Contents

Competitive Exam: Quick Review (A-G)

(A) ESE Previous Years Cut off
(B) SSC-JE Previous Years Cut off
(C) GATE Previous Years Cut off
(D) SSC-JE Previous Years Appeared Condidate Details
(E) ESE & SSC-JE Previous Years Vacancy Details
(F) Today’s Increasing Competion Review
(G) CIVIL Engineering Facts

UNIT 1: Building Material Construction (1-82)

Analysis of ESE & SSC JE Previous Years 1-1
1. Important Indian Standard Codes 2-2
2. Cement 3-12
3. Concrete 13-30
4. Timber 31-40
5. Aggregates 41-45
6. Bricks 46-52
7. Brick Masonry 53-55
8. Mortar & Lime 56-58
9. STONE 59-63
10. Door & Window 64-68
11. Stair Case 69-70
12. Floors 71-71
13. Steel & Glass 72-75
14. Paint & Varnish 76-78
15. Building Maintenance Engineering 79-82

UNIT 2: Estimation-Costing (83-98)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 83-83
1. Basic Measurement & Work 84-85
2. Valuation 86-90
3. Estimation and Area Types 91-94
4. Material Calculation & other miscellaneous topics 95-98
 (ii)
UNIT 3: Soil Mechanics (99-181)
Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 99-99
1. Soil Origin & Its Properties 100-107
2. Index Properties of Soil 108-114
3. Classification of Soil 115-117
4. Clay Mineral & Soil Structure 118-119
5. Compaction of Soil 120-122
6. Compressibility and Consolidation 123-127
7. Effective Stress, Capillarity and Permeability 128-132
8. Seepage Through Soil 133-135
9. Shear Strength of Soil 136-142
10. Earth pressure and Retaining walls 143-150
11. Shallow Foundation 151-162
12. Deep Foundation 163-170
13. Vertical Stressess 171-173
14. Stability of slopes 174-176
15. Soil Exploration 177-179
16. Expansive Soil 180-181

UNIT 4: Solid Mechanics (182-243)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 182-182
1. Properties of Material 183-198
2. Shear Force & Bending Moment 199-203
3. Deflection of Beams 204-209
4. Principal Stress & Principal Strain 210-213
5. Theories of Failure 214-217
6. Bending Stress 218-221
7. Shear Stress 221-226
8. Combined Stress 227-229
9. Columns 230-232
10. Springs 233-235
11. Torsion of Circular Shaft 236-239
12. Thick & Thin Cylinder/Sphere 240-243

UNIT 5: Navigation Channel Harbour Dock (244-253)

1. Navigation Channel 245-247
 (iii)
2. Harbour 248-249
3. Breakwaters 250-251
4. Dock 252-253

UNIT 6: Reinforcement Cement Concrete (254-317)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 254-254
1. Basic of RCC 255-263
2. Limit State Method & Beam 264-271
3. Codal Provisions for Beam and Slab 272-278
4. Shear 279-284
5. Bond and Anchorage 285-288
6. Torsion 289-290
7. Column 291-296
8. Wall & Footing 297-302
9. Pre-Stressed Concrete Basic 303-305
10. Is Code Recommendations for Pre-Stressed Concrete 306-308
11. Analysis of Pre-Stress And Bending Stresses 309-311
12. Losses & Deflection in Pre-Stress Concrete 312-317

UNIT 7: Earthquake (318-326)

UNIT 8: Fluid Mechanics (327-389)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 327-327
1. Properties of Fluid 328-335
2. Pressure and its Measurement 335-338
3. Hydrostatic–Forces 339-341
4. Buoyancy and Flotation 342-344
5. Liquid in Relative Equilibrium 345-347
6. Fluid Kinematics 348-352
7. Fluid Dynamics 353-358
8. Momentum Equation and Application 359-360
9. Weir and Notches 361-366
10. Laminar Flow 367-369
11. Turbulent Flow 370-373
12. Boundary Layer Thickness 374-378
13. Dimensional Analysis and Model Studies 379-382
14. Flow Through Pipes 383-389
 (iv)
UNIT 9: Hydraulic Machine (390-409)
1. Turbines (391-400)
2. Hydraulic Pumps (401-409)

