P

2005 OpenSees Symposium

E
E
OpenSees
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Geotechnical Capabilities and Applications

Dr. Liangcai He
Prof. Ahmed Elgamal
Dr. Zhaohui Yang
Mr. James L. Yan
Mr. Jinchi Lu

(U.C. San Diego)

 Soil Materials and Elements in OpenSees
(http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/opensees)
• 2D/3D solid-fluid fully coupled elements for simulating pore
pressure generation/redistribution/dissipation (based on the u-p
formulation of Zienkiewitz and Chan).
• 3D soil material models for simulating drained/undrained cyclic
behavior, including liquefaction and liquefaction-induced permanent
ground deformation.
• For user convenience, predefined soil material parameters are
available for a wide range of soil types.
• Manual pages are available at OpenSees web site (under Model-
Building Objects section)
• 25 examples are available at http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/opensees.
Solid-Fluid Fully Coupled Elements Implemented in OpenSees
(http://cyclic.ucsd.edu/opensees)

Plane-strain
elements

9_4_QuadUP quadUP

3D elements

20_8_BrickUP brickUP
Pressure Dependent Soil Model (for Sands and Silts)
• Multi-surface, non-associative plasticity model,
incorporating soil dilatancy and liquefaction effects.
Pressure Independent Soil Model (for Clays and Silts)
• Multi-surface, associative plasticity model.

τ
γ

τ Failure surface

P'
 Undrained Material Model
• Coupled with sand/clay materials above to simulate
undrained soil response (e.g., soil below ground water table).
 References for Soil Models and Fully-Coupled Elements
Ahmed Elgamal, Zhaohui Yang, Ender Parra, and Ahmed Ragheb (2003).
"Modeling of Cyclic Mobility in Saturated Cohesionless Soils,” Int. J. Plasticity,
19(6), 883-905.

Ahmed Elgamal, Zhaohui Yang, and Ender Parra (2002). "Computational

Modeling of Cyclic Mobility and Post-Liquefaction Site Response," Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22(4), 259-271.

Zhaohui Yang and Ahmed Elgamal (2002). "Influence of Permeability on

Liquefaction-Induced Shear Deformation," J. Engineering Mechanics, ASCE,
128(7), 720-729.

Zhaohui Yang, Ahmed Elgamal, and Ender Parra (2003). "A Computational
Model for Liquefaction and Associated Shear Deformation," J. Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 129(12), 1119-1127.
OpenSees analysis of bridge-ground
interaction effects
Prof. J. Conte, Mr. Y. Zhang, Mr. G. Acero
(Structural)
Prof. A. Elgamal, Dr. Z. Yang, Mr. James Yan
(Geotechnical)
OpenSees Model of Humboldt Bay Bridge (UCSD)

Water Table
 Soil Materials
• Sand model response
2

Shear stress (kPa)

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6

-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15

Shear strain (%)

• Clay model response

60

40

20
Shear stress (kPa)

-20

-40

-60
-0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Shear strain (%)
 Concrete Piers (Conte, Acero, Zhang)
Force-based nonlinear beam-column element with fiber cross section
8 100

7 80

60
6
40
5
20

Stress

Stress
Stress

Stress
4
0
3
-20
2
-40
1 -60

0 -80

-1 -100
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Strain Strain

Concrete: Kent-Scott-Park Model Steel: Bilinear Model

4 5
x 10 x 10
12 1

10
Moment (kips-in)

Moment (kips-in)
0.5
Unconfined concrete Confined concrete
Moment [k-in]

6 0

4
-0.5
2

0 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Curvature (/in) -3
x 10 Curvature (/in) x 10
-3

Monotonic Pushover (Single Cyclic Pushover (Single

Reinforcing Steel Column on Fixed Base) Column on Fixed Base)
 Precast, Prestressed Pile Groups (Conte, Acero, Zhang)

