British Standard

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A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to

Sheffield University
25 March 2003

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most

current version of this document by searching British
Standards Online at bsonline.techindex.co.uk
 | PD 6612 : 1997
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ICS 01.120 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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 PD 6612 : 1997

Committees responsible for this

Published Document
The preparation of this Published Document was entrusted to Technical Committee
B/-, Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering, upon which the following
bodies were represented:

Department of the Environment (Construction Sponsorship Directorate)

Co-opted members

The following bodies were also represented in the drafting of the standard, through
panels:

Health and Safety Executive

Building Employers Confederation
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

This Published Document, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 December 1997

 BSI 1998
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Text affected

10050 June 1998 Indicated by a sideline in the margin

The following BSI reference

relates to the work on this
Published Document:
Committee reference B/-

ISBN 0 580 28614 2

 PD 6612 : 1997

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Framework for standards 1
3 Types of British Standard and their characteristics 1
4 The purpose and use of codes of practice 3
5 Preparation and drafting 5
6 Structure and content 6
7 Format and presentation 9
Annexes
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

A (normative) Framework for standards and other classifications 10

B (informative) Background information on ISO and CEN 12
C (normative) Flow diagram for the application of CEN projects 14
D (normative) Check list of potential users of codes 15
E (informative) The fog index and examples of its use 16
F (normative) Graphics check list 18
| G Text deleted
Tables
1 Type of content of codes of practice likely to be needed by users at each
project stage 4
A.1 Sub-division of primary elements 11
D.1 Check list of potential users of codes of practice within user groups 16
Figures
C.1 Identification of new projects as being in the field of BTS1 strategy for
design and execution, and acceptance procedure 14
E.1 Examples of redrafting 17
| G.1 Figure deleted

 BSI 1998 i
 PD 6612 : 1997

Foreword

This Published Document has been prepared under the direction of the Sector Board
for Building and Civil Engineering by a Panel, B/-/11, comprising members representing
a broad experience of users of building codes.
| This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract.
| Users are responsible for its correct application.
This Published Document is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

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ii  BSI 1998

Introduction
The BSI report A strategy for building codes,
commissioned by the Sector Board for Building and
Civil Engineering, recommended that BSI give a high
priority to the preparation of a document to give
guidance on the preparation of codes of practice for
building.
Issues to be addressed would include the needs of
users, the use of a common framework for
presenting information, the relationship with
European standards and the structure, content and
arrangement of codes, as well as the presentation of
text and graphics.
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
1 Scope
This document gives guidance on the preparation of
codes of practice for building which fall under the
umbrella of B/-, the Sector Board for Building and
Civil Engineering. However, this guide does not
cover civil engineering and structural design codes,
neither does it relate to fire standards which are the
responsibility of a different Sector Board.
Whilst the guide is mainly concerned with the
preparation of codes of practice, it also includes
information on specifications to make the reader
aware of the essential differences between the two
types of document. Readers are reminded that the
term `British Standard' includes codes of practice as
well as other types of document, such as methods
and specifications.
The guide builds on previous editions of PD 6501 and
makes reference to the most recent edition of
BS 0 : Part 3 for detailed information on BSI
requirements for the drafting and preparation of
British Standards in general.
2 Framework for standards
BSI has commissioned a Framework for standards
to enable not only British Standards, but also
documents prepared by other authoritative
organizations in the construction industry to be
listed in a classified format (see annex A).
This framework, to which many references are made
in this guide, should be used when drafting codes of
practice:
± to indicate which codes are currently available;
± to facilitate the co-ordination and retrieval of
information;
± to enable recommendations of special interest to
be brought together and published as derived
documents to meet the needs of specialized
markets.
 BSI 1997
PD 6612 : 1997
3 Types of British Standard and their
characteristics
3.1 Types of standard
The main types of British Standard are:
± code of practice;
± specification (for products and practices);
± method (of calculation, test);
± guide;
± recommendation;
± classification;
± vocabulary (previously glossary).
3.2 Codes of practice and specifications
Codes of practice and specifications can relate to
both performance (design) and execution
(site practice) and are intended to be used by
qualified readers. Also, they can both set out a
number of alternatives to choose from and may be
called up in building contract documentation.
However, the differences between codes and
specifications are illustrated by reference to the
following characteristics:
Codes of practice
± give alternative options and the circumstances in
which they should be used;
± make recommendations;
± should only be called up in building contract
documentation if specific, carefully chosen,
clauses are quoted;
± give recommendations on the application of
products in construction;
± can contain means of compliance with statutory
regulations;
± are expressed using `should', not `shall'.
Specifications
± express requirements to be met in order to claim
compliance;
± can be called up without reference to individual
clauses in building contract documentation;
± are expressed using `shall'.
Specifications lay down prescriptive requirements to
be met and they contain or call up methods of
verifying conformity with the requirements. They
should be aimed at one contractual interface
(or more than one if essential). Specifications do not
lay down quality assurance procedures for
organizations carrying out tests.
Practices for design and execution (on site) can be
covered by either:
± a specification (Do it this way!), or;
± a code of practice which gives information and
recommendations that allow a professional person
to use their judgement to choose which method to
use (Do it this way depending on the circumstance
and these are the factors to take into account).
1
 PD 6612 : 1997
3.3 Methods
Methods may be included within specifications but,
if they are called up by two or more specifications,
they are usually published as a separate standard. A
method should not be confused with a specification
(see also 10.2 of BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997). Methods show
how to determine values; specifications indicate
which values are acceptable.
Methods may cover:
± measurement;
± calculation;
± verification of conformity to a specification
(test);
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
± sampling and analysis;
± evaluation of performance;
± validation of specification requirements
(method of specifying).
Methods of specifying can provide the basis for an
agreement between contracting parties.
3.4 Recommendations
Recommendations generally provide a particular
series of options or courses of action limited to a
particular field. They may pave the way to the
eventual formulation of a specification (see also 10.4
of BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997).
3.5 Guides
Guides are more discursive in content than a code of
practice, giving broader and more general information
on a subject. They establish principles that may in
time lead to a code of practice. Where information is
available, the decision as to whether there are
sufficient firm recommendations to be made on a
subject should be taken before work starts on a
project (see also 10.5 of BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997).
3.6 Vocabularies
Vocabularies define the terms used in the industry.
Terms already defined in an existing vocabulary are
preferred and should be identified as such. Where it is
not possible to use a term as defined, the reader should
be warned (see also 10.6 of BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997).
3.7 The CEN strategy for design and execution
standards
3.7.1 General
The aim of the CEN (European Committee for
Standardization) strategy for design and execution
standards is to facilitate communication of the
technical options between parties in building
projects within Europe.
In BSI terms, these are specifications or methods
but, since some members of CEN feel that such
documents should be traditional codes of practice, it
is proving difficult to achieve consensus on the
approach.
2  BSI 1997
To ensure unambiguous reference in contracts, the
documents should be drafted so that the application
is clearly stated and a clear distinction is made
between normative and informative parts.
CEN design and execution standards should not
include in a normative way clauses that could not be
made contractual for the parties concerned. Care is
needed if the standard is framed in performance
terms, since proving compliance can be difficult.
3.7.2 CEN design standards
CEN design standards constitute a reference which
can be recognised by all parties, e.g. a calculation or
a dimensioning standard.
A design standard would:
± specify the expected result in performance
terms, or describe the characteristics required
after completion (a specification);
± include the means of verification of performance
or characteristics (a method);
± be capable of contractual use between parties at
the preparatory stage of a project (a specification).
It could include:
± model proven solutions for the design of works
(or parts of them);
± dimensioning rules (e.g. structural design standards);
± calculation methods (e.g. thermal calculations for
buildings).
3.7.3 CEN execution standards
An execution standard would:
± specify the characteristics of the products used
by reference to product specifications;
± specify how to execute the building work in
order to obtain the expected result;
± specify methods for testing and quality control;
± specify methods to avoid or minimize hazards;
± be capable of contractual use between parties at
the execution stage of the work.
3.7.4 Scope of design and execution standards
Although this may change in the future, current CEN
policy is that design and execution standards should
exclude:
± items normally dealt with in national regulations;
± items normally subject to traditional training and
education at national level;
± nature of contracts, legal obligations, etc.;
± quality assurance systems;
± items concerning qualifications of enterprises
and personnel;
± aspects relating to health and safety of workers
on site.
Background information on CEN and ISO
(International Standards Organization), as well as an
explanation of their relationship with BSI, are given
in annex B.

