles of a closed Traverse.
= (2n–4)×90º where n = No. of sides.

85 S.SOROUT 9255624029
 Sum of all deflection Angle = 360º
Ex. A + B+ C+ D+ E = 360º
 Sum of latitude  L  0
 Sum of departure  D  0
Closing error In the Traverse
e = AA1  ( L)2  (  D)2
Bowditch’s Method (Compass Rule)
Permissible error in linear Measurment e  
IV I L Ki G
Permissible error in angular measurement e 
.
Correction to latitude C
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62402
1
CL =  L 
1
RRB Ki
I PUB
Correction due to departure
1
CD =  D 
Goli 
5
Transit Method
5
L
2
CA L D
CL =  L  L , CD   D  D
TION, 9 r r
Axis Method.
1
closing error
Correction of any length = That length  2
Length of Axis
Direct levelling methods
Simple check Profile Reciprocal

levelling levelling levelling levelling
Differential Fly cross-section Precise
levelling levelling levelling levelling

Sensitivity of level tube can be increased by
Increasing Decreasing
(i) Radius R (i) Viscosity of the
(ii) Length of the tube liquid
(iii) Diameter of the tube (ii) Roughness of the
inner wall of the tube
nd S
 
R L
d s
  Radian
R nL
 Check in Height of Instrument Method

IV I L Ki G
C
 BS–  FS =  Rise –  Fall = Last RL–First RL
9
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Note: First reading made on a point of known reduced level is always a Back sight reading.
62402
Readings are booked in the level book (two methods– Rise and fall method, Height of instrument method.)
RRB Ki
I PUB
Rise and Fall Method Height of Collination method
1. Arithmetic check 1. Arithemetic check
(Back sights) (fore sights) = (BS) – (FS) = Last
(Rise) – (fall) = Last RL – first RL
Goli RL – first RL
5
2. Check for intermediate reading is done using Rise – fall 2. Reduction is easier in it.
5
3. It is well suited for determining the differences of levels of 3. Collimation method is most suited for
2
two points where precision is required. CA for longitudinal/cross-sectional levelling and

TION, 9 Contouring.
d2
Curvature CC = =0.01857d2.
2R
1  d2 
Refraction Cr = 7  2R 
 
Final Combination Correction
6  d2 
C= Cc– Cr = 7  2R 
 
C = 0.06735d2
d = 3.85 c
d = in km and
c = in meter.

87 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Reciprocal Levelling:
The true difference Elevation.
1
H= (h a  h b )  (h a ' h b ')]
2
 Determining Areas:
Mid ordinate rule  = Area = Average ordinate × Length of base
O1  O2  ....  On
= L
n
 Average ordinate Rule
Area D = Average ordinate of the base
 O0  O1  ....  O n  L
  L, D  D
V I L Ki G
=
 n 1  (n  1)
 D = D0 +....+On. C I
9
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Simpson’s One-Third Rule
62402
d
=
RRB Ki
(Oo  O n )  4  O1  O3  ....  O n 1 
I PUB
3
2(O 2  O4  ...O n  2 ) 
Volume Prismoidal Formula (Simpson’s Rule)

Goli
5
d
5
V=
3
 A1  An   4A 2  A 4 )
2
CA
Trapezoidal Formula (Area mean area Method) TION, 9
d
V = (A1  A 2 )
2
Methods of tacheometry
Stadia method Tangential method Range finding

Stadia wires are not Determine the horizontal
used at all. Horizontal distance and direction of
Movable Subtense
hair bar distance calculated line without going to far
method method from vertical angle end of the line. The
and staff intercepts. instrument used is range
finder.
Fixed Hair Method

D=k×S+C
f
K=  100 (M ultiplying Constant)
i
Addition Constent C = (f + d)
S = Staff intercept,
i = Stadia interval,
f = focal length of object
v
v 
IV I L Ki G
(P1C)
M
D T2
C T1
A
(P1T)
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62402
R /2 /2 R
RRB Ki
I PUB
O
Goli
5
Length of the curve

5
R
,
2
l=
I
180 CA
 = The angle of centre in degree TION, 9
Tangant length
T = R tan/2
Length of Cord
L = 2 R sin /2
Mid ordinate
M = R (1–cos /2)
Apex distance (E)
  