UNIT 10: Open Channel Flow (410-423)

1. Introduction (411-413)
2. Uniform – Flow 414-417
3. Energy-Depth Relationship 418-419
4. Gradually Varied Flow 420-420
5. Hydraulic Jump 421-423

UNIT 11: Surveying (424-482)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 424-424
1. Fundamentals of Surveying 425-430
2. Linear Measurement 431-436
3. Compass- Surveying 437-441
4. Theodolite 442-444
5. Traversing 445-448
6. Levelling 449-453
7. Techeometry 454-456
8. Plane-Table Surveying 457-459
9. Contouring 460-461
10. Curves 462-464
11. Field Astronomy 465-468
12. Measurement of Area and Volume 469-472
13. Photogrammetry 473-478
14. Theory of Errors 479-482

UNIT 12: Hydrology (483-509)

1. Introduction 484-485
2. Precipitation and Measurement 486-491
3. Abstractions from Precipitation 492-494
4. Stream Flow Measurement 495-496
5. Runoff & Drought 497-500
6. Hydrograph 501-503
7. Floods & Flood Routing 504-509
 (v)
UNIT 13: Irrigation (510-538)
Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 510-510
1. Irrigation & Methods 511-514
2. Soil-moisture Plant Relationship 515-518
3. Water Requirement of Crops 519-523
4. Canal-Design 524-528
5. Earthen-Dams 529-529
6. Canal-Irrigation 530-530
7. Water-Logging 531-532
8. Gravity Dams 533-536
9. Spillway 537-538

UNIT 14: Environmental Engineering (539-624)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 539-539
1. Water Demand, Source & Conveyance 540-546
2. Quality Parameters of Water 547-554
3. Treatment of Water 555-571
4. Distribution System 572-577
5. Waste Water Characteristics 578-582
6. Disposal of Sewage Waste 583-586
7. Design of Sewerage System and Sewer Appurtenances 587-593
8. Sewage Treatment 594-608
9. Solid Waste Management 609-611
10. Air Pollution 612-620
11. Noise Pollution 621-624

UNIT 15: Highway Engineering (625-691)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 625-625
1. Introduction 626-628
2. Geometric Design 629-634
3. Horizontal Alignment 635-640
4. Vertical Alignment 641-643
5. Traffic Engineering Studies 644-651
6. Traffic Control Regulation 652-660
7. Highway Material 661-671
8. Pavement Design 672-676
 (vi)
9. Flexible Pavement Design 677-681
10. Design of Rigid Pavement 682-687
11. Highway Maintenance 688-691

UNIT 16: Airport engineering (692-703)

1. Introduction 693-695
2. Airport Planning 696-696
3. Runway Design 697-699
4. Airport Capacity 700-700
5. Taxiway Design 701-703

UNIT 17: Tunnel Engineering (704-716)

UNIT 18: Bridge Engineering (717-728)

UNIT 19: Railway Engineering (729-750)

1. Basic of Railway and Rail Joints 730-732
2. Sleepers and Track Fasteners 733-734
3. Ballast and Track Alignment 735-736
4. Track Stresses and Creep 737-738
5. Geometric Design of the track 739-743
6. Points and Cross 744-747
7. Railway Station and Station Yard 748-748
8. Signalling and control Systems 749-749
9. Traction and Tractive Resistance 750-750

UNIT 20: CPM & PERT (751-776)

Analysis of ESE & Previous Years 751-751
1. Project Management 752-754
2. Network Technique 755-756
3. Programme Evaluation Review Technique 757-760
4. Critical Path Method 761-763
5. CRASHING, Updating & Resource Allocation 764-766
6. Engineering Economy 767-769
7. Fundamental of Equipments 770-772
 (vii)
8. Excavation Equipment 773-776