3.7.5 Application and acceptance of CEN
projects
When a new or extended standardization project
falls within the field of application of the CEN
strategy, there is a procedure initiated to check
whether the proposal complies with the objectives of
the strategy. A flow diagram concerning the field of
application and the acceptance procedure is included
as annex C.
4 The purpose and use of codes of
practice
4.1 Accepted good practice
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
The purpose of codes of practice is to:
± give recommendations of accepted good practice
to achieve a standard of building, as followed by
competent practitioners;
± set a series of good practice options or
objectives for a range of circumstances and
describe accepted ways of achieving them;
± enable the reader to make immediate use of the
results of scientific investigation and practical
experience.
They are not intended to:
± be a treatise or text book;
± cover every detail.
They can discuss the principles underlying a
particular practice, the possible options for
implementing the practice, the implications of
adopting them and the circumstances in which they
are applicable.
4.2 Accommodating different standards of
practice
A code of practice may include a number of
standards of practice, each one being accepted good
practice for different circumstances. For example, it
may be appropriate for there to be different
standards, depending on whether the building
concerned is classed as a `prestige' or a `utility'
building. For each class of building, the different
recommendations would represent accepted good
practice.
However, a standard of practice lower than accepted
good practice may be included in the
recommendations if the code also includes the
minimum building regulation standard. Clauses
giving the building regulation standard should be
clearly identified by a reference to the legislation and
introductory text drawing attention to the status of
the clause.
4.3 Litigation
Codes of practice provide evidence of accepted good
practice or a benchmark for good design and
construction and are widely understood to establish
criteria for judging performance. It is also a fact that
they are used by the courts as evidence in
determining disputes.
 BSI 1997
PD 6612 : 1997
For this reason, recommendations should be drafted
so that their meaning is clear and acceptable
circumstances are clearly defined; phrases such as
`generally' and `in most instances' should be avoided.
4.4 Legislation
Increasingly, legislation is being written in the form
of functional or `goal orientated' requirements and
government departments are publishing guidance,
usually in the form of an approved code or approved
document, to meeting the requirements. In a few
cases, compliance with the code is mandatory; in
most cases, compliance remains voluntary but may
be taken as evidence tending to show compliance.
In addition, the approved documents to the Building
Regulations recognize British Standards as relevant
guidance and may refer to them to provide fuller
guidance and also to admit an alternative approach
to meeting the requirements. However, the parallel
publication of codes by government (for regulatory
purposes) and codes by BSI (to give good practice
recommendations) makes demands on limited
resources and results in overlapping and even
conflicting guidance.
It is considered, therefore, that it would be in the
best interest of government, BSI and the industry if
codes incorporated guidance to support legislation
as well as good practice recommendations, but
clearly distinguished between them. The
Memorandum of Understanding agreed between
government and BSI recognizes this possibility.
If this aim is to be realized, it is essential that there
is co-operation to identify the regulatory
requirements, and regular liaison to ensure that each
party is aware of any changes in requirements or
recommendations planned by the other.
Where a code of practice is drafted with the
intention of it being called up in legislation, clauses
relating to the legislation should be highlighted
typographically.
4.5 Reference in building contracts
Simple reference to codes (unlike reference to
standard specifications) may not be sufficient to
convert them into contractual requirements, since it
may be necessary to specify which of the alternative
options is required for the particular building project.
It remains the responsibility of the user to ensure
that any reference to a code quoted in a building
contract is appropriate. In many cases, it will be
necessary to identify particular Parts or clauses.
4.6 Users of codes of practice
Codes of practice should be drafted with the needs
of potential users in mind. Users fall into six groups
according to their needs during the construction
process. In considering their needs, the detailed role
of individual types of user within each user group
should be borne in mind. The full range of potential
users and how they relate to the six user groups is
given in annex D.
3
 PD 6612 : 1997