E = R  sec  1
 2 
Instrument Purpose
Abney level To measure slope, cross section, to find gradient
Planimeter To measure area very accurately
Pantagraph Used to reduce/enlarge the maps

89 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Hand level To trace contours
Sextant To measure horizontal & vertical angle
Clinometer
U-frame
Trough Alidade
compass Drawing
sheet
Plane
Tripod table
IV I L Ki G Spirit level
C
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Plain table with accessories
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Methods of orientation
By trough compass
Goli By back sighting By resection
55
L
2
CA
Methods of plane table surveying
TION, 9
Radiation Traversing Intersection Resection
Two point problem Three point problem
Graphical Trial and error Mechanical Analytical Geometrical

method method method method construction method
Characteristics of Contour
(i) A zero meter contour line represents the constaline. When no value is represented, it indicates a flat ter-
rain.
(ii) Two contours intersect eachother only in case of overhanging cliff or a cave penetrating a hill side.

500
400 300
200
(iii) Equally spaced contours represents uniform slope.

(iv) A watershed or edge line contour crosses the valley contour at right angle. Converally the contours are
not visible on the grounds excepts in the case of shore lines.
IV I L Ki G
100.0 100.0
C 105.0
95.0
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110.0 90.0
62402
115.0 85.0
RRB Ki
I PUB
Ridge
Line Valicy
Line
(a) (b)
Goli
(v) Direction of steepest slope is along the shortest distance between the contours.
5
(vi) Two contour lines having same elevation cannot unite and continue as one line.
5
L
2
CA
TION, 9

91 S.SOROUT 9255624029
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
Units Design Period
Water treatment units 15 years
Service Reservoirs (overhead or ground level) 15 years
Pipe Connections to the several treatment units 30 years
Distribution system 30 years
Water Demands:
(i) Domestic Water Demand: 135 to 225 lpcd.
(ii) Institutional and commerical water demand.
(a) School & colleges : 45 to 135 lpcd
V I L Ki G
(b) Offices : 45 lpcd
(c) Restaurants: 70 lpcd
C I
(d) Cinema & theater : 15 lpcd
9
OL
(e) Hotels: 180 lpcd
62402
(f) Hospitals : When hed < 100 340 lpcd
RRB Ki
I PUB
When bed > 100 450 lpcd
(iii) Fire Demand: 1 lpcd
(a) Kuichling’s Formula, Q = 3182 P 1/min
P = Population in thousands Goli
5
Variation of Demand
5
L
2
Maximum daily Consumption = 1.8 avg. daily consumption.

I
CA
TION, 9
Maximum Weekly Consumption = 1.48 ×Avg. weekly
Maximum Monthly Consumption = 1.28 × Avg. monthly.
Population Forecasting Mehtod
Arithmetic Increase Method Pn = Po  nx
n
 r 
Geometric Increases Method Pn = Po  1  
 100 
Incremental Increase Method
n(n  1)
Pn = Po  nx  y
2
Physical characteristics
 Turbidity Turbidity limit = 5 to 10 NTU
 Colour Tintometer Limit = 20PPm
 Taste and odour T.O.N = 1 ( | 3)

 Temperature 10ºC desirable ( | 25ºC)
Chemical Characteristics
 Total solids and suspended soils Limited to 550ppm
PH = – log H+ (6.6 to 8.5)
2 50 2  50 
 Total Hardness [Ca ]  + [Mg ]   
20  12 
 Carbonate Hardness = min of total hardness or alkalinity

 Chloride Content - Prescribed limit – 120mg/L
 Nitrogen Content -Limits: Free ammonia | 0.15mg/L, Organic Nitrogen | 0.3 mg/l, nitrite should be
zero, nitrate | 45 mg/l
Measurement (i) Free Ammonia-by simple boiling of water. (ii) Organic Ammonia – By adding Kmno4,
V I L Ki G
(i+ii) are known as kjeldahl Nitrogen Nitrate and Nitrate by - colour Matching M/d.
I
Chemical
C
(Mn = 0.05 mg/L) (Iron – 0.3 mg/L), (Fluride –1.0 –1.2 mg/L)
9
OL
62402
(Sulphate : 250 mg/L) (Cyanides = 0.2mg/L)