UNIT 21: Applied Mechanics (777-796)

1. Basic Fundamental 778-781
2. Velocity & Projectile Motion 782-789
3. Friction 790-791
4. Force 792-794
5. Work, Power & Energy 795-796

UNIT 22: Structural Analysis (797-836)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 797-797
1. Determinacy, Indeterminacy & Stability of Structure 798-801
2. Force Method Of Analysis 802-804
3. Slope-Deflection Method 805-808
4. Moment-Distribution Method 809-811
5. Arches 812-817
6. Trusses 818-822
7. Influence-Line Diagram 823-830
8. Matrix-Method Of Analysis 831-836

UNIT 23: Design of Steel Structure (837-885)

Analysis of ESE, GATE & SSC JE Previous Years 837-837
1. Rivets 838-844
2. Limit State Method of Design 845-846
3. Bolts 847-852
4. Welded Connections 853-857
5. Tension Member 858-862
6. Compression-Members 863-869
7. Column Bases and Caps 870-871
8. Beams (WSM) 872-875
9. Plate-Girders 876-878
10. Industrial Building 879-880
11. Plastic-Analysis 881-885
Fluid Mechanics 327
328 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Properties of Fluid 1
Basic Conversion:
Density (  )
3 3
1kg/m = 0.0624 lb/ft ; 1 lb/ft3 = 4.9 kg/m3
Unit weight, (  or    g )
Units: N/m, kg/m (kg (wt)/m3);
3

1kg/m3 (kg(wt)/m3) 1N/m3 = 0.102kg/m3

= 9.807N/m3
(Force)
1kg wt = 9.807 N 1N = 1 kgm/sec2
(Newton); 1N = 0.102 kg wt
1gm wt = 980.7 dynes 1lb wt = 32.2 poundals
1kg(wt) = 9.807N = 2.204 lb(wt) = 9.807 × 102
dynes
1N = 0.102kg(wt) = 0.2247 lb(wt) = 105 dynes
1 poundal = 13825.5 dynes = 14.102 gm(wt).
(Pressure)
Units: N/m = Pascal (Pa); kg/m2
2

1kg/cm2 = 104 kg/m2 100kPa = 10,200kg/m2

1kg/m2 = 9.807 N/m2; 1Pa = 1N/m2 = 0.102kg/m2
= 9.807 Pa 1kPa = 0.01 kg/cm2
1 Standard Atmospheric = 1.02 kg/cm2
Pressure = 1.013 bar
= 760 mm of Hg
= 101.325 kPa
= 1.033 kg/cm2
= 10.33 m water head
1kg/cm = 98.07kPa 100kPa = 1.02kg/cm2
2
332 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Effect of temperature and pressure of fluid’s viscosity:

µ Air

Water

t(°C)
For liquids,  does not depends on pressure except at high pressure.
For gases also, gas does not depends on pressure but as  is inversely
proportional to pressure
1
So,  gas 
Pressure
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids
du
 If  =  dy then Newtonian fluids otherwise non-Newtonian
ic te
ro
p ic pas
t a st
0

m
ixo P l u
ps st ic
1, B

Th am Gy pla g
0 ngh c tic udo hinin
n<


B B i e
p Ps e r t
1,
n = B  0 Rh
eo ea
n>
1, Sh
Newtonian
1
<
n

=1
0,


B=

,n Dilatant
=0
B 1 (Shear Thickening)
0, n>
B= Ideal Fluid
du/dy
n
 du 
  = A    B (General shear equation)
 dy 
 Slope of the curve gives apparent viscosity.
 Pseduo plastic are shear thinning while Dilatants are shear thickening
fluids.
 Study of Non-Newtonian fluid is called Rheology.
 Ex.
(a) Thixotropic Ink, ketchup, Enamels etc.
(b) Bingham plastic Sewage, sludge, Drilling mud, gel, toothpaste,
cream
(c) Rheopectic Gypsum in water & Bentonite slurry.
(d) Pseudo Plastic Paint, Paper, Pulp, Blood, syrup, Polymer, lipstick,
nailpaint
(e) Dilatant Quick sand, sugar in water, Butter
 Fluid Mechanics 333

