Borrowing vocabulary, the uniqueness of the elements of grammar and exception in
phonetic. Sometimes “exceptions” are formulated in the form of more particular laws: for example, Grimm’s law (the third movement of German consonants) was invented by K. Werner, and the explanation was called Verner’s law. E.g - (I-E) b, d, g - (Germanic)- p,t,k (duo-twa; cordis-heorte) 2. this fact can be proved when several languages are similar to each other. Model, the Stammbaum Theorie (family-tree theory, was a major development in the study of Indo-European languages. During their historical development the languages may relate to each other as substratum, superstratum or adstratum. 3. Book - came from: Eng. book, gothic. 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka) "letter Fee - came from the french -fée, from late latin - fātа/fātum Futhark - came from the first six letters of the runic alphabet, ᚠ (“f”), ᚢ (“u”), ᚦ (“þ”), ᚨ (“a”), ᚱ (“r”), 4. D 5. runic symbols were used as icons, showing various things and animals. Some runologists suppose that even in the most developed variant they are close to pictures: rune "Fehu" f symbolizes cattle, Thurisaz th, - thorn, Wunjo w- weathercock, Algiz z-elk, Zin xxs lightning, Yr u- bow, Ehwaz m horse. 6. Karl Verner- danish linguist, known for the law(Verner's law); he formulated to explain the voicing of slotted h, þ, f after the German movement of consonants. 7. (Ulfilas)He is bishop, designed the Gothic alphabet and translated the Bible into the "razda" (language). 8. 2) Umlaut - a vowel-change in the Germanic languages, brought about by the influence of a vowel in the succeeding syllable. For example: sit - set, geese - goose, elders etc. men - man, old
Types of umlaut:
1.Vowel raising (often specifically a high front vowel such as /i/).
2.Vowel fronting (often specifically a high front vowel such as /i/).
3. Vowel lowering (often specifically a low vowel such as /a/).
4. Vowel rounding (often specifically a high rounded vowel such as /u/).