The six user groups are as follows: ± Ensure that the committee has a clear concept
± owner/occupier; of what they are to produce, i.e. there is consensus
± designer; between members as to the objective.
± specifier/purchaser; ± Consult relevant Technical Committees for
± product supplier; details of any conflicting/overlapping codes of
practice, for example as a result of information
± contractor/installer; obtained from application of the B/- Framework.
± inspector/tester. ± Develop a work proposal form to set out the
Examples of the types and contents for codes of aims/audience as is used for product specifications
practice with which these user groups will be (a standard form is available from BSI committee
concerned are given in table 1 in relation to each of secretaries and on completion is considered by B/-
the project stages. The types of content are or its panels). Include questions on the market for
considered in more detail in 6.1. The make-up of the a code both at home and abroad. If it could be
main user groups is considered in the checklist in used abroad, determine the key issues for use in
annex D.
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the particular countries and how they might affect

5 Preparation and drafting
5.1 Making the case for a code of practice
The scope of individual codes should be as concise
as possible and should concentrate on issues where
there are positive recommendations required by
industry.
However, the proposer should be convinced that
there are enough recommendations to warrant
publishing a code of practice. The following steps
should be taken to help check whether a code of
practice is justified.
± Collaborate with the Construction Quality Forum
secretariat at the Building Research Establishment
(BRE) to obtain feedback on key issues relating to
the proposed code where authoritative
recommendations appear to be required.
± Check whether technical guidance is available
on the subject from other sources (see annex A).
± Collaborate with the BSI Marketing Department
on the need for the proposed code of practice.
± Liaise with legislative bodies to determine
related or relevant legislation. Discuss what they
require of a code (in terms of content and
timescale for publication) for it to be acceptable
as a means of compliance. The Construction
Sector Publications Unit may also be consulted.
its content and structure.
5.2 Programming the work
The programme for each code project should be
short and intensive. Long programmes lose impetus
and suffer delays through changes in representatives
on committees. They may also be overtaken by new
research and technological development.
`Bought out' secretariats should be encouraged,
provided that impartiality is not jeopardized when
the secretary has a vested interest.
5.3 External funding
External funding should be promoted. The
Department of the Environment funds two schemes.
± The DOE Standards Support Scheme assists in
funding technical expertise to support the UK
input to the development of priority European and
international standards, and the development of
priority British Standards for construction.
± The Experimental Data Scheme is designed to
part fund specific tasks that are needed to
underpin new or revised standards for
construction, as well as development work
required for the preparation of British, European
and international standards.
Committee secretaries have details of these schemes,
including a model brief for the Standards Support
Scheme.

Table 1. Type of content of codes of practice likely to be needed by users at each project stage
Project stages Groups of users (contracting parties) with similar needs
Owner/ Designer Specifier/ Product Constructor/ Inspector/
occupier purchaser supplier installer tester
General briefing briefing Ð Ð Ð Ð
Basic and building design design Ð Ð Ð Ð
design
Construction Ð design selection design selection Ð design selection Ð
design
Work off site Ð Ð preservation preservation Ð Ð
Work on site Ð Ð Ð Ð installation installation
storage quality storage quality
control control
Operation/ use management maintenance maintenance maintenance maintenance maintenance
maintenance maintenance
Disposal decommissioning decommissioning Ð Ð decommissioning decommissioning
demolition demolition demolition demolition
recycling disposal recycling disposal recycling disposal

4  BSI 1997

5.4 Collection and structuring of information
The following procedure should be adopted for
collecting together the raw material for a code of
practice.
± List the recommendations (or subjects on which
recommendations are required) to be included in
the code of practice, together with the potential
users and work stages for each item of
information.
± Discuss the structure of the code with the BSI
Marketing Department.
± Ensure that subjects for codes fit the
Framework for standards (see annex A).
± Sort the recommendations into categories
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
according to annex A where there are distinct uses
and types of information, e.g. building types.
Arrange the information in the order it is most
likely to be needed, i.e. in the order of the project
stages of a project. This will indicate whether
there is a case for breaking the code into several
parts and on what basis.
± Look up all relevant product specifications to
which reference should be made in the code.
Check the content of European product
specifications which have superseded British
Standards.
5.5 Use of specialist expertise
Committees should consider making use of the
following types of expertise to assist in the
preparation of codes of practice.
± Technical expertise for specialist knowledge of
the subject. A consultant might be responsible for
an initial draft of the code, in consultation with
the committee representatives.
± Technical writing expertise to take the raw
material provided by the committee members and
prepare text in a style which will be acceptable to
a particular readership.
± Graphics expertise (combined with technical
knowledge) to take the illustrations sourced or
sketched by committee members, interpret the
content in relation to the text and prepare suitable
draft figures either as pieces of artwork or in a
form that can be prepared for publication by BSI
staff.
5.6 Co-ordination and liaison
It is vital that there is greater co-ordination between
BSI committees and with regulatory bodies outside
BSI. Committees whose interests may be the subject
of recommendations in a number of codes of
practice should co-ordinate texts. Other committees
should maintain regular contact with these `special
interests' committees to monitor technical
developments. Code committees should also liaise
with the committees dealing with products relevant
to their code, particularly in respect of the
application or installation of the products. A
procedure should be devised to check and resolve
overlaps with other British Standards.
 BSI 1997
PD 6612 : 1997
The maintenance of lists of the contents of the
Framework boxes will provide a mechanism for
enabling gaps and overlaps to be identified. These
may not be readily apparent if they occur at
subclause level or even clause level in standards
written by committees under B/-, and the lists do not
cover standards which are the responsibility of
technical committees reporting to other Sector
Boards.
5.7 Consensus
The need for standards to be based on consensus is
written into the BSI Charter, consensus being
defined as `general agreement, characterized by the
absence of sustained opposition to substantial issues'
by the interested parties, having taken their views
into account and tried to resolve any conflicting
arguments. Consensus does not imply unanimity.
Consensus is required on both the content and the
decision to publish.
5.8 Disputes procedure
According to the Building Research Establishment
(BRE), 75 % of disputes originate in the early stages
of committee work. This indicates that work should
not be allowed to start on a code without there
being any clear purpose, scope or structure. If there
is a dispute, the committee should refer to the BSI
standards dispute procedure in 8.10 of BS 0 : Part 2 :
1997.
5.9 Consultation and the recording of
decisions
A list of bodies to consult should be chosen from a
BSI consultation check list. The following guidelines
should be followed.
± Consult early in the drafting process.
± Give advance warning that consultation on a
subject is to take place.
± Identify contentious points on which answers are
particularly required, but do not ask respondents
to look only at certain clauses.
± Consult in other countries where the code might
be accepted.
± Consider using an expert to review comments.
± Co-ordinate with other committees to ensure
consistency of recommendations.
± When the next draft is issued, mark graphically
the text that has changed.
± Enter comments on a database.
± Record the basis for, or reasoning behind,
recommendations for reference when dealing with
queries or making future amendments.
5.10 Preparation of a summary
When the code is completed, the committee should
draft a summary giving the contents, the stages in a
project when it would be used, and by whom. This
summary would assist in future computer coding of
the document and should be written in a form which
would allow direct quotation in the guide to the
Framework for standards, BSI handbooks and in the
BSI catalogue.
5
 PD 6612 : 1997