Civil Ki Goli:
Tu Bhi Ruhani Pakki Naughty/fudEeh Dramebaj Hai
     
Thixotropic Bingham Rheopectic Pseudo Newtonian Dilatant

Special Points:
1. Wetting property is due to surface tension.
2. Ideal fluids  No-viscosity  “No slip” condition
3. No slip condition is due to fluid viscosity.
Surface tension and capillary effect: It occurs at the liquid-gas interface
or at the interface of two immiscible liquids where a thin film is apparently
formed due to attraction of liquid in the surface which is similar to tension
force
in stretched membrane known as surface tension measured as
length
N
(Unit )
m
Surface tension is caused by force of cohesion between liquid molecules.
Net down force is shown Here
Tension Tension
C
B

Liquid Surface
Net Cohesive Force
Work done
Surface tension =
Change in area to work done
water/air 0.073 N/m, At critical point it becomes zero
Then
2
(a) Pressure inside jet P =
d
d


P = Gauge pressure

8
(b) Pressure inside soap bubble P =
d
 Fluid Mechanics 335

Pressure and its

Measurement 2
 Normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area is called pressure. It is a
scalar Quantity (it has magnitude but no direction).
 Atmospheric Pressure: Pressure exerted by atmosphere. It is
measured by Barometer. At MSL, atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 105
Pascal or 1 Bar or 10.3 m of Height of water or 76 cm height of mercury.
Special Point: If head of water is ‘h’ m then equivalent pressure is wh
and if head of mercury is ‘h’ m then equivalent pressure will be Hgh
Gauge Pressure: Pressure wrt atmospheric pressure as datum. It is
measured using Manometer or Bourdon gauge.
 Gauge pressure can be +ve, –ve, zero.
Absolute Pressure: It is the pressure wrt absolute zero or complete
Vaccum. It is the actual pressure & measured by Aneroid Barometer.
Patm P local
Pvaccum
P gauge Pabsolute
P local
Patm

Pabs Patm

Absolute Absolute
vaccum vaccum

P absolute = Patm – Pvaccum

P absolute = Patm + Pgauge
Special point: ‘h’ m of water vaccum means pressure of –hw

Facts about pressure

1. Longer runway is needed at higher altitude due to reduced drag and
lift.
2. Nose bleeding starts at higher altitude because of difference in body’s
blood pressure and atmosphere pressure.
336 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

3. Motor capacity reduces at higher altitude because oxygen available

for burning of fuel is less in unit volume of gas.
4. Cooking takes longer time at higher altitudes.
5. Aeroplane cruise at higher altitude’s because of less drag, which
increases fuel efficiency.

Special Point: As per Pascal’s law, pressure applied at a confined fluid

increases the pressure throughout by the same amount.
Pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is independents of shape & cross-
section of container in which it is kept. It varies in vertical direction & remains
constant in horizontal direction.
Measurement of fluid pressure

Manometer Mechanical gauges

Based on principle of balancing Mechanical pressure measuring
a column of fluid by the same instruments with a deflecting
or other column needle (used in filling air in tyres)

Simple Differential
manometer manometer
To measure pressure at a point To measure the pressure difference

U-Tube manometer
Inverted differential
Single column manometer manometer

Piezometer Micro manometer

No. Type of Manometer Fluid Types Pressure measurement

1. Piezometer Liquid Positive

(Gauge pressure)

2. U-tube Manometer Both liquid & Both positive &

gases Negative Pressure

3. Inclined Tube Gases Both (+ve & -ve)

Manometer ( for very low pressure) (mostly +ve)

