like structure 1.

Continuous Beam Member Stiffness: Stiffness of a member AB when farther

Type of Idealized Reaction Number of r – no. of retraints added to make structure perfectly A B
end is
connection symbol of unknowns/
constraints constraints
rigid A 2EI  3  Fixed Hinged
M AB  M FAB   2A  B  
One Unknown.  Ds for 3D rigid frames: Ds = 6C – r MAB
MBA
= l  l 
(1)
Ds for beam, Ds = Dse + Dsi, Ds = r – s (because beam have Dsi = B
M BA  M FBA 
2EI  3  B
 The reaction  2B  A   
  is a force 0) l  l  
light cable E,I, l M
F that acts in the
 direction of the Kinematic Indeterminancy: 2. When one end is pin supported
cable or link M
weightless link
Refers to degree of freedom at all joint. M FBA 3EI   L L
M AB  M FAB    A  
2 L  L
One unknown.  For 2D rigid frames: K = M = 4EI K = M = 3EI
The reaction  
Fixed end Moments. L L
is a force D k  3j  re  rr  n r
(2)
that acts per- Joint Stiffness Factor: Considering joint ‘D’ to be rigidly
pendicular  For 3D rigid frames: Loading Diagram MAB MBA connected Applying moment ‘M’ at D
to the surface
smooth F
at the point D k  6 j  re  rr  n r MAB M = M1 + M2 + M3 ; M = K1  + K2  + K3 
contacting of contact. l P l
surface Where j  no. of joints. A
2 2
B Pl Pl M 4EI1 3EI 2 4EI3
(3) One Unknown re  reactions released 8 8 K  K1  K 2  K 3    
The reaction
rr  reactions available at supports. MAB  1 2 3
is a force
Rollers that acts per- nr  no. of members axially rigid.
pendicular MAB l1 I 1 l2 I2
F
to the surface
Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem: It is a special cases of Bettis D
A B
at the point law. If only two froce P & Q are acting & magnitude of P and Q A  Wl 2
Wl 2
of contact. M
Rocker are unity, then  PQ   QP where, QP = Deflection at Q due to 12 12
MAB
unit load at P l3 I3
One unknown. MAB
The reaction
is a force
 PQ = Deflection at P due to unit load at  Wl 2 Wl 2
that acts per- A B C
(4)
pendicular 1 30 20
MAB
to the surface P Q
at the point
Distribution Factor (D.F.):
F
P Q MAB
Smooth of contact. Sum of DF for all members at a joint is always one
pin-connected
collar Q  QP B B 11 2 5
PQ l l
Wl Wl 2 Stiffness of a member
Two unknowns.  PQ = PQ 2 2 192 192 DF = Sumof stiffness of all members at that joint
(5) MAB
 Fy The reaction

are two force Betti’s Theorem: In it, the virtual work done by a P-force
Fx MAB
components P Re lative stiffness of a member
smooth system in going through deformation of Q - Force system is a b 2 2 DF =
pin or
hinge equal to the virtual work done by the Q-force system in going A B Pab Pa b Sum of Re lative stiffness of all members at that joint
l=a+b
through the deformation of P-force system l2 l2 Relative stiffness
Q1P MAB
P2Q
(6) Two unknowns. P2 Q1 W
(a) when far end is fixed = I / l
The reaction m
M are a force &
P1 Q2P Q2 MAB 3I
F a moment. P1Q 5 2 5 (b) when far end is hinged =
slider A B Wl Wl 2 4l
l l
96 96
2 2 MAB
D
fixed P-system of forces Q-system of forces
connected MAB
collar
P1P1Q  P2 P2 Q  Q1Q1P  Q 2 Q 2 P Mo b  2a  b  M o a(2b  a)
Three a b
unknowns. Castigliano’s 1st theorem Castigliano’s 2nd theorem I=a+b L2 L2 O
C
(7) Fy The reaction
MAB
M (a) The first partial derivative of (a) The first partial derivative A
are the
Fx moment &
total internal energy (strain of total internal energy in a
MAB
the two force energy) in a structure with structure with respect to the force
respect to any particular applied at any point is equal
MD MD
deflection component at a to the deflection at the point MD
point is equal to the force of application of that force l l 4 4
MAB B
applied at that point & in in the direction of its line 2 2
Static Inteterminancy: the direction corresponding of action.
to the deflection component. MAB CIVIL ENGINEERING
DS  DSE  DSi U U U U

