Formula Sheet: Electricity and Magnetism

Coulomb’s law Electric potential

 kq q  The force on charge 1 kq The potential for a point
F1, 2  12 2 r1, 2 due to charge 2. The V(r ) 
r1, 2 r charge or outside a
unit vector points from spherically symmetric
charge 2 to charge 1 charge distribution, with
Electric Fields V=0 at infinity.
 
F(on q 0 )  q 0 E
kdq potential from an infinitesimal
 kq  dV  charge element.
Field of a point charge E  2 r r
r Potential calculated from the electric
 n  field
Principle of E net   Ei
superposition i 1   dV
dV  E  d  and   E tan
d
Field from an  kdq 
infinitesimal charge dE  2 r  
b
r
element. V  Vb  Va    E  d 
a
Field on either side of an 
E 
infinite charged plane 2 0 Constants
Discontinuity at the  e = 1.602 × 10–19 C
E  1eV = 1.602 × 10–19 J
surface of charged plane 0
me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
Gauss’s law mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
 
Flux: defined: net   E  ndA   E n dA k = 1/(4o) = 8.99 × 109 N m2/C2
S S
o = 8.85 ×10–12 F/m ( or C2/N m2)
Gauss’s Law: net  4 kqenclosed o = 4 ×10–7 T m/A
1 T = 104 G
qenclosed g = 9.8 m/s2

0
Differential area element: dA
dA = (circumference)x(thickness)
ring: dA = 2r dr
Differential volume elements: dv
dv = (surface area)x(thickness)
thin sheet: dv = A dy
thin cylindrical shell: dv = 2rL dr
thin spherical shell: dv = 4r2 dr
 Formula Sheet: Electricity and Magnetism
Potential Energy
Ohm’s Law
U  q0 V for q0 moving through ΔV
V  IR
n
U   q i Vi ; for a group of point Power dissipated in a resistor
i 1
V2
charges bringing in each P  IV  I 2 R 
charge sequentially R

U  12 QV for a conductor at potential V Kirchhoff’s rules

(1) at a junction: Iin =  I out
Energy stored in a capacitor:
(2) around a closed loop: V = 0
Q2
U  12 CV 2  12 QV  12
C Time dependent circuits
Energy density of electric fields 
( is the battery emf)
u e  12  0 E 2
charge on a capacitor:
Capacitors You can derive I(t)and V(t) from Q(t)
ε A
C
Q
parallel plate : C  0  
RC, charging : Q(t )   C 1  e t /  RC ,  RC  RC
V d t /  RC
RC, dischargin g : Q(t )  Qo e
Capacitors in a circuit
n
current through an inductive circuit:
parallel: C equiv  C1  C 2     Ci
i 1
You can derive VR(t) from I(t)

series:
RL, close switch : I (t ) 
 1  e t /  LR
,  
L
LR
1 1 R R
C equiv  
1  1  RL, open switch : I (t )  I o e t /  LR
n
1
C1 C2 C
i 1 i

DC Circuits
ΔQ dQ
I   qnAv d
Δt dt
L
R ρ
A
Resistors in a circuit
n
series: R equiv  R 1  R 2     R i
i 1

parallel:
1 1
R equiv  
 1 
n
1 1
R1 R2 R
i 1 i
 Formula Sheet: Electricity and Magnetism
Magnetic Force Induction
       (see previous page for LR circuits)
FB  qv  B [ FLorentz  q( E  v  B) ]
     
dFB  Idl  B F  IL  B Flux in a single loop

 B   B  nˆdA  BA cos( )
Magnetic Torques on current loops S

 Faraday’s law (for one loop)

Magnetic moment:   NIAnˆ
  
  NIAB sin( )   B
   d B
potential energy of a current loop dt
 
U    B Self inductance and self-induced emf
Magnetic Fields
  0 qv  rˆ L  N B
I
   L dIdt
B (point charge : not in the book)
4 r 2 Mutual inductance and induced emf

  0 Idl  rˆ
dB  Biot  Savart Law
4 r 2 M  N 2  21
I1
 N112
I2
  M dIdt
In the center of a single current loop of
radius R Magnetic Energy
 o 2I
Bloop  U m  12 LI 2 stored in an inductor
4 R
On the axis of a single current loop of B2
um  1
energy density in a B field
radius R 2
0
 o 2R 2 I
Bloop ( x) 
4 x 2  R 2 3 / 2
(x = 0 in the center)

Inside a long solenoid

Bx = μ0nI (n is loops/m = N/L)
Due to a very long straight wire
 0 2I
B
4 r
Due to a short straight segment
 I
B  0 (sin  2  sin 1 )
4 r
Ampere’s Law
 
 dl   0 I encircled
B
C