6 Structure and content Work off site

the selection of .....(products/equipment)
6.1 Subjects and titles for codes of practice
the procurement of ......
Titles of codes of practice should convey to the
intended users the type of information they contain. Work on site
Although it is preferable for the title to be short, it is the storage of .....
more important that it clearly states the subject and
main purpose, even if for some readers it may seem the installation of .....
long and complicated. the commissioning of ........
The words `code of practice' should be present as Operation/maintenance
well as what the practice is for, i.e.
the management of ......
Code of practice for doing something.....
the procurement of ....
Since `practice' is a `doing' word, a code of practice
the maintenance of ......
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

should concern the task or tasks involved in the

design and construction process. It should include Disposal
recommendations on the correct application or
the decommissioning of .....
installation of a product, component or assembly,
but not its specification. There should be close the demolition of .....
liaison between committees responsible for codes of the recycling of ......
practice and the committees dealing with the the disposal of .....
products whose application is covered by the code.
It is possible for the code to relate to an aspect of 6.2 The structure of codes of practice
performance, such as `thermal insulation' or Codes of practice are usually broken down into
`ventilation and heating', provided it relates to the Parts, clauses and subclauses. Guidance on the
actions necessary to achieve a particular standard of content of Parts and clauses is given in 6.4, 6.5
performance. and 6.6; guidance on format and presentation is
given in clause 7.
Correct examples are: Parts are usually published separately, if they are
Code of practice for the design of ... written for a specific type of user.
selection of ....
installation of ..... 6.3 Common arrangement of information in
thermal insulation of .... codes of practice
provision of .... The use of a common arrangement of information in
Incorrect examples are: codes of practice:
Code of practice for energy efficiency ± promotes better drafting;
Code of practice for space requirements
± helps when searching for information;
These should be called: ± in the long term, will make it possible to collect
Code of practice for the design of energy together and publish recommendations on issues
efficient buildings that are covered in a number of standards
Code of practice for the design of activity (horizontal sorting) using computerized printing
spaces methods. These issues are often building
performance issues.
The following are examples of acceptable project The choice of titles for Parts and clauses should
activities to which codes of practice should relate. always be taken from a recognized and agreed
These are listed under the appropriate project stages. classification system so that ultimately all
recommendations in codes of practice can be coded
General
for rapid access by computer or for the preparation
the appointment of ..... of computer-derived documents on similar topics.
the preparation of a brief for ..... For codes of practice for building, the following
headings should be used:
Basic and building design
± project stages;
the design of ...... ± building elements.
Construction design Where the subject matter requires, the following
the design of ...... additional headings should be used:
the selection of .....(products/equipment) ± sub-division of building elements;
± performance issues;
the procurement of ......
± building types.
For further information see annex A.