4. Differential &
Inverted Differential Both liquid & Pressure difference
gases Between 2 points

5. Bourdon Pressure Both liquid & It measures pressure

gauge gases at a point
350 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

entering a fixed region should be equal to mass of fluid leaving that fixed
region in a particular time.
Various forms of continuity Equation:
Cartesian co-ordinate System:
(i) Steady Flow in 1-D  AV = Constant
 1A 1V 1 =  2A 2V 2
(ii) Steady Incompressible in 1-D A1V1 = A2V2

Acceleration of fluid:
 ˆ ˆ ˆ
V = u ( x, y, z, t )i  v( x, y, z , t ) j  w( x, y, z , t )k
u u u u
ax = u x  v y  w z 
t

v v v v
ay = u x  v y  w z 
t

w w w w
az = u x  v y  w z 
t
 Total Acceleration = Convective acceleration with respect to space +
local acceleration with respect to time.
Convective Temporal
Type of flow
Acceleration Acceleration
Steady & uniform 0 0
Steady & non-uniform Exists 0
Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists
Unsteady & non-uniform Exists Exists
Acceleration on a stream line

Tangential Acceleration Vn (s,n,t) Vs (s,n,t) Normal Acceleration

It occurs due to change in It occurs due to the
magnitude of velocity. If change in the
spacing b/w stream line direction of fluid
changes, then tangential acceleration moving on a curved
n
exists path
s
 Fluid Mechanics 351

vs vs vn vn

as  Vs + an  Vs +
s t s t
convective local tangential convective local
tangential acceleration normal normal
acceleration acceleration acceleration

No Acceleration Tangential Convective

Acceleration

Both Normal and

Tangential Convective
Normal Convective Accelation
Acceleration

Angular Velocity: It is the average of rotation rate of two initially

perpendicular lines that intersect at that point.

 = x iˆ   y ˆj  z kˆ
1  w v 
x =   
2  y z 
1  u w 
y =   
2  z x 
1  v u 
z =   
2  x y 

 iˆ ˆj kˆ 
 
1    
 =
2  x y z 
 
u v w
352 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

Velocity Potential or Potential Function (): It is the scalar function

of space & time such that its negative derivative with respect to any direction
gives velocity of flow in that direction.
In Cartesian co-ordinate System
 = f(x, y, z, t)
  
= u,  v, w
x y z
Special Points: If angular velocity is zero, flow will be irrotational.
Vorticity () = Twice of Angular Velocity
Circulation = Vorticity × Area
Circulation () = line integral of tangential component of velocity
vector along a closed curve.
 Velocity potential exists only for ideal & irrotational flow.
 Equipotential line is the line joining points having same potential function.
 Velocity of flow is in direction of decreasing potential function.
Stream Function (): It is a scalar function of space & time such that
its partial derivative with respect to any direction gives the velocity component
at right angles (in anti clock wise direction) to this direction.
Cartesian co-ordinate system
 
= v,  u
x y
Special Points:
(a) It two points lie on same straight line, then  will be constant.
(b) If Stream function () satisfies the Laplace equation, then flow is
irrotational otherwise rotational

 2  2 
 = 0
x2 y2
Cauchy-Riemann Equation: For incompressible irrotational flow

    

u =  , v= 
x y  y x
 Fluid Mechanics 353

Fluid Dynamics 7
It is the study of motion of fluid along with the forces causing the motion.
Dynamic behaviour of fluid his flow is analysed by Newton's 2nd law of
motion f = ma
(a) Newton’s equation of motion
      
Fg  FP  FV  Ft  Fc  F  ma
(b) Reynold’s equation of motion
    
Fg  FP  FV  Ft  ma
(c) Navier-stock equation of motion
   
Fg  FP  FV  ma
(d) Euler’s equation of motion
  
Fg  FP  ma
where, Fg = Gravity force
FV = Viscous force
Ft = Turbulence force
FP = Pressure force
Fc = Compressibility force
F = Surface tension force
Special Points:
 Energy equation can be used to known the pressure at a point in a
pipeline using Bernoulli’s eq.
 Continuity eq. is used to find out the flow at two sections of tapering
pipes.
 Euler equation based on momentum conservation while Bernoulli is
ased on energy conservation.
354 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