OpenSees Model Response

Nonlinear Fiber
Beam-Column
Element
Unconfined concrete Confined concrete

Reinforcing steel
 Main Deformation Pattern:
Settlement and Lateral Movement of Abutments
 Moment-Curvature Response at Column Base
(Conte, Acero, Zhang)

x 10
4
Base Section of Column 1 x 10
4 Base Section of Column 2 x 10
4
Base Section of Column 3 x 10
4 Base Section of Column 4
x 10
4
Base Section of Column 1 x 10
4 Base Section of Column 2 x 10
4
Base Section of Column 3 x 10
4 Base Section of Column 4
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

Moment [kN-m]
Moment [kN-m]

Moment [kN-m]
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Moment [kN-m]

Moment (KN*m)

Moment (KN*m)
Moment (KN*m)

Moment (KN*m)
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Moment (KN*m)

Moment (KN*m)
Moment (KN*m)

Moment (KN*m)
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

-1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04
-0.06 -0.04 Curvature
-0.02 (1/m) 0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 Curvature
-0.02 (1/m)
0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 Curvature
-0.02 (1/m)
0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 Curvature
-0.02 (1/m)
0 0.02 0.04
Curvature (1/m) Curvature (1/m) Curvature (1/m) Curvature (1/m)

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4

4 Base Section of Column 5 4 Base Section of Column 6 4 Base Section of Column 7 4

Base Section of Column 8
x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
4 Base Section of Column 5 4 Base Section of Column 6 4 Base Section of Column 7 4
Base Section of Column 8
x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
Moment [kN-m]

[kN-m]
[kN-m]

Moment [kN-m]
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Moment (KN*m)

Moment (KN*m)
Moment (KN*m)

Moment (KN*m)

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Moment (KN*m)

Moment (KN*m)
Moment (KN*m)

Moment (KN*m)
Moment
Moment

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

-0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5

-1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04
-0.06 -0.04 Curvature
-0.02 (1/m)0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 Curvature
-0.02 (1/m)
0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 Curvature
-0.02 (1/m)
0 0.02 0.04 -0.06 -0.04 Curvature
-0.02 (1/m)
0 0.02 0.04
Curvature (1/m) Curvature (1/m) Curvature (1/m) Curvature (1/m)

Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8

 Soil Shear Stress - Strain Response

Soil Element 2450 Soil Element 1276 Soil Element 315 Soil Element 191
150 Soil Element 2450 150 Soil Element 1276 150 Soil Element 315 150 Soil Element 191
150 150 150 150

100 100
100 100

Stress [kPa]
100 100

Shear Stress [kPa]

100
Stress [kPa]
Shear Stress (KPa)
100
Shear Stress [kPa]

Shear Stress (KPa)

Shear Stress (KPa)

Shear Stress (KPa)

50 50
Shear Stress (KPa)

Shear Stress (KPa)

Shear Stress (KPa)

Shear Stress (KPa)

50 50 50 50
50 50
0 0
0 0
0 0

Shear
Shear

0 0 -50 -50
-50 -50
-50 -50
-100 -100
-50 -50
-100 -100

-100 -100 -150 -150

-0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 -5 0 5 10 15 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01
-100 Shear Strain -100 Shear Strain -3 -150 Shear Strain -150
-0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 -5 0 5 10 x 10 15 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 -0.01 -0.005 Shear Strain
0 0.005 0.01
Shear Strain Shear Strain -3 Shear Strain Shear Strain
x 10
 3D OpenSees Bridge Model
• 26,863 elements, 30,237 nodes, and 100,000 equations
• Soil – Standard 8-node brick element with pressure-independent
nonlinear soil material
• Boundary: Lysmer Transmitting Boundary
Defining Spatially Varying Ground Motion using Domain
Reduction Method (Bielak et al. 2003)

Vertical wave

30o
Inclined wave
References for OpenSees Bridge-Ground Interaction Analyses
Yuyi Zhang, Gabriel Acero, Joel Conte, Zhaohui Yang and Ahmed Elgamal (2004).
“Seismic Reliability Assessment of a Bridge Ground System,” Proceedings of 13th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-
6, Paper No. 2978.

