This document discusses the history and development of languages. It describes Grimm's law, which formulated changes in German consonants over time. Verner's law was developed to further explain voicing changes. Family tree theory was important for understanding how languages relate to each other through historical development. Examples are given of loanwords entering English from other languages and runic symbols representing objects. Karl Verner is mentioned for formulating Verner's law. Umlaut is defined as a vowel change brought about by a following vowel, with examples of different types of umlaut in Germanic languages.
This document discusses the history and development of languages. It describes Grimm's law, which formulated changes in German consonants over time. Verner's law was developed to further explain voicing changes. Family tree theory was important for understanding how languages relate to each other through historical development. Examples are given of loanwords entering English from other languages and runic symbols representing objects. Karl Verner is mentioned for formulating Verner's law. Umlaut is defined as a vowel change brought about by a following vowel, with examples of different types of umlaut in Germanic languages.
This document discusses the history and development of languages. It describes Grimm's law, which formulated changes in German consonants over time. Verner's law was developed to further explain voicing changes. Family tree theory was important for understanding how languages relate to each other through historical development. Examples are given of loanwords entering English from other languages and runic symbols representing objects. Karl Verner is mentioned for formulating Verner's law. Umlaut is defined as a vowel change brought about by a following vowel, with examples of different types of umlaut in Germanic languages.
Borrowing vocabulary, the uniqueness of the elements of grammar and exception in
phonetic. Sometimes “exceptions” are formulated in the form of more particular laws: for example, Grimm’s law (the third movement of German consonants) was invented by K. Werner, and the explanation was called Verner’s law. E.g - (I-E) b, d, g - (Germanic)- p,t,k (duo-twa; cordis-heorte) 2. this fact can be proved when several languages are similar to each other. Model, the Stammbaum Theorie (family-tree theory, was a major development in the study of Indo-European languages. During their historical development the languages may relate to each other as substratum, superstratum or adstratum. 3. Book - came from: Eng. book, gothic. 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka) "letter Fee - came from the french -fée, from late latin - fātа/fātum Futhark - came from the first six letters of the runic alphabet, ᚠ (“f”), ᚢ (“u”), ᚦ (“þ”), ᚨ (“a”), ᚱ (“r”), 4. D 5. runic symbols were used as icons, showing various things and animals. Some runologists suppose that even in the most developed variant they are close to pictures: rune "Fehu" f symbolizes cattle, Thurisaz th, - thorn, Wunjo w- weathercock, Algiz z-elk, Zin xxs lightning, Yr u- bow, Ehwaz m horse. 6. Karl Verner- danish linguist, known for the law(Verner's law); he formulated to explain the voicing of slotted h, þ, f after the German movement of consonants. 7. (Ulfilas)He is bishop, designed the Gothic alphabet and translated the Bible into the "razda" (language). 8. 2) Umlaut - a vowel-change in the Germanic languages, brought about by the influence of a vowel in the succeeding syllable. For example: sit - set, geese - goose, elders etc. men - man, old
Types of umlaut:
1.Vowel raising (often specifically a high front vowel such as /i/).
2.Vowel fronting (often specifically a high front vowel such as /i/).
3. Vowel lowering (often specifically a low vowel such as /a/).
4. Vowel rounding (often specifically a high rounded vowel such as /u/).