 Impulse momentum principle is used to find out the force on a moving

vane.
 Concept of moment of momentum (Angular momentum principle is
used in lawn sprinkler problems).
Bernoulli’s Equation: It is the integration of Euler’s equation of motion
along a stream line under steady incompressible flow conditions.
Assumptions:
(i) Along Stream line
(ii) effect of friction is negligible (Ideal flow)
(iii) Steady and Incompressible
 p   V2 
Total head H =  g    2g   Z
   
 p 
Piezometric Head =   z 
 g 
 v2 
Dynamic Head =  2g 
 

 p   v2 
Stagnation Head =  g    2g 
   
Static pressure
head Dynamic Hydrostatic pressure
pressure tread head

Stagnation pressure head

Piezometric pressure head

P V2
+ + gz = Constant
 2
Pressure Energy Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
+ +
Mass Mass Mass
Special Points: When normal acceleration is zero , (when particles move
on a straight line), then the piezometric head is a constant.
 Fluid Mechanics 355

 Continuity equation is based on the “Principal of Conservation of

Mass”.
 Free vortex equation is based on “Principal of Conservation of
Momentum”.
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor ()
Actual K.E.
 =
K.E. Calculated from Average Velocity
3
A v dA v dA
 = 3
Vavg  
AVavg A A

Momentum Correction Factor ()

Actual linear momentum/sec
 =
Linear momentum/sec calculated from Average Velocity
2
 v dA
A v dA
 = 2
Vavg  
AV avg
A A
Note:
 
Laminar flow between plates 2 4/3
Laminar flow b/w parallel plates 1.543 1.2
Turbulent flow in pipes 4/3 1.015

Applications of Energy Equation:

1. Orificemeter
(1) (2)
Plate h

Flow a0 a2 stream lines

a1
(1) (2)
Venna-contracta
 It is cheaper instrument, measures discharge but has more losses
hence cd = 0.64 – 0.76
 Fluid Mechanics 361

Weir and Notches 9

Weir:

Weir Notch
1. Constructed in an 1. Used for measuring
open channel to the discharge through
measure its discharge. a small channel or a tank.
2. It is bigger in size 2. It is smaller in size
3. It is concrete or masonary 3. It is gererally metallic plate
structure.

H Nappe

Crest or sill

Weir or notch
Crest/Sill: The top edge of a notch/Top of a weir over which water
flows is known as crest/sill.
Note:
Types of weirs

(a) Shape of (b) Effect of sides on © Shape of crest (d) Meter of

opening emerging nappe discharge

Rectangular With end Sharp edge crested

Ordinary weir
Trapezoidal contraction Narrow crested
Submerged weir
Triangular Without end Broad crested
Cipollettie contraction Ogee-shaped
1. Rectangular sharp-crested Suppressed weir:
 Suppressed  without end contraction.
362 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

2
 Qactual =cd L 2g H2/3 , cd  0.62
3
H  depth of water above crest level
Nappe

H
Crest
H Outside
air supplied

 If velocity of approach (Va) is also considered then

Q Va2 2
Va = (H + H')L , ha  , Q = c d 2 g L [ (H  ha )  ha ]
3/2 3/ 2
2g 3
 Effect of end contraction, if not suppressed L is replaced by Left
1 2 3 4

Leff = L – 0.1 nH
n = Number of end contractions (It is 4th in the above diagram)
2
Q = cd 2 g Leff H3/ 2
3
2. Trapezoidal Notch or weir:
2 8 
Q= cd1 2g L H3/2 + cd2 2g tan H 5/ 2
3 15 

 H 
2 2
L

3. Flow over V-Notch or triangular weir:

8 
 Q= cd 2 g tan H5 / 2 cd = 0.52
15 
 If we consider velocity of approach then
8 
Q= cd 2 g tan [(H + ha )5 / 2  ha 5/ 2
15 
 Fluid Mechanics 367