6  BSI 1997

6.4 Deciding on Parts for a code of practice
British Standards are split into Parts when there is a
requirement for the publication of a number of
different types of standard on the same subject
(e.g. specifications, methods or codes) or to break
the standard down into smaller publications relating
to individual topics.
The topics for Parts may be:
± building types (residential, commercial etc.);
± activities relating to project stages (design,
installation etc.);
± building elements.
To avoid duplication in multi-Part standards, there
Licensed Copy: Sheffield University, University of Sheffield, 25 March 2003, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
should be a Part 0 to cover general policy issues and
recommendations common to all the Parts. If the
potential duplication is minimal, a Part 0 may not be
necessary.
Where there are Parts, a generic subject title should
appear first, followed by the Part number and title
stating Code of practice for ..... The following
examples illustrate the sequence of titles.
Multi-Part standards, all Parts being codes of
practice
Generic subject title
Part 0: Code of practice for general policy and
common recommendations
Part 1: Code of practice for the design of ............
Part 2: Code of practice for the selection of .........
Part 3: Code of practice for the installation of ........
Multi-Part standards, all Parts not being codes
of practice
Generic subject title
Part 1: Code of practice for the design of ............
Part 2: Method of calculation of .........
Part 3: Specification for ........
NOTE. A code of practice could be for multiple purposes,
i.e. `design and installation' or `selection and installation'. If so,
each purpose should be a Part, and separately published.
6.5 Deciding on clauses and subclauses within
a code of practice
Within a code of practice or its Parts, there are
clauses and, below these, subclauses which
represent the main recommendations. Clauses should
deal with one subject only and have titles which
relate to a classification of building types in the
Framework for standards to allow easy computer
coding (see 6.3).
 BSI 1997
PD 6612 : 1997
Where a Part of a code contains recommendations
which relate to a number of stages in the
construction process (project stages), the project
activities relating to these stages should be used as
the basis for clause titles (e.g. design, installation,
maintenance).
Where a code relates to a specific element
(e.g. stairs) and Parts relate to project activities
(e.g. design), clauses may be structured according to
different materials (e.g. timber, concrete, steel).
6.6 Coding the subject matter of clauses and
subclauses
Consideration may be given at some future date to
the use of a recognized system of coding to identify
the subject matter of standards at clause and
subclause level. This would facilitate computer
searches of the content of standards and the
production of computer-derived documents.
6.7 Elements of a code of practice
The elements that make up a code of practice are
classified as being normative or informative as
follows.
± Normative elements are those which give the
technical recommendations on good accepted
practice.
± Informative elements are those which explain
the content and background to the code and give
additional information to aid understanding.
The following are the main elements of a code of
practice (see 5.1.2 of BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997).
Informative (preliminary)
± title page;
± contents;
± foreword;
± introduction (optional).
Normative (general)
± title;
± scope;
± normative references.
Normative (technical)
± terms and definitions;
± symbols and abbreviations;
± recommendations (accepted good practice);
± best practice recommendations (where relevant);
± figures;
± tables;
± normative annexes.
Informative (supplementary)
± commentary (background/justification/reason for
recommendation);
± informative annexes;
± bibliographies;
± index.
7
 PD 6612 : 1997
6.8 The content of the elements of a code of
practice
The form of the material
The material in these elements may take the form of:
± text;
± figures;
± tables;
± notes;
± footnotes.
Contents
The list of contents should give, in the following
order:
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± committees responsible;
± foreword;
± introduction (if included);
± clause titles;
± sub-clause titles (if thought convenient);
± annexes (stating whether normative or
informative);
± tables;
± figures;
± bibliography (if included);
± index (if included).
Foreword
A foreword should contain the following type of
information:
± designation of the committee under whose
authority the code was prepared;
± short history of the development of the code;
± details of any relevant standards now superseded
or withdrawn;
± relationship (if any) with existing national,
European or ISO standards;
± list of Parts of the standard;
± statement of intended readership;
± acknowledgement of copyright material and
expert sources;
± statement that a code of practice should not be
regarded as a specification;
± statement that compliance with the code of
practice does not confer immunity from legal
obligations;
± reference to where the code of practice (or Part
of it) is called up in legislation;
± explanation of the status and typographical
presentation of clauses giving recommendations on
accepted practice, commentary and references to
legislation.
± status of the annexes, i.e. whether normative or
informative.
Reference should be made to 6.4 of BS 0 : Part 3 :
1997 for further detail.
8  BSI 1997
Introduction (optional)
An introduction to a code of practice may
occasionally be necessary where specific information
or discussion on the technical content is required.
Scope (clause 1)
The scope is an essential element of the code and
should be drafted as a self-contained definition of
the function of the standard which can be used in
the event of a dispute. It should give the objectives
of the code and define the content, stating any
limitations in its field of application. It should be
phrased as statements and contain text as follows:
`This British Standard (or `This Part of BS 1234...)
gives recommendations for ............'. For further
details, see 6.5.1 of BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997.
Normative references
This clause lists any normative references to other
publications (usually British Standards) following an
introductory clause. For details of the required
wording, see 6.5.2 of BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997.
Definitions
The definitions clause should refer to BS 6100
Glossary of building and civil engineering terms. If
necessary, definitions specific to the code of practice
should be included. For further details, refer to 6.6.1
of BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997.
Recommendations
Recommendations are the basic clauses giving
accepted good practice. They should be drafted
using the `should' form of the verb.
Commentary
Commentary is a category of information in a code
which (as in BS 8000) gives additional explanation or
justification for the recommendation. It should be
placed immediately beneath the relevant clause. Text
for the commentary should be in the form of
statements.
Notes
Notes integrated into the text are used for additional
information that is essential to the understanding of
the document. For further details, refer to 6.7.2 of
BS 0 : Part 3 : 1997.
Figures
Figures may be used to reinforce the
recommendations made in the text, or to replace the
text. Care is needed to ensure that the information
shown is clear (see 7.3).
Tables
Tables can often be used to summarize complicated
text (see 7.4).
Annexes
Annexes can be normative or informative.
Informative annexes are used either for data that
can be removed from the body of the
recommendations, or for information that is only of
interest to the specialist.

Bibliographies
If a list of further reading is thought necessary, a
Bibliography may be included as an informative
annex. It should follow the recommendations of
BS 1629.
Index
A code of practice should have an index, unless it is
so short that the Contents is adequate as a means of
searching for detailed information. An index should
conform to BS ISO 999.
7 Format and presentation
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7.1 Numbering systems
One of the aims when drafting is to avoid complex
clause numbering. This can be achieved by carefully
organizing the recommendations into clauses using
the recommended classifications systems (see
annex A).
Clauses should be numbered using numerals, starting
with 1 for Scope up to, but excluding, any annexes.
Annexes are referenced alphabetically.
Clauses are sub-divided into subclauses (and further
sub-divisions if necessary) using a decimal system.
Writers should aim for no more than three
sub-divisions (1.1.1.1).
Subclauses may have a title, particularly if they are
divided into several unnumbered paragraphs.
Examples are as follows:
Part 1
12 Clause title
12.3 Subclause title
12.3.5 sub-subclause title
Paragraph 1 ....
Paragraph 2 ....
7.2 The use of language
Readability
Whilst codes are intended to be read by suitably
qualified and experienced people, it is more likely
that the content will be correctly understood if
unnecessary jargon is avoided and sentences are
kept short and to the point.
Fog index
Writers should aim for the text of clauses to have a
readability index (`fog index') of about 30. However,
it is understood that this may be difficult to achieve
where the subject requires the use of long,
complicated words. For guidance on how to
calculate a fog index, and examples of its use, see
annex E.
 BSI 1998
PD 6612 : 1997
7.3 Figures (illustrations)
Information is increasingly being conveyed
graphically, rather than in words. Graphic
information can be legally enforceable in its own
right, without explanatory text. However, great care
is needed to ensure that the information is clear,
unambiguous and capable of only one objective
interpretation.
Whether they show details of construction (giving
precise information) or are illustrative (conveying a
principle), figures should ideally be understandable
without explanation. This is especially true where
European standards are to be transposed into
national standards.
Figures should:
± illustrate one specific point;
± exclude irrelevant information;
± avoid ambiguity;
± illustrate the point in a way which allows wide
application;
± only include text to assist understanding if
absolutely necessary;
± be close to the relevant text.
A graphics check list is included as annex F.
|
|
7.4 Tables
Tables may be used to replace complicated text.
However, tables should themselves be easy to
understand. Ensure that tables are broken up into
separate tables for discrete purposes. In some cases,
this can avoid the need for landscape tables.
7.5 Graphic layout
The layout should accommodate the following
graphic elements:
± clauses giving accepted good practice;
± detailed commentary on a particular clause or
clauses;
± text to support legislation.
7.6 The use of colour in relation to printing on
demand
Whilst BSI acknowledges the desirability of colour in
standards, the current system of in-house printing on
demand does not allow colour reproduction.
However, if there is a very compelling case for
colour printing, BSI may agree to pay for it to be
done outside BSI.
9
 PD 6612 : 1997