Screening
RRB Ki
I PUB
Velocity | 0.8 to 1m/sec
Principle is based on stokes law.
Q Goli
5
Setting velocity VS 
.L
5
L
2
Design Criteria CA
Over flow rate =
Q TION, 9
BH
500–750 lit/hr/m2 for plain sedimentation, Depth = 03 to 4.5m Width B  10 m
Coagulants
1. Use of Alum
2. Use of copperas: (FeSo4,7H2O)
3. Use of chlorinated copperas (Fe2(So4)3+FeCl3),
4. Use sodium Aluminate (Na2Al2O4)
Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter
Cu = 5 Cu = 1.3–1.7
D10 = (0.2–0.3) mm D10 = (0.45–0.7) mm
Frequency of cleaning = (1–3) months Cleaned through Back washing
Design period = 10 year n = 1.22 Q

Rate of filtration is very low as Operational Troubles–

93 S.SOROUT 9255624029
compared to R.S.F., but efficiency (a) Air Binding
is High (b) Mud ball formations
(c) Cracking of filter
1. Minor Methods.
(i) Boiling
(ii) Treatment with excess lime.
(iii) Treatment with ozone (KMNO4)
(iv) Treatment with silver or Electrokatadyne Process.
2. Major Method Chlorination (Disintection with Cl2)
pH 5
 Cl2  H 2 O   HOCl  HCl
 pH  8
HOCl   H   OCT 
V I L Ki G
pH  7
 HOCl   H   OCl–
NH3 + HOCl is called combined chlorine.
C I
9
 NH 3  HOCl   2 Cl  H 2 O
OL
62402
Formation of free chlorine and

Presence of chloro-organic
Chlorine residual (p.p.m)
0.5
RRB Ki
compounds not destroyed
I PUB
II
Destruction of chloramines l
0.4 ua
and chloro organic comp id
Free residual
I res
ed
0.3 Formation of chloro-organic bin
compounds and chloramines om
dc
0.2 Destruction of
chlorine by idu
al
C III
Goli
Fr
ee
an
5
reducing compound d res

0.1 ine
mb D
Co
5
Break Combined residual

L
point
0
2
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Chlorine Added (p.p.m)
CA 0.9
1. Treatment with Copper Sulphate (CuSO4.H2O)

TION, 9
 Added to open reservoir and lakes to kill algae or to check the growth.
2. Treatment with KMNO4
 Acts as oxidizing agent to remove to taste, odour and colour and to kill bacteria.
3. Aerations
 For increasing Di-oxygen to remove CO2, upto some extent removal of Fe and Mn.
4. Fluoridation
 Necessary if F < 1mg/L. Add Naf or Na2 SiF6 or H2SiF6 to keep fluorine content between 1 to 1.5
mg/L
(1) De-Fluoridation. (if F > 1.5 mg/L) In India, Treatment is done by Nalgonda Technique (Use
Alum for reducing flurides)
5. Removal of Radioactive Substnces By coagulation and filtration.
6. Desalination
(i) By evaporation and distillation

(ii) Electrodialysis
(iii) Reverse Osmosis.
Pipes except the service connections are usually made of cast. iron with some type of coating to avoid
rusting where as for service connections galvanised iron pipes are used.
(i) Dead end or tree system.
(ii) Grid system or reticular system
(iii) Ring or circular system
(iv) Radial system
APPURTENANCES IN PLUMBING SYSTEM
1. Ferrules
2. Goose Neck
3. Service Pipe
4. Stop Cock
5. Water Meter
IV I L Ki G
Hydraulic design of sewers
C
9
OL
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
r S (manning, formula)
62402
Velocity of flow in channel V =

n
RRB Ki
I PUB
Oxgen Demand
dLt
= KL, L t  L 0  10 k p t
dt
Goli
5
 t = L 0  L t  L 0 1  10 k D t 
 
5
L
2
y5 = [BOD5 = 0.684L0]
I
CA
K K DT º = KD20 [1.047]T-20 TION, 9
Note: Minimum velocity about 0.45m/sec.
Disinfection
Oil and Grease Trap Biological Unit SST
Bar Grit (Skimming Tank)
Screen chamber
SST
Sludge
Screening PST studge
Grits
Oil/Grease Underdrain
Optional Unit water Drying Beds Sludge Digester
Wastewater Flow Dried sludge Gases
Sludge Flow for sisposal Effluent for
Gases final disposal
Design Criteria for Grit Chamber
g d2
Setting velocity VS =  GS 1
18 V
Detention Time. 30-60S, Horizontal velocity of flow–15-30 cm/sec. Length to breath ratio of chamber varies
from 6 to 15 and length to depth ratio varies form 40 to 30, cleaning interval = 1 or 2 weeks, Channel

