1. 1.

Borrowing vocabulary, the uniqueness of the elements of grammar and exception in

phonetic. Sometimes “exceptions” are formulated in the form of more particular laws: for
example, Grimm’s law (the third movement of German consonants) was invented by K. Werner,
and the explanation was called Verner’s law.
E.g - (I-E) b, d, g - (Germanic)- p,t,k (duo-twa; cordis-heorte)
2.
this fact can be proved when several languages are similar to each
other. Model, the Stammbaum Theorie (family-tree theory, was a major development in the
study of Indo-European languages. During their historical development the languages may relate
to each other as substratum, superstratum or adstratum.
3. Book - came from: Eng. book, gothic. 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka) "letter
Fee - came from the french -fée, from late latin - fātа/fātum
Futhark - came from the first six letters of the runic alphabet, ᚠ (“f”), ᚢ (“u”), ᚦ (“þ”), ᚨ (“a”), ᚱ
(“r”),
4. D
5. runic symbols were used as icons, showing various things and animals. Some runologists
suppose that even in the most developed variant they are close to pictures: rune "Fehu" f
symbolizes cattle, Thurisaz th, - thorn, Wunjo w- weathercock, Algiz z-elk, Zin xxs lightning, Yr u-
bow, Ehwaz m horse.
6. Karl Verner- danish linguist, known for the law(Verner's law); he formulated to explain the
voicing of slotted h, þ, f after the German movement of consonants.
7. (Ulfilas)He is bishop, designed the Gothic alphabet and translated the Bible into the "razda"
(language).
8. 2) Umlaut - a vowel-change in the Germanic languages, brought about by the influence of a
vowel in the succeeding syllable. For example: sit - set, geese - goose, elders etc. men - man, old

Types of umlaut:

1.Vowel raising (often specifically a high front vowel such as /i/).

2.Vowel fronting (often specifically a high front vowel such as /i/).

3. Vowel lowering (often specifically a low vowel such as /a/).

4. Vowel rounding (often specifically a high rounded vowel such as /u/).