Annexes

Annex A (normative)
Framework for standards and other classifications
The Framework for standards enables codes of practice, guides and similar documents of relevance to building
and civil engineering to be listed in a simple, classified format.
The Framework will:
± help B/- and its technical committees to identify gaps in the available information and to avoid overlaps
between technical documents from other sources;
± help technical committees to define more precisely the scope of a proposed standard;
± enable users to check the existence of codes of practice on subjects of interest to them;
± allow the future production of computer-derived documents on similar subjects.
The Framework uses a classification system which incorporates two facets:
± project stages Ð the stages through which a building project passes; and
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± the primary elements which go to make up the building.

Other facets may also be considered:
± building types;
± performance issues.
When structuring codes of practice the Framework should be used as a check list for Parts and clauses
(including subclauses).

Primary elements 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Project stages
A General
B Basic and building design
C Construction design
D Work off site
E Work on site
F Operation/maintenance
G Disposal

Project stages
A General to the project or more than one stage
B Briefing, building design
C Construction design (details of the construction)
D Work off site (product manufacture, product tests)
E Work on site (execution, commissioning, handover, building tests)
F Operation and maintenance
G Demolition (decommissioning, disposal and recycling)
Primary elements
0 Common to all building elements (including basic data)
1 Ground and substructure
2 Superstructure Ð primary elements (e.g. walls, partitions, floors)
3 Superstructure Ð secondary elements (e.g. windows, doors, suspended ceilings)
4 Surface finishes
5 Services Ð piped and ducted (e.g. drainage, water supply, heating)
6 Services Ð wired (e.g. lighting, communications, lifts)
7 Fixed fittings and equipment (e.g. kitchen, sanitary and storage)
8 Loose fittings and equipment (e.g. furniture)
9 External works

10  BSI 1997
 PD 6612 : 1997

Sub-division of primary elements

Where the scope of a code, or some code-type provision included in a document which is to be a code, does not
correspond with a complete element, the sub-divisions as shown in table A.1 should be used.
The elements in table A.1 are based loosely on CI/Sfb elements. For convenience, the brackets and the `0' have
been omitted, e.g. 9 External works has deviated by re-classifying `(90.6)' as `96'.
Element 00 Basic data and whole buildings has been further sub-divided using tables 0, 2, 3 or 4 from the CI/Sfb
1976 revision, as considered most appropriate.
Table A.1 Sub-division of primary elements
00 Basic data and whole buildings
1 Ground building and substructure 56 Space heating
10 Substructure, general 57 Ventilation and air conditioning
11 Ground
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13 Floor beds 6 Wired services

16 Retaining walls and foundations 60 Electrical services, general
17 Piles 62 Electricity supply and power
63 Lighting
2 Structure (principal construction) 64 Communications (telephone, faxes etc.)
20 Structure, generally 66 Transport (lifts, escalators etc.)
21 Walls 67 Security installations, fire alarms
22 Partitions
23 Floors 7 Fixed fittings and equipment
24 Stairs 71 Circulation, signage
27 Roofs 72 Furniture
28 Building frames 73 Kitchen and servery equipment
74 Sanitary fittings
3 Secondary elements 75 Cleaning and maintenance fittings
31 Windows and external doors 76 Storage and screening fittings
32 Internal doors 77 Storage and fire precaution fittings
33 Raised floors and trapped doors 78 Sport and play fittings
34 Balustrades
35 Suspended ceilings 8 Loose fittings and equipment
37 Rooflights 81 Circulations, signage
39 Ironmongery 82 Furniture
83 Kitchen and servery equipment
4 Finishes 84 Sanitary fittings
40 Finishes, general 85 Cleaning and maintenance fittings
41 External wall finishes 86 Storage and screening fittings
42 Internal wall finishes 87 Security and fire precaution fittings
43 Floor finishes 88 Sport and play fittings
44 Stair finishes
45 Ceiling finishes 9 External works
47 Roof finishes 90 Landscape, general
91 Roads, car parks, loading bays
5 Services, piped and ducted 92 Retaining walls
50 Building services, general 93 Walls and fences
| 52 Drainage and waste disposal 94 Soft landscape and pedestrian hard landscape
| 53 Hot and cold water supply 95 Irrigation and drainage
54 Supply of gases 96 Lighting
55 Refrigeration 97 Seating, bollards, signs
98 Sports and play equipment

 BSI 1998 11
 PD 6612 : 1997

Building types
Where the scope of a code, or some code-type provision included in a document which is not a code, does not
apply to all building types, the following sub-divisions should be used.
Building type (based on CI/SfB Table 0)1)

0 All building types

1 Public utilities (road, rail, water, power etc.)
2 Industrial and storage (factories, agricultural)
3 Commercial (shops, offices, administration, law courts)
4 Health (hospitals, welfare facilities)
5 Recreational (sports, entertainment)
6 Religious (churches, crematoria)
7 Educational and information (schools, universities, museums, research)
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8 Residential (housing, multi-residential, special housing, hotels)

9 Other facilities (assembly, storage, warehouses, plant etc.)

Performance issues
Where the scope of a code, or some code-type provision included in a document which is not a code, applies to
a performance issue, the following sub-divisions should be used.
Performance issues for building
Structural stability
Fire safety
Safety in use (including hygiene and resistance to hazards)
Security
Thermal performance
Air quality performance
Lighting performance
Acoustic performance
Electrical performance
Energy efficiency
Accessibility (including access for disabled people)
Durability
Economic performance
NOTE. This list is based on table 1 in ISO 6241 : 1984. It may be modified in response to the needs of users to search horizontally for
subjects across many codes.