Laminar Flow 10
In Laminar flow fluid particles move along the straight parallel paths in layers.
It occurs at a very low velocity, & here Viscous force predominates the inertial
forces. (Cuette flow: When one plate is moving and other is at rest)
Nature of flow according to Reynold's number (Re)

Laminar Transition Turbulent

Flow in pipe Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000
Flow between Re < 1000 1000 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
parallel plate
Flow in open channel Re < 500 500 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
Flow through soil Re < 1 1 < Re < 2 Re > 2

Flow through circular pipe (steady uniform flow)

Make tabel at final time

dp dz
1. 
dx dy
x is the direction of flow
y is perpendicular to x

z y
P.dA x
 dp 
 P+ dx dx  dA
 
dx
2
 r 
2. V = Vmax 1  R 2 
 
1  dp  2
3. Vmax =  R
4  dx 
368 Civil Booster (Civil Ki Goli Publication 9255624029)

r
r  dp  Variation of shear
4. =    stress  linear
2  dx 
2 Vmax  P1 - P1  R
5. max = = 
R  L 2
R

Shear Power input Velocity

stress per unit variation
variation volume
   dp  4
6. Q =  D Hagen Poiseuille Formula
  dx 
Q 1  p  2
7. Vavg = 2
    D , Vmax = 2Vavg
 R 32  x 
R
8. V = Vavg at r = = 0.707 R
2
flV 2 (4 f )lV 2 64
9. hL =  , ( f = friction factor = , f = coefficient of
2 gD 2 gD Rc
friction)
32 VL 128 QL
10. hL = =
D 2
D 4

Flow between two fixed parallel plates

1  -dp  2 B dy
1. u =   (By  y ) y
2  dx  dx x

1  dp  3
2. Q =  B
12  dx 

du 1  dp 
3.      (B  2y) 
dy 2  dx 
 Fluid Mechanics 369

Q 1  dp  2
4. Vavg =   B
A 12  dx 
1  dp   3
5. Vmax =    , Vmax = Vavg
8  dx  2
B 3B
6. V = Vavg at y = 
2 6
3B
6
3B
6

12Vavg.L
7. hL = hL =

For couette flow (one plate moving other at rest)
V

B y

Velocity Shear
distribution stress variation
Vy 1  dp 
u =    (By – y2)
B 2  dx 
V  dp  B 
 =    y 
B  dx  2 
Entrance length: The length of pipe from its entrance upto the point
where flow attains fully developed velocity profile & which remains unaltered
beyond that the known as entrance length.
 Entrance length in a pipe is the length where boundary layer increases
and flow is fully developed.
 For Laminar Flow L = 0.07 Re D
 For Turbulent FlowLe = 50 D
Special Poins:
Hele Show flow: Laminar flow between parallel plates
Stoke’s Law: Settling of fine particles.
Hagen Poiseuille flow: Laminar flow in Tubes/pipes.
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CIVIL ENGINEERING FACTS
1. John Smeaton is known as the Father of CIVIL Engineering.
2. Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya is the first INDIAN CIVIL Engineer.
3. India celebrates Engineer's Day on 15 September every year as a tribute to
the greatest Indian Engineer Bharat Ratna Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya.
4. Shakuntala A. Bhagat is the first INDIAN Woman CIVIL Engineer.
5. Elattuvalapil Sreedharan is known as "Metro Man" of India.
6. George Stephenson, an English Civil engineer and mechanical engineer, is
known as Father of Railway Engineering.
7. Elmina Wilson was the first woman to receive a Bachelor of civil engineering
degree at Iowa State College, and the first one to complete her master's
degree in the field. She was known as the "first lady of structural
engineering", she collaborated with Marston to build the 168-foot-tall Ames,
Iowa, water tower, the first raised steel tower west of the Mississippi.
8. Karl Von Terzaghi, Austrian Civil Engineer,Geotechnical Engineer and
Geologist known as "Father of Soil Mechanics"
9. Ludwig Prandtl changed the field of the fluid mechanics and is called the
modern father of fluid mechanics because
10. Stepan Prokopovych Timoshenko is consider to be the father of modern
engineering mechanics.
11. The survey of India is central engineering agency in-charge of mapping
and surveying, set up in 1767.
12. George Everest was surveyor-general of India, under whom great
Trigonometrical survey (1802-1852) was completed and Mount Everest was
named in his honour by Andrew Scott Waugh.
13. Qutub Minar, is the tallest minaret in the world made up of Bricks. Qutub
Minar is 73-metre (239.5 feet) tall tapering tower of five storeys, with a
14.3 metres (47 feet) base diameter, reducing to 2.7 metres (9 feet) at the
top of the peak. It is having a spiral staircase of 379 steps. It's design is
thought to have been based on the minaret of Jam, in western Afghanistan.
14. Golden Quadrilateral is the largest highway project in India and the fifth
longest in the world. The project was launched in 2001 by Atal Bihari
Vajpayee and was completed in 2012. It consists of 5,846 km (3,633 mile)
four/six lane express highways.
15. Taj Mahal is an ivory white marble on the south bank of the Yamuna river
in the in Agra (UP). It was built for Mumtaz Mahal by Shah Jahan.
16. Indira Gandhi Canal is the longest canal in india and largest irrigation project
in the world. It is 649 km long and runs through Haryana, Punjab and
Rajasthan.