95 S.SOROUT 9255624029
length = detention time × velocity of flow
Comparision of Low-Rate and High- Rate Trickling Filters
Parameter Low rate High-water

trickling filter Trickling filter
 Hydraullic loading in 1-4 10-40
3 2
m /m /d
 Organic loading in kg of 0.08-0.32 0.32-1
BOD5/d/m3
 Depth 1.8-3.0m 0.9m-2.5m(1.8m)
 Efficient,% 55-98 60-75
Disposal of Soil Wastes . Done by various M/d

 Sanitary land filling
V I L Ki G
 Burining or incineration
 Barging it out in to sea
C I
 Pulverization
9
OL
 Compositing
62402
Composting– Ex By disgestion, by bacteria largency.
RRB Ki
I PUB
AIR & NOISE POLLUTION.
Primary pollution.
(i) Sulphur dioxide (So2)
Goli
5
(ii) Co
5
L
(iii) Nitrogen oxide No and No2
2
(iv) Lead (pb)

CA
(v) Hydrocarbons TION, 9
(iv) H2S, H2F, Fluorides

STEEL STRUCTURE
Permissible stress in Steel Structural Members
Types of stresses Notation stress FOS

(Mpa)
Axial Tensile stress at 0.6fy 1.67
Max axial Comp Stress ac 0.6fy 1.67
Bending Tensile stress bt 0.66fy 1.515
Max Bending Comp. stress bc 0.66fy 1.515
Avg. shear stress va 0.1fy 2.5
Maximum shear stress vm 0.45fy 2.22
Bearing Stress P 0.75fy 1.33
Stress in slab base bs 185 _
IV I L Ki G
Types of riveted/bolted joints
C
9
OL
62402
Lap joint Butt joint
RRB Ki
Single bolted
Single cover
butt joint
I PUB
Single cover
butt joint
lap joint
Goli
55
L
2
Double bolted CA Single cover single

lap joint
TION, 9
bolted Double cover
single bolted
Single cover double

bolted
Double cover
double bolted
Specification in bolting Minimum pitch = 2.5d
Maximum pitch
(a). Tension = min (16t, 200 mm)
(b). Compression = min (12t, 200 mm)
(c). Tacking bolts
(i). Exposed to weather = min (16t, 200 mm)
(ii). Not exposed to weather = min (32t, 300 mm)
Note:- For 2 members placked back to back, tacking rivet should not exceed 1000 mm in tension members,
600 mm in compression member.
Minimum edge and end distance

97 S.SOROUT 9255624029
(a). Sheared or hand plane cut edges (Rough) = 1.7 × hole dia
(b). Machine cut = 1.5 × hole dia
Member  max
A member carrying 180
Compressive load
resulting from dead
load and imposed load
A Tension member in 180

which reversal of direct
stress due to load other
than wind and seismic
force
IV I L Ki G
A member subjected toC 250
compressive forces resulting
9
OL
from wind EQ force provide
62402
deformation of such member

RRB Ki
I PUB
does not affect stress
Compression flange of 300

Beam
Goli
5
A member normally act as a 350

5
tie in Roof Truss

2
CA
Tension member other than
Pre-tension
TION, 9 400
Strength of plate between rivet holes in Tension

= at × (p-d)x t
Bearing strength of rivet.
= at × d × t or = Pb×d×t.
Shear Strength of rivet.
 2
= Tvf   d (in single shear),


2  Tvf   d 2 (in double shear)

d = diameter of rivet

d  6.01 t (unwins formula)
Diameter
Grosss diameter = nominal diameter + 1.5 mm (if 25mm)
Nominal diameter + 2mm (if > 25mm)
Pitch
Should not exceed 16t or 200mm, which ever is less in tension member, and 12t or 200mm, which ever is
less in Compression Members. Tacking rivets should not exceed 32 t or 300 mm which ever is less.
Tacking rivets.
Thickness of member Minimum diameter of rivets

Up to 10 mm 16mm
Over 10mm to 16 mm 20 mm
V I L Ki G
Over10 mm 22mm
Force due to axial load on each rivet.