Annex B (informative)
Background information on ISO and CEN
| B.1 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The International Standards Organization (ISO) covers standardization in building and engineering, except
electrical and electronic engineering which is the responsibility of the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC). ISO and IEC jointly share responsibility for information technology (IT) standardization.
A member body of ISO is the national body most representative of standardization in the member country. In the
UK, BSI is entitled to participate and have full voting rights on any technical committee of ISO. Member bodies
that decide to take an active part in the work of a technical committee (TC) or a subcommittee (SC) are
designated as P-members (participating members). BSI do not always choose to be P-members. Instead, they may
only wish to be kept informed of the work and will decide to be O-members (observers).
ISO standards are developed through a number of stages starting with the committee draft (CD) to the draft
International Standard (DIS) and finally, when 75 % of the member bodies agree to the content, to publication as
an International Standard (ISO).
ISO Standards are not bound to be adopted as British Standards, but if they are, they are identified as
e.g. BS ISO 1234. There are few code-type standards being prepared by ISO.

| 1) CI/Sfb Construction Indexing Manual, published by the Royal Institute of British Architects, 1991.

12  BSI 1998
 PD 6612 : 1997

B.2 European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

European standards for building are the responsibility of CEN (European Committee for Standardization).
Electrotechnical matters are covered by CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization)
and telecommunications by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). CEN members are the
standards bodies of the 15 members of the European Union, three members from EFTA (the European Free
Trade Area) and the Czech Republic. CEN also has affiliate members in Central and Eastern European countries.
Currently, there are seven sector technical boards (BTS's) which are empowered to define and apply technical
policy specific to their sectors. BTS1 is the sector technical board that relates to building and civil engineering.
CEN issue the following types of document.
± European Standards (EN) Ð documents established by consensus of the member countries resulting from
the technical work of CEN.
± European Pre-standards (ENV) Ð prospective standards for provisional application; used for fast moving
technologies, or where there is the need for technical guidance. These are converted to ENs when experience
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has been gained.

± CEN reports (CR) Ð authorized by the CEN Technical Board to provide information.
ENs can be prepared either by CEN technical committees, subcommittees or working groups, or by the adoption
of any reference document, e.g. an International Standard. They are published by members without amendment
as an identical national standard and any conflicting national standards are withdrawn. They are numbered as
e.g. BS EN 1234, or BS EN ISO 1234 if adopted from a published ISO standard. It would not be possible for a
European standard to be published as a Part of a British Standard; it would need a discrete number of its own.
A few code-type documents are being prepared by CEN, subject to standstill (see B.4).
B.3 The relationship between CEN and ISO
CEN work is designed to complement and not duplicate the work of ISO. European standards are based on
either existing international reference documents or international agreements. There are arrangements in place to
avoid duplication of effort between ISO and CEN, but sometimes this is not possible because of the different
needs of the markets.
The `Vienna Agreement' describes mechanisms for technical co-operation between ISO and CEN. These are
detailed in the latest edition of the joint guidelines for implementation published in June 1996.
B.4 CEN standstill
Standstill is an obligation accepted by the members of CEN not to take any action, either during the preparation
of, or after the approval of, a European Standard that could prejudice the intended harmonization. In particular,
members should not publish a new or revised national standard which is not completely in line with an existing
EN. In practice, this is not known until the EN work is complete.
Standstill applies to individual standards projects with a clearly defined scope, not to general areas or complete
programmes of work. The decision to impose or release standstill rests with the technical board, but any member
of the Technical Board is entitled at any time to request a review of standstill on a particular work item. This is
usually only allowed if there is a specific legal or safety requirement.
Standstill is not infringed by:
± the issue for public comment of a draft standard which is intended as a contribution to ISO or CEN
standardization. The draft could also be a British Standard.
± the publication within 3 months of the start of standstill of a national standard that the CEN member has
already approved for publication.
± the publication of a national standard adopting an ISO standard where no CEN standard already exists.
Details of standstill are published in Part 2 of the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations Common rules for
standards work, published in June 1996.

 BSI 1997 13
 PD 6612 : 1997

Annex C (normative)
Flow diagram for the application of CEN projects
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Figure C.1 Identification of new projects as being in the field of BTS1 strategy for design and
execution, and acceptance procedure

14  BSI 1997
 PD 6612 : 1997

Annex D (normative)
Check list of potential users of codes
The following check list of potential users should be used to ensure that recommendations are made in relation
to the needs of all relevant users:
a) client:
1) owner;
2) party commissioning the building;
b) facilities manager:
1) maintenance staff;
c) architect;
d) consultant:
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1) specialist;
e) legal adviser (expert witness);
f) civil engineer;
g) structural engineer;
h) M & E engineer;
i) quantity surveyor;
j) building surveyor;
k) manufacturer:
1) materials;
2) components;
l) builder's merchant;
m) contractor/sub-contractor;
n) test house:
1) research laboratories;
2) independent test houses;
o) certification body;
p) site control staff:
1) clerks of works;
2) resident engineers;
3) site agents;
q) building control officer;
r) regulatory authority;
s) insurer (e.g. NHBC);
t) teacher;
u) information provider:
1) bookshop;
2) computerized information services.
NOTE. Bookshop staff are mostly concerned with the format and presentation of codes of practice.