Zhaohui Yang, Liangcai He, Jacobo Bielak, Yuyi Zhang, Ahmed Elgamal, Joel Conte.
(2003). "Nonlinear Seismic Response of a Bridge Site Subjected to Spatially Varying
Ground Motion," Proc., 16th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, July 16-18,
Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Yuyi Zhang, Zhaohui Yang, Jacobo Bielak, Joel P. Conte, and Ahmed Elgamal.
(2003). "Treatment of Seismic Input and Boundary Conditions in Nonlinear Seismic
Analysis of a Bridge Ground System," Proc., 16th ASCE Engineering Mechanics
Conference, July 16-18, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Joel P. Conte, Ahmed Elgamal, Zhaohui Yang, Yuyi Zhang, Gabriel Acero, and
Frieder Seible (2002). "Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of a Bridge Ground System,"
(CD-ROM), Proceedings, 15th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, Columbia
Univ., New York, June 2-5, A. Smyth (Ed.).
OpenSees analysis of liquefaction-induced
lateral spreading effects on piles
(PhD Thesis, Dr. Liangcai He, UCSD, 2005)
Shake-table and Soil Box used in the Experiments

NIED, Japan
5m high, 0.3m diameter, Japan shake table tests
 3D Finite Element Study
• Soil was modeled using BrickUP (8-node) element with
pressure-dependent soil material.
• Piles were modeled using NonlinearBeamColumn with
bilinear moment-curvature property.
Deformed Mesh at 10 s
Pore pressure at 10 s
 Free field displacement profile (w/ or w/o piles)
0

0.5

1.5
Depth (m)

2.5

3.5

4
Experimental
4.5 Numerical without Pile
Numerical with pile
5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Groud lateral displacement (m)
 Free-field excess pore pressure
PWP−GW−06 (0.5 m depth) Experimental
40
Numerical
30
20
10
0

40 PWP−GW−10 (1.5 m depth)

30
20
10
0
Excess pore pressure (kPa)

40 PWP−GW−14 (2.5 m depth)

30
20
10
0

40 PWP−GW−18 (3.5 m depth)

30
20
10
0

Pile moment (kN m)

40 PWP−GW−20 (4.5 m depth)
30
20
10
0

0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
 Free-field displacement
Experimental DSB−02 (0 m depth)
Numerical
0.4

0.2

DSB−03 (0.5 m depth)

0.4

0.2

0
Lateral Displacement (m)

DSB−04 (1.0 m depth)

0.4

0.2

DSB−05 (1.5 m depth)

0.4

0.2

0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
 Free-field acceleration
Experimental AGE−03 (Surface)
0.35 Numerical

−0.35

AGE−04 (0.327 m depth)

0.35

−0.35
Lateral Acceleration (g)

AGE−06 (0.827 m depth)

0.35

−0.35

AGE−08 (1.327 m depth)

0.35

−0.35

AGE−10 (1.827 m depth)

0.35

−0.35

0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
 Free-field acceleration (cont’d)
Experimental
AGW−14 (2.575 m depth)
0.35 Numerical

−0.35

AGW−16 (3.075 m depth)

0.35

−0.35
Lateral Acceleration (g)

AGW−18 (3.575 m depth)

0.35

−0.35

AGW−20 (4.075 m depth)

0.35

−0.35

AGW−22 (4.575 m depth)

0.35

−0.35

0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
 Maximum pile moment response (pile base)
200
Right Side Stiff pile
Moment (Kn m)

150
100
50
0
−50
0 2 4 Time (s) 6 8 10

150
Left Side Flexible pile
Moment (Kn m)

100

50

0
Pile yielded
−50
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
 Pile head displacement

0.4 Right side stiff pile Experimental

Numerical
0.3
Lateral displacement (m)

0.2
0.1
0

Left side flexible pile

0.4
0.3
M
0.2
0.1
0 Pile yielded θ
−0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)