Power System Pocket Note

Part 1
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Basic structure of power system:

A. Electrical energy generated at generating stations by synchronous generator.

B. The generating voltages are generally 11kv and 33kv.
C. This voltage is then stepped up by step up transformer upto 132kv,220kv,400kv
for transmission over long distances.
D. Again this voltage are brought down to sub trasmission level (66kv) to supply
large consumer.
E. After that stepped down at 11kv or 33kv.
F. For secondary distribution level voltage is brought down to 400V for 3phase
and for single phase 230v for residential and commercial used.
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Voltage level:

A. Low voltage= 230V for single phase and 440V for 3phase.
B. High voltage= 11kV and 33kV
C. Extra High Voltage= 66kV, 132kV, 220kV
D. Modern EHV= 400kV
E. Ultra High Voltage= 765kV and above
Advantage of bundle conductor:

A. Self distance increased without change in mutual distance.

B. Voltage gradient reduces so corona loss decrease.
C. It reduces the interference with near by communication line.
D. Power system stability increases.
E. Inductance of transmission line decreases.
F. Capacitance of transmission line increases.
G. Surge impedance reduces.
Conductor used for transmission line:

A. Copper conductor.
B. ACSR (Aluminium conductor steel reinforced).
C. AAAR ( All aluminium alloy reinforced).
D. ACAR (Aluminium conductor alloy reinforced).
E. Expanded ACSR Conductor: It is used for Extra High Voltage Lines.
Types of conductors:

A. Stranded conductors.
B. Solid conductors: It has high skin effect.
C. Hollow conductor: Preferred under heavy current (For more than 1000Amp.)
D. Bundle conductors: It is used for more than 275kV
E. Composite Standard Conductors: Used For Less than or 220 kV
Type Of Insulators:

A. Pin type: operate satisfactory upto 25kV.

B. Multiple type Insulator: Operates upto 33kV.
C. Shackle type Insulator: This are low tension cable. It can be operate either
horizontally or vertically.
D. Strain type Insulator: These are mechanically strong. These are used when
direction of transmission line changes across river crossing or at the dead end
of transmission line.
E. Suspension Type Insulator: These are designed to operate at 11kV.
String Efficiency=

Voltage across the whole string/ Number of insulator discs in the string*Voltage
across the unit adjacent to line conductor.

Remember: As the number of string decreases string efficiency decreases.

Important Terms And Definitions:

• Connected load: The connected load on any system or part of a system ,is the
combined continuous rating of all the receiving apparatus on consumers
premises, which is connected to the system or part of the system under
consideration.
• Demand: It is the load that is drawn from the source of supply to the receiving
terminals averaged over a suitable and specified interval of time. It is expressed
in Kilowatts(kW) ,kilovolt-amperes(KVA) ,Amperes(A) ,or other suitable units.
• Maximum Demand: It is the greatest of all demands that have occurred during
given period. It is determined by measurement, according to specifications ,over
a interval of time.
Important Terms And Definitions:

• Demand factor: Maximum demand/Connected load

• Load Factor: Average Load/Maximum demand

• Diversity Factor: Sum of individual maximum demands/maximum demand of

entire group

• Utilization factor: Maximum Generator demand/ Generator Capacity

Important Terms And Definitions:

• Plant Capacity Factor: E/C*T

• Plant Use Factor: E/C*T’

Where, E= Energy Produced (kWh) in given period.

C= Capacity of the plant in kW.
T= Total number of hours in the given period.
T’= Actual number of hours the plant has been in operation.
Important Terms And Definitions:

• Dump power: Used in hydro power plants and it shows the power in excess of the
load requirements and it is made available by surplus water.
• Firm water: It is the power which should always be a available even under
emergency conditions.
• Prime Power: It is the power which can may be mechanical ,hydraulic or thermal
that always available for conversion in to electrical power.
• Cold Reserve: It is that reserve generating capacity which is not in operation but
can be made available for service.
• Hot Reserve: It is that reserve generating capacity which is in operation but can
be made available for service.
Important Terms And Definitions:

• Spinning Reserve: Is that reserve generating capacity which is connected to the

bus and ready to take the load.
Types Of Loads:
1. Residential load: Domestic applications.
2. Commercial load: Shop ,Advertisements and Electrical appliances.
3. Industrial load: Demand Of Various Industries.
4. Municipal load: Street Lighting ,power required for water supply and drainage
purpose.
5. Irrigation load: For Pumps Driven By Electric Motors To Supply Water to Fields.
6. Traction load: For Trams ,Cars ,Trolleys ,Buses And Railways.
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