 BSI 1997 15
 PD 6612 : 1997

These potential users fall into groups according to their needs for information from codes of practice as shown
in table D.1.
Table D.1 Check list of potential users of codes of practice within user groups
Potential users of codes Groups of users with similar needs
Owner/ Designer Specifier/ Product Constructor/ Inspector/
occupier purchaser supplier installer tester
Client ì
Architect ì ì
Consultant ì ì ì
Legal adviser ì
Civil/Structural engineer ì ì ì
M & E engineer ì ì
Quantity surveyor ì
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Building surveyor ì
Manufacturer ì ì
Builder's merchant ì ì
Contractor/ Sub-contractor ì ì ì
Test house ì
Certification body ì
Site control staff ì
Building control officer ì
Regulatory authority ì
Insurer ì
Facilities manager ì ì ì

Annex E (informative)
The fog index and examples of its use
E.1 The fog index calculation
Figure E.1 contains examples of complex sentences taken from existing British Standards. These appear on the
left of the figure and alongside each is a suggested redraft that attempts to simplify the language. It is emphasized
that these examples are to illustrate the message about using simpler language and have not been checked or
approved technically. They are taken from figure 3 of PD 6501 : Part 2.
The examples can be criticized because they use:
± very long sentences;
± complex sentences;
± lots of long words.
The words that make each example particularly difficult to understand are printed in italics.
Each example and its redraft is given a `fog index'. The fog index is a measure of readability where:
fog index = average sentence length + percentage of difficult words.
The Reader's Digest has a fog index of about 25 and a college graduate can just cope with a fog index of 40. A
limited analysis of British Standards carried out by the Building Research Establishment showed that the fog
index averaged 46.
The fog index does have limitations, for example:
± it does not assess the value of the information;
± it does not take account of sentence construction;
± it only classes words of three syllables as difficult; many short words are also difficult, e.g. infer, imply,
occlude, lax.
It is, however, a good coarse measure of readability. This is illustrated by the calculation of the fog index for the
redraft of the first example in figure E.1.
Total number of words = 87
Number of sentences = 4
Average sentence length = 87/4 ≈ 22
Number of difficult words (three or more syllables) = 6
Number of difficult words as a percentage of the total = 6/87 ≈ 7 %
Fog index = 22 + 7 = 29

16  BSI 1997

Original
'With the window closed, but with any closing or locking
furniture released, a force not exceeding the greater of
120 N or 230 N per square metre of sash, applied without
shock in a horizontal direction and in a plane parallel to
that containing the sash, shall be capable of setting the sash
in motion and thereafter a force not exceeding the greater of
80 N or 80 N per square metre of sash applied in a similar
manner shall be capable of maintaining the sash in motion
after the stile is clear of the outer frame.'
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Fog index = 101
'Where bedrooms are located on a floor level below the en-
trance level and the escape route from any bedroom passes
across the circulation space formed at the base of the stair-
way, then, if the distance of travel from any bedroom door to
the door of another room in which the alternative means of
escape from that floor level is located exceeds 1.5 m (ap-
proximately 5 ft) the circulation space should be cut off
from the floor(s) above by a screen with a fire resistance of
not less than half-an-hour, incorporating a Type 3 fire
resisting door (see Fig 7B(ii))'
Fog index = 107
'Secondly, it is not advisable to rely upon the ability of the
paint film to exclude moisture etc since few paint films are
impervious; in addition, the priming paint should contain a
suitable proportion of rust-inhibiting pigments such as red
lead or zinc chromate, as distinct from pigments which are
relatively inert, such as red oxide of iron or those which are
rust-stimulating such as graphite.'
Fog index = 80
'To prevent oil penetration and staining the rebates or
grooves should be sealed with an alkali-resisting sealer,
compatible with the glazing compound and provided by the
manufacturer of the compound, and allowed to dry before
glazing.'
Fog index = 50
Figure E.1 Examples of redrafting
 BSI 1997
PD 6612 : 1997
Redraft
Close the window and release any catches or locks. Apply
a horizontal continuous shock-free force to the sash in a
plane parallel to it. The sash shall start to move when the
force is less than 120 N or 230 N per square metre of sash
(whichever is the larger). Once the sash is moving and the
stile is clear of the outer frame, it shall continue to move
when a force of 80 N or 80 N per square metre (whichever
is the larger) is applied in the same way.
Fog index = 29
If all the following conditions exist, you should cut off the
circulation space from the floor(s) above by a screen.
(a) Bedrooms located on a floor level below the
entrance level.
(b) The escape route from any bedroom passes across
the circulation space at the base of the stairway.
(c) The distance from any bedroom door to the door
of a room where the alternative escape route from
that floor is located is more than 1.5 m.
The screen used to cut off the circulation space should
have a fire resistance of at least 30 minutes and should
incorporate a Type 3 fire resisting door (see figure 7B (ii)).
Fog index = 31
Secondly, do not rely on the paint film to exclude moisture,
etc. as most paint films are permeable. Also, the priming
paint should contain rust-inhibiting pigments (e.g red lead
or zinc chromate) rather than inert pigments (e.g. red oxide
of iron) or rust-stimulating pigments (e.g. graphite).
Fog index = 33
'To prevent oil penetration and staining, seal the rebates or
grooves with an alkali-resisting sealer, and allow them to dry
before glazing. Use the sealer supplied by the manufacturer
of the glazing compound. This should ensure that the sealer
and compound are compatible.
Fog index = 20
17
 PD 6612 : 1997

Annex F (normative)
Graphics check list
F.1 Check list for drafting committees
± Figures should be used in an active role to replace the written word, not to duplicate it. To avoid ambiguity,
information should be conveyed by text or by figures, not both.
± Information may be shown formally, diagrammatically or pictorially.
± It is usually better to separate one graphical statement from another, just as it is to separate one text
statement from another.
± Figure titles should clearly reflect the scope of each graphical statement.
± As far as possible, figures and related texts should be displayed so that they can be read together.
F.2 Check list for illustrators
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± Graphics can be more difficult to devise than text and will call for a variety of techniques. Figures giving
precise technical information will probably need a different approach from those making points of principle
which will usually be diagrammatic or pictorial.
± Possibilities include the use of tone as well as (or even instead of) bounding lines, overdrawing on
photographs, perspective instead of isometric or axonometric, and freehand instead of mechanical drawings.
± Do not be afraid of using artistic licence to emphasize what is important.
± Remember that symbols used in figures need to be explained in a key to the figure if they have not been
explained in the text.
± Exclude background noise; give only sufficient information (dimensions, relationships, materials, types of
construction etc.) to inform each point being made.
± Give information as neutrally as possible to avoid implying statements that are not intended and may be
unintentionally restrictive. If the same or similar information is to be repeated in different figures, it reassures
the reader if it is repeated in the same form.
± Do not try to show too much. It is tempting, for the sake of economy, to illustrate several points in one
figure; but include too many and there is a risk of muddling the message. A family of figures or a `main frame'
approach, with close-ups is preferable. Do not be afraid of white space.

Annex G
| Annex deleted

18  BSI 1998
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