1. What is synergetic extraction?example.

Ans: A process for separating one or more metal ions forming a first group of
metal ions such as copper, zinc and ferric ions, from one or more other metal ions
forming a second group of metal ions such as cobalt and nickel, comprising:
contacting an aqueous solution comprising said first and second groups of metal
ions with an organic solution comprising a phosphinic acid and a hydroxyoxime to
extract one of said groups of metal ions into the organic phase, and separating the
organic and aqueous phases.

2. What is the significance of Rf value in chromatography?

Ans: Used in identification pusposes
· Use to determine the affinity of the solute to the solvent
- Greater Rf , greater affinity of solute to the solvent
3. What is Rf value?write its improtance in chromotography.
Ans: RF value is the degree of retention of a component retardation factor. RF
value does not have units since the both lower and upper cases are in distance.
Here the distance is measured up to the center of the spot.
RF value = (Distance traveled by the component) / (Distance traveled by the mobile
phase)
The mobile phase travels up to the level of solvent front. We must carefully observe
whether the mobile phase develops over the level of solvent front.  RF indicates the
relative rate of movement of a solute and the solvent. RF value is a characteristic for
a given substance under given conditions.

4. What is ion exchange capacity?

Ans: measure of the ability of an insoluble material to undergo displacement of
ions previously attached and loosely incorporated into its structure by oppositely
charged ions present in the surrounding solution. Zeolite minerals used in water
softening, for example, have a large capacity to exchange sodium ions (Na +) for
 calcium ions (Ca2+) of hard water. High cation-exchange capacities are
characteristic of clay minerals and numerous other natural and synthetic
substances possessing ion-exchanging properties.

5. Mention the advantages of hplc over gc?

Ans: THE TIME REQUIRED FOR SEPARATIONS VERY LESS FOR HPLC THAN
GC.HIGH PRESSURE IS USED IN HPLC .LENGTH OF THE COLUMN IS SMALL.GC
IS USED FOR ONLY VOLATILE COMPOUNDS MAINLY AND ONLY 15%OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS ARE VOLATILE BUT IN HPLC BOTH VOLATILE AND NON VOLATILE
COMPOUNDS ARE ANALYSED.
6. Distribution ratio
Ans:   the ratio of concentrations of a solute distributed between two
immiscible solvents in contact with each other, as iodine in water and
chloroform.

7.Write the principle of affinity chromatography?

Ans:
The principle of affinity chromatography is that the stationary phase consists of a support
medium (e.g. cellulose beads) on which the substrate (or sometimes a coenzyme) has
been bound covalently, in such a way that the reactive groups that are essential for
enzyme binding are exposed. As the mixture of proteins is passed through the
chromatography column, those proteins that have a binding site for the immobilised
substrate will bind to the stationary phase, while all otter proteins will be eluted in the
void volume of the column.
7. what is ion exchange chromatography? How is it classified?
 Ans: Used for almost any kind of charged molecules --- large proteins, small
nucleotides and amino acids

 Ion-exchange chromatography preserves analyte molecules on the column

based on ionic interactions
 Mobile phage – buffer, pH and salt concentration---opposite charged solute
ions attracted to the stationary phage by electrostatic force
 Ion exchange chromatography -- is a separation based on charge
Stationary phage– resin is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it.

Types of IEC: a. Anion exchangers

b. Cation exchangers

8.what is Limitation in the use of paper

chromatography?
Ans: 1. The only disadvantage, like any paper chromatography method, is that the test
take a lot of time - typically 45 to 90 minutes.
2. This method also yield little amount of pigments when it comes to the extraction of the
isolated pigments. Several tests must be run to gather a respectable amount for
further chemical tests.
9.