Work and 1st Law notes

Work, W = all energy transferred across boundary, EXCEPT heat

BOUNDARY WORK
Boundary Work = Wb = ∫
PdV (kJ)
Special cases:
Isobaric: w = P(v2-v1) (kJ/kg)
Isochoric: w = 0
⎛ v2 ⎞ ⎛ P1 ⎞ ⎛ v2 ⎞
Isothermal, ideal gas (Pv = C): w = RT ln ⎜ ⎟ = RT ln =
⎜ ⎟ 1 1 ⎜ ⎟ (kJ/kg)
PV ln
⎝ v1 ⎠ ⎝ P2 ⎠ ⎝ v1 ⎠
P2v 2 − P1v1
Polytropic, gas (Pvn = C): w = (kJ/kg)
(1− n)

FIRST LAW

ENERGY PROPERTIES
Internal Energy, U and enthalpy, H
Ideal gases
u2 – u1 = CV*(T2-T1) (kJ/kg)
h2 – h1 = CP*(T2-T1) (kJ/kg)
Ideal liquids: CV = CP and h2 – h1 = u2 – u1
Water/steam and refrigerant: Use tables A-4 – A-6 and A-11 – A-13.

Closed System

General: Q – W = ΔU
Sign convention: Work done by (out of) system (+). Heat into system (+).
Special Cases
Isobaric expansion with only boundary work Q – Wb = ΔU OR Q = ΔH
Adiabatic process: -W = ΔU
Passive process (no work): Q = ΔU
Adiabatic and passive (e.g. calorimeter): 0 = ΔU
Cycle (ΔU = 0): Qnet = Wnet
 Open systems at STEADY STATE

2 2
& −W
& = ∑m V V
Q & e ( h e + e + gz e ) − ∑ m
& i ( h i + i + gz i ) (kw)
e 2 i 2

Special Cases
one inlet (1) and one outlet (2)

& &
Q − W = m& ( h2 − h1 +
(
V22 − V12 )
+ g ( z2 − z1 )) (kw)
2000
where units of h are kJ/kg, V are m/s and z is km

neglecting potential energy changes (nozzles, diffusers)

& &
Q − W = m& ( h2 − h1 +
V22 − V12
)
( ) (kw)
2000
Stationary - ke and pe changes neglected: (often turbines, compressors).

Q& − W& = m& ( h2 − h1 ) (kw)

Adiabatic and passive, no heat or work (often heat exchangers, mixers)

0 = ∑ m& e ( he ) − ∑ m& i ( hi ) (kw)

e i

adiabatic throttling valve: h2 = h1

Cycle:

Q& net = W&net (kw)

mass flow rate, m& :

Conservation of mass at steady-state: ∑ m& i = ∑ m& e
i e

V&
m& = ρVA = ρV& = where V = velocity, v = spec. vol., V& = vol. flow rate
v
Individual control volume devices – see handout on web page.
Problem Solution Rubric:

1. Write the 1st law for the appropriate system.

2. Modify 1st law for special cases
3. Calculate energy properties (internal energy, enthalpy) using specific heat
and temperature or tables.
4. Find mass terms, if necessary, using ideal gas law and/or open system
relations for m& .