 P or

M
P
  or
M
 ROCKET CHART
No. of additional reactions reuired to analyse a structure is 6EI 6EI FOR QUICK REVISION

called static indeterminancy. (b) Castigliano’s 1st theorem is(b) Castigliano’s 2nd theorem is l2 l2 BY
applicable to linearly or non- applicable to linearly elastic
 Ds for 2D truss : m + re – 2j linearly elastic structures in (Hookean material structures
MAB S.SOROUT: 9255624029
 Ds for 3D truss : m + re – 3j which the temperature is with constant temperature
CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s content &
 Ds for 2D rigid frames : Ds = 3C – r constant & the supports & unyielding supports.
are unyilding.  3EI Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, GET THE BEST ) . Available
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MAB
 Carry Over Factor = (COF) Where, HA = Horizontal thrust = HB Methods of Analysis of statically determinate truss Type of Diagram Flexibility Stiffness
displacement
Carry over moment wl
COF  VA = Vertical reaction at A =  VB . Method of joint Method of section
Applied moment 2 L AE
It is used for solving the (i) Axial
Fx= 0,  Fy = 0 L AE L
Standard Cases w unit per run unknown force acting on the
Analysis should start at members of a truss. The method displacement
M/2 joint having atleast one involved breaking the truss 

(i) 1 known force & at most down into individual sections and L
COF =
2
h1 two unknown forces. analyzing each section as a separate L3 12EI
(ii) Transverse
M rigid body  12EI L3
H A h2 displacement
l1 6EI
(ii) COF = -1 L
2
6EI
VA Note : Pratt truss is better than Howe truss as the diagonal member 2
M B L
M H in Pratt truss carries tension but in Howe truss, diagonal member
l2 carries compression. If longer member carries compression, L3 3EI
A (a) With far 
a b B VB there is likely chance of buckling of truss member. 3EI L3
(iii) a
COF =
b King post truss – The spacing of the king post truss end hinged 3EI
M is limited to 3m centre to centre. The truss is suitable L
2
Ma
b l h1 l h2
l1  ; l2  for spans varying from 5 - 8 meters. T L GI P
h1  h 2 h1  h 2 Queen post truss – This truss differs from a king (iii)Torsional GIP L
post truss having two vertical post, known as queen displacement
wl 2 posts. This truss is suitable for 8-12m spans.
HA  HB  2
(iv) Flexural
2  h1  h 2  Fink Truss – It is used for longer span having high displacement
4EI
V pitch roof. The web members in such truss are Sub-
L
w w divided to obtain shorter members. L 4EI
HA  HB  sin2  (At crown   90 , H 
o
)
(a) With far
4EI L
  Howe Truss – This type of truss is a combination of end fixed 2EI
steel & wood, which makes it elegant, while also L
w C offering a very appealing design. It has a very wide 3EI
L 3EI
(b) With far L
span, as it can cover anything from 6-30m. 3EI L

R Zero-force Members: end hinged

A  B 1. If three members join at a point & out of them, two are

H H
collinear & also no external load acts at joint, the third
VA VB member is a zero force member.
2. If only two non-collinear members exist at a truss joint & no Truss Frames
 An arch is subjected to thrust, shear force & bending mo- Various types of Arches : external force or support reaction is applied to the joint, the In truss forces act only along the axis
ment. members must be zero force member. In frames forces are acting along the axis of the
A drop arch is pointed with a span greater than its of the members. Members are having
 A three hinged arch is subjected to normal thrust & radial Deflection of Truss joint member, in addition to transverse forces.
radii. tension or compression.
shear and bending moment. 1. Castigliano’s Method
Two centered arch - The curve surface of these arches Each member is acted upon by
 A linear arch is subjected to normal thrust only.
makes from two center points. Examples of two U two equal and opposite
w unit per run  One or more than one member of frame
centered arches equilateral, pointed lancet and F forces having line of action
is subjected to more than two forces
n
P 2 dx   n Pi 2 dx  along the centre of members.
Venetian arches. (multiple force members).
C U  i so     (every member of truss is
A lancet arch is pointed, with radii much larger than i 1 2 AE F  i 1 2 AE 
x h a two force member.)
y the span. 2. Maxwell’s unit load method
A B Forces are applied at the joints only. Forces may act anywhere on the member.
H L H B Three Centred arch - The curve surface of these arches
A x External virtual work  Internal vitual wrok Member does not bend. Members may be bend
is made from three center points. This arch is Used for large loads. Used for small & medium loads.
wL
VA = 2 wL
VB = 2
the more or less semi-elliptical arch. Ex. -Ogee  Pdx 
1    ui  i  li  i ti  i 
arch, Drop arch, Semi-elliptical arch
4h  Ai Ei 
Profile, y = x(l  x) An ogee arch is pointed and usually of four arcs, the S.SOROUT, 9255624029
l2 centers of two inside the arch & two outside; this FOLLOWING BOOKS
CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION :
wl 2 WL AVAILABLE BY

HA  HB  ; VA  VB  produces a compound curve . It is also called as 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI

8h 2 keel arch. 2. CIVIL BOOSTER
Wx 2 3. REASONING Ki GOLI
Moment at only section × from A – Mx = VA x   Hy 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
2
Mx = 0