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 CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION
17. Tehri Dam is located on the Bhagirathi river, Uttarakhand. It is the highest
dam (261 meters) in India and 8th tallest dam in the world. It is a Earth and
rock-fill type dam.
18. Bhakra Nangal Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej river,
Himachal Pradesh.
19. Hirakund dam is a composite dam built across the Mahanadi River in Orissa.
It is one of the longest dams in the world about 26 km in length.
20. Nagarjuna Sagar dam is the world's largest Masonry dam with a height of
124 meters, built accross krishna River in Andhra Pradesh.
21. Kizhi Pogost situated on Kizhi island in north-west Russia stands as the
worlds largest-standing structure built entirely from Wood.
22. India is the world's 2nd largest cement producer and consumer.
23. The Great wall of China is wall built in 220-206 BC by Qin Shi Huang. It is
made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood and other materials.
24. The Cantilever railway bridge is the second longest sea bridge in India (after
Bandra-Worli Sea Link) with a total length of nearly 2.065 km. The Pamban
Bridge is India's first sea bridge and third longest rail bridge of India. It is
build across the Palk Strait water body.
25. Pir Panjal Tunnel is the India's longest (10.96 km) railway tunnel in Jammu
& Kashmir.
26. Bandra Worli Sea Link is a cable Stayed bridge with pre-stressed concrete-
steel viaducts on either side that links Bandra in the Western Suburbs of
Mumbai with Worli in South Mumbai.
27. John smeaton pioneered The use of 'hydraulic lime', which led to discovery
of modern cement.
28. An Indian company erected a 10-storey structure in 48 hours in Mohali,
Chandigarh. The man responsible, Harpal Singh, chairman and managing
director of Synergy Thrislington, says he made Instacon - short for "instant
construction" -to show the world that it could be done in India.
29. The Delhi Metro is the world's 10th longest metro system in length and
16th largest in ridership.
30. The Godavari Bridge also known as Kovvur Rajahmundry bridge over river
Godavari in Rajahmundry is Asia's second longest road-cum-rail bridge
crossing a water body. The 2.7 kilometres long bridge has two lanes of road
single railway line.
31. The Kathipara Junction of Chennai is the largest cloverleaf interchanges in
India and largest cloverleaf flyover in the whole of Asia. Kathipara cloverleaf
grade separator is located at the intersection of Grand Southern Trunk Road,
Inner Ring Road, Poonamallee road and Anna Salai.
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