C I
W
9
OL
Fa =
62402
n
Force due to moment M on any rivet
RRB Ki
I PUB
Mr
Fm =
 h2
Area along Section ABCDE

Goli
55
  S2 S2 
Ant = t  b  n  d   1  2 
2
CA   4  g1 4  g 2 
NET EFFECTIVE AREA

TION, 9
l1
l2
 A net  A1  A 2  k1
3  A1
 k1 
3  A1  A 2
 A1  (l1  t / 2  d' )t

99 S.SOROUT 9255624029
 A 2  (l2  t / 2)  t A net  (l1  l2  t)t
 For pair of Angle Placed back to back connected by only one lag of each angle.
 A net  A1  A 2  k 2
5  A1
 K2 
5  A1  A 2
The area of a web of Tee

= Thickness of web × (depth - thickness of flange)
Tacking rivet
IV I L Ki G
C
9
OL
Gusset plate
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
SHAPE FACTOR
Mp a yzp zp
S= = 
My a yz z
Goli
5
Shape factor For different Shapes

5
Section Shape factor

2
1. Rectangular Section
CA 1.5
2. Solid circular Section TION, 9
1.7
3. a. Triangular Section 2.34
(vertex upward)
b. Trinagular section 2.00
(vertex horizontal)
 1  k3 
4. Hallow circular Section 17   4 
1 k 
5. a. Diamand Section Rhombus 2.00

b. Thin Hollow Rhombus 1.50
6. Thin Circular ring Solid 1.27
7. I section
a. About strong Axis 1.12
b. About weak Axis 1.55
8. T Section. 1.90 to 1.95
Method of Analysis

Plastic moment
condition
(a) Lower bound theorem
(P Pu) Equilibirim
condition
(a) Upper bound theorem
(P Pu)
Mechanism
condition
COLLAPSE LOADS
V I L Ki G
W
Simply supported Beam
C I L/2 L/2
9
OL
4MP
62402
Wu 
L
RRB Ki
I PUB
Fixed Beam
Goli L/2 L/2

55
8MP
Wu 
2
CA L
TION, 9 ECCENTRIC LOAD
Simply Supported Beam
L
Wu  M P
ab
Fixed Beam
a b
2N P L
Wu 
ab

101 S.SOROUT 9255624029
UNIFORMLY LOAD AT CENTRE
W
8MP
Wu 
L
16MP
Wu 
L
V I L Ki G
CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTRE
I
C W
9
OL
62402
l/2 l/2
RRB Ki
I PUB
6M P
Wu 
L
Goli W
55
L
a b
2
CA
TION, 9
Lb
Wu  MP
ab
Lacings
1.  = between 40º to 70º,
le
2. Slenderness ration. | 145.
r
3. For Local Buckling Criteria.
L
c
 50 ,  0.7  whole section
r min
4. Width of Lacing >> 3 × Nominal rivet Diameter
5. For single lacing (compressive or Tensile)

 v/n 
F=  
 sin  
6. No. of rivet required.
2Fcos 
= Rivet value.
Battens : Design Specification

C
c
| 50, or 0.7 times the slenderness ratio Depth for intermidiate battens d   3  , d > a check for longitu-
r 4
V1
dinal shear stress = | av.
D t
M M
Check for Bending Stress -  |  b
V I L Ki G
Z 1
D  t2
6
C I
CHECK FOR SHEAR
9
OL
62402
 Average shear force 
RRB Ki
   0.4fy
I PUB
 t w .D 
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION
Goli Span
5
 max 
325
5
L
2
Check for Web Crippling

I
CA
P
Bending stress P  b t ,
TION, 9
1
b1= b  2h 2 3
Web Buckling
1 VAY
RV = S
2 I
Economic Depth of the girder
M
D = 101
b t ×t x
Design of Web
d1 816 1344
  lesser of and and 85. (No. stiffener is required)
tw  va.cal fy

103 S.SOROUT 9255624029
d2 3200
  lesser of and 200. (Vertical Stiffeners are provided)
tw fy
 Width of angle in the plane perpendicular to the roof covering
L

45
 Width of angle in the plane perallel to the roof covering
L

60
 Maximum bending moment in the purlin
W  L2
M
V I L Ki G
10
 The thickness of a rectangular slab
C I
9
3  2 b2 
OL
t= wa  
62402
 bs  4
RRB Ki
I PUB
 Thickness of a square slab base plate
90w B
t = 10 
Goli 16bs (B  d o )
5
Merchant Rankine formula

5
L
2
CA ac = 0.6
fcc  fy
TION, 9  (fcc )  (fy )n 
n 1/ n.
where fcc = Elastic critical stress in
  E
Compression =
2
Maximum Stenderness Ratio: (IS 800–1984)
Types of Member Slenderness Ratio

A member carrying compressive 180
loads resulting from dead load and
superimposed loads
A member subjected to compressive 250
loads resulting from wind/ earthquake
forces provided the determination of such
members does not adversety affect the
stress in any part of the structure.

A member normally carrying tension 350
but subjected to reversal of stress due to
wind or earthquake forces.
IV I L Ki G
C
9
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

105 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Estimate Costing
Description Unit
Earthwork, Stone/Brick Work, Wood Work/Sunshade m3
Surface/Shallow Excavation, Door, Shutter, Pannel, m2
Pointing, Soling, DPC, Plastering m2
Steel/Iron Work kg/Quintel
Dressing of stone/Half Brick wall/partition wall, batten m2
Painting Work/Distemper/Colour Washing/Jali Work m2
NOTE-
Cornice is measured in Running Meter.
No. of bricks used in Flat & Edge soling is 39 & 56 respectively using conventional brick size.
V I L Ki G
In earthwork , lead (Horizontal Distance) & lift (vertical distance) is 30m & 1.5m respectively.
C I
Degree of Accuracy
9
OL
Wood Work: 2mm, Weight – 1 kg
62402
length – 1 cm, Area – 0.01 m2, Volume – 0.01 m3
RRB Ki
I PUB
• Purpose of Valuation
(a) Taxation– (10–14%)
(b) Rent fixation – (6 –10% of total value)
Outgoing
Goli
5
(a) Repairness – (10 – 15)% of total Income

5
(b) Management and collection Charge – (5 – 10)% of total Income.

2
Scrap Value
CA
TION, 9
It is about 10% of total value. It is the value of Dismental Material.
Salvage Value
It is value at the end of Utility period without being this dismental.
Sinking Fund
S.i.
Annual Installment (I) =  IC .S
(1  i)n  1
(a) Straight line Method:
CS
Assume depreciation by same amount D =
n
(b) Constant percentage Method: Also called Balancing Decline Method. It assume depreciation by
1/ n
c
same percentage. D = 1    ( Correct this formula )
s

General Overhead Cost Job Overhead Cost
Telephone Bill Salary Delay
Travelling charges Establishment of a New Office
Printing, Post office Compensation
Description Quantity
Work in foundation with Mud Mortar 1.5 m3
Work in foundation with Lime/Cement Mortar 1.25 m2
Work in Superstructure with Mortar 1 m3
Work in Superstructure mud Mortar 1.25 m3
Distemper (1 coat) 35 m2
White Washing/Colour Washing (3 Coat) 70 m2
White Washing/Colour Washing (1 Coat) 200 m2
V I L Ki G
RCC Work 3m3
Half Brick wall/Partition Wall
C I 5 m2
Lime concrete in Roof 6 m2
9
OL
Lime Concrete in foundation/Floring 8.9 m2
62402
12 mm Plastering with cement/Lime Mortar 8 m2
RRB Ki
I PUB
Degree of Accuracy (descreasing order)
Detailed > Cube rate > Plinth area > Rough estimate
Goli Area
5
Plinth area Floor area

5
Circulation area Carpet area

2
CA
Vertical circulation area
TION, 9 Horizontal circulation area
(Staircase, Lift) (Varandaha, Passes)

4-5% of P.A. 10-15% of P.A.
F.A. = Plinth area – area occupied by walls/Intermediate supports
Courtyard, play ground, unclosed Balcony, cantilever porch is not included in plinth area.
Carpet Area: Useable area/Living area
C.A. = Total floor area – (circulation area + Non-useable area)
• C.A. in residential area (50 – 65)% and in commercial area (60 – 75)%.
Work % of Estimate
Departmental charges (centage charge) (10 – 15)
Contractor charge 10
Labour Charge 25
Electrification 8
Electric fan 4
Saniatory and Water Supply Charge 8

107 S.SOROUT 9255624029
Contigences Charges (3 – 5)
Work Charge Establishment (1.5 – 2)
Tools and Plants
Security money is about 10% of total contract including Earnest Money.
Searity money and Earnest Money are refundable after some time Without Any Interest.
According to National building code, Buildings are classified in groups:
Group A – Residential Building
Group B – Educational Building
Group C – Institutional Building
Group D – Assembly Building
Group E – Bussiness Building
Group F – Mercantile Building
V I L Ki G
Group G – Industrial Building
Group H – Storage Building
Group I – Hazardous Building C I
9
OL
62402
RRB Ki
I PUB
Goli
55
L
2
CA
TION, 9

RRB Ki GOLI
This PDF will help you for the Quick Revision of Your Civil Engineering Subject
We are heartily thankful to all Aspirants for Trust on CIVIL Ki GOLI Book
Be a logical/ Mature aspirants. You can Check sample PDFs of CIVIL Ki GOLI Book
regarding content quality of book from our Facebook Page CIVIL Ki GOLI
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Level-2 (Conceptual Questions)
Level-3 (Advance Questions) – Do only some selected questions
Note: - PDF will be provided of new Topics, which are not covered in CIVIL
Ki GOLI Book for RRB Exam.
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You Can Visit CIVIL Ki GOLI you tube Channel for Detailed analysis of
Book.
This book has good questions combinations of previous years of IES, GATE, SSC-JE,
PSU’s & various AE/JE Exams of states. This book has topic wise questions of each
subject with Analysis. Each topic has divided into four levels:-
Level-1 (Theory Questions)

Level-2 (Conceptual Questions)
Level-3 (Advance Questions)
Level-4 (Confusing Questions)
Every care has been taken to bring an Error free book. However, if you find any wrong
question/answer in it, Inform us at civilkigoli@gmail.com/Whatsapp at 9255624029.
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informed to update it from error list PDF, available on Facebook page CIVIL Ki GOLI
after that you will not find more error and we are also ready to accept your
suggestions/improvements, but it must be in proper/relevant way.
Solution of CIVIL Ki GOLI Book will be available before SSC JE Exam
Book is also available at Amazon, Flipkart.
All The Best
Er. S. Sorout
Author: CIVIL Ki GOLI
REASONING Ki GOLI
HARYANA Ki GOLI

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RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

BULK UNIT WEIGHT

DRY UNIT WEIGHT

SATURATED UNIT WEIGHT C

APPEARENT OR MASS SPECIFIC GRAVITY

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

Determination of Unit Weight

PLASTICITY INDEX [IP]

W L = Liquid limit TION, 9

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

RELATIVE DENSITY/DENSITY INDEX IV I L Ki G

Coarse grained soil classification based on grain size (mm)

Indian Standard Soil Classification system (ISSCS)

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

Reduction in volume of air voids at a Volume reduction due to expultion of pore

(use dynamic load)

Quick sand condition

ie = exit hydraulic gradient.

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

 Unconfined Flow Pumping Test

 Allen Hazen’s Equation

 Coefficient of Consolidation Equation

PERMEABILITY OF STRATIFIED SOILS

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

Note: KH> KV always.

Casagrande’s method Taylor’s method

T50 = 0.196 T90 = 0.848

CRITICAL HYDRAULIC GRADEINT

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

Terzaghi Equation for one- dimension consolidation

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

  m v .H 0 ., CC  0.009(w L  10)

Shear Strength Mechanism

Frictional strength Cohesive strength

of Ca to clay negative pressure

Drained condition Undrained condition

CA Immediate analysis Long term analysis

Vane Shear test

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

Pore Pressure Parameter (Given by Skempton)

W cos , tan  tan 

Face/slope failure Toe failure most Base failure

Active earth pressure Passive earth pressure

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

Earth Pressure at Rest C I

Strip Isolated/spread CA Raft/mat Combined Pile foundation

Net Safe Bearing Capacity

Net ultimate bearing capacity

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

(Calculation of Bearing Capacity)

Analytical methods Building codes Field test methods

Standard penetration test (SPT)

Bearing Capacity for Strip footing

q ult = 1.3 CNC + DfNq+0.4bN

Plate Load test: (IS 1888–1992)

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

Standard Penetration Test

 For Granular soils only

RRB Ki Goli Khao, Railway Me Naukari Pao

Material Mode of load Function or Installation Displacement

Timber Load bearing

Engineering News Formula

Making and advancing of